51
|
Development of a multiparticulate drug delivery system for in situ amorphisation. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2022; 180:170-180. [PMID: 36191869 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2022.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In the current study, the concept of multiparticulate drug delivery systems (MDDS) was applied to tablets intended for the amorphisation of supersaturated granular ASDs in situ, i.e. amorphisation by microwave irradiation within the final dosage form. The MDDS concept was hypothesised to ensure geometric and structural stability of the dosage form and to improve the in vitro disintegration and dissolution characteristics. Granules were prepared in two sizes (small and large) containing the crystalline drug celecoxib (CCX) and polyvinylpyrrolidone/vinyl acetate copolymer (PVP/VA) at a 50 % w/w drug load as well as sodium dihydrogen phosphate monohydrate as the microwave absorbing excipient. The granules were subsequently embedded in an extra-granular tablet phase composed of either the filler microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) or mannitol (MAN), as well as the disintegrant crospovidone and the lubricant magnesium stearate. The tensile strength and disintegration time were investigated prior to and after 10 min of microwave irradiation (800 and 1000 W) and the formed ASDs were characterised by X-ray powder diffraction and modulated differential scanning calorimetry. Additionally, the internal structure was elucidated by X-ray micro-Computed Tomography (XµCT) and, finally, the dissolution performance of selected tablets was investigated. The MDDS tablets displayed no geometrical changes after microwave irradiation, however, the tensile strength and disintegration time increased. Complete amorphisation of CCX was achieved only for the MCC-based tablets at a power input of 1000 W, while MAN-based tablets displayed partial amorphisation independent of power input. The complete amorphisation of CCX was associated with the fusion of individual ASD granules within the tablets, which impacted the subsequent disintegration and dissolution performance. For these tablets, supersaturation was only observed after 60 min. On the other hand, the partially amorphised MDDS tablets displayed complete disintegration during the dissolution experiments, resulting in a fast onset of supersaturation within 5 min and an approx. 3.5-fold degree of supersaturation within the experimental timeframe (3 h). Overall, the MDDS concept was shown to potentially be a feasible dosage form for in situ amorphisation, however, there is still room for improvement to obtain a fully amorphous and disintegrating system.
Collapse
|
52
|
High Bulk-Density Amorphous Dispersions to Enable Direct Compression of Reduced Tablet Size Amorphous Dosage Units. J Pharm Sci 2022:S0022-3549(22)00409-9. [PMID: 36115592 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) are an attractive option to improve the bioavailability of poorly water-soluble compounds. However, the material attributes of ASDs can present formulation and processability challenges, which are often mitigated by the addition of excipients albeit at the expense of tablet size. In this work, an ASD manufacturing train combining co-precipitation and thin film evaporation (TFE) was used to generate high bulk-density co-precipitated amorphous dispersion (cPAD). The cPAD/TFE material was directly compressed into tablets at amorphous solid dispersion loadings up to 89 wt%, representing a greater than 60% reduction in tablet size relative to formulated tablets containing spray dried intermediate (SDI). This high ASD loading was possible due to densification of the amorphous dispersion during drying by TFE. Pharmacokinetic performance of the TFE-isolated, co-precipitated dispersion was shown to be equivalent to an SDI formulation. These data highlight the downstream advantages of this novel ASD manufacturing pathway to facilitate reduced tablet size via high ASD loading in directly compressed tablets.
Collapse
|
53
|
Emam MF, El-Ashmawy AA, Mursi NM, Emara LH. Optimization of Meloxicam Solid Dispersion Formulations for Dissolution Enhancement and Storage Stability Using 3 3 Full Factorial Design Based on Response Surface Methodology. AAPS PharmSciTech 2022; 23:248. [PMID: 36056201 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-022-02394-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to formulate and optimize solid-dispersion of meloxicam (MX) employing response-surface-methodology (RSM). RSM allowed identification of the main effects and interactions between studied factors on MX dissolution and acceleration of the optimization process. 33 full factorial design with 27 different formulations was proposed. Effects of drug loading percentage (A), carriers' ratio (B), method of preparation (C), and their interactions on percent MX dissolved after 10 and 30 min (Q10min & Q30min) from fresh and stored samples were studied in distilled water. The considered levels were 2.5%, 5.0%, and 7.5% (factor A), three ratios of Soluplus®/Poloxamer-407 (factor B). Physical mixture (PM), fusion method (FM), and hot-melt-extrusion (HME) were considered factor (C). Stability studies were carried out for 3 months under stress conditions. The proposed optimization design was validated by 3-extra checkpoints formulations. The optimized formulation was selected via numerical optimization and investigated by DSC, XRD, PLM, and in vitro dissolution study. Results showed that HME technique gave the highest MX dissolution rate compared to other techniques (FM & PM). At constant level of factor (C), the amount of MX dissolved increased by decreasing MX loading and increasing Soluplus in carriers' ratio. Actual responses of the optimized formulation were in close consistency with predicted data. Amorphous form of MX in the optimized formulation was proved by DSC, XRD, and PLM. Selected factors and their levels of the optimization design were significantly valuable for demonstrating and adapting the expected formulation characteristics for rapid dissolution of MX (Q10min= 89.09%) from fresh and stored samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maha F Emam
- Industrial Pharmacy Laboratory, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Institute, National Research Centre (Affiliation ID: 10014618), 33 EL Bohouth St. (former EL Tahrir St.), Dokki, P.O.12622, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed A El-Ashmawy
- Industrial Pharmacy Laboratory, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Institute, National Research Centre (Affiliation ID: 10014618), 33 EL Bohouth St. (former EL Tahrir St.), Dokki, P.O.12622, Giza, Egypt
| | - Nadia M Mursi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
| | - Laila H Emara
- Industrial Pharmacy Laboratory, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Institute, National Research Centre (Affiliation ID: 10014618), 33 EL Bohouth St. (former EL Tahrir St.), Dokki, P.O.12622, Giza, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Gottschalk T, Özbay C, Feuerbach T, Thommes M. Predicting Throughput and Melt Temperature in Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14091757. [PMID: 36145505 PMCID: PMC9502425 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14091757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Even though hot melt extrusion (HME) is a commonly applied process in the pharmaceutical area, determination of the optimal process parameters is demanding. The goal of this study was to find a rational approach for predetermining suitable extrusion parameters, with a focus on material temperature and throughput. A two-step optimization procedure, called scale-independent optimization strategy (SIOS), was applied and developed further, including the use of an autogenic extrusion mode. Three different polymers (Plasdone S-630, Soluplus, and Eudragit EPO) were considered, and different optimal process parameters were assessed. The maximum barrel load was dependent on the polymers’ bulk density and the extruder size. The melt temperature was influenced by the screw speed and the rheological behavior of the polymer. The melt viscosity depended mainly on the screw speed and was self-adjusted in the autogenic extrusion. A new approach, called SIOS 2.0, was suggested for calculating the extrusion process parameters (screw speed, melt temperature and throughput) based on the material data and a few extrusion experiments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Gottschalk
- Laboratory of Solids Process Engineering, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Emil-Figge-Str. 68, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
- INVITE GmbH, Drug Delivery Innovation Center, Chempark Building W32, 51368 Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Cihangir Özbay
- Laboratory of Solids Process Engineering, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Emil-Figge-Str. 68, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Tim Feuerbach
- INVITE GmbH, Drug Delivery Innovation Center, Chempark Building W32, 51368 Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Markus Thommes
- Laboratory of Solids Process Engineering, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Emil-Figge-Str. 68, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
- Correspondence: or
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Holm TP, Knopp MM, Berthelsen R, Löbmann K. Supersaturated amorphous solid dispersions of celecoxib prepared by in situ microwave irradiation. Int J Pharm 2022; 626:122115. [PMID: 35985526 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the ability of in situ amorphization using microwave irradiation in order to prepare highly supersaturated ASDs, i.e. ASDs with drug loads higher than the saturation solubility in the polymer at ambient temperature. For this purpose, compacts containing the crystalline drug celecoxib (CCX) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), polyvinylpyrrolidone-vinyl acetate copolymer (PVP/VA), or polyvinyl acetate (PVAc), were prepared at drug loads between 30-90 % w/w. Sodium dihydrogen phosphate (NaH2PO4) monohydrate was included in all compacts, as a source of water, to facilitate the dielectric heating of the compacts upon dehydration during microwave irradiation. After processing, the samples were analysed towards their solid state using X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) and modulated differential scanning calorimetry (mDSC). Complete amorphisation of CCX was achieved across all the investigated polymers and with a maximal drug load of 90, 80, and 50 % w/w in PVP, PVP/VA, and PVAc, respectively. These drug loads corresponded to a 2.3-, 2.4-, and 10.0-fold supersaturation in the investigated polymers at ambient temperature. However, dissolution experiments with the in situ prepared ASDs in fasted state simulated intestinal fluid (FaSSIF), showed a lower initial drug release (0-2 hours) compared to equivalent physical mixtures of crystalline CCX and polymers or crystalline CCX alone. The lower drug release rate was explained by the fusion of individual drug and polymer particles during microwave irradiation and, subsequently, a lack of disintegration of the monolithic ASDs. Nevertheless, supersaturation of CCX in FaSSIF was achieved with the in situ amorphised ASDs with PVP and PVP/VA, albeit only after 3-24 h. Overall, the present study confirmed that it is feasible to prepare supersaturated ASDs in situ. However, in the current experimental setup, the monolithic nature of the resulting ASDs is considered a limiting factor in the practical applicability of this preparation method, due to limited disintegration and the associated negative effect on the drug release.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Palle Holm
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Ragna Berthelsen
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Korbinian Löbmann
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Shi Q, Moinuddin SM, Wang Y, Ahsan F, Li F. Physical stability and dissolution behaviors of amorphous pharmaceutical solids: Role of surface and interface effects. Int J Pharm 2022; 625:122098. [PMID: 35961416 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Amorphous pharmaceutical solids (APS) are single- or multi-component systems in which drugs exist in high-energy states with long-range disordered molecular packing. APSs have become one of the most effective and widely used pharmaceutical delivery approaches for poorly water-soluble drugs in the last several decades. Considerable efforts have been made to investigate the physical stability and dissolution behaviors of APSs, however, the underlying mechanisms remain imperfectly understood. Recent studies reveal that surface and interface properties of APSs could strongly affect the physical stability and dissolution behaviors. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of recent studies focusing on the physical stability and dissolution behaviors of APSs from both surface and interface perspectives. We highlight the role of surface or interface properties in nucleation, crystal growth, phase separation, dissolution, and supersaturation. Meanwhile, the challenges and scope of research on surface and interface properties in the future are also briefly discussed. This review contributes to a better understanding of the surface- and interface-facilitated processes, which will provide more efficient and rational guidance for the design of APSs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qin Shi
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine, Yancheng 224005, China.
| | - Sakib M Moinuddin
- California Northstate University, College of Pharmacy, 9700 West Taron Drive, Elk Grove, CA 95757, USA; East Bay Institute For Research & Education (EBIRE), 10535 Hospital Way, Bldg. 650 2nd Floor, Rm. 2B121A, Mather, CA 95655, USA
| | - Yanan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine, Yancheng 224005, China
| | - Fakhrul Ahsan
- California Northstate University, College of Pharmacy, 9700 West Taron Drive, Elk Grove, CA 95757, USA; East Bay Institute For Research & Education (EBIRE), 10535 Hospital Way, Bldg. 650 2nd Floor, Rm. 2B121A, Mather, CA 95655, USA.
| | - Fang Li
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine, Yancheng 224005, China.
