51
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Wen Y, Chen S, Yuan Y, Shao Q, He X, Qiao H. A quantitative HPLC method for simultaneous determination of prodrug of voriconazole and voriconazole in beagle plasma, and its application to a toxicokinetic study. ACTA CHROMATOGR 2021. [DOI: 10.1556/1326.2021.00886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
A simple, rapid, efficient and reproducible method based on High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) for simultaneous determination of prodrug of voriconazole (POV) and voriconazole in beagle plasma has been established and validated. Omeprazole was utilized as the sole internal standard. Analytes and internal standards were extracted through protein precipitation and separated on a Venusil XBP C18 chromatography column (4.6 × 250 mm, 5 µm). The mobile phase was methanol and 20 mmol/L potassium dihydrogen phosphate. Chromatographic separation was achieved by using an isocratic elution procedure that used 65% methanol and a flow rate of 1 mL/min. The ultraviolet (UV) detection wavelength was 256 nm and the total running time was 15 min. This method showed good linear ranges of 100–75,000 ng/mL for voriconazole prodrug and 200–100,000 ng/mL for voriconazole respectively. The precision and accuracy were acceptable. Analytes in plasma samples are stable under different temperatures and storage conditions. The developed HPLC method has been successfully applied to the studies of toxicokinetics of POV after intravenous drip in beagle and provided important information for the further development and application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufa Wen
- 1 Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Shuang Chen
- 1 Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Yanjuan Yuan
- 1 Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Qing Shao
- 2 Jiangsu Provincial Institute of Materia Medica, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Xuejun He
- 1 Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Hongqun Qiao
- 1 Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
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52
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Afinjuomo F, Abdella S, Youssef SH, Song Y, Garg S. Inulin and Its Application in Drug Delivery. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14090855. [PMID: 34577554 PMCID: PMC8468356 DOI: 10.3390/ph14090855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inulin’s unique and flexible structure, stabilization/protective effects, and organ targeting ability make it an excellent drug delivery carrier compared to other biodegradable polysaccharides. The three hydroxyl groups attached to each fructose unit serve as an anchor for chemical modification. This, in turn, helps in increasing bioavailability, improving cellular uptake, and achieving targeted, sustained, and controlled release of drugs and biomolecules. This review focuses on the various types of inulin drug delivery systems such as hydrogel, conjugates, nanoparticles, microparticles, micelles, liposomes, complexes, prodrugs, and solid dispersion. The preparation and applications of the different inulin drug delivery systems are further discussed. This work highlights the fact that modification of inulin allows the use of this polymer as multifunctional scaffolds for different drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Sanjay Garg
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-88-302-1575; Fax: +61-88-302-2389
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53
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Huters AD, Stambuli J, Klix RC, Matulenko MA, Chan VS, Simanis J, Hill DR, Reddy RE, Towne TB, Bellettini JR, Kotecki BJ, Cardinal-David B, Ji J, Voight EA, Shou M, Balaraman S, Ashok A, Ghosh S. Scalable Asymmetric Syntheses of Foslevodopa and Foscarbidopa Drug Substances for the Treatment of Parkinson's Disease. J Org Chem 2021; 87:1986-1995. [PMID: 34280307 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c00905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Foslevodopa (FLD, levodopa 4'-monophosphate, 3) and foscarbidopa (FCD, carbidopa 4'-monophosphate, 4) were identified as water-soluble prodrugs of levodopa (LD, 1) and carbidopa (CD, 2), respectively, which are useful for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Herein, we describe asymmetric syntheses of FLD (3) and FCD (4) drug substances and their manufacture at pilot scale. The synthesis of FLD (3) employs a Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons olefination reaction followed by enantioselective hydrogenation of the double bond as key steps to introduce the α-amino acid moiety with the desired stereochemistry. The synthesis of FCD (4) features a Mizoroki-Heck reaction followed by enantioselective hydrazination to install the quaternary chiral center bearing a hydrazine moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Selvakumar Balaraman
- Anthem Biosciences, No. 49 Canara Bank Road, Bommasandra Industrial Area, Bangalore 560 099, Karnataka, India
| | - Abhishek Ashok
- Anthem Biosciences, No. 49 Canara Bank Road, Bommasandra Industrial Area, Bangalore 560 099, Karnataka, India
| | - Soma Ghosh
- Anthem Biosciences, No. 49 Canara Bank Road, Bommasandra Industrial Area, Bangalore 560 099, Karnataka, India
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54
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Shieh P, Hill MR, Zhang W, Kristufek SL, Johnson JA. Clip Chemistry: Diverse (Bio)(macro)molecular and Material Function through Breaking Covalent Bonds. Chem Rev 2021; 121:7059-7121. [PMID: 33823111 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In the two decades since the introduction of the "click chemistry" concept, the toolbox of "click reactions" has continually expanded, enabling chemists, materials scientists, and biologists to rapidly and selectively build complexity for their applications of interest. Similarly, selective and efficient covalent bond breaking reactions have provided and will continue to provide transformative advances. Here, we review key examples and applications of efficient, selective covalent bond cleavage reactions, which we refer to herein as "clip reactions." The strategic application of clip reactions offers opportunities to tailor the compositions and structures of complex (bio)(macro)molecular systems with exquisite control. Working in concert, click chemistry and clip chemistry offer scientists and engineers powerful methods to address next-generation challenges across the chemical sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peyton Shieh
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Megan R Hill
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Wenxu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Samantha L Kristufek
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jeremiah A Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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55
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Nguyen A, Böttger R, Li SD. Recent trends in bioresponsive linker technologies of Prodrug-Based Self-Assembling nanomaterials. Biomaterials 2021; 275:120955. [PMID: 34130143 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.120955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Prodrugs are designed to improve pharmaceutical properties of potent compounds and represent a central approach in drug development. The success of the prodrug strategy relies on incorporation of a reversible linkage facilitating controlled release of the parent drug. While prodrug approaches enhance pharmacokinetic properties over their parent drug, they still face challenges in absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination, and toxicity (ADMET). Conjugating a drug to a carrier molecule such as a polymer can create an amphiphile that self-assembles into nanoparticles. These nanoparticles display prolonged blood circulation and passive targeting ability. Furthermore, the drug release can be tailored using a variety of linkers between the parent drug and the carrier molecule. In this review, we introduce the concept of self-assembling prodrugs and summarize different approaches for controlling the drug release with a focus on the linker technology. We also summarize recent clinical trials, discuss the emerging challenges, and provide our perspective on the utility and future potential of this technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Nguyen
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2405 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Roland Böttger
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2405 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Shyh-Dar Li
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2405 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
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56
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Mooney M, Wang Y, Nyayachavadi A, Zhang S, Gu X, Rondeau-Gagné S. Enhancing the Solubility of Semiconducting Polymers in Eco-Friendly Solvents with Carbohydrate-Containing Side Chains. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:25175-25185. [PMID: 34006092 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c02860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Semiconducting polymers are at the forefront of next-generation organic electronics due to their robust mechanical and optoelectronic properties. However, their extended π-conjugation often leads to materials with low solubilities in common organic solvents, thus requiring processing in high-boiling-point and toxic halogenated solvents to generate thin-film devices. To address this environmental concern, a natural product-inspired side-chain engineering approach was used to incorporate galactose-containing moieties into semiconducting polymers toward improved processability in greener solvents. Novel isoindigo-based polymers with different ratios of galactose-containing side chains were synthesized to improve the solubilities of the organic semiconductors in alcohol-based solvents. The addition of carbohydrate-containing side chains to π-conjugated polymers was found to considerably impact the intermolecular aggregation of the materials and their microstructures in the solid state as confirmed by atomic force microscopy and grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering. The charge transport characteristics of the new semiconductors were evaluated by the fabrication of organic field-effect transistors prepared from both toxic halogenated and greener alcohol-based solvents. Importantly, the incorporation of carbohydrate-containing side chains was shown to have very little detrimental impact on the electronic properties of the polymer when processed from green solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison Mooney
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Yunfei Wang
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
| | - Audithya Nyayachavadi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Song Zhang
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
| | - Xiaodan Gu
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
| | - Simon Rondeau-Gagné
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario N9B 3P4, Canada
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57
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Kalčic F, Kolman V, Zídek Z, Janeba Z. Polysubstituted Pyrimidines as Potent Inhibitors of Prostaglandin E 2 Production: Increasing Aqueous Solubility. ChemMedChem 2021; 16:2802-2806. [PMID: 34056858 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202100263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Water solubility is one of the key features of potential therapeutic agents. In order to enhance the low water solubility of the parent 5-butyl-4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-6-phenylpyrimidin-2-amine, a potent inhibitor of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2 ) production, we synthesized and evaluated a new series of derivatives in which the butyl group at the C5 position of the pyrimidine ring was replaced with a less lipophilic substituent, preferably with a hydrophilic aliphatic moiety. Except for the 5-cyanopyrimidine derivative, all target compounds exhibited increased (2.7 - 87-fold) water solubility relative to the parent compound. Although nontoxic in mouse peritoneal cells, the prepared compounds were either equipotent or weaker inhibitors of PGE2 production than the parent compound. The most promising compound from the series was found to be the 5-(2,5,8,11-tetraoxadodecyl)pyrimidine derivative (with three polyethylene glycol units at the C5 position), which exhibited 32-fold higher water solubility and only slightly weaker inhibitory activity (22 % of remaining PGE2 production) compared with the parent compound (15 % of remaining PGE2 production).
