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Sparks B. A Snapshot of Image-Based Sexual Abuse (IBSA): Narrating a Way Forward. SEXUALITY RESEARCH & SOCIAL POLICY : JOURNAL OF NSRC : SR & SP 2021; 19:689-704. [PMID: 33936320 PMCID: PMC8076670 DOI: 10.1007/s13178-021-00585-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The rise of technology has ushered in a new means of sexual expression, commonly referred to as sexting, which involves the sending of sexual messages or images of oneself to another person. Growing in popularity particularly among youth and young adults, the sending of images to current or potential romantic or sexual partners is increasingly becoming part of courting and relationship maintenance rituals. Yet this new domain of sexual agency has been met with a rise in the non-consensual dissemination of intimate or nude photographs to third parties, in some cases to humiliate or shame the creator of the image. METHODS This paper uses a socio-narratological approach to understand the complex consequences that (largely female) victims of image-based sexual abuse (IBSA) experience. RESULTS Individuals who experience IBSA may undergo perpetuated suffering due to an interwoven constellation of internal and external forces, much of which is rooted in the sexual regulation (if not subjugation) of women. Suffering is presented as originating from three domains: the self, the perpetrator, and society, which interact as a "Dark Triad." CONCLUSIONS The use of socio-narratology to disentangle the suffering may provide victims and mental health professionals with experiential clarity. Further, it offers a way forward for individuals who have experienced this unique form of sexual violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Sparks
- Department of Psychology, University of Saskatchewan, 9 Campus Drive, 154 Arts, Saskatoon, SK Canada
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Celsi L, Paleari FG, Fincham FD. Adverse Childhood Experiences and Early Maladaptive Schemas as Predictors of Cyber Dating Abuse: An Actor-Partner Interdependence Mediation Model Approach. Front Psychol 2021; 12:623646. [PMID: 33815208 PMCID: PMC8012817 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.623646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing role that new technologies play in intimate relationships has led to the emergence of a new form of couple violence, cyber dating abuse, especially among adolescents and young adults. Although this phenomenon has received increased attention, no research has investigated predictors of cyber dating abuse taking into account the interdependence of the two partners. The study examines adverse childhood experiences (abuse, neglect, and witnessed intimate partner violence) and early maladaptive schemas (emotional deprivation and abandonment) as possible predictors of young adults' perpetrated and suffered cyber dating abuse. Adopting a dyadic approach, mediational models in which adverse childhood experiences were assumed to be related to individual and partner's cyber dating abuse through individual early maladaptive schemas were tested. 134 couples completed online self-reports of the variables of interest, including a bidimensional measure of cyber dating abuse assessing pressure-aggression and control-monitoring. Actor-partner interdependence mediation model analyses were conducted. Results indicated that the emotional deprivation schema mediated the association between adverse childhood experiences and cyber dating abuse, whereas the abandonment schema did not. Specifically, more frequent experiences of emotional abuse and physical neglect during childhood were indirectly related to increased likelihood of perpetrating cyber dating pressure-aggression as well as of perpetrating and suffering cyber dating control-monitoring in both males and females. These associations were mediated by a stronger internalization of the emotional deprivation schema and were supported by both self-reported and partner-reported data. Also, a strong and direct association was found between childhood exposure to intimate partner violence by the opposite-sex parent and cyber dating pressure-aggression by females or control-monitoring by both males and females. These findings help to clarify the potential negative effects of specific adverse childhood experiences and early maladaptive schemas on the tendency to perpetrate and suffer cyber abuse in romantic relationships. The implications for prevention and treatment programs are noted and avenues for future research are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Celsi
- Department of Human and Social Sciences, University of Bergamo, Bergamo, Italy
| | - F. Giorgia Paleari
- Department of Human and Social Sciences, University of Bergamo, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Frank D. Fincham
- Family Institute, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States