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Heczko D, Hachuła B, Maksym P, Kamiński K, Zięba A, Orszulak L, Paluch M, Kamińska E. The Effect of Various Poly ( N-vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) Polymers on the Crystallization of Flutamide. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:971. [PMID: 36015118 PMCID: PMC9414356 DOI: 10.3390/ph15080971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, several experimental techniques were applied to probe thermal properties, molecular dynamics, crystallization kinetics and intermolecular interactions in binary mixtures (BMs) composed of flutamide (FL) and various poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) polymers, including a commercial product and, importantly, samples obtained from high-pressure syntheses, which differ in microstructure (defined by the tacticity of the macromolecule) from the commercial PVP. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) studies revealed a particularly large difference between the glass transition temperature (Tg) of FL+PVPsynth. mixtures with 10 and 30 wt% of the excipient. In the case of the FL+PVPcomm. system, this effect was significantly lower. Such unexpected findings for the former mixtures were strictly connected to the variation of the microstructure of the polymer. Moreover, combined DSC and dielectric measurements showed that the onset of FL crystallization is significantly suppressed in the BM composed of the synthesized polymers. Further non-isothermal DSC investigations carried out on various FL+10 wt% PVP mixtures revealed a slowing down of FL crystallization in all FL-based systems (the best inhibitor of this process was PVP Mn = 190 kg/mol). Our research indicated a significant contribution of the microstructure of the polymer on the physical stability of the pharmaceutical-an issue completely overlooked in the literature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dawid Heczko
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Barbara Hachuła
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
| | - Paulina Maksym
- Institute of Material Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Silesia in Katowice, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland
| | - Kamil Kamiński
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Silesia in Katowice, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland
| | - Andrzej Zięba
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Luiza Orszulak
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
| | - Marian Paluch
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Silesia in Katowice, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland
| | - Ewa Kamińska
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Mahboobian MM, Dadashzadeh S, Rezaei M, Mohammadi M, Bolourchian N. Simvastatin in ternary solid dispersion formulations: Improved In vitro dissolution and anti-hyperlipidemia efficiency. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
59
|
Butreddy A. Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate as an exceptional polymer for amorphous solid dispersion formulations: A review from bench to clinic. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2022; 177:289-307. [PMID: 35872180 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2022.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) are a proven system for achieving a supersaturated state of drug, in which the concentration of drug is greater than its crystalline solubility. The usage of Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose Acetate Succinate (HPMCAS) in the development of ASDs has grown significantly, as evidenced by the fact that majority of commercially approved ASD formulations are based on HPMCAS. HPMCAS has been widely utilized as a solubility enhancer and precipitation inhibitor or stabilizer to achieve supersaturation and inhibit crystallization of drugs in the gastrointestinal tract. The characteristics of HPMCAS ASDs such as less hygroscopic, strong drug-polymer hydrophobic interactions, high solubilization efficiency, greater potential to generate, maintain drug supersaturation and crystallization inhibition outperform other polymeric carriers in ASD development. Furthermore, combining HPMCAS with other polymers or surfactants as ternary ASDs could be a viable approach for enhancing oral absorption of poorly soluble drugs. This review discusses the concepts of supersaturation maintenance or precipitation inhibition of HPMCAS in the ASD formulations. In addition, the mechanisms underlying for improved dissolution performance, oral bioavailability and stability of HPMCAS ASDs are explored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arun Butreddy
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Pedreiro LN, Boni FI, Cury BSF, Ferreira NN, Gremião MPD. Solid dispersions based on chitosan/hypromellose phthalate blends to modulate pharmaceutical properties of zidovudine. Pharm Dev Technol 2022; 27:615-624. [PMID: 35786299 DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2022.2097258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Zidovudine (AZT) has been widely used alone or in combination with other antiretroviral drugs for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus. Its erratic oral bioavailability necessitates frequent administration of high doses, resulting in severe side effects. In this study, the design of mucoadhesive solid dispersions (SDs) based on chitosan (CS) and hypromellose phthalate (HP) was rationalized as a potential approach to modulate AZT physicochemical and pharmaceutical properties. SDs were prepared at different drug:polymer ratios, using an eco-friendly technique, which avoids the use of organic solvents. Particles with diameter from 56 to 73 µm and negative zeta potentials (-27 to -32 mV) were successfully prepared, achieving high drug content. Infrared spectroscopy revealed interactions between polymers but no interactions between the polymers and AZT. Calorimetry and X-ray diffraction analyses showed that AZT was amorphized into the SDs. The mucoadhesive properties of SDs were evidenced, and the control of AZT release rates from the matrix was achieved, mainly in acid media. The simple, low-cost and scalable technology proposed for production of SDs as a carrier platform for AZT is an innovative approach, and it proved to be a feasible strategy for modulation the physico-chemical, mucoadhesive and release properties of the drug.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liliane Neves Pedreiro
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Road Araraquara-Jaú, Km 01, 14801-902, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Isadora Boni
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Road Araraquara-Jaú, Km 01, 14801-902, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Stringhetti Ferreira Cury
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Road Araraquara-Jaú, Km 01, 14801-902, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Natália Noronha Ferreira
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Road Araraquara-Jaú, Km 01, 14801-902, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Palmira Daflon Gremião
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Road Araraquara-Jaú, Km 01, 14801-902, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Uchiyama H, Kadota K, Tozuka Y. A review of transglycosylated compounds as food additives to enhance the solubility and oral absorption of hydrophobic compounds in nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:11226-11243. [PMID: 35757865 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2092056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Transglycosylation has been used to modify the physicochemical properties of original compounds. As a result, transglycosylated compounds can form molecular aggregates in size ranges of a few nanometers in an aqueous medium when their concentrations exceed a specific level. Incorporating these hydrophobic compounds has been observed to enhance the solubility of hydrophobic compounds into aggregate structures. Thus, this review introduces four transglycosylated compounds as food additives that can enhance the solubility and oral absorption of hydrophobic compounds. Here, transglycosylated hesperidin, transglycosylated rutin, transglycosylated naringin, and transglycosylated stevia are the focus as representative substances. Significantly, we observed that amorphous formations containing hydrophobic compounds with transglycosylated compounds improved solubility and oral absorption compared to untreated hydrophobic compounds. Moreover, combining transglycosylated compounds with hydrophilic polymers or surfactants enhanced the solubilizing effects on hydrophobic compounds. Furthermore, the enhanced solubility of hydrophobic compounds improved their oral absorption. Transglycosylated compounds also influenced nanoparticle preparation of hydrophobic compounds as a dispersant. This study demonstrated the benefits of transglycosylated compounds in developing supplements and nutraceuticals of hydrophobic compounds with poor aqueous solubility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiromasa Uchiyama
- Department of Formulation Design and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazunori Kadota
- Department of Formulation Design and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuichi Tozuka
- Department of Formulation Design and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Patel K, Shah S, Patel J. Solid dispersion technology as a formulation strategy for the fabrication of modified release dosage forms: A comprehensive review. Daru 2022; 30:165-189. [PMID: 35437630 PMCID: PMC9114203 DOI: 10.1007/s40199-022-00440-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Solubility limited bioavailability is one of the crucial parameters that affect the formulation development of the new chemical entities. Thus the major constraint in the pharmaceutical product development is the suitable solubility enhancement technique for Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient. Solid dispersion (SD) is an established and preferred method for improving the solubility which ultimately may be helpful to enhance bioavailability. For long period of time Amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) have been preferred for improving solubility, but since last two decades, ASD approach have been combined with different modified release approaches to improvise the stability and site specificity of SD to grasp a hold over the specific advantages associated with such dosage forms. It is an established fact now that the SD technique not only improves solubility limited bioavailability, but it may be combined with other approaches to modify the drug release profile from the formulation as per the requirement based on the apt selection of SD carriers and suitable technology. This review covers the comprehensive overview of all such formulations where SD technology is used to serve dual purpose rather than only the sole purpose of solubility enhancement. The SD approach has been successfully implemented for some of the poorly soluble herbal drugs and still there is a vast scope of advancement in that area. The current review will provide a broad outcome in the area of SD technology for modified release formulations along with the description of current status and future prospective of SD. The SD formed by dispersing drug within the conventional carrier to form ASD increases solubility, dissolution rate and bioavailability; whereas fourth generation hydrophobic carriers provide added advantage of controlled release (CR) or sustained release (SR) profile along with enhanced stability of SD. On the other frontier, pH dependant carriers enable the SD to achieve site specificity or delayed release (DR) profile.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaushika Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, L. J. Institute of Pharmacy, L J University, Ahmedabad, 382 210, India.