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Kalčic
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic.,Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 8, 128 43, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Viktor Kolman
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Zídek
- Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Zlatko Janeba
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic
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58
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Breijyeh Z, Karaman R. Enzyme Models-From Catalysis to Prodrugs. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26113248. [PMID: 34071328 PMCID: PMC8198240 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymes are highly specific biological catalysts that accelerate the rate of chemical reactions within the cell. Our knowledge of how enzymes work remains incomplete. Computational methodologies such as molecular mechanics (MM) and quantum mechanical (QM) methods play an important role in elucidating the detailed mechanisms of enzymatic reactions where experimental research measurements are not possible. Theories invoked by a variety of scientists indicate that enzymes work as structural scaffolds that serve to bring together and orient the reactants so that the reaction can proceed with minimum energy. Enzyme models can be utilized for mimicking enzyme catalysis and the development of novel prodrugs. Prodrugs are used to enhance the pharmacokinetics of drugs; classical prodrug approaches focus on alternating the physicochemical properties, while chemical modern approaches are based on the knowledge gained from the chemistry of enzyme models and correlations between experimental and calculated rate values of intramolecular processes (enzyme models). A large number of prodrugs have been designed and developed to improve the effectiveness and pharmacokinetics of commonly used drugs, such as anti-Parkinson (dopamine), antiviral (acyclovir), antimalarial (atovaquone), anticancer (azanucleosides), antifibrinolytic (tranexamic acid), antihyperlipidemia (statins), vasoconstrictors (phenylephrine), antihypertension (atenolol), antibacterial agents (amoxicillin, cephalexin, and cefuroxime axetil), paracetamol, and guaifenesin. This article describes the works done on enzyme models and the computational methods used to understand enzyme catalysis and to help in the development of efficient prodrugs.
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59
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Maeda H, Shiobara R, Tanaka M, Kajinami A, Nakayama H. Effect of mechanochemical inclusion of triamterene into sulfobutylether-β-cyclodextrin and its improved dissolution behavior. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2021; 47:535-541. [PMID: 33185132 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2020.1850759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The formation of inclusion complexes between triamterene (TT) and cyclodextrins (CDs) to increase the water apparent solubility of TT was investigated. UV data showed that the binding constant of the TT/sulfobutylether-β-cyclodextrin (SBE-β-CD) inclusion complex was 510 L/mol. The phenyl ring of TT was inserted into the secondary hydroxy face of SBE-β-CD, as demonstrated by 1H-1H rotating frame nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy NMR. Physicochemical properties of solid TT/SBE-β-CD complexes prepared by physical mixing, kneading, freeze-drying, and mechanochemical methods were studied by X-ray diffraction and 13C cross-polarization and magic angle spinning NMR. With the mechanochemical method, the diffraction peak corresponding to TT disappeared, indicating the formation of an inclusion complex. The results of the dissolution test revealed that the solid complex obtained by the mechanochemical method improved the dissolution of TT. The water apparent solubility of TT can be improved by simple mechanical mixing without organic solvents, and improved bioavailability after oral administration is expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideko Maeda
- Laboratory of Functional Molecular Chemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Ryoma Shiobara
- Laboratory of Functional Molecular Chemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Masafumi Tanaka
- Laboratory of Functional Molecular Chemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Akihiko Kajinami
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Nakayama
- Laboratory of Functional Molecular Chemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe, Japan
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60
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Poudel S, Kim DW. Developing pH-Modulated Spray Dried Amorphous Solid Dispersion of Candesartan Cilexetil with Enhanced In Vitro and In Vivo Performance. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:497. [PMID: 33917403 PMCID: PMC8067465 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13040497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Candesartan cilexetil (CC), a prodrug and highly effective antihypertensive agent, is a poorly soluble (BCS Class II) drug with limited bioavailability. Here, we attempted to improve CC's bioavailability by formulating several CC-loaded amorphous solid dispersions with a hydrophilic carrier (PVPK30) and pH modifier (sodium carbonate) using the spray drying technique. Solubility, in vitro dissolution, and moisture content tests were used for screening the optimized formulation. We identified an optimized formulation of CC/PVPK30/SC, which at the ratio of 1:0.5:1 (w/w/w) exhibited a 30,000-fold increase in solubility and a more than 9-fold enhancement in dissolution compared to pure CC. Solid-state characterization revealed that in pH-modulated CC amorphous solid dispersion (CCSDpM), CC's crystallinity was altered to an amorphous state with the absence of undesirable interactions. Stability studies also showed that the optimized formulation was stable with good drug content and drug release under accelerated conditions of up to 4 weeks and real-time stability conditions of up to 12 weeks. Furthermore, pharmacokinetic parameters, such as AUC and Cmax of candesartan, had a 4.45-fold and 7.42-fold improvement, respectively, in CCSDpM-treated rats compared to those in the CC-treated rats. Thus, these results suggest that CCSDpM is highly effective for increasing oral absorption. The application of these techniques can be a viable strategy to improve a drug's bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dong Wuk Kim
- Vessel-Organ Interaction Research Center (VOICE, MRC), BK21 FOUR Community-Based Intelligent Novel Drug Discovery Education Unit, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea;
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61
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Coppens E, Desmaële D, Mougin J, Tusseau-Nenez S, Couvreur P, Mura S. Gemcitabine Lipid Prodrugs: The Key Role of the Lipid Moiety on the Self-Assembly into Nanoparticles. Bioconjug Chem 2021; 32:782-793. [PMID: 33797231 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.1c00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
A small library of amphiphilic prodrugs has been synthesized by conjugation of gemcitabine (Gem) (a hydrophilic nucleoside analogue) to a series of lipid moieties and investigated for their capacity to spontaneously self-assemble into nanosized objects by simple nanoprecipitation. Four of these conjugates formed stable nanoparticles (NPs), while with the others, immediate aggregation occurred, whatever the tested experimental conditions. Whether such capacity could have been predicted based on the prodrug physicochemical features was a matter of question. Among various parameters, the hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) value seemed to hold a predictive character. Indeed, we identified a threshold value which well correlated with the tendency (or not) of the synthesized prodrugs to form stable nanoparticles. Such a hypothesis was further confirmed by broadening the analysis to Gem and other nucleoside prodrugs already described in the literature. We also observed that, in the case of Gem prodrugs, the lipid moiety affected not only the colloidal properties but also the in vitro anticancer efficacy of the resulting nanoparticles. Overall, this study provides a useful demonstration of the predictive potential of the HLB value for lipid prodrug NP formulation and highlights the need of their opportune in vitro screening, as optimal drug loading does not always translate in an efficient biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonore Coppens
- Institut Galien Paris-Saclay, UMR 8612, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Pharmacie, 5 rue Jean-Baptiste Clément, F-92296 cedex Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Didier Desmaële
- Institut Galien Paris-Saclay, UMR 8612, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Pharmacie, 5 rue Jean-Baptiste Clément, F-92296 cedex Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Julie Mougin
- Institut Galien Paris-Saclay, UMR 8612, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Pharmacie, 5 rue Jean-Baptiste Clément, F-92296 cedex Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Sandrine Tusseau-Nenez
- Laboratoire de Physique de la Matière Condensée (PMC), CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - Patrick Couvreur
- Institut Galien Paris-Saclay, UMR 8612, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Pharmacie, 5 rue Jean-Baptiste Clément, F-92296 cedex Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Simona Mura
- Institut Galien Paris-Saclay, UMR 8612, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Pharmacie, 5 rue Jean-Baptiste Clément, F-92296 cedex Châtenay-Malabry, France
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62
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Zappaterra F, Rodriguez MEM, Summa D, Semeraro B, Costa S, Tamburini E. Biocatalytic Approach for Direct Esterification of Ibuprofen with Sorbitol in Biphasic Media. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3066. [PMID: 33802769 PMCID: PMC8002397 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ibuprofen is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) introduced in the 1960s and widely used as an analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic. In its acid form, the solubility of 21 mg/L greatly limits its bioavailability. Since the bioavailability of a drug product plays a critical role in the design of oral administration dosage, this study investigated the enzymatic esterification of ibuprofen as a strategy for hydrophilization. This work proposes an enzymatic strategy for the covalent attack of highly hydrophilic molecules using acidic functions of commercially available bioactive compounds. The poorly water-soluble drug ibuprofen was esterified in a hexane/water biphasic system by direct esterification with sorbitol using the cheap biocatalyst porcine pancreas lipase (PPL), which demonstrated itself to be a suitable enzyme for the effective production of the IBU-sorbitol ester. This work reports the optimization of the esterification reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Zappaterra
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari, 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (F.Z.); (D.S.); (E.T.)