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Ellyson AM, Adhia A, Lyons VH, Rivara FP. Prevalence, age of initiation, and patterns of co-occurrence of digital dating abuse behaviors nationwide. CHILDREN AND YOUTH SERVICES REVIEW 2021; 122:105921. [PMID: 33776176 PMCID: PMC7993642 DOI: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Little is known about the patterns of adolescent and young adult digital dating abuse (DDA) nationwide. This study characterizes (1) the lifetime prevalence, (2) the age of initiation, and (3) the patterns of co-occurrence of both using and experiencing DDA behaviors in dating relationships. METHODS A cross-sectional online survey was conducted among a sample of 696 U.S. young adults recruited from Prolific, an online research platform. The sample was 50.7% female, 43.7% male, and 5.6% gender non-binary or transgender. The average age was 18.7 years (SD = 0.63, range: 16-22). RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS Among those with dating experience, 76.1% (n = 530) reported either using or experiencing at least one DDA behavior in their lifetime. Overall, 42.9% of respondents reported using and 58.3% experiencing digital monitoring and control behaviors, 25.0% reported using and 49.2% experiencing digital direct aggression, and 12.4% reported using and 36.4% experiencing digital sexual coercion. The average age of initiation for most DDA behaviors was 16 years with respondents reporting experiencing these behaviors at 11 years of age at the earliest. Of those with any involvement with DDA, 59.2% report both using at least one DDA behavior and experiencing at least one DDA behavior (n = 314), 32.5% report experiencing at least one DDA behavior but not using any (n = 172), and 8.3% report using at least one DDA behavior but not experiencing any (n = 44). DDA behaviors are common, can occur at young ages. Our findings highlight crossover between those who use and those who experience DDA behaviors and suggest prevention should focus on underlying issues that drive both the use and experience of these behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice M. Ellyson
- Center for Child Health, Behavior, and Development, Seattle Children’s Research Institute M/S CW8-5, PO BOX 5371, Seattle, WA 98145-5005, United States
- Firearm Injury and Policy Research Program, Harborview Injury Prevention and Research Center, University of Washington 401 Broadway, 4th Floor, Seattle, WA 98122, United States
| | - Avanti Adhia
- Firearm Injury and Policy Research Program, Harborview Injury Prevention and Research Center, University of Washington 401 Broadway, 4th Floor, Seattle, WA 98122, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington 1959 NE Pacific St. Box 356320, Seattle, WA 98195-6320, United States
| | - Vivian H. Lyons
- Firearm Injury and Policy Research Program, Harborview Injury Prevention and Research Center, University of Washington 401 Broadway, 4th Floor, Seattle, WA 98122, United States
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2029, United States
| | - Frederick P. Rivara
- Center for Child Health, Behavior, and Development, Seattle Children’s Research Institute M/S CW8-5, PO BOX 5371, Seattle, WA 98145-5005, United States
- Firearm Injury and Policy Research Program, Harborview Injury Prevention and Research Center, University of Washington 401 Broadway, 4th Floor, Seattle, WA 98122, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington 1959 NE Pacific St. Box 356320, Seattle, WA 98195-6320, United States
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Rodríguez-Castro Y, Martínez-Román R, Alonso-Ruido P, Adá-Lameiras A, Carrera-Fernández MV. Intimate Partner Cyberstalking, Sexism, Pornography, and Sexting in Adolescents: New Challenges for Sex Education. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18042181. [PMID: 33672240 PMCID: PMC7926792 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18042181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Background: Within the context of the widespread use of technologies by adolescents, the objectives of this study were to identify the perpetrators of intimate partner cyberstalking (IPCS) in adolescents; to analyze the relationship between IPCS and gender, age, sexting behaviors, pornography consumption, and ambivalent sexism; and to investigate the influence of the study variables as predictors of IPCS and determine their moderating role. Methods: Participants were 993 Spanish students of Secondary Education, 535 girls and 458 boys with mean age 15.75 (SD = 1.47). Of the total sample, 70.3% (n = 696) had or had had a partner. Results: Boys perform more sexting, consume more pornographic content, and have more hostile and benevolent sexist attitudes than girls. However, girls perpetrate more IPCS than boys. The results of the hierarchical multiple regression indicate that hostile sexism is a predictor of IPCS, as well as the combined effect of Gender × Pornography and Benevolent Sexism × Sexting. Conclusions: it is essential to implement sexual affective education programs in schools in which Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) are incorporated so that boys and girls can experience their relationships, both offline and online, in an egalitarian and violence-free way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda Rodríguez-Castro
- Faculty of Education and Social Work, University of Vigo, 32004 Ourense, Spain; (R.M.-R.); (M.V.C.-F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-988-387-130
| | - Rosana Martínez-Román
- Faculty of Education and Social Work, University of Vigo, 32004 Ourense, Spain; (R.M.-R.); (M.V.C.-F.)