- Gujarat Technological University, Ahmedabad, 382424, India.
| | - Shreeraj Shah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, L. J. Institute of Pharmacy, L J University, Ahmedabad, 382 210, India
| | - Jaymin Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, L. J. Institute of Pharmacy, L J University, Ahmedabad, 382 210, India
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Ansari S, Hempel NJ, Asad S, Svedlindh P, Bergström CAS, Löbmann K, Teleki A. Hyperthermia-Induced In Situ Drug Amorphization by Superparamagnetic Nanoparticles in Oral Dosage Forms. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:21978-21988. [PMID: 35452221 PMCID: PMC9121342 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c03556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) generate heat upon exposure to an alternating magnetic field (AMF), which has been studied for hyperthermia treatment and triggered drug release. This study introduces a novel application of magnetic hyperthermia to induce amorphization of a poorly aqueous soluble drug, celecoxib, in situ in tablets for oral administration. Poor aqueous solubility of many drug candidates is a major hurdle in oral drug development. A novel approach to overcome this challenge is in situ amorphization of crystalline drugs. This method facilitates amorphization by molecular dispersion of the drug in a polymeric network inside a tablet, circumventing the physical instability encountered during the manufacturing and storage of conventional amorphous solid dispersions. However, the current shortcomings of this approach include low drug loading, toxicity of excipients, and drug degradation. Here, doped SPIONs produced by flame spray pyrolysis are compacted with polyvinylpyrrolidone and celecoxib and exposed to an AMF in solid state. A design of experiments approach was used to investigate the effects of SPION composition (Zn0.5Fe2.5O4 and Mn0.5Fe2.5O4), doped SPION content (10-20 wt %), drug load (30-50 wt %), and duration of AMF (3-15 min) on the degree of drug amorphization. The degree of amorphization is strongly linked to the maximum tablet temperature achieved during the AMF exposure (r = 0.96), which depends on the SPION composition and content in the tablets. Complete amorphization is achieved with 20 wt % Mn0.5Fe2.5O4 and 30 wt % celecoxib in the tablets that reached the maximum temperature of 165.2 °C after 15 min of AMF exposure. Furthermore, manganese ferrite exhibits no toxicity in human intestinal Caco-2 cell lines. The resulting maximum solubility of in situ amorphized celecoxib is 5 times higher than that of crystalline celecoxib in biorelevant intestinal fluid. This demonstrates the promising capability of SPIONs as enabling excipients to magnetically induce amorphization in situ in oral dosage forms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaquib
Rahman Ansari
- Department
of Pharmacy, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala 75123, Sweden
| | | | - Shno Asad
- Department
of Pharmacy, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala 75123, Sweden
| | - Peter Svedlindh
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Uppsala
University, Uppsala 75103, Sweden
| | - Christel A. S. Bergström
- The
Swedish Drug Delivery Center, Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala 75123, Sweden
| | - Korbinian Löbmann
- Department
of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Alexandra Teleki
- Department
of Pharmacy, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala 75123, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
64
|
Kyeremateng SO, Voges K, Dohrn S, Sobich E, Lander U, Weber S, Gessner D, Evans RC, Degenhardt M. A Hot-Melt Extrusion Risk Assessment Classification System for Amorphous Solid Dispersion Formulation Development. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14051044. [PMID: 35631630 PMCID: PMC9147278 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14051044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Several literature publications have described the potential application of active pharmaceutical ingredient (API)–polymer phase diagrams to identify appropriate temperature ranges for processing amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) formulations via the hot-melt extrusion (HME) technique. However, systematic investigations and reliable applications of the phase diagram as a risk assessment tool for HME are non-existent. Accordingly, within AbbVie, an HME risk classification system (HCS) based on API–polymer phase diagrams has been developed as a material-sparing tool for the early risk assessment of especially high melting temperature APIs, which are typically considered unsuitable for HME. The essence of the HCS is to provide an API risk categorization framework for the development of ASDs via the HME process. The proposed classification system is based on the recognition that the manufacture of crystal-free ASD using the HME process fundamentally depends on the ability of the melt temperature to reach the API’s thermodynamic solubility temperature or above. Furthermore, we explored the API–polymer phase diagram as a simple tool for process design space selection pertaining to API or polymer thermal degradation regions and glass transition temperature-related dissolution kinetics limitations. Application of the HCS was demonstrated via HME experiments with two high melting temperature APIs, sulfamerazine and telmisartan, with the polymers Copovidone and Soluplus. Analysis of the resulting ASDs in terms of the residual crystallinity and degradation showed excellent agreement with the preassigned HCS class. Within AbbVie, the HCS concept has been successfully applied to more than 60 different APIs over the last 8 years as a robust validated risk assessment and quality-by-design (QbD) tool for the development of HME ASDs.
Collapse
|
65
|
De Stefani C, Lodovichi J, Albonetti L, Salvatici MC, Quintela JC, Bilia AR, Bergonzi MC. Solubility and Permeability Enhancement of Oleanolic Acid by Solid Dispersion in Poloxamers and γ-CD. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27093042. [PMID: 35566392 PMCID: PMC9101807 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27093042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Oleanolic acid (OA) is a pentacyclic triterpenoid widely found in the Oleaceae family, and it represents 3.5% of the dry weight of olive leaves. OA has many pharmacological activities, such as hepatoprotection, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-diabetic, anti-tumor, and anti-microbic activities. Its therapeutic application is limited by its poor water solubility, bioavailability, and permeability. In this study, solid dispersions (SDs) were developed to overcome these OA limitations. Solubility studies were conducted to evaluate different hydrophilic polymers, drug-to-polymer ratios, and preparation methods. Poloxamer 188, Poloxamer 407, and γ-CD exhibited the highest increases in terms of OA solubility, regardless of the method of preparation. Binary systems were characterized using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRPD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). In addition, pure compounds and SDs were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in order to observe both the morphology and the particle surface. In vitro dissolution studies were performed for P407, P188, and γ-CD SDs. Preparation using the solvent evaporation method (SEM) produced the highest increase in the dissolution profiles of all three polymers with respect to the OA solution. Finally, the effect of SDs on OA permeability was evaluated with an in vitro parallel artificial membrane permeability assay (PAMPA). The formulation improved passive permeation across the simulated barrier due to OA increased solubility. The dissolution and PAMPA results indicate that the amorphization of OA by SD preparation could be a useful method to enhance its oral absorption, and it is also applicable on an industrial scale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara De Stefani
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Via U Schiff 6, 50519 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy; (C.D.S.); (J.L.); (L.A.); (A.R.B.)
| | - Jessika Lodovichi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Via U Schiff 6, 50519 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy; (C.D.S.); (J.L.); (L.A.); (A.R.B.)
| | - Laura Albonetti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Via U Schiff 6, 50519 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy; (C.D.S.); (J.L.); (L.A.); (A.R.B.)
| | - Maria Cristina Salvatici
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Chemistry of Organometallic Compounds (ICCOM)—Electron Microscopy Centre (Ce.M.E.), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy;
| | | | - Anna Rita Bilia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Via U Schiff 6, 50519 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy; (C.D.S.); (J.L.); (L.A.); (A.R.B.)
| | - Maria Camilla Bergonzi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Via U Schiff 6, 50519 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy; (C.D.S.); (J.L.); (L.A.); (A.R.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-055-457-3678
| |
Collapse
|
66
|
Osmanović Omerdić E, Alagić-Džambić L, Krstić M, Pašić-Kulenović M, Medarević Đ, Ivković B, Vasiljević D. Long-term stability of clopidogrel solid dispersions-Importance of in vitro dissolution test. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0266237. [PMID: 35377908 PMCID: PMC8979437 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0266237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Formulation of solid dispersions (SDs), in which the drug substance is dissolved or dispersed inside a polymer matrix, is one of the modern approaches to increase the solubility and dissolution rate of poorly soluble active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), such as clopidogrel. In the form of a free base, clopidogrel is unstable under increased both high moisture and temperature, so it is most often used as its salt form, clopidogrel hydrogen sulfate (CHS).The aim of this study was the formulation, characterization, and long-term stability investigation of CHS solid dispersions, prepared with four different hydrophilic polymers (poloxamer 407, macrogol 6000, povidone, copovidone) in five API/polymer ratios (1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:5, 1:9). SDs were prepared by the solvent evaporation method, employing ethanol (96% v/v) as a solvent. Initial results of the in vitro dissolution test showed an increase in the amount of dissolved CHS from all prepared SD samples compared to pure CHS, corresponding physical mixtures (PMs), and commercial tablets. SDs, prepared with poloxamer 407, macrogol 6000, and copovidone, at CHS/polymer ratios 1:5 and 1:9, notably increased the amount of dissolved CHS (> 80%, after 60 min), thus they were selected for further characterization. To assess the SDs long-term stability, in vitro dissolution studies, clopidogrel content determination, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) were performed initially and after 12 months of long-term stability studies under controlled conditions (25°C, 60% RH) meeting the ICH guideline Q1A (R2) requirements. The clopidogrel content in the selected samples was very similar at the beginning (96.13% to 99.93%) and at the end (95.98% to 99.86%) of the conducted test. DSC curves and FT-IR spectra of all SD samples after 12 months of stability study, showed the absence of CHS crystallization, which is an indication of good stability. However, the in vitro dissolution test showed a considerable reduction in CHS released from SDs with macrogol 6000. The amount of dissolved CHS from SDs with macrogol 6000 was initially 94.02% and 92.01%, and after 12 months of stability study, only 65.13% and 49.62%. In contrast, the amount of dissolved CHS from SDs prepared with poloxamer 407 and copovidone was very similar after 12 months of the stability study compared to the initial values. Results obtained indicated the great importance of the in vitro dissolution test in determining the long-term stability and quality of SDs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Larisa Alagić-Džambić
- Quality Assurance and Quality Control Department, Bosnalijek d.d., Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Marko Krstić
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Belgrade—Faculty of Pharmacy, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Maja Pašić-Kulenović
- Development and Registration Department, Bosnalijek d.d., Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Đorđe Medarević
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Cosmetology, University of Belgrade—Faculty of Pharmacy, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Branka Ivković
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Belgrade—Faculty of Pharmacy, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dragana Vasiljević
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Cosmetology, University of Belgrade—Faculty of Pharmacy, Belgrade, Serbia
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
Ikeda C, Zhou G, Lee YC, Chouzouri G, Howell L, Marshall B, Bras L. Application of Online NIR Spectroscopy to Enhance Process Understanding and Enable in-Process Control Testing of Secondary Drying Process for A Spray-Dried Solid Dispersion Intermediate. J Pharm Sci 2022; 111:2540-2551. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
68
|