| | - Maria Elena Maldonado Rodriguez
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering of the RRNN, Salesian Polytechnic University, Av. 12 de Octubre y Wilson, Quito 170109, Ecuador;
| | - Daniela Summa
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari, 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (F.Z.); (D.S.); (E.T.)
| | | | - Stefania Costa
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari, 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (F.Z.); (D.S.); (E.T.)
| | - Elena Tamburini
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari, 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (F.Z.); (D.S.); (E.T.)
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63
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Murakami T, Bodor E, Bodor N. Factors and dosage formulations affecting the solubility and bioavailability of P-glycoprotein substrate drugs. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2021; 17:555-580. [PMID: 33703995 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2021.1902986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Expression of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) increases toward the distal small intestine, implying that the duodenum is the preferential absorption site for P-gp substrate drugs. Oral bioavailability of poorly soluble P-gp substrate drugs is low and varied but increases with high-fat meals that supply lipoidal components and bile in the duodenum.Areas covered: Absorption properties of P-gp substrate drugs along with factors and oral dosage formulations affecting their solubility and bioavailability were reviewed with PubMed literature searches. An overview is provided from the viewpoint of the 'spring-and-parachute approach' that generates supersaturation of poorly soluble P-gp substrate drugs.Expert opinion: The oral bioavailability of P-gp substrate drugs is difficult to predict because of their low solubility, preferential absorption sites, and overlapping substrate specificities with CYP3A4, along with the scattered intestinal P-gp expression/function. To attain high and steady oral bioavailability of poorly soluble P-gp substrate drugs, physicochemical modification of drugs to improve solubility, or oral dosage formulations that generate long-lasting supersaturation in the duodenum, is preferred. In particular, supersaturable lipid-based drug delivery systems that can increase passive diffusion and/or lymphatic absorption are effective and applicable to many poorly soluble P-gp substrate drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nicholas Bodor
- Bodor Laboratories, Miami, Florida, USA.,College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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64
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Negrya SD, Jasko MV, Makarov DA, Solyev PN, Karpenko IL, Shevchenko OV, Chekhov OV, Glukhova AA, Vasilyeva BF, Efimenko TA, Sumarukova IG, Efremenkova OV, Kochetkov SN, Alexandrova LA. Glycol and Phosphate Depot Forms of 4- and/or 5-Modified Nucleosides Exhibiting Antibacterial Activity. Mol Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s002689332101012x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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65
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Giri BR, Lee J, Lim DY, Kim DW. Docetaxel/dimethyl-β-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes: preparation, in vitro evaluation and physicochemical characterization. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2021; 47:319-328. [PMID: 33576707 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2021.1879840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite the development in novel drug delivery techniques and synthesis of multifunctional excipients, oral delivery of hydrophobic drug like docetaxel (DTX) is still challenging. The present work investigates the inclusion complexation of DTX, and dimethyl-β-cyclodextrin (DM-β-CD) to improve the solubility, dissolution and permeability of the drug. Amongst the native and modified β-cyclodextrins, DM-β-CD showed the highest solubility of DTX. Solid binary inclusion complex (IC) of DTX with DM-β-CD was prepared by solvent evaporation technique and thoroughly characterized for solubility, dissolution, permeability, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR). The aqueous solubility and in vitro dissolution rate of DTX/DM-β-CD IC were markedly increased by 76.04- and 3.55-fold compared to free DTX powder. The permeability of DTX/DM-β-CD IC showed similar absorptive permeability but decreased efflux from the absorbed DTX, compared to pure DTX. Further, physicochemical studies of IC revealed the change of crystalline state DTX to its amorphous form. Moreover, FT-IR and 1H NMR results indicate the formation of true inclusion complex between DTX and DM-β-CD at 1:1 molar ratio. Collectively, solid inclusion complexes prepared by spray drying method can be an effective strategy to enhance the biopharmaceutical performance of a highly hydrophobic drug DTX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhupendra Raj Giri
- Vessel-Organ Interaction Research Center (VOICE, MRC), BK21 FOUR Community-Based Intelligent Novel Drug Discovery Education Unit, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Jaehyeok Lee
- Vessel-Organ Interaction Research Center (VOICE, MRC), BK21 FOUR Community-Based Intelligent Novel Drug Discovery Education Unit, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Dong Yu Lim
- College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Cheon-an, South Korea
| | - Dong Wuk Kim
- Vessel-Organ Interaction Research Center (VOICE, MRC), BK21 FOUR Community-Based Intelligent Novel Drug Discovery Education Unit, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
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Choudhari M, Hejmady S, Narayan Saha R, Damle S, Singhvi G, Alexander A, Kesharwani P, Kumar Dubey S. Evolving new-age strategies to transport therapeutics across the blood-brain-barrier. Int J Pharm 2021; 599:120351. [PMID: 33545286 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A basic understanding of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is essential for the novel advancements in targeting drugs specific to the brain. Neoplasm compromising the internal structure of BBB that results in impaired vasculature is called as blood tumor barrier (BTB). Besides, the BBB serves as a chief hindrance to the passage of a drug into the brain parenchyma. The small and hydrophilic drugs majorly display an absence of desired molecular characteristics required to cross the BBB. Furthermore, all classes of biologics have failed in the clinical trials of brain diseases over the past years since these biologics are large molecules that do not cross the BBB. Also, new strategies have been discovered that use the Trojan horse technology with the re-engineered biologics for BBB transport. Thus, this review delivers information about the different grades of tumors (I-IV) i.e. examples of BBB/BTB heterogenicity along with the different mechanisms for transporting the therapeutics into the brain tumors by crossing BBB. This review also provides insights into the emerging approaches of peptide delivery and the non-invasive and brain-specific molecular Trojan horse targeting technologies. Also, the several challenges in the clinical development of BBB penetrating IgG fusion protein have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Choudhari
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Pilani Campus, Rajasthan 333031, India
| | - Siddhanth Hejmady
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Pilani Campus, Rajasthan 333031, India
| | - Ranendra Narayan Saha
- Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Dubai Campus, United Arab Emirates
| | - Shantanu Damle
- Colorcon Asia Pvt. Ltd., Verna Industrial Estate, Verna 403722, Goa, India
| | - Gautam Singhvi
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Pilani Campus, Rajasthan 333031, India
| | - Amit Alexander
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER GUWAHATI), Department of Pharmaceutical Technology (Formulations), Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemical and Fertilizers, Government of India, Sila Village, Nizsundarighopa, Changsari, Kamrup (R), Guwahati, Assam 781101, India
| | - Prashant Kesharwani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Sunil Kumar Dubey
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Pilani Campus, Rajasthan 333031, India; R&D Healthcare Division Emami Ltd., 13, BT Road, Belgharia, Kolkata 700056, India.