| | - Patricia Alonso-Ruido
- Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
| | - Alba Adá-Lameiras
- Faculty of Social Sciences and Law, Carlos III of Madrid, 28903 Madrid, Spain;
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Cooper S, Schobert K, Cheruvillil S, Porter A, Palmedo PC. Posts, Likes, Shares, and DMs: A Qualitative Exploration of How Social Media Is Related to Sexual Agency in Young People. JOURNAL OF HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2021; 26:121-126. [PMID: 33736576 DOI: 10.1080/10810730.2021.1890283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
It is well documented that social interactions have a crucial impact on all aspects of personal development for adolescents, however few studies have documented how social interactions affect a young person's sense of sexual agency. The aim of the current qualitative study was to examine young people's perceptions of their own sexual agency in relation to their social media attitudes and behaviors. Participants (n = 31) were recruited from a nonprofit organization and asked to complete a one-hour in-depth interview and a demographic survey. Using an inductive method, involving constant comparison, we identified four overarching themes: (a) Participants utilize different social media platforms for distinct purposes and are cognizant of each audience; (b) Based on past experiences, participants have negotiated and created their own rules of engagement for online behavior; (c) Participants have different expectations about how others should act online versus how they act in relation to flirty or sexual messages; (d) Participants were concerned about the authenticity of online identities and are aware of vulnerability in online interactions. Our results highlight the need for sexual health researchers to observe social network etiquette closely through the lens of autonomy and agency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spring Cooper
- Department of Community Health and Social Sciences, City University of New York (CUNY) Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, New York, USA
| | - Kelsey Schobert
- Department of Community Health and Social Sciences, City University of New York (CUNY) Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, New York, USA
| | - Sonia Cheruvillil
- Department of Community Health and Social Sciences, City University of New York (CUNY) Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, New York, USA
| | - Andrew Porter
- University of Miami, School of Nursing and Health Studies, Coral Gables, Florida, USA
| | - P Christopher Palmedo
- Department of Community Health and Social Sciences, City University of New York (CUNY) Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, New York, USA
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Ramos MC, Miller KF, Moss IK, Margolin G. Perspective-Taking and Empathy Mitigate Family-of-Origin Risk for Electronic Aggression Perpetration Toward Dating Partners: A Brief Report. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2021; 36:NP1155-1164NP. [PMID: 29295029 PMCID: PMC8063592 DOI: 10.1177/0886260517747605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Electronic dating aggression among emerging adults is prevalent and has adverse consequences, yet factors that increase or decrease the risk for perpetrating electronic aggression against a romantic partner are understudied. This investigation advances the literature in two novel ways. First, based on intergenerational transmission of violence theories, we tested the link between family-of-origin aggression (FOA) history and electronic aggression toward romantic partners, using a diverse sample of emerging adults. Second, we examined whether perspective-taking and empathy each moderated the association between FOA and electronic dating aggression and explored the moderating role of gender. Participants included 359 undergraduate students (50% female; 42% White) from an urban university. Results indicated that greater FOA during childhood was associated with perpetrating greater electronic aggression against romantic partners. Furthermore, significant interactions indicated that perspective-taking and empathy separately buffered these associations. Youth from aggressive families did not exhibit increased electronic dating perpetration when they had higher perspective-taking or empathy. Males were especially sensitive to the protective effects of perspective-taking. Findings highlight potential points of intervention (i.e., cognitive and affective empathy training) to decrease electronic aggression in romantic relationships and break intergenerational cycles of aggression.