Gottschalk T, Grönniger B, Ludwig E, Wolbert F, Feuerbach T, Sadowski G, Thobmmes M. Influence of Process Temperature and Residence Time on the Manufacturing of Amorphous Solid Dispersions in Hot Melt Extrusion. Pharm Dev Technol 2022; 27:313-318. [PMID: 35272581 DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2022.2051549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The manufacturing of amorphous solid dispersions via hot melt extrusion is a topic of high interest in pharmaceutical development. By this technique, the drug is dissolved in the molten polymer above solubility temperature within the process time. In this study an experimental framework is proposed determining the minimum required process temperature and the residence time using particularly low quantities of material. Drug/polymer mixtures in different ratios were processed in a micro scale extruder while the process temperature and residence time were varied systematically. The phase situation was assessed by the turbidity of the final extrudate. Four different drug/polymer mixtures were investigated in three drug/polymer ratios. The minimum required process temperature was close to solubility temperature for each specific formulation. Moreover, an influence of residence time on the phase situation was found. About 3 minutes were required in order to dissolve the drug in the polymer at these process conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Gottschalk
- Laboratory of Solids Process Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany.,INVITE GmbH, Drug Delivery Innovation Center, Leverkusen, Germany
| | - B Grönniger
- Laboratory of Solids Process Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany.,Laboratory of Thermodynamics, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | - E Ludwig
- Laboratory of Solids Process Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | - F Wolbert
- Laboratory of Thermodynamics, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany.,INVITE GmbH, Drug Delivery Innovation Center, Leverkusen, Germany
| | - T Feuerbach
- Laboratory of Solids Process Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | - G Sadowski
- Laboratory of Thermodynamics, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | - M Thobmmes
- Laboratory of Solids Process Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
69
|
Gupta A, Paudwal G, Dolkar R, Lewis S, Gupta PN. Recent advances in the surfactant and controlled release polymer-based solid dispersion. Curr Pharm Des 2022; 28:1643-1659. [PMID: 35209818 DOI: 10.2174/1381612828666220223095417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The oral route is the most preferred delivery route for drug administration due to its advantages such as lower cost, improved patient compliance, no need for trained personnel and the drug reactions are generally less severe. The major problem with new molecules in the drug discovery pipeline is poor solubility and dissolution rate that ultimately results in low oral bioavailability. Numerous techniques are available for solubility and bioavailability (BA) enhancement, but out of all, solid dispersion (SD) is proven to be the most feasible due to the least issues in manufacturing, processing, storage, and transportation. In the past few years, SD had been extensively applied to reinforce the common issues of insoluble drugs. Currently, many hydrophobic and hydrophilic polymers are used to prepare either immediate release or controlled release SDs. Therefore, the biological behavior of the SDs is contingent upon the use of appropriate polymeric carriers and methods of preparation. The exploration of novel carriers and methodologies in SD technology leads to improved BA and therapeutic effectiveness. Moreover, the clinical applicability of SD-based formulations has been increased with the discovery of novel polymeric carriers. In this review, emphasis is laid down on the present status of recent generations of SDs (i.e., surfactant and controlled release polymer-based SD) and their application in modifying the physical properties of the drug and modulation of pharmacological response in different ailments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aman Gupta
- PK-PD Tox & Formulation Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu-180002, India
- Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MAHE, Manipal-576104, India
| | - Gourav Paudwal
- PK-PD Tox & Formulation Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu-180002, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India
| | - Rigzin Dolkar
- PK-PD Tox & Formulation Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu-180002, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India
| | - Shaila Lewis
- Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MAHE, Manipal-576104, India
| | - Prem N Gupta
- PK-PD Tox & Formulation Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu-180002, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India
| |
Collapse
|
70
|
Ali AMA, Warsi MH, Abourehab MAS, Ali AA. Preparation and Transformation of Solid Glass Solutions of Clotrimazole to Nanosuspensions with Improved Physicochemical and Antifungal Properties. J Pharm Innov 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12247-021-09595-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
71
|
Ma X, Higashi K, Fukuzawa K, Ueda K, Kadota K, Tozuka Y, Yonemochi E, Moribe K. Computational approach to elucidate the formation and stabilization mechanism of amorphous formulation using molecular dynamics simulation and fragment molecular orbital calculation. Int J Pharm 2022; 615:121477. [PMID: 35051536 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
α-Glycosyl rutin (Rutin-G) consists of a flavonol skeleton and sugar groups and is a promising additive for amorphous formulations. In our previous study, experimental approaches suggested an interaction between the model drug carbamazepine (CBZ) and flavonol skeleton of Rutin-G that stabilizes amorphous formulations. In the present study, the formation and stabilization mechanisms of CBZ/Rutin-G amorphous formulation were investigated using a computational approach. The CBZ/Rutin-G amorphous formulation was obtained via molecular dynamics (MD) simulation, which mimicked the melt-quenching method. Root mean square deviation analysis revealed that the translational motion of CBZ during the cooling process was suppressed by adding Rutin-G. Monitoring the atomic distance during the cooling process revealed that hydrogen bonds via carboxamide oxygen of CBZ with hydroxyl hydrogen of Rutin-G were preferentially formed with flavonol skeletons than sugar groups. The simulated amorphous formulation was then calculated using fragment molecular orbital (FMO) method. The quantitative evaluation of multiple interactions revealed that the hydrogen bond energy was higher in CBZ-sugar groups than in CBZ-flavonol skeleton, while the π-type of interaction energy was higher in CBZ-flavonol skeleton than in CBZ-sugar groups. The computational approach combining MD simulation and FMO calculation provides information on various interactions that are difficult to detect using experimental approaches, which helps understand the formation and stabilization mechanism of amorphous formulations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohan Ma
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Kenjirou Higashi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Kaori Fukuzawa
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, 2-4-41, Ebara, Shinagawa, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
| | - Keisuke Ueda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Kazunori Kadota
- Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan
| | - Yuichi Tozuka
- Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan
| | - Etsuo Yonemochi
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, 2-4-41, Ebara, Shinagawa, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
| | - Kunikazu Moribe
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
72
|
Li B, Wang Y, Feng Y, Yuan D, Xu R, Jiang C, Xiao X, Lu S. Design and molecular insights of drug-active metabolite based co-amorphous formulation: A case study of toltrazuril-ponazuril co-amorphous. Int J Pharm 2022; 615:121475. [PMID: 35041914 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Co-amorphous supersaturated drug delivery systems are emerging as an alternative strategy to improve the water solubility of BCS II drugs. Typically, the supersaturation and stability of co-amorphous systems largely depend on the type of employed co-former. This study aims to assess the potential for active metabolites of drugs as co-former in drug-drug co-amorphous formulations. Toltrazuril (Tol) was chosen as the model drug, to which ponazuril (Pon) was added as co-former. Considering the importance of intermolecular interactions in co-amorphous systems, we performed highlighted investigations including molecular dynamics simulation and quantum mechanics calculations. The results indicated that Tol and Pon molecules were connected by N-H···O = C hydrogen bonds in the form of a complementary pairing of amide groups. Further, the solubility/dissolution and solid-state stability of the co-amorphous system were investigated. We found that co-amorphous Tol-Pon was stable for at least one month at 40 °C/75% RH, while amorphous materials underwent recrystallization within 10 days. Moreover, both drugs in the co-amorphous system exhibited enhanced "spring parachute effect" during the dissolution process. This could be attributed to the noticeably increased solid-state stabilization as well as inhibition of Pon on the crystallization of Tol from a supersaturated state. In general, our study provides some useful information and molecular insights to guide the development of drug-active metabolite-based co-amorphous formulations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Li
- School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Yingyun Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Ying Feng
- School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Dan Yuan
- School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Renjie Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Cuiping Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutics, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Xuecheng Xiao
- School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China.
| | - Shan Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China.
| |
Collapse
|
73
|
Gomaa E, Attia MS, Ghazy FES, Hassan AE, Hasan AA. Pump-free electrospraying: A novel approach for fabricating Soluplus®-based solid dispersion nanoparticles. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.103027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
74
|
Lentz KA, Plum J, Steffansen B, Arvidsson PO, Omkvist DH, Pedersen AJ, Sennbro CJ, Pedersen GP, Jacobsen J. Predicting in vivo performance of fenofibrate amorphous solid dispersions using in vitro non-sink dissolution and dissolution permeation setup. Int J Pharm 2021; 610:121174. [PMID: 34655705 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) is emerging as a useful formulation strategy to increase the bioavailability of active pharmaceutical ingredients with poor solubility. In vitro dissolution testing under non-sink conditions has often been used to evaluate the ability of ASDs to generate and maintain supersaturation to predict the in vivo performance. However, such a single compartment dissolution setup can fail to predict the oral bioavailability, due to an interdependence between precipitation and permeation. Hence, the use of two compartment dissolution-permeation setups is emerging. In this study, three ASDs containing fenofibrate as model drug substance were developed using Soluplus®, and Hypromellose Acetate Succinate in two different grades (high and low), respectively. The aim was to compare the use of a small-scale in vitro non-sink dissolution setup and a small-scale in vitro dissolution-permeation setup to predict the in vivo oral exposure of the ASDs in rats. The maximum concentration (Cmax) and area under curve (AUC) obtained in the in vitro studies were used to predict the in vivo rank order of the formulations. The results showed that the two in vitro studies resulted in the same rank order based on both Cmax and AUC. Interestingly, Cmax resulted in a better in vitro/in vivo correlation than the in vitro AUC, and based on the in vitro Cmax, the in vivo rank order was predicted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karoline Aagaard Lentz
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; LEO Pharma, A/S, Industriparken 55, DK-2750 Ballerup, Denmark
| | - Jakob Plum
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; LEO Pharma, A/S, Industriparken 55, DK-2750 Ballerup, Denmark.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jette Jacobsen
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
75
|
Shi Q, Li F, Yeh S, Moinuddin SM, Xin J, Xu J, Chen H, Ling B. Recent Advances in Enhancement of Dissolution and Supersaturation of Poorly Water-Soluble Drug in Amorphous Pharmaceutical Solids: A Review. AAPS PharmSciTech 2021; 23:16. [PMID: 34893936 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-021-02137-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Amorphization is one of the most effective pharmaceutical approaches to enhance the dissolution and oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. In recent years, amorphous formulations have been experiencing rapid development both in theoretical and practical application. Based on using different types of stabilizing agents, amorphous formulations can be mainly classified as polymer-based amorphous solid dispersion, coamorphous formulation, mesoporous silica-based amorphous formulation, etc. This paper summarizes recent advances in the dissolution and supersaturation of these amorphous formulations. Moreover, we also highlight the roles of stabilizing agents such as polymers, low molecular weight co-formers, and mesoporous silica. Maintaining supersaturation in solution is a key factor for the enhancement of dissolution profile and oral bioavailability, and thus, the strategies and challenges for maintaining supersaturation are also discussed. With an in-depth understanding of the inherent mechanisms of dissolution behaviors, the design of amorphous pharmaceutical formulations will become more scientific and reasonable, leading to vigorous development of commercial amorphous drug products.