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Okawa S, Sumimoto Y, Masuda K, Ogawara KI, Maruyama M, Higaki K. Improvement of lipid solubility and oral bioavailability of a poorly water- and poorly lipid-soluble drug, rebamipide, by utilizing its counter ion and SNEDDS preparation. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 159:105721. [PMID: 33482317 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2021.105721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Among drugs in development and/or in market, there are poorly water-soluble and poorly lipid-soluble compounds. Rebamipide, classified into BCS class IV, is one of those drugs which provide very low bioavailability and/or the difficulty of formulation for oral administration. Because of its low solubility in available lipoidal excipients, it was impossible to prepare an adequate SNEDDS formulation of rebamipide. Then, we tried to increase the solubility of rebamipide in lipoidal excipients for preparing a more practical SNEDDS formulation by making the complex with its counter ion, tetrabutylphosphonium hydroxide (TBPOH) or NaOH. Rebamipide concentration in ethanol was proportionally increased with the increment of TBPOH or NaOH added, indicating that the formation of complex with a counter ion should contribute to the solubilization of rebamipide in ethanol. Both Rebamipide-TBPOH complex (Reb-TBPOH) and Rebamipide-NaOH complex (Reb-NaOH) obtained by lyophilization showed no endothermic peak in DSC and no diffraction peak in XRPD, suggesting that the solid state of both complexes should be amorphous. Reb-TBPOH maintained the dissolution of rebamipide in SNEDDS vehicle (Capryol 90:Cremophor EL:Transcutol P = 4:3:3) at 20 mg/g at least for 28 days, while Reb-NaOH did it at 10 mg/g. In vitro dissolution study showed that Reb-TBPOH SNEDDS and Reb-NaOH SNEDDS containing rebamipide at 10 mg/g maintained the complete dissolution of rebamipide in FaSSIF (intestinal luminal condition). In the gastric luminal condition (pH3.9 acetate buffer), the high concentration, close to the complete dissolution, was transiently observed and quickly decreased to one-sixth of the maximum, but it was still around 70 times higher than that of the crystalline powder. The additional utilization of Eudragit EPO for SNEDDS preparations of both complexes successfully maintained the high concentrations of rebamipide in the gastric luminal condition. In vivo oral absorption studies clearly indicated that SNEDDS preparations utilizing Reb-counter ion complex successfully improved rebamipide absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Okawa
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan; Manufacturing Process Development Department, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 224-18 Ebino, Hiraishi, Kawauchi-cho, Tokushima 771-0182, Japan
| | - Yusuke Sumimoto
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Kazufumi Masuda
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Graduate School of Clinical Pharmacy, Shujitsu University, 1-6-1 Nishigawara, Naka-ku, Okayama 703-8516, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Ogawara
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1, Motoyamakita, Higashinada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 658-8558, Japan
| | - Masato Maruyama
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Higaki
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.
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Hot-Melt Extruded Amorphous Solid Dispersion for Solubility, Stability, and Bioavailability Enhancement of Telmisartan. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14010073. [PMID: 33477557 PMCID: PMC7831136 DOI: 10.3390/ph14010073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Telmisartan (TEL, an antihypertensive drug) belongs to Class II of the Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BCS) because of its poor aqueous solubility. In this study, we enhanced the solubility, bioavailability, and stability of TEL through the fabrication of TEL-loaded pH-modulated solid dispersion (TEL pHM-SD) using hot-melt extrusion (HME) technology. We prepared different TEL pHM-SD formulations by varying the ratio of the drug (TEL, 10-60% w/w), the hydrophilic polymer (Soluplus®, 30-90% w/w), and pH-modifier (sodium carbonate, 0-10% w/w). More so, the tablets prepared from an optimized formulation (F8) showed a strikingly improved in vitro dissolution profile (~30-fold) compared to the free drug tablets. The conversion of crystalline TEL to its amorphous state is observed through solid-state characterizations. During the stability study, F8 tablets had a better stability profile compared to the commercial product with F8, showing higher drug content, low moisture content, and negligible physical changes. Moreover, compared to the TEL powder, in vivo pharmacokinetic studies in rats showed superior pharmacokinetic parameters, with maximum serum concentration (Cmax) and area under the drug concentration-time curve (AUC0-∞) of the TEL pHM-SD formulation increasing by 6.61- and 5.37-fold, respectively. Collectively, the results from the current study showed that the inclusion of a hydrophilic polymer, pH modulator, and the amorphization of crystalline drugs in solid dispersion prepared by HME can be an effective strategy to improve the solubility and bioavailability of hydrophobic drugs without compromising the drug's physical stability.
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Improved Bioavailability and High Photostability of Methotrexate by Spray-Dried Surface-Attached Solid Dispersion with an Aqueous Medium. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13010111. [PMID: 33467157 PMCID: PMC7830624 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13010111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Low aqueous solubility and poor bioavailability are major concerns in the development of oral solid-dosage drug forms. In this study, we fabricated surface-attached solid dispersion (SASD) to enhance the solubility, bioavailability, and photostability of methotrexate (MTX), a highly lipophilic and photo-unstable drug. Several MTX-loaded SASD formulations were developed for spray-drying using water as the solvent, and were investigated for their aqueous solubility and dissolution kinetics. An optimized ternary SASD formulation composed of MTX/ sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (Na-CMC)/sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) at 3/0.5/0.5 (w/w) had 31.78-fold and 1.88-fold higher solubility and dissolution, respectively, than MTX powder. For SASD, the in vivo pharmacokinetic parameters AUC and Cmax were 2.90- and 3.41-fold higher, respectively, than for the MTX powder. Solid-state characterizations by differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray diffraction revealed that MTX exists in its crystalline state within the spray-dried SASD. The MTX-loaded SASD formulation showed few physical changes with photostability testing. Overall, the results indicate that the spray-dried MTX-loaded SASD formulation without organic solvents enhances the solubility and oral bioavailability of MTX without a significant deterioration of its photochemical stability.
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Hedaya M, Bandarkar F, Nada A. In vitro and in vivo Evaluation of Ibuprofen Nanosuspensions for Enhanced Oral Bioavailability. Med Princ Pract 2021; 30:361-368. [PMID: 33823524 PMCID: PMC8436653 DOI: 10.1159/000516299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The objectives were to prepare, characterize, and evaluate different ibuprofen (IBU) nanosuspensions. METHODS The nanosuspensions produced by ultrahomogenization were compared with a marketed IBU suspension for particle size, in vitro dissolution, and in vivo absorption. Five groups of rabbits were orally administered with 25 mg/kg of IBU nanosuspension, nanoparticles, unhomogenized suspension, marketed product, and untreated suspension. A sixth group received 5 mg/kg IBU intravenously. Blood samples obtained were analyzed by chromatography. RESULTS The nanosuspensions showed significant decrease in particle size. Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PP) K30 profoundly increased aqueous solubility of IBU. Addition of Tween 80 (TW), in equal amount as PP (IBU:PP:TW, 1:2:2 w/w), resulted in much smaller particle size and better dissolution rate. The Cmax values achieved were 14.8 ± 1.64, 11.1 ± 1.37, 9.01 ± 0.761, 7.03 ± 1.38, and 3.23 ± 1.03 μg/mL, and the tmax values were 36 ± 8.2, 39 ± 8.2, 100 ± 17.3, 112 ± 15, and 105 ± 17 min for the nanosuspension, nanoparticle, unhomogenized suspension, marketed IBU suspension, and untreated IBU suspension in water, respectively. Bioavailability of the different formulations relative to the marketed suspension was found to be in the following sequence: nanosuspension > unhomogenized suspension > nanoparticles > untreated IBU suspension. CONCLUSION IBU/PP/TW nanosuspension showed enhanced in vitro and in vivo performance as compared to the marketed product. Nanosuspensions prepared by the ultrahigh-pressure homogenization technique can be used as a good formulation strategy to enhance the rate and extent of absorption of poorly soluble drugs.