Collapse
|
76
|
Schönfeld BV, Westedt U, Wagner KG. Compression of amorphous solid dispersions prepared by hot-melt extrusion, spray drying and vacuum drum drying. Int J Pharm X 2021; 3:100102. [PMID: 34877525 PMCID: PMC8632852 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpx.2021.100102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study explored vacuum drum drying (VDD) as an alternative technology for amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) manufacture compared to hot-melt extrusion (HME) and spray drying (SD) focusing on downstream processability (powder properties, compression behavior and tablet performance). Ritonavir (15% w/w) in a copovidone/sorbitan monolaurate matrix was used as ASD model system. The pure ASDs and respective tablet blends (TB) (addition of filler, glidant, lubricant) were investigated. Milled extrudate showed superior powder properties (e.g., flowability, bulk density) compared to VDD and SD, which could be compensated by the addition of 12.9% outer phase. Advantageously, the VDD intermediate was directly compressible, whereas the SD material was not, resulting in tablets with defects based on a high degree of elastic recovery. Compared to HME, the VDD material showed superior tabletability when formulated as TB, resulting in stronger compacts at even lower solid fraction values. Despite the differences in tablet processing, tablets showed similar tablet performance in terms of disintegration and dissolution independent of the ASD origin. In conclusion, VDD is a valid alternative to manufacture ASDs. VDD offered advantageous downstream processability compared to SD: less solvents and process steps required (no second drying), improved powder properties and suitable for direct compression. ASD technology has influence on particle morphology Compression behavior dominated by particle morphology Vacuum drum dried intermediate direct compressible into tablets Vacuum drum dried material shows better tabletability as milled extrudate ASD technology: no impact on tablet disintegration/dissolution
Collapse
Key Words
- API, active pharmaceutical ingredient
- ASD, amorphous solid dispersion
- Amorphous solid dispersion
- CP, compaction pressure
- Compression analysis
- D, tablet diameter
- Downstream processing
- FFC, flow function coefficient
- HME, hot-melt extrusion
- Hot-melt extrusion
- LOD, loss on drying
- P, breaking force
- PSD, particle size distribution
- PSmin, minimal punch separation
- RTV, ritonavir
- Ritonavir
- SD, spray drying
- SE, secondary electron
- SEM, scanning electron microscope
- SF, solid fraction
- SSA, specific surface area
- Spray drying
- TER, Total elastic recovery
- TS, tensile strength
- Tg, glass transition temperature
- V, volume
- VDD, vacuum drum drying
- Vacuum drum drying
- X-ray μCT, X-ray microcomputed tomography
- f1, difference factor
- f2, similarity factor
- n.d., not determined
- na, not applicable
- t, tablet thickness
- w, tablet wall height
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara V. Schönfeld
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 3, 53121 Bonn, Germany
- AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Knollstraße 50, 67061 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Westedt
- AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Knollstraße 50, 67061 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Karl G. Wagner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 3, 53121 Bonn, Germany
- Corresponding author.
| |
Collapse
|
77
|
Lee JH, Park C, Weon KY, Kang CY, Lee BJ, Park JB. Improved Bioavailability of Poorly Water-Soluble Drug by Targeting Increased Absorption through Solubility Enhancement and Precipitation Inhibition. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14121255. [PMID: 34959655 PMCID: PMC8707685 DOI: 10.3390/ph14121255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Itraconazole (ITZ) is a class II drug according to the biopharmaceutical classification system. Its solubility is pH 3-dependent, and it is poorly water-soluble. Its pKa is 3.7, which makes it a weak base drug. The aim of this study was to prepare solid dispersion (SD) pellets to enhance the release of ITZ into the gastrointestinal environment using hot-melt extrusion (HME) technology and a pelletizer. The pellets were then filled into capsules and evaluated in vitro and in vivo. The ITZ changed from a crystalline state to an amorphous state during the HME process, as determined using DSC and PXRD. In addition, its release into the gastrointestinal tract was enhanced, as was the level of ITZ recrystallization, which was lower than the marketed drug (Sporanox®), as assessed using an in vitro method. In the in vivo study that was carried out in rats, the AUC0-48h of the commercial formulation, Sporanox®, was 1073.9 ± 314.7 ng·h·mL-1, and the bioavailability of the SD pellet (2969.7 ± 720.6 ng·h·mL-1) was three-fold higher than that of Sporanox® (*** p < 0.001). The results of the in vivo test in beagle dogs revealed that the AUC0-24h of the SD-1 pellet (which was designed to enhance drug release into gastric fluids) was 3.37 ± 3.28 μg·h·mL-1 and that of the SD-2 pellet (which was designed to enhance drug release in intestinal fluids) was 7.50 ± 4.50 μg·h·mL-1. The AUC of the SD-2 pellet was 2.2 times higher than that of the SD-1 pellet. Based on pharmacokinetic data, ITZ would exist in a supersaturated state in the area of drug absorption. These results indicated that the absorption area is critical for improving the bioavailability of ITZ. Consequently, the bioavailability of ITZ could be improved by inhibiting precipitation in the absorption area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Hyun Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, Seoul 01795, Korea; (J.-H.L.); (C.-Y.K.)
| | - Chulhun Park
- Faculty of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada;
| | - Kwon-Yeon Weon
- College of Pharmacy, Catholic University of Daegu, Gyeongsan-si 38430, Korea;
| | - Chin-Yang Kang
- College of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, Seoul 01795, Korea; (J.-H.L.); (C.-Y.K.)
| | - Beom-Jin Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea;
| | - Jun-Bom Park
- College of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, Seoul 01795, Korea; (J.-H.L.); (C.-Y.K.)
- Bioavailability Control Lab, Sahmyook University, Seoul 01795, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-3399-1624
| |
Collapse
|
78
|
Photoinstability in active pharmaceutical ingredients: Crystal engineering as a mitigating measure. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C: PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2021.100455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
79
|
Optimizing Solvent Selection and Processing Conditions to Generate High Bulk-Density, Co-Precipitated Amorphous Dispersions of Posaconazole. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13122017. [PMID: 34959298 PMCID: PMC8705469 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13122017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Co-precipitation is an emerging method to generate amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs), notable for its ability to enable the production of ASDs containing pharmaceuticals with thermal instability and limited solubility. As is true for spray drying and other unit operations to generate amorphous materials, changes in processing conditions during co-precipitation, such as solvent selection, can have a significant impact on the molecular and bulk powder properties of co-precipitated amorphous dispersions (cPAD). Using posaconazole as a model API, this work investigates how solvent selection can be leveraged to mitigate crystallization and maximize bulk density for precipitated amorphous dispersions. A precipitation process is developed to generate high-bulk-density amorphous dispersions. Insights from this system provide a mechanistic rationale to control the solid-state and bulk powder properties of amorphous dispersions.
Collapse
|
80
|
Okamoto Y, Higashi K, Morita T, Ueda K, Mukaide S, Takeda J, Karashima M, Ikeda Y, Moribe K. Nanostructure and Molecular-Level Characterization of Aminoalkyl Methacrylate Copolymer and the Impact on Drug Solubilization Ability. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:4111-4121. [PMID: 34641686 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The effects of pH changes and saccharin (SAC) addition on the nanostructure and mobility of the cationic aminoalkyl methacrylate copolymer Eudragit E PO (EUD-E) and its drug solubilization ability were investigated. Small-angle X-ray scattering performed using synchrotron radiation and atomic force microscopy showed that the EUD-E nanostructure, which has a size of approximately several nanometers, changed from a random coil structure at low pH (pH 4.0-5.0) to a partially folded structure at high pH (pH 5.5-6.5). The EUD-E also formed a partially folded structure in a wide pH range of 4.5-6.5 when SAC was present, and the coil-to-globule transition was moderate with pH increase, compared with that when SAC was absent. The equilibrium solubility of the neutral drug naringenin (NAR) was enhanced in the EUD-E solution and further increased as the pH increased. The enlargement of the hydrophobic region of EUD-E in association with the coil-to-globule transition led to efficient solubilization of NAR. The interaction with SAC enhanced the mobility of the EUD-E chains in the hydrophobic region of EUD-E, resulting in changes in the drug-solubilizing ability. 1H high-resolution magic-angle spinning NMR measurements revealed that the solubilized NAR in the partially folded structure of EUD-E showed higher molecular mobility in the presence of SAC than in the absence of SAC. This study highlighted that solution pH and the presence of SAC significantly changed the drug solubilization ability of EUD-E, followed by changes in the EUD-E nanostructure, including its hydrophobic region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Okamoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Kenjirou Higashi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Takeshi Morita
- Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Keisuke Ueda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Sayaka Mukaide
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Junpei Takeda
- Analytical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 2-26-1, Muraoka-Higashi, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Karashima
- Analytical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 2-26-1, Muraoka-Higashi, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Ikeda
- Analytical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 2-26-1, Muraoka-Higashi, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Kunikazu Moribe
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
81
|
Lugtu-Pe JA, Lin BY, Chen K, Ghaffari A, Kane A, Wu XY. Tailoring Release Profiles of BCS Class II Drugs Using Controlled Release Amorphous Solid Dispersion Beads with Membrane-Reservoir Design: Effect of Pore Former and Coating Levels. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:4198-4209. [PMID: 34668379 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Poor aqueous solubility is a major limiting factor during the development of BCS Class II drug candidates in a solid oral dosage form. Conventional amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) systems focus on maximizing the rate and extent of release by employing water-soluble polymeric crystallization inhibitors; however, they often encounter rapid supersaturation and solution-mediated phase transformation (SMPT). Therefore, in this work, a controlled release membrane was introduced onto ASD beads to mitigate the SMPT problem. A membrane-reservoir controlled release amorphous solid dispersion (CRASD) bead system was designed, and the effects of the coating thickness and pore former content on drug release profiles were investigated. CRASD beads were manufactured by spray-coating polyvinyl acetate with polyvinylpyrollidone (PVP) as a pore former onto sugar bead substrates layered with the ASD reservoir of celecoxib and PVP. Raising the pore former content and/or lowering the coating level imparted higher release rates and supersaturation levels. The extent of release, measured by the area under the curve, was greatest when an optimal balance between the release rate and peak concentration could be established, corresponding to a high pore former/high coating level combination. Attributed to a thicker membrane structure with a higher pore former, rapid initial release could be achieved, yet controlled gradually for several hours, avoiding the critical threshold where the onset of SMPT predominates. The greater membrane capacity to transiently immobilize drug molecules (i.e., preserve amorphicity) and gradually release drug over a prolonged duration may be key to balancing supersaturation on both sides of the membrane; hence coating variables should be tactfully selected to exploit this benefit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Anne Lugtu-Pe
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Bing Ying Lin
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Kuan Chen
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Alireza Ghaffari
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Anil Kane
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Mississauga, Ontario L5N 7K9, Canada
| | - Xiao Yu Wu
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
82
|
Bharate SS. Enhancing Biopharmaceutical Attributes of Khellin by Amorphous Binary Solid Dispersions. AAPS PharmSciTech 2021; 22:260. [PMID: 34705156 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-021-02126-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Khellin, a furanochromone isolated from fruits and seeds of Ammi visnaga, is traditionally used in many eastern Mediterranean countries. The plant decoction and the crystalline substance khellin have many pharmacological activities. For instance, it acts as a bronchodilator and also relieves renal colic and urethral stones, etc. However, the low water solubility (~ 120 µg/mL) and low bioavailability limit its therapeutic application. Thus, the present research explores the development of its binary and ternary solid dispersion formulations to improve its solubility and dissolution behavior. A 24-well plate miniaturized protocol was established to identify the optimal hydrophilic polymer to prepare its solid dispersions. PEG-4000 was recognized as the favorable hydrophilic carrier in preparation of solid dispersion, SSB17. The formulation displayed ~ five-fold enhancement in the aqueous solubility of khellin. The binary solid dispersion SSB17 was manufactured at a gram scale and evaluated using 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, FT-IR, p-XRD, SEM, DSC, in vitro dissolution, and predicted pharmacokinetics. The quantitative dissolution data of SSB17 demonstrated ~ 2-3-fold improvement in AUC at physiological pH conditions. These conclusions highlight the basis for further preclinical studies on solid dispersions of khellin with improved biopharmaceutical properties.