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Zhong W, Zhang X, Zeng Y, Lin D, Wu J. Recent applications and strategies in nanotechnology for lung diseases. NANO RESEARCH 2021; 14:2067-2089. [PMID: 33456721 PMCID: PMC7796694 DOI: 10.1007/s12274-020-3180-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Lung diseases, including COVID-19 and lung cancers, is a huge threat to human health. However, for the treatment and diagnosis of various lung diseases, such as pneumonia, asthma, cancer, and pulmonary tuberculosis, are becoming increasingly challenging. Currently, several types of treatments and/or diagnostic methods are used to treat lung diseases; however, the occurrence of adverse reactions to chemotherapy, drug-resistant bacteria, side effects that can be significantly toxic, and poor drug delivery necessitates the development of more promising treatments. Nanotechnology, as an emerging technology, has been extensively studied in medicine. Several studies have shown that nano-delivery systems can significantly enhance the targeting of drug delivery. When compared to traditional delivery methods, several nanoparticle delivery strategies are used to improve the detection methods and drug treatment efficacy. Transporting nanoparticles to the lungs, loading appropriate therapeutic drugs, and the incorporation of intelligent functions to overcome various lung barriers have broad prospects as they can aid in locating target tissues and can enhance the therapeutic effect while minimizing systemic side effects. In addition, as a new and highly contagious respiratory infection disease, COVID-19 is spreading worldwide. However, there is no specific drug for COVID-19. Clinical trials are being conducted in several countries to develop antiviral drugs or vaccines. In recent years, nanotechnology has provided a feasible platform for improving the diagnosis and treatment of diseases, nanotechnology-based strategies may have broad prospects in the diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19. This article reviews the latest developments in nanotechnology drug delivery strategies in the lungs in recent years and studies the clinical application value of nanomedicine in the drug delivery strategy pertaining to the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhao Zhong
- Department of Hematology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107 China
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- Department of Hematology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107 China
| | - Yunxin Zeng
- Department of Hematology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107 China
| | - Dongjun Lin
- Department of Hematology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107 China
| | - Jun Wu
- Department of Hematology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107 China
- Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instrument of Guangdong Province, School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006 China
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Phan VHG, Trang Duong HT, Tran PT, Thambi T, Ho DK, Murgia X. Self-Assembled Amphiphilic Starch Based Drug Delivery Platform: Synthesis, Preparation, and Interactions with Biological Barriers. Biomacromolecules 2020; 22:572-585. [PMID: 33346660 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c01430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Core-shell structured nanoparticles (NPs) render the simultaneous coloading capacity of both hydrophobic and hydrophilic drugs and may eventually enhance therapeutic efficacy. In this study, we employed a facile squalenoylation technology to synthesize a new amphiphilic starch derivative from partially oxidized starch, which self-assembled into core-shell starch NPs (StNPs) only at a squalenyl degree of substitution (DoS) of ∼1%. The StNPs characteristics could be tuned as the functions of the polymer molecular weight, DoS, and NPs concentration. The biopharmaceutical features of the StNPs, including colloidal stability, carrier properties, and biocompatibility, were carefully investigated. The interaction study between StNPs and mucin glycoproteins, the main organic component of mucus, revealed a moderate mucin interacting profile. Furthermore, the StNPs also showed good penetration through Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms. These results nominate StNPs as a versatile drug delivery platform with potential applications for mucosal drug delivery and the treatment of persistent infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- V H Giang Phan
- Biomaterials and Nanotechnology Research Group, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
| | - Huu Thuy Trang Duong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Phu-Tri Tran
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-5215, United States
| | | | - Duy-Khiet Ho
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Xabier Murgia
- Kusudama Therapeutics, Parque Científico y Tecnológico de Gipuzkoa, Donostia-San, Sebastián 20014, Spain
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Allahyari S, Valizadeh H, Roshangar L, Mahmoudian M, Trotta F, Caldera F, Jelvehgari M, Zakeri-Milani P. Preparation and characterization of cyclodextrin nanosponges for bortezomib delivery. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2020; 17:1807-1816. [PMID: 32729739 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2020.1800637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bortezomib (BTZ) as an anticancer drug has been used through the injection pathway. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Two types of Cyclodextrin nanosponges (CDNSs) were synthesized and studied by DLS, TEM, FTIR, and DSC instruments for BTZ delivery. Both carriers were analyzed for loading efficiencies and in-vitro release. Cell studies and intestinal permeability of selected CDNS were determined using MTT and SPIP method, respectively. RESULTS Both types of CDNSs, encapsulated BTZ in their nano-porous structure, but better loading was shown in CDNS 1:4. FTIR and DSC results proved considerable encapsulation of BTZ into CDNSs. The slow and prolonged release profile was observed for CDNS 1:4 in comparison with CDNS 1:2. Based on in-vitro results, BTZ-CDNS 1:4 was chosen as a selected nanosystem for further analysis. This nontoxic carrier revealed considerable uptake (93.9% in 3 h) against the MCF-7 cell line but indicated higher IC50 in comparison with the plain drug. This carrier also could improve the rat intestinal permeability of BTZ almost 5.8 times. CONCLUSION CDNS 1:4 has the ability to be introduced as a nontoxic carrier for BTZ delivery with its high loading, controlled release manner, high cellular uptake, and permeability improvement characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeideh Allahyari
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Science , Tabriz, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Science , Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hadi Valizadeh
- Drug Applied Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Science , Tabriz, Iran
| | - Leila Roshangar
- Stem Cell Research Center and Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Science , Tabriz, Iran
| | | | | | | | - Mitra Jelvehgari
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Science , Tabriz, Iran
| | - Parvin Zakeri-Milani
- Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz, Iran
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Development and Characterization of Glimepiride Novel Solid Nanodispersion for Improving Its Oral Bioavailability. Sci Pharm 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/scipharm88040052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Glimepiride is an antidiabetic drug which is one of the third generation sulfonylureas. It belongs to class II, according to the BCS (Biopharmaceutical Classification System), which is characterized by low solubility and high permeability. The aim of this work was to formulate glimepiride as solid dispersion using water-soluble carriers to enhance its aqueous solubility and thus enhance its bioavailability. Nine formulations of glimepiride solid dispersion were prepared by a solvent evaporation technique using three different carriers (mannitol, polyethylene glycol 6000, and β-cyclodextrin) with three different drug carrier ratio (1:1, 1:3, and 1:6). Formulation variables were optimized using 32 full factorial design. The prepared formulations were evaluated for production yield, drug content, micromeritic properties, thermal analysis, in-vitro release, and in-vivo hypoglycemic effect. All prepared formulations showed high production yield ranged from 98.4 ± 2.8 to 99.8 ± 2.2% and high drug content in the range of 97.2 ± 3.2 to 99.6 ± 2.1%. The micromeritic properties revealed that all prepared glimepiride formulations showed good flowability. The differential scanning calorimetry study revealed the presence of the drug in the more soluble amorphous form. In accordance with the results of in vitro release study, it was found that the solubility of glimepiride was increased by increasing the drug carrier ratio, compared with the pure form of the drug. It was found that F9 showed a high and rapid reduction in blood glucose levels in diabetic rats, which indicated the success of a solid dispersion technique in improving the solubility and hence the bioavailability of glimepiride.
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Mirhadi E, Mashreghi M, Faal Maleki M, Alavizadeh SH, Arabi L, Badiee A, Jaafari MR. Redox-sensitive nanoscale drug delivery systems for cancer treatment. Int J Pharm 2020; 589:119882. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Markovic M, Ben-Shabat S, Dahan A. Prodrugs for Improved Drug Delivery: Lessons Learned from Recently Developed and Marketed Products. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12111031. [PMID: 33137942 PMCID: PMC7692606 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12111031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Prodrugs are bioreversible, inactive drug derivatives, which have the ability to convert into a parent drug in the body. In the past, prodrugs were used as a last option; however, nowadays, prodrugs are considered already in the early stages of drug development. Optimal prodrug needs to have effective absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination (ADME) features to be chemically stable, to be selective towards the particular site in the body, and to have appropriate safety. Traditional prodrug approach aims to improve physicochemical/biopharmaceutical drug properties; modern prodrugs also include cellular and molecular parameters to accomplish desired drug effect and site-specificity. Here, we present recently investigated prodrugs, their pharmaceutical and clinical advantages, and challenges facing the overall prodrug development. Given examples illustrate that prodrugs can accomplish appropriate solubility, increase permeability, provide site-specific targeting (i.e., to organs, tissues, enzymes, or transporters), overcome rapid drug metabolism, decrease toxicity, or provide better patient compliance, all with the aim to provide optimal drug therapy and outcome. Overall, the prodrug approach is a powerful tool to decrease the time/costs of developing new drug entities and improve overall drug therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Arik Dahan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +972-8-6479483; Fax: +972-8-6479303
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Gao X, Jasti BR, Huang M, Wang X, Mahalingam R, Li X. Design and preparation of nanostructures based on Krafft point of nonionic amphiphiles for delivery of poorly water-soluble compounds. Int J Pharm 2020; 588:119789. [PMID: 32822777 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Micellar solubilization can effectively dissolve low water-soluble compounds in aqueous environment, however, the micellar systems are not able to withstand dilution and maintain solubilization of poorly water-soluble drugs below critical micelle concentration. To overcome the drawbacks of conventional micellar solubilization, nonionic polyoxyethylated surfactants with Krafft points at or higher than body temperature were chosen to create novel micelle-based nanostructures as a delivery vehicle for poorly water-soluble compounds. A technique "thermo-spray process" was developed for the preparation of the nanostructures-containing formulation, in which the drug-containing micelle solution was first prepared and maintained at the elevated temperature above the Krafft point of the surfactant, then spray dried to solidify the obtained micelle-like nanostructure at room temperature. Lactose was used as an excipient to embed the nanostructures in the thermo-spray products. Water insoluble spherical nanoparticles with size range from 80 to 250 nm were obtained after reconstitution of the product at the temperature lower than Krafft point. When paclitaxel was used as model drug, the micelle-like nanostructures exhibited similar drug entrapment efficiency, solubility enhancement and drug release facilitation as conventional micelles, but provided lower critical micellar concentration at body temperature, and good encapsulation stability upon storage and dilution. These findings indicated that the developed thermo-spray product can serve as a promising delivery platform for drugs with low aqueous solubility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Gao
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Medicinal Chemistry, Thomas J. Long School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Universities Collaborative Innovation Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Bhaskara R Jasti
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Medicinal Chemistry, Thomas J. Long School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, USA
| | - Meng Huang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Universities Collaborative Innovation Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Xiaolin Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Universities Collaborative Innovation Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | | | - Xiaoling Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Medicinal Chemistry, Thomas J. Long School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, USA.