Collapse
|
83
|
Ueda K, Higashi K, Moribe K, Taylor LS. Variable-Temperature NMR Analysis of the Thermodynamics of Polymer Partitioning between Aqueous and Drug-Rich Phases and Its Significance for Amorphous Formulations. Mol Pharm 2021; 19:100-114. [PMID: 34702040 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that the polymers used in amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) formulations, such as polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), polyvinylpyrrolidone/vinyl acetate (PVP-VA), and hypromellose (HPMC), distribute into the drug-rich phase of ibuprofen (IBP) formed by liquid-liquid phase separation, resulting in a reduction in the maximum drug supersaturation in the aqueous phase. Herein, the mechanism underlying the partitioning of the polymer into the drug-rich phase was investigated from a thermodynamic perspective. The dissolved IBP concentration in the aqueous phase and the amount of polymer distributed into the IBP-rich phase were quantitatively analyzed in IBP-supersaturated solutions containing different polymers using variable-temperature solution-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The polymer weight ratio in the IBP-rich phase increased at higher temperatures, leading to a more notable reduction of IBP amorphous solubility. Among the polymers, the amorphous solubility reduction was the greatest for the PVP-VA solution at lower temperatures, while HPMC reduced the amorphous solubility to the greatest extent at higher temperatures. The change in the order of polymer impact on the amorphous solubility resulted from the differences in the temperature dependency of polymer partitioning. The van't Hoff plot of the polymer partition coefficient revealed that both enthalpy and entropy changes for polymer transfer into the IBP-rich phase from the aqueous phase (ΔHaqueous→IBP-rich and ΔSaqueous→IBP-rich) gave positive values for most of the measured temperature range, indicating that polymer partitioning into the IBP-rich phase was an endothermic but entropically favorable process. The polymer transfer into the IBP-rich phase was more endothermic for HPMC than for PVP and PVP-VA. The solid-state NMR analysis of the IBP/polymer ASD implied that the newly formed IBP/polymer interactions in the IBP-rich phase upon polymer incorporation were weaker for HPMC, providing a rationale for the larger positive transfer enthalpy for HPMC. The change in Gibbs free energy for polymer transfer (ΔGaqueous→IBP-rich) showed negative values across the experimental temperature range, decreasing with an increase in temperature, indicating that the distribution of the polymer into the IBP-rich phase is favored at higher temperatures. Moreover, ΔGaqueous→IBP-rich for HPMC showed the greatest decrease with the temperature, likely reflecting the temperature-induced dehydration of HPMC in the aqueous phase. This study contributes fundamental insights into the phenomenon of polymer partitioning into drug-rich phases, furthering the understanding of achievable supersaturation levels and ultimately providing information on polymer selection for ASD formulations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Ueda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Kenjirou Higashi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Kunikazu Moribe
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Lynne S Taylor
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| |
Collapse
|
84
|
Iyer R, Petrovska Jovanovska V, Berginc K, Jaklič M, Fabiani F, Harlacher C, Huzjak T, Sanchez-Felix MV. Amorphous Solid Dispersions (ASDs): The Influence of Material Properties, Manufacturing Processes and Analytical Technologies in Drug Product Development. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1682. [PMID: 34683975 PMCID: PMC8540358 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13101682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Poorly water-soluble drugs pose a significant challenge to developability due to poor oral absorption leading to poor bioavailability. Several approaches exist that improve the oral absorption of such compounds by enhancing the aqueous solubility and/or dissolution rate of the drug. These include chemical modifications such as salts, co-crystals or prodrugs and physical modifications such as complexation, nanocrystals or conversion to amorphous form. Among these formulation strategies, the conversion to amorphous form has been successfully deployed across the pharmaceutical industry, accounting for approximately 30% of the marketed products that require solubility enhancement and making it the most frequently used technology from 2000 to 2020. This article discusses the underlying scientific theory and influence of the active compound, the material properties and manufacturing processes on the selection and design of amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) products as marketed products. Recent advances in the analytical tools to characterize ASDs stability and ability to be processed into suitable, patient-centric dosage forms are also described. The unmet need and regulatory path for the development of novel ASD polymers is finally discussed, including a description of the experimental data that can be used to establish if a new polymer offers sufficient differentiation from the established polymers to warrant advancement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raman Iyer
- Technical Research and Development, c/o Global Drug Development, Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corp., One Health Plaza, East Hanover, NJ 07936, USA
| | - Vesna Petrovska Jovanovska
- Product Development, Lek Pharmaceuticals d.d., Verovškova 57, 1526 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (V.P.J.); (K.B.); (M.J.); (T.H.)
| | - Katja Berginc
- Product Development, Lek Pharmaceuticals d.d., Verovškova 57, 1526 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (V.P.J.); (K.B.); (M.J.); (T.H.)
| | - Miha Jaklič
- Product Development, Lek Pharmaceuticals d.d., Verovškova 57, 1526 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (V.P.J.); (K.B.); (M.J.); (T.H.)
| | - Flavio Fabiani
- Technical Research and Development, c/o Global Drug Development, Novartis Pharma AG, Lichtstrasse 35, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland; (F.F.); (C.H.)
| | - Cornelius Harlacher
- Technical Research and Development, c/o Global Drug Development, Novartis Pharma AG, Lichtstrasse 35, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland; (F.F.); (C.H.)
| | - Tilen Huzjak
- Product Development, Lek Pharmaceuticals d.d., Verovškova 57, 1526 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (V.P.J.); (K.B.); (M.J.); (T.H.)
| | | |
Collapse
|
85
|
Pugliese A, Toresco M, McNamara D, Iuga D, Abraham A, Tobyn M, Hawarden LE, Blanc F. Drug-Polymer Interactions in Acetaminophen/Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose Acetyl Succinate Amorphous Solid Dispersions Revealed by Multidimensional Multinuclear Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:3519-3531. [PMID: 34375100 PMCID: PMC8424625 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The bioavailability of insoluble crystalline active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) can be enhanced by formulation as amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs). One of the key factors of ASD stabilization is the formation of drug-polymer interactions at the molecular level. Here, we used a range of multidimensional and multinuclear nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments to identify these interactions in amorphous acetaminophen (paracetamol)/hydroxypropylmethylcellulose acetyl succinate (HPMC-AS) ASDs at various drug loadings. At low drug loading (<20 wt %), we showed that 1H-13C through-space heteronuclear correlation experiments identify proximity between aromatic protons in acetaminophen with cellulose backbone protons in HPMC-AS. We also show that 14N-1H heteronuclear multiple quantum coherence (HMQC) experiments are a powerful approach in probing spatial interactions in amorphous materials and establish the presence of hydrogen bonds (H-bond) between the amide nitrogen of acetaminophen with the cellulose ring methyl protons in these ASDs. In contrast, at higher drug loading (40 wt %), no acetaminophen/HPMC-AS spatial proximity was identified and domains of recrystallization of amorphous acetaminophen into its crystalline form I, the most thermodynamically stable polymorph, and form II are identified. These results provide atomic scale understanding of the interactions in the acetaminophen/HPMC-AS ASD occurring via H-bond interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Pugliese
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United
Kingdom
| | - Michael Toresco
- Chemical
Engineering Department, Rowan College of Engineering, Rowan University, Mullica Hill Road, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
| | - Daniel McNamara
- Drug
Product Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Dinu Iuga
- Department
of Physics, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Anuji Abraham
- Drug
Product Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Michael Tobyn
- Drug
Product Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Reeds Lane, Moreton CH46 1QW, United
Kingdom
| | - Lucy E. Hawarden
- Drug
Product Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Reeds Lane, Moreton CH46 1QW, United
Kingdom
| | - Frédéric Blanc
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United
Kingdom
- Stephenson
Institute for Renewable Energy, University
of Liverpool, Peach Street, Liverpool L69 7ZF, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
86
|
Hempel NJ, Knopp MM, Zeitler JA, Berthelsen R, Löbmann K. Microwave-Induced in Situ Drug Amorphization Using a Mixture of Polyethylene Glycol and Polyvinylpyrrolidone. J Pharm Sci 2021; 110:3221-3229. [PMID: 34022194 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The use of a mixture of polyethylene glycol (PEG) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) was investigated for microwave-induced in situ amorphization of celecoxib (CCX) inside compacts. Such amorphization requires the presence of a dipolar excipient in the formulation to ensure heating of the compact by absorption of the microwaves. Previously, the hygroscopic nature of PVP was exploited for this purpose. By exposing PVP-based compacts for set time intervals at defined relative humidity, controlled water sorption into the compacts was achieved. In the present study, PEG was proposed as the microwave absorbing excipient instead of water, to avoid the water sorption step. However, it was found that PEG alone melted upon exposure to microwave radiation and caused the compact to deform. Furthermore, CCX was found to recrystallize upon cooling in PEG-based formulations. Hence, a mixture of PEG and PVP was used, where the presence of PVP preserved the physical shape of the compact, and the physical state of the amorphous solid dispersion. To study the impact of the polymer mixture, different compact compositions of CCX, PEG and PVP were prepared. When exposing the compacts to microwave radiation, it was found that the PEG:PVP ratio was critical for in situ amorphization and that complete amorphization was only achieved above a certain temperature threshold.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - J Axel Zeitler
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0AS, UK
| | - Ragna Berthelsen
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Korbinian Löbmann
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
87
|
Processing Impact on In Vitro and In Vivo Performance of Solid Dispersions-A Comparison between Hot-Melt Extrusion and Spray Drying. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13081307. [PMID: 34452269 PMCID: PMC8401923 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13081307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Presently, a large number of drug molecules in development are BCS class II or IV compounds with poor aqueous solubility. Various novel solubilization techniques have been used to enhance drug solubility. Among them, amorphous solid dispersions (ASD), which convert a crystalline drug into an amorphous mixture of drug and polymer, have been demonstrated to be an effective tool in enhancing drug solubility and bioavailability. There are multiple ways to produce amorphous solid dispersions. The goal of the present study is to investigate two commonly used processing methods, hot-melt extrusion (HME) and spray drying, and their impact on drug bioperformance. The amorphous solid dispersions of a model compound, posaconazole (25% drug loading) in HPMCAS-MF, were successfully manufactured via the two processing routes, and the physicochemical properties, in vitro and in vivo performance of the resulting ASDs were characterized and compared. It was found that in vitro drug release of the ASDs from two-stage dissolution was significantly different. However, the two ASDs showed similar in vivo performance based on cynomolgus monkey PK studies. A mechanistic understanding of the in vitro and in vivo behaviors of the solid dispersions was discussed.
Collapse
|
88
|
Borde S, Paul SK, Chauhan H. Ternary solid dispersions: classification and formulation considerations. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2021; 47:1011-1028. [PMID: 33818224 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2021.1908342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The number of active pharmaceutical compounds from the biopharmaceutical classification system (BCS) belonging to Class II and IV have significantly increased in recent years. These compounds have high therapeutic potential but are difficult to formulate as oral dosage forms due to their poor aqueous solubility. The solubility and bioavailability of these poorly water-soluble compounds can be increased by various formulation approaches, such as amorphous solid dispersions (ASD), salt formation, complexations, etc. Out of these techniques, the ASD approach, where compounds are converted into amorphous form and embedded in the hydrophilic matrix, have been successfully used in many marketed preparations. The recent advancement of this ASD approach is the design of ternary solid dispersions (TSD), where an additional component is added to further improve their performance in terms of solubility, stability, and processability. This review discusses the classification, mechanism of performance improvement, preparation techniques, and characterizations for TSD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shambhavi Borde
- School of Pharmacy and Health Professions, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Sagar Kumar Paul
- School of Pharmacy and Health Professions, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Harsh Chauhan
- School of Pharmacy and Health Professions, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, USA
| |
Collapse
|
89
|
Zhu W, Fan W, Zhang X, Gao M. Sustained-Release Solid Dispersion of High-Melting-Point and Insoluble Resveratrol Prepared through Hot Melt Extrusion to Improve Its Solubility and Bioavailability. Molecules 2021; 26:4982. [PMID: 34443569 PMCID: PMC8400122 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26164982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to prepare a sustained-release solid dispersion of poorly water-soluble resveratrol (RES) with high melting point in a single hot melt extrusion step. A hydrophobic-hydrophilic polymeric blend (Eudragit RS and PEG6000) was used to control the release of RES. With the dispersive mixing and high shear forces of hot melt extrusion, the thermodynamic properties and dispersion of RES were changed to improve its solubility. The effects of the formulation were investigated through univariate analysis to optimize the preparation of the sustained-release solid dispersion. In vitro and in vivo studies were performed to evaluate the prepared RES/RS/PEG6000 sustained-release solid dispersion. The physical state of the solid dispersion was characterized using differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray diffraction. Surface properties of the dispersion were visualized using scanning electron microscopy, and the chemical interaction between RES and excipients was detected through Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Results suggested that the optimized sustained-release solid dispersion was obtained when the mass ratio of RES-polymeric blend was 1:5, the ratio of PEG6000 was 35%, the barrel temperature was 170 °C, and the screw speed was 80 rpm. In vitro studies demonstrated that the solid dispersion showed a good sustained release effect. The cumulative release of RES reached 82.42% until 12 h and was fit by the Weibull model. In addition, the saturated solubility was 2.28 times higher than that of the bulk RES. In vitro studies demonstrated that the half-life increased from 3.78 to 7.09 h, and the bioavailability improved to 140.38%. The crystalline RES was transformed into the amorphous one, and RES was highly dispersed in the polymeric blend matrix.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Zhu
- Laboratory of Pharmacy Engineering, College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; (W.Z.); (X.Z.); (M.G.)
| | - Wenling Fan
- Laboratory of Pharmacy Engineering, College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; (W.Z.); (X.Z.); (M.G.)
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiaotong Zhang
- Laboratory of Pharmacy Engineering, College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; (W.Z.); (X.Z.); (M.G.)
| | - Meiqi Gao
- Laboratory of Pharmacy Engineering, College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; (W.Z.); (X.Z.); (M.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
90
|
Bhujbal SV, Mitra B, Jain U, Gong Y, Agrawal A, Karki S, Taylor LS, Kumar S, (Tony) Zhou Q. Pharmaceutical amorphous solid dispersion: A review of manufacturing strategies. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:2505-2536. [PMID: 34522596 PMCID: PMC8424289 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) are popular for enhancing the solubility and bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. Various approaches have been employed to produce ASDs and novel techniques are emerging. This review provides an updated overview of manufacturing techniques for preparing ASDs. As physical stability is a critical quality attribute for ASD, the impact of formulation, equipment, and process variables, together with the downstream processing on physical stability of ASDs have been discussed. Selection strategies are proposed to identify suitable manufacturing methods, which may aid in the development of ASDs with satisfactory physical stability.
Collapse
Key Words
- 3DP, three-dimensional printing
- ASDs, amorphous solid dispersions
- ASES, aerosol solvent extraction system
- Amorphous solid dispersions
- CAP, cellulose acetate phthalate
- CO2, carbon dioxide
- CSG, continuous-spray granulation
- Co-precipitation
- Downstream processing
- Drug delivery
- EPAS, evaporative aqueous solution precipitation
- Eudragit®, polymethacrylates derivatives
- FDM, fused deposition modeling
- GAS, gas antisolvent
- HME, hot-melt extrusion
- HPC, hydroxypropyl cellulose
- HPMC, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose
- HPMCAS, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate
- HPMCP, hypromellose phthalate
- Manufacturing
- Melting process
- PCA, precipitation with compressed fluid antisolvent
- PGSS, precipitation from gas-saturated solutions
- PLGA, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid
- PVP, polyvinylpyrrolidone
- PVPVA, polyvinylpyrrolidone/vinyl acetate
- RESS, rapid expansion of a supercritical solution
- SAS, supercritical antisolvent
- SCFs, supercritical fluids
- SEDS, solution-enhanced dispersion by SCF
- SLS, selective laser sintering
- Selection criteria
- Soluplus®, polyvinyl caprolactam-polyvinyl acetate-polyethylene glycol graft copolymer
- Solvent evaporation
- Stability
- Tg, glass transition temperature
- USC, ultrasound compaction
- scCO2, supercritical CO2
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonal V. Bhujbal
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Biplob Mitra
- Oral Product Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Summit, NJ 07901, USA
| | - Uday Jain
- Material Science and Engineering, Bristol Myers Squibb, Summit, NJ 07901, USA
| | - Yuchuan Gong
- Oral Product Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Summit, NJ 07901, USA
| | - Anjali Agrawal
- Oral Product Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Summit, NJ 07901, USA
| | - Shyam Karki
- Oral Product Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Summit, NJ 07901, USA
| | - Lynne S. Taylor
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Sumit Kumar
- Oral Product Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Summit, NJ 07901, USA
| | - Qi (Tony) Zhou
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| |
Collapse
|
91
|
Dissolution profiles of fenbendazole from binary solid dispersions: a mathematical approach. Ther Deliv 2021; 12:597-610. [PMID: 34286600 DOI: 10.4155/tde-2021-0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: Understanding a drug dissolution process from solid dispersions (SD) to develop formulations with predictable in vivo performance. Materials & methods: Dissolution data of fenbendazole released from the SDs and the control physical mixtures were analyzed using the Lumped mathematical model to estimate the parameters of pharmaceutical relevance. Results: The fit data obtained by Lumped model showed that all SDs have a unique dissolution profile with an error of ±4.1% and an initial release rate 500-times higher than the pure drug, without incidence of drug/polymer ratio or polymer type. Conclusion: The Lumped model helped to understand that the main factor influencing the fenbendazole release was the type formulation (SD or physical mixture), regardless of the type or amount of polymer used.
Collapse
|
92
|
Bhujbal SV, Su Y, Pathak V, Zemlyanov DY, Cavallaro AA, Munson EJ, Taylor LS, Zhou Q(T. Effect of Storage Humidity on Physical Stability of Spray-Dried Naproxen Amorphous Solid Dispersions with Polyvinylpyrrolidone: Two Fluid Nozzle vs. Three Fluid Nozzle. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1074. [PMID: 34371765 PMCID: PMC8309117 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13071074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In a spray drying operation, a two-fluid nozzle (2FN) with a single channel is commonly used for atomizing the feed solution. However, the less commonly used three-fluid nozzle (3FN) has two separate channels, which allow spray drying of materials in two incompatible solution systems. Although amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) prepared using a 3FN have been reported to deliver comparable drug dissolution performance relative to those prepared using a 2FN, few studies have systematically examined the effect of 3FN on the physical stability. Therefore, the goal of this work is to systematically study the physical stability of ASDs that are spray-dried using a 3FN compared to those prepared using the traditional 2FN. For the 2FN, a single solution of naproxen and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) was prepared in a mixture of acetone and water at a 1:1 volume ratio because 2FN allows for only one solution inlet. For the 3FN, naproxen and PVP were dissolved individually in acetone and water, respectively, because 3FN allows simultaneous entry of two solutions. Upon storage of the formulated ASDs at different humidity levels (25%, 55% and 75% RH), naproxen crystallized more quickly from the 3FN ASDs as compared with the 2FN ASDs. 3FN ASDs crystallized after 5 days of storage at all conditions, whereas 2FN ASDs did not crystallize even at 55% RH for two months. This relatively higher crystallization tendency of 3FN ASDs was attributed to the inhomogeneity of drug and polymers as identified by the solid-state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance findings, specifically due to poor mixing of water- and acetone-based solutions at the 3FN nozzle. When only acetone was used as a solvent to prepare drug-polymer solutions for 3FN, the formulated ASD was found to be stable for >3 months of storage (at 75% RH), which suggests that instability of the 3FN ASD was due to the insufficient mixing of water and acetone solutions. This study provides insights into the effects of solvent and nozzle choices on the physical stability of spray-dried ASDs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonal V. Bhujbal
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (S.V.B.); (Y.S.); (V.P.); (E.J.M.); (L.S.T.)
| | - Yongchao Su
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (S.V.B.); (Y.S.); (V.P.); (E.J.M.); (L.S.T.)