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Guo R, Long Y, Lu Z, Deng M, He P, Li M, He Q. Enhanced stability and efficacy of GEM-TOS prodrug by co-assembly with antimetastatic shell LMWH-TOS. Acta Pharm Sin B 2020; 10:1977-1988. [PMID: 33163348 PMCID: PMC7606181 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2019.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy agents have been widely used for cancer treatment, while the insolubility, instability and toxicity seriously restrict their efficacy. Thus, prodrug strategy was devised. Since some prodrugs are still with poor solubility or stability, a synergy strategy is needed to enhance their efficacy. Gemcitabine (GEM) is a prescribed anticancer drug, however, the rapid clearance, growing resistance and serious side effects limit its clinical efficacy. Conjugating GEM with d-α-tocopherol succinate (TOS) is an effective solution, while the GEM-TOS (GT) is unstable in aqueous solution. d-α-Tocopherol polyethylene glycol succinate (TPGS) has been used to enhance the stability, but GT stabilized by TPGS (GTT) has limited effect on tumor metastases. Tumor metastases lead to high mortality in patients suffering from cancers. In order to further achieve antimetastatic effect, an amphiphilic polymer (LT) was synthesized by connecting low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) with TOS, and eventually obtained desired self-delivery micellar NPs (GLT) by co-assembly GT with LT. The GLT not only possessed excellent stability, but also inhibited the metastases by acting on different phases of the metastatic cascade. The hydrophobic TOS inhibited the secretion of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), the hydrophilic LMWH inhibited the interaction between tumor cells and platelets. As a result, GLT reduced tumor cells entering the blood and implanting at the distant organs, leading to a much more excellent inhibitory effect on the lung metastasis than GEM and GTT.
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79
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Ocular prodrugs: Attributes and challenges. Asian J Pharm Sci 2020; 16:175-191. [PMID: 33995612 PMCID: PMC8105420 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2020.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocular drug delivery is one of the most attention-grabbing and challenging endeavors among the numerous existing drug delivery systems. From a drug delivery point of view, eye is an intricate organ to investigate and explore. In spite of many limitations, advancements have been made with the intention of improving the residence time or permeation of the drug in the ocular region. Poor bioavailability of topically administered drugs is the major issue pertaining to ocular drug delivery. Several efforts have been made towards improving precorneal residence time and corneal penetration, e.g. iontophoresis, prodrugs and ion-pairing, etc. Prodrug approach (chemical approach) has been explored by the formulation scientists to optimize the physicochemical and biochemical properties of drug molecules for improving ocular bioavailability. Formulation of ocular prodrugs is a challenging task as they should exhibit optimum chemical stability as well as enzymatic liability so that they are converted into parent drug after administration at the desired pace. This review will encompass the concept of derivatization and recent academic and industrial advancements in the field of ocular prodrugs. The progression in prodrug designing holds a potential future for ophthalmic drug delivery.
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80
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Takahashi M, Lee YJ, Kanayama T, Kondo Y, Nishio K, Mukai K, Haba M, Hosokawa M. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of water-soluble phenytoin prodrugs considering the substrate recognition ability of human carboxylesterase 1. Eur J Pharm Sci 2020; 152:105455. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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81
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Tian B, Liu Y, Liu J. Smart stimuli-responsive drug delivery systems based on cyclodextrin: A review. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 251:116871. [PMID: 33142550 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Stimulated by researches in materials chemistry and medicine fields, drug delivery has entered a new stage of development. Drug delivery systems have been extensively studied according to the differences in the drug therapeutic environment such as pH, light, temperature, magnet, redox, enzymes, etc. Cyclodextrin is a smart tool that has been proven to be used in the preparation of drug delivery, and has become a new area of concern in recent years. In this review, we discuss recent research advances in smart stimuli-responsive cyclodextrin-based drug delivery. First, different stimuli-responsive drug delivery systems based on cyclodextrin are introduced and classified. Then, the characteristics of different types of stimuli-responsive drug delivery systems are described, and their applications are emphasized. Finally, current challenges and future development opportunities of smart stimuli-responsive drug delivery systems based on cyclodextrin are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingren Tian
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumchi, 830001, China.
| | - Yumei Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumchi, 830001, China.
| | - Jiayue Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China.
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82
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Molecular Interactions in Solid Dispersions of Poorly Water-Soluble Drugs. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12080745. [PMID: 32784790 PMCID: PMC7463741 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12080745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Physicochemical characterization is a crucial step for the successful development of solid dispersions, including the determination of drug crystallinity and molecular interactions. Typically, the detection of molecular interactions will assist in the explanation of different drug performances (e.g., dissolution, solubility, stability) in solid dispersions. Various prominent reviews on solid dispersions have been reported recently. However, there is still no overview of recent techniques for evaluating the molecular interactions that occur within solid dispersions of poorly water-soluble drugs. In this review, we aim to overview common methods that have been used for solid dispersions to identify different bond formations and forces via the determination of interaction energy. In addition, a brief background on the important role of molecular interactions will also be described. The summary and discussion of methods used in the determination of molecular interactions will contribute to further developments in solid dispersions, especially for quick and potent drug delivery applications.
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83
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Zhang Y, Xu C, Yang X, Pu K. Photoactivatable Protherapeutic Nanomedicine for Cancer. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2002661. [PMID: 32667701 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202002661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic systems with site-specific pharmaceutical activation hold great promise to enhance therapeutic efficacy while reducing systemic toxicity in cancer therapy. With operational flexibility, noninvasiveness, and high spatiotemporal resolution, photoactivatable nanomedicines have drawn growing attention. Distinct from traditional controlled release systems relying on the difference of biomarker concentrations between disease and healthy tissues, photoactivatable nanomedicines capitalize on the interaction between nanotransducers and light to either trigger photochemical reactions or generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) or heat effect to remotely induce pharmaceutical actions in living subjects. Herein, the recent advances in the development of photoactivatable protherapeutic nanoagents for oncology are summarized. The design strategies and therapeutic applications of these nanoagents are described. Representative examples of each type are discussed in terms of structure, photoactivation mechanism, and preclinical models. Last, potential challenges and perspectives to further develop photoactivatable protherapeutic nanoagents in cancer nanomedicine are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- National Research Centre for Nanomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Cheng Xu
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637457, Singapore
| | - Xiangliang Yang
- National Research Centre for Nanomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Kanyi Pu
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637457, Singapore
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84
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Di Paolo V, Fulci C, Rotili D, De Luca A, Tomassi S, Serra M, Scimeca M, Geroni C, Quintieri L, Caccuri AM. Characterization of water-soluble esters of nitrobenzoxadiazole-based GSTP1-1 inhibitors for cancer treatment. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 178:114060. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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85
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Insoluble Polymers in Solid Dispersions for Improving Bioavailability of Poorly Water-Soluble Drugs. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12081679. [PMID: 32731391 PMCID: PMC7466147 DOI: 10.3390/polym12081679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, solid dispersions have been demonstrated as an effective approach for improving the bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs, as have solid dispersion techniques that include the application of nanotechnology. Many studies have reported on the ability to change drug crystallinity and molecular interactions to enhance the dissolution rate of solid dispersions using hydrophilic carriers. However, numerous studies have indicated that insoluble carriers are also promising excipients in solid dispersions. In this report, an overview of solid dispersion strategies involving insoluble carriers has been provided. In addition to the role of solubility and dissolution enhancement, the perspectives of the use of these polymers in controlled release solid dispersions have been classified and discussed. Moreover, the compatibility between methods and carriers and between drug and carrier is mentioned. In general, this report on solid dispersions using insoluble carriers could provide a specific approach and/or a selection of these polymers for further formulation development and clinical applications.