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Vaibhav Pathak
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (S.V.B.); (Y.S.); (V.P.); (E.J.M.); (L.S.T.)
| | - Dmitry Y. Zemlyanov
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, 1205 West State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA;
| | - Alex-Anthony Cavallaro
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5095, Australia;
| | - Eric J. Munson
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (S.V.B.); (Y.S.); (V.P.); (E.J.M.); (L.S.T.)
| | - Lynne S. Taylor
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (S.V.B.); (Y.S.); (V.P.); (E.J.M.); (L.S.T.)
| | - Qi (Tony) Zhou
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (S.V.B.); (Y.S.); (V.P.); (E.J.M.); (L.S.T.)
| |
Collapse
|
93
|
Schenck L, Boyce C, Frank D, Koranne S, Ferguson HM, Strotman N. Hierarchical Particle Approach for Co-Precipitated Amorphous Solid Dispersions for Use in Preclinical In Vivo Studies. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13071034. [PMID: 34371726 PMCID: PMC8308979 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13071034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Amorphous solid dispersions (ASD) have become a well-established strategy to improve exposure for compounds with insufficient aqueous solubility. Of methods to generate ASDs, spray drying is a leading route due to its relative simplicity, availability of equipment, and commercial scale capacity. However, the broader industry adoption of spray drying has revealed potential limitations, including the inability to process compounds with low solubility in volatile solvents, inconsistent molecular uniformity of spray dried amorphous dispersions, variable physical properties across batches and scales, and challenges containing potent compounds. In contrast, generating ASDs via co-precipitation to yield co-precipitated amorphous dispersions (cPAD) offers solutions to many of those challenges and has been shown to achieve ASDs comparable to those manufactured via spray drying. This manuscript applies co-precipitation for early safety studies, developing a streamlined process to achieve material suitable for dosing as a suspension in conventional toxicity studies. Development targets involved achieving a rapid, safely contained process for generating ASDs with high recovery yields. Furthermore, a hierarchical particle approach was used to generate composite particles where the cPAD material is incorporated in a matrix of water-soluble excipients to allow for rapid re-dispersibility in the safety study vehicle to achieve a uniform suspension for consistent dosing. Adopting such an approach yielded a co-precipitated amorphous dispersion with comparable stability, thermal properties, and in vivo pharmacokinetics to spray dried amorphous materials of the same composition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luke Schenck
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA; (D.F.); (N.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Christopher Boyce
- Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA; (C.B.); (H.M.F.)
| | - Derek Frank
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA; (D.F.); (N.S.)
| | - Sampada Koranne
- Preformulation, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA;
| | - Heidi M. Ferguson
- Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA; (C.B.); (H.M.F.)
| | - Neil Strotman
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA; (D.F.); (N.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
94
|
Qian K, Stella L, Jones DS, Andrews GP, Du H, Tian Y. Drug-Rich Phases Induced by Amorphous Solid Dispersion: Arbitrary or Intentional Goal in Oral Drug Delivery? Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:889. [PMID: 34203969 PMCID: PMC8232734 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13060889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Among many methods to mitigate the solubility limitations of drug compounds, amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) is considered to be one of the most promising strategies to enhance the dissolution and bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. The enhancement of ASD in the oral absorption of drugs has been mainly attributed to the high apparent drug solubility during the dissolution. In the last decade, with the implementations of new knowledge and advanced analytical techniques, a drug-rich transient metastable phase was frequently highlighted within the supersaturation stage of the ASD dissolution. The extended drug absorption and bioavailability enhancement may be attributed to the metastability of such drug-rich phases. In this paper, we have reviewed (i) the possible theory behind the formation and stabilization of such metastable drug-rich phases, with a focus on non-classical nucleation; (ii) the additional benefits of the ASD-induced drug-rich phases for bioavailability enhancements. It is envisaged that a greater understanding of the non-classical nucleation theory and its application on the ASD design might accelerate the drug product development process in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaijie Qian
- Pharmaceutical Engineering Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; (K.Q.); (D.S.J.); (G.P.A.)
| | - Lorenzo Stella
- Atomistic Simulation Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen’s University Belfast, 7–9 College Park E, Belfast BT7 1PS, UK;
- David Keir Building, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen’s University Belfast, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, UK
| | - David S. Jones
- Pharmaceutical Engineering Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; (K.Q.); (D.S.J.); (G.P.A.)
| | - Gavin P. Andrews
- Pharmaceutical Engineering Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; (K.Q.); (D.S.J.); (G.P.A.)
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Huachuan Du
- Laboratory of Applied Mechanobiology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, 303 East Superior Street, 11th floor, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Yiwei Tian
- Pharmaceutical Engineering Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; (K.Q.); (D.S.J.); (G.P.A.)
| |
Collapse
|
95
|
Li YW, Zhang HM, Cui BJ, Hao CY, Zhu HY, Guan J, Wang D, Jin Y, Feng B, Cai JH, Qi XR, Shi NQ. "Felodipine-indomethacin" co-amorphous supersaturating drug delivery systems: "Spring-parachute" process, stability, in vivo bioavailability, and underlying molecular mechanisms. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2021; 166:111-125. [PMID: 34119671 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2021.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Amorphous solid dispersions (ASD) are one of most commonly used supersaturating drug delivery systems (SDDS) to formulate insoluble active pharmaceutical ingredients. However, the development of polymer-guided stabilization of ASD systems faces many obstacles. To overcome these shortcomings, co-amorphous supersaturable formulations have emerged as an alternative formulation strategy for poorly soluble compounds. Noteworthily, current researches around co-amorphous system (CAS) are mostly focused on preparation and characterization of these systems, but more detailed investigations of their supersaturation ("spring-parachute" process), stability, in vivo bioavailability and molecular mechanisms are inadequate and need to be clarified. In present study, we chose pharmacological relevant BCS II drugs to fabricate and characterize "felodipine-indomethacin" CAS. To enrich the current inadequate but key knowledge on CAS studies, we carried out following highlighted investigations including dissolution/solubility, semi-continuous "spring-parachute" process, long-term stability profile of amorphous state, in vivo bioavailability and underlying molecular mechanisms (molecular interaction, molecular miscibility and crystallization inhibition). Generally, the research provides some key information in the field of current "drug-drug" CAS supersaturable formulations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Wei Li
- School of Pharmacy, Jilin Medical University, Jilin City 132013, Jilin Province, China
| | - Hong-Mei Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Jilin Medical University, Jilin City 132013, Jilin Province, China
| | - Bai-Ji Cui
- School of Pharmacy, Jilin Medical University, Jilin City 132013, Jilin Province, China
| | - Cheng-Yi Hao
- School of Pharmacy, Jilin Medical University, Jilin City 132013, Jilin Province, China
| | - He-Yun Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Jilin Medical University, Jilin City 132013, Jilin Province, China
| | - Jiao Guan
- School of Pharmacy, Jilin Medical University, Jilin City 132013, Jilin Province, China
| | - Dan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Jilin Medical University, Jilin City 132013, Jilin Province, China
| | - Ying Jin
- School of Pharmacy, Jilin Medical University, Jilin City 132013, Jilin Province, China
| | - Bo Feng
- School of Pharmacy, Jilin Medical University, Jilin City 132013, Jilin Province, China
| | - Jian-Hui Cai
- School of Pharmacy, Jilin Medical University, Jilin City 132013, Jilin Province, China
| | - Xian-Rong Qi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Nian-Qiu Shi
- School of Pharmacy, Jilin Medical University, Jilin City 132013, Jilin Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
96
|
Abstract
Spray drying is a versatile technology that has been applied widely in the chemical, food, and, most recently, pharmaceutical industries. This review focuses on engineering advances and the most significant applications of spray drying for pharmaceuticals. An in-depth view of the process and its use is provided for amorphous solid dispersions, a major, growing drug-delivery approach. Enhanced understanding of the relationship of spray-drying process parameters to final product quality attributes has made robust product development possible to address a wide range of pharmaceutical problem statements. Formulation and process optimization have leveraged the knowledge gained as the technology has matured, enabling improved process development from early feasibility screening through commercial applications. Spray drying's use for approved small-molecule oral products is highlighted, as are emerging applications specific to delivery of biologics and non-oral delivery of dry powders. Based on the changing landscape of the industry, significant future opportunities exist for pharmaceutical spray drying.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John M Baumann
- Small Molecules, Lonza Pharma & Biotech, Bend, Oregon 97701, USA; , ,
| | - Molly S Adam
- Small Molecules, Lonza Pharma & Biotech, Bend, Oregon 97701, USA; , ,
| | - Joel D Wood
- Small Molecules, Lonza Pharma & Biotech, Bend, Oregon 97701, USA; , ,
| |
Collapse
|
97
|
Inositol hexanicotinate self-micelle solid dispersion is an efficient drug delivery system in the mouse model of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Int J Pharm 2021; 602:120576. [PMID: 33839223 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Inositol hexanicotinate (IHN) self-micelle solid dispersion (SD) with glycyrrhizic acid (GA) and arabic gum (AG) was prepared by mechanical ball milling process to improve the solubility, stability of amorphous state, and bioavailability of IHN, which enhanced the treatment of IHN on hyperlipidemia and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The physicochemical properties of IHN/GA/AG SDs in solid state were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction studies, and scanning electron microscopy. The characteristics of the sample solutions were analyzed by reverse-phase HPLC, particle characterization, critical micelle concentration, and transmission electron microscopy. Further pharmacokinetic study of this SD formulation in rats showed a significant 3.3-fold increase in bioavailability compared to pure IHN. Moreover, biomarkers in serum and liver of NAFLD mice were significantly ameliorated after oral administration of IHN/GA/AG SDs for 15 days. Altogether, these results establish the mechanochemically prepared IHN/GA/AG SDs as an efficacious formulation for the treatment of hyperlipidemia and NAFLD.
Collapse
|
98
|
Poudel S, Kim DW. Developing pH-Modulated Spray Dried Amorphous Solid Dispersion of Candesartan Cilexetil with Enhanced In Vitro and In Vivo Performance. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:497. [PMID: 33917403 PMCID: PMC8067465 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13040497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Candesartan cilexetil (CC), a prodrug and highly effective antihypertensive agent, is a poorly soluble (BCS Class II) drug with limited bioavailability. Here, we attempted to improve CC's bioavailability by formulating several CC-loaded amorphous solid dispersions with a hydrophilic carrier (PVPK30) and pH modifier (sodium carbonate) using the spray drying technique. Solubility, in vitro dissolution, and moisture content tests were used for screening the optimized formulation. We identified an optimized formulation of CC/PVPK30/SC, which at the ratio of 1:0.5:1 (w/w/w) exhibited a 30,000-fold increase in solubility and a more than 9-fold enhancement in dissolution compared to pure CC. Solid-state characterization revealed that in pH-modulated CC amorphous solid dispersion (CCSDpM), CC's crystallinity was altered to an amorphous state with the absence of undesirable interactions. Stability studies also showed that the optimized formulation was stable with good drug content and drug release under accelerated conditions of up to 4 weeks and real-time stability conditions of up to 12 weeks. Furthermore, pharmacokinetic parameters, such as AUC and Cmax of candesartan, had a 4.45-fold and 7.42-fold improvement, respectively, in CCSDpM-treated rats compared to those in the CC-treated rats. Thus, these results suggest that CCSDpM is highly effective for increasing oral absorption. The application of these techniques can be a viable strategy to improve a drug's bioavailability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Dong Wuk Kim
- Vessel-Organ Interaction Research Center (VOICE, MRC), BK21 FOUR Community-Based Intelligent Novel Drug Discovery Education Unit, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea;
| |
Collapse
|
99
|
Pardhi VP, Jain K. Impact of binary/ternary solid dispersion utilizing poloxamer 188 and TPGS to improve pharmaceutical attributes of bedaquiline fumarate. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
100
|
The application of freeze-drying as a production method of drug nanocrystals and solid dispersions – A review. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
|