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86
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Discovery of a novel selective water-soluble SMAD3 inhibitor as an antitumor agent. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:127396. [PMID: 32738967 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Targeting the SMAD3 protein is an attractive therapeutic strategy for treating cancer, as it avoids the potential toxicities due to targeting the TGF-β signaling pathway upstream. Compound SIS3 was the first selective SMAD3 inhibitor developed that had acceptable activity, but its poor water solubility limited its development. Here, a series of SIS3 analogs was created to investigate the structure-activity relationship for inhibiting the activation of SMAD3. On the basis of this SAR, further optimization generated a water-soluble compound, 16d, which was capable of effectively blocking SMAD3 activation in vitro and had similar NK cell-mediated anticancer effects in vivo to its parent SIS3. This study not only provided a preferable lead compound, 16d, for further drug discovery or a potential tool to study SMAD3 biology, but also proved the effectiveness of our strategy for water-solubility driven optimization.
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87
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Finkbeiner P, Hehn JP, Gnamm C. Phosphine Oxides from a Medicinal Chemist's Perspective: Physicochemical and in Vitro Parameters Relevant for Drug Discovery. J Med Chem 2020; 63:7081-7107. [PMID: 32479078 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Phosphine oxides and related phosphorus-containing functional groups such as phosphonates and phosphinates are established structural motifs that are still underrepresented in today's drug discovery projects, and only few examples can be found among approved drugs. In this account, the physicochemical and in vitro properties of phosphine oxides and related phosphorus-containing functional groups are reported and compared to more commonly used structural motifs in drug discovery. Furthermore, the impact on the physicochemical properties of a real drug scaffold is exemplified by a series of phosphorus-containing analogs of imatinib. We demonstrate that phosphine oxides are highly polar functional groups leading to high solubility and metabolic stability but occasionally at the cost of reduced permeability. We conclude that phosphine oxides and related phosphorus-containing functional groups are valuable polar structural elements and that they deserve to be considered as a routine part of every medicinal chemist's toolbox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Finkbeiner
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Straße 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riß, Germany
| | - Jörg P Hehn
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Straße 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riß, Germany
| | - Christian Gnamm
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Straße 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riß, Germany
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88
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Yuan ZJ, Dai XL, Huang YL, Lu TB, Chen JM. Cocrystals of Penciclovir with Hydroxybenzoic Acids: Synthesis, Crystal Structures, and Physicochemical Evaluation. CRYSTAL GROWTH & DESIGN 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.cgd.0c00374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Jun Yuan
- Institute for New Energy Materials and Low Carbon Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Xia-Lin Dai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yong-Liang Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Tong-Bu Lu
- Institute for New Energy Materials and Low Carbon Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Jia-Mei Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Bioimaging, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
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89
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Markovic M, Ben-Shabat S, Dahan A. Computational Simulations to Guide Enzyme-Mediated Prodrug Activation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21103621. [PMID: 32443905 PMCID: PMC7279318 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Prodrugs are designed to improve pharmaceutical/biopharmaceutical characteristics, pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic properties, site-specificity, and more. A crucial step in successful prodrug is its activation, which releases the active parent drug, exerting a therapeutic effect. Prodrug activation can be based on oxidation/reduction processes, or through enzyme-mediated hydrolysis, from oxidoreductases (i.e., Cytochrome P450) to hydrolytic enzymes (i.e., carboxylesterase). This study provides an overview of the novel in silico methods for the optimization of enzyme-mediated prodrug activation. Computational methods simulating enzyme-substrate binding can be simpler like molecular docking, or more complex, such as quantum mechanics (QM), molecular mechanics (MM), and free energy perturbation (FEP) methods such as molecular dynamics (MD). Examples for MD simulations used for elucidating the mechanism of prodrug (losartan, paclitaxel derivatives) metabolism via CYP450 enzyme are presented, as well as an MD simulation for optimizing linker length in phospholipid-based prodrugs. Molecular docking investigating quinazolinone prodrugs as substrates for alkaline phosphatase is also presented, as well as QM and MD simulations used for optimal fit of different prodrugs within the human carboxylesterase 1 catalytical site. Overall, high quality computational simulations may show good agreement with experimental results, and should be used early in the prodrug development process.
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90
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Dong Y, Tu Y, Wang K, Xu C, Yuan Y, Wang J. A General Strategy for Macrotheranostic Prodrug Activation: Synergy between the Acidic Tumor Microenvironment and Bioorthogonal Chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:7168-7172. [PMID: 32003112 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201913522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Prodrugs activated by endogenous stimuli face the problem of tumor heterogeneity. Bioorthogonal prodrug activation that utilizes an exogenous click reaction has the potential to solve this problem, but most of the strategies currently used rely on the presence of endogenous receptors or overexpressed enzymes. We herein integrate the acidic, extracellular microenvironment of a tumor and a click reaction as a general strategy for prodrug activation. This was achieved by using a tumor pH-responsive polymer containing tetrazine groups, which formed unreactive micelles in the blood but disassembled in response to tumor pH. The vinyl ether group on the macrotheranostic prodrug (CyPVE) is activated by the tetrazine groups, which was confirmed by tumor-specific fluorescence activation and phototoxicity restoration. Therefore, the bioorthogonal reactions in the context of the ubiquitous acidic tumor microenvironment can provide a general strategy for bioorthogonal prodrug activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yansong Dong
- Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Yalan Tu
- Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Kewei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Engineering of the Ministry of Education and Innovation Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Congfei Xu
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou International Campus, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Youyong Yuan
- Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China.,National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China.,Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health, Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, 510005, P. R. China
| | - Jun Wang
- Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China.,School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou International Campus, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Guangdong Province, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China.,Research Institute for Food Nutrition and Human Health, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, P. R. China
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91
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A General Strategy for Macrotheranostic Prodrug Activation: Synergy between the Acidic Tumor Microenvironment and Bioorthogonal Chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201913522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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92
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Yadav P, Rastogi V, Verma A. Application of Box–Behnken design and desirability function in the development and optimization of self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system for enhanced dissolution of ezetimibe. FUTURE JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1186/s43094-020-00023-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
This study is focused on developing and optimizing a self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) of BCS class II drug (ezetimibe) through Box–Behnken design (BBD) and desirability function for enhanced dissolution.
Pseudoternary phase diagrams were created by taking oil (Peceol), surfactant (Tween80), and co-surfactant (Transcutol-P) and the concentration ranges were identified for generating BBD. The composition of ezetimibe-SNEDDS was optimized through various response variables viz. globule size (Y1), %transmittance (Y2), self-emulsification time (Y3), dissolution after 5 min and 40 min (Y4, Y5). Optimized formulation was characterized for various physicochemical properties.
Results
Pseudoternary phase diagram having maximum nano-emulsification area was selected to formulate SNEDDS. Derived polynomial equation and model graphs were exercised to investigate the impact of formulation variables on the responses. Significant effect of formulation composition on the responses was observed (p < 0.05). The formulation with least oil (10%) and high surfactant (60%) exhibited low globule size (24.4 ± 2.07 nm), low emulsification time (55 s) but high %transmittance (101.2%) and drug release (49.21% after 5 min; 95.27% after 40 min). Based on the desirability function, the optimized formulation was selected and reformulated. The optimized formulation (FF1) was found to be uniform, stable, and showed similar observed and predicted responses.
Conclusion
The potential of SNEDDS in improving the dissolution profile of weakly soluble drug and the applicability of BBD with desirability function in optimizing a SNEDD formulation has made it possible to identify the impact of various independent variables on optimization of the formulation for better responses.
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93
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Gutiérrez A, Atilhan M, Aparicio S. Theoretical Study on Deep Eutectic Solvents as Vehicles for the Delivery of Anesthetics. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:1794-1805. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b11756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mert Atilhan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University at Qatar, Doha, Qatar
- Gas and Fuels Research Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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94
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Cheng K, Ling C, Gu D, Gao Z, Li Y, An P, Zhang Y, You C, Zhang R, Sun B. Multimodal therapies: glucose oxidase-triggered tumor starvation-induced synergism with enhanced chemodynamic therapy and chemotherapy. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj05469c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A tumor microenvironment is distinct from normal tissue cells in characteristic physiochemical conditions, based on which we can design tumor-specific therapy modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiwu Cheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southeast University
- Nanjing 210089
- P. R. China
| | - Chuxuan Ling
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southeast University
- Nanjing 210089
- P. R. China
| | - Dihai Gu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southeast University
- Nanjing 210089
- P. R. China
| | - Zhiguo Gao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southeast University
- Nanjing 210089
- P. R. China
| | - Yaojia Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southeast University
- Nanjing 210089
- P. R. China
| | - Peijing An
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southeast University
- Nanjing 210089
- P. R. China
| | - Yu Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southeast University
- Nanjing 210089
- P. R. China
| | - Chaoqun You
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing Forestry University
- Nanjing 210037
- P. R. China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology
- Zhongda Hospital
- Southeast University
- Nanjing 210009
- China
| | - Baiwang Sun
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southeast University
- Nanjing 210089
- P. R. China
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95
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An overview of techniques for multifold enhancement in solubility of poorly soluble drugs. CURRENT ISSUES IN PHARMACY AND MEDICAL SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.2478/cipms-2019-0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Poor water solubility of newly discovered compounds has become the most common challenge in the drug development process. Indeed, poor solubility is considered as the root cause of failure of drug during drug development phases. Moreover, it has also been reported to be the main reason for bioavailability issues such as poor, inconsistent, incomplete and highly variable bioavailability of the marketed products. As per an estimate, approximately 90% of drug molecules suffer with poor water solubility at early stage and approximately 40% of the marketed drugs have bioavailability problems mainly due to poor water solubility. Solubility enhancement of the newly discovered compounds is primary research area for the pharmaceutical industries and research institutions. The conventional techniques to improve aqueous solubility of drugs employ salt formation, prodrug formation, co-crystallization, complexation, amorphous solid dispersion and use of co-solvent, surfactants or hydrotropic agents. Current advancement in the science and technology has enabled the use of relatively new techniques under the umbrella of nanotechnology. These include the development of nanocrystals, nanosuspensions, nanoemulsions, microemulsions, liposomes and nanoparticles to enhance the solubility. This review focuses on the conventional and current approaches of multifold enhancement in the solubility of poorly soluble marketed drugs, including newly discovered compounds.
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96
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Araki K, Yoshizumi M, Kimura S, Tanaka A, Inoue D, Furubayashi T, Sakane T, Enomura M. Application of a Microreactor to Pharmaceutical Manufacturing: Preparation of Amorphous Curcumin Nanoparticles and Controlling the Crystallinity of Curcumin Nanoparticles by Ultrasonic Treatment. AAPS PharmSciTech 2019; 21:17. [PMID: 31811523 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-019-1418-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Amorphous nanoparticles of curcumin (ANC) with primary particle sizes of 50 to 100 nm were prepared using a forced thin film reactor (FTFR). An ethanolic solution of curcumin and polyvinylpyrrolidone was mixed with purified water in an FTFR to precipitate the curcumin nanoparticles. In order to obtain amorphous particles, the solvent used and the operation conditions of FTFR such as the rotation speed of the disk and the flow rate of solutions were adjusted. According to powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), amorphous curcumin nanoparticles were obtained. To control the crystallinity, ultrasonic treatment was carried out on ANC suspended in water or hexane to which a polymer or a surfactant was added to prevent the growth of the particles. Transmission electron microscopy, XRD, and FT-IR analyses indicated that the treatment enabled the transformation of ANC to crystalline form 1 (a fundamental curcumin structure) and then to crystalline form 2 or crystalline form 3 without any change in the size of the primary particles. These findings suggest the possibility of preparing solid particles with a desired particle size and crystallinity.
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97
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Yu Z, Chen Y, Zhao W, Zheng F, Ding L, Liu J. Novel ACE inhibitory tripeptides from ovotransferrin using bioinformatics and peptidomics approaches. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17434. [PMID: 31758024 PMCID: PMC6874687 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53964-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Food-derived ACE inhibitory peptides have recently attracted increased attention. This work focused on a more efficient in silico method to find ACE inhibitory peptides from ovotransferrin. In this work, ovotransferrin was digested into peptides by virtual enzymolysis. Subsequently, in vitro ACE inhibitory activity of potential tripeptides was conducted following the peptide score, toxicity, and water solubility prediction. Both pharmacophore study and flexible docking were applied to analyze ACE inhibition mechanism of tripeptides. Our results demonstrated that EWL was a potent ACE inhibitory tripeptide with IC50 value of 380 ± 10 μM. Besides, pharmacophore and flexible docking showed that the pi interaction and hydrogen bond were the key interactions in ACE-EWL complex. It appears that the in vitro ACE inhibitory activity of tripeptide EWL was consistent with its molecular modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Yu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing, 102488, P.R. China.,College of Food Science and Engineering, Bohai University, Jinzhou, 121013, P.R. China
| | - Yang Chen
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Bohai University, Jinzhou, 121013, P.R. China
| | - Wenzhu Zhao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Bohai University, Jinzhou, 121013, P.R. China.
| | - Fuping Zheng
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing, 102488, P.R. China.
| | - Long Ding
- Lab of Nutrition and Functional Food, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, P.R. China
| | - Jingbo Liu
- Lab of Nutrition and Functional Food, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, P.R. China.
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98
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Protein Microgels from Amyloid Fibril Networks. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1174:223-263. [PMID: 31713201 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-9791-2_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Nanofibrillar forms of amyloidogenic proteins were initially discovered in the context of protein misfolding and disease but have more recently been found at the origin of key biological functionality in many naturally occurring functional materials, such as adhesives and biofilm coatings. Their physiological roles in nature reflect their great strength and stability, which has led to the exploration of their use as the basis of artificial protein-based functional materials. Particularly for biomedical applications, they represent attractive building blocks for the development of, for instance, drug carrier agents due to their inherent biocompatibility and biodegradability. Furthermore, the propensity of proteins to self-assemble into amyloid fibrils can be exploited under microconfinement, afforded by droplet microfluidic techniques. This approach allows the generation of multi-scale functional microgels that can host biological additives and can be designed to incorporate additional functionality, such as to aid targeted drug delivery.
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99
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Bilia AR, Piazzini V, Risaliti L, Vanti G, Casamonti M, Wang M, Bergonzi MC. Nanocarriers: A Successful Tool to Increase Solubility, Stability and Optimise Bioefficacy of Natural Constituents. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:4631-4656. [PMID: 30381065 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666181101110050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Natural products are fascinating molecules in drug discovery for their exciting structure variability and also for their interaction with various targets. Drugs multi-targeting effect represents a more realistic approach to develop successful medications for many diseases. However, besides a large number of successful in vitro and in vivo studies, most of the clinical trials fail. This is generally related to the scarce water solubility, low lipophilicity and inappropriate molecular size of natural compounds, which undergo structural instability in biological milieu, rapid clearance and high metabolic rate. Additionally, some molecules are destroyed in gastric juice or suffer to a massive pre-systemic metabolism in the liver, when administered orally, limiting their clinical use. A reduced bioavailability can also be linked to drug distribution/accumulation in non-targeted tissues and organs that increase the side effects lowering the therapeutic efficacy and patient compliance. Nanomedicine represents a favourable tool to increase bioavailability and activities of natural products. Generally, nanovectors provide a large surface area and can overcome anatomic barriers. Each nanovector has its own advantages, disadvantages, and characteristics. In this review, different nanocarriers made of compounds which are Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) for the delivery of natural products, marketed as food supplements and medicines are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Rita Bilia
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, via Ugo Schiff 6, 50121, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Vieri Piazzini
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, via Ugo Schiff 6, 50121, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Laura Risaliti
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, via Ugo Schiff 6, 50121, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Giulia Vanti
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, via Ugo Schiff 6, 50121, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Marta Casamonti
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, via Ugo Schiff 6, 50121, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Meng Wang
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, via Ugo Schiff 6, 50121, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy.,Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yuquan Road 88, Tianjin, 300193, China
| | - Maria Camilla Bergonzi
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, via Ugo Schiff 6, 50121, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
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100
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Elkhabaz A, Sarkar S, Simpson GJ, Taylor LS. Characterization of Phase Transformations for Amorphous Solid Dispersions of a Weakly Basic Drug upon Dissolution in Biorelevant Media. Pharm Res 2019; 36:174. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-019-2718-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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