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Fawole OI, Okedare OO, Salawu MM, Kiene SM, Reed E. Relationship dynamics with male partners among girls in low-income communities of Ibadan, Nigeria: Risk for violence and health related consequences. J Adolesc 2021; 87:74-85. [PMID: 33508729 DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2021.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study explored the motivations for and relationship dynamics that may promote girls' vulnerability for intimate partner violence and sources of support reported in unhealthy relationships among girls residing in low-income communities in Ibadan, Nigeria. METHODS Focus group discussions (n = 14; 122 girls) were conducted among girls aged 15-19 years, who reported having been in a relationship lasting at least 3 months. Girls were recruited from schools and worksites where partner violence has been reported in high proportions. Data were analysed using conceptual content analyses and independently coded by two researchers. RESULTS Adolescent girls reported keeping their relationships secret from their parents. While girls reported that sometimes relationships were out of love, relationships were also often motivated by girls' financial need. The financial and secretive nature of these relationships appeared to place girls at risk for intimate partner violence, with sexual coercion, resulting in multiple adverse social and health outcomes, including sexually transmitted infections and unintended pregnancy. Girls reported that leaving an abusive relationship is especially difficult when girls rely financially, were sexually involved, pregnant, or have had a child with the male partner. Friends/peers, rather than girls' family, were often the source of support for intimate partner violence. CONCLUSION Early identification of unhealthy relationships and supporting girls to be financially independent appear to be critical to reduce vulnerability to violence. Peer-based interventions may be most appropriate, given that girls' friends, rather than parents, were most often the source of support for intimate partner violence and other relationship challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olufunmilayo I Fawole
- Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Faculty of Public Health, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
| | - Omowumi O Okedare
- Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Faculty of Public Health, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
| | - Mobolaji M Salawu
- Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Faculty of Public Health, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
| | - Susan M Kiene
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, San Diego State University, USA.
| | - Elizabeth Reed
- Division of Health Promotion and Behavioral Science, School of Public Health, San Diego State University, USA; Center on Gender Equity and Health, University of California San Diego, Division of Infectious Disease and Global Public Health, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
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Brown C, Hegarty K. Development and validation of the TAR Scale: A measure of technology-facilitated abuse in relationships. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chbr.2021.100059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Abstract
A violência no namoro entre adolescentes é considerada um problema de saúde pública e preditor de violência conjugal. O objetivo deste estudo foi produzir uma revisão sistemática acerca da violência digital no namoro entre adolescentes. A busca foi realizada nas bases de dados SciELO, LILACS, Scopus, PubMed e o buscador Google Acadêmico, nos idiomas Português, Inglês e Espanhol. A amostra final resultou em 34 artigos internacionais. A violência digital no namoro ocorre de duas formas: os comportamentos de controle e monitoramento e a violência sexual digital, ambos mediados pela Internet. Aponta-se a potência silenciosa da violência, naturalizada e quiçá tomada como parte integrante do relacionamento. Constatou-se necessidade de incremento na realização de pesquisas brasileiras para maior aprofundamento acerca do fenômeno, com vistas à prevenção deste tipo de violência, bem como o uso mais responsável e positivo das tecnologias de informação e comunicação pelos adolescentes nas relações de namoro.
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Galende N, Ozamiz-Etxebarria N, Jaureguizar J, Redondo I. Cyber Dating Violence Prevention Programs in Universal Populations: A Systematic Review. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2020; 13:1089-1099. [PMID: 33299362 PMCID: PMC7721295 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s275414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the technological revolution of recent decades has produced undeniable advances, it has also generated problems derived from new forms of human communication, especially among the younger population. This is the case with cyber dating violence, a problem that affects between 12% and 56% of young couples, making the need for preventive intervention patently evident. This study attempts to fill a gap in the literature in this field, carrying out a systematic review of universal cyber dating violence prevention programs, analyzing their characteristics and the evidence provided of their effectiveness. Following the PRISMA method, only 3 programs met the inclusion criteria: the DARSI program, the Dat-e Adolescence program and the Brief Incremental Theory of Personality (ITP) adolescent dating violence prevention program. All were reported to be effective, based on different indicators. Given the small body of work published to date and the limitations of the aforementioned programs, future research should aim to design and validate a greater number of programs that serve as tools for addressing this problem in a timely manner, in order to avoid not only the serious consequences it has for victims, but also its escalation towards adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Galende
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, Faculty of Education of Bilbao, University of the Basque Country, Lejona, Spain
| | - Naiara Ozamiz-Etxebarria
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, Faculty of Education of Bilbao, University of the Basque Country, Lejona, Spain
| | - Joana Jaureguizar
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, Faculty of Education of Bilbao, University of the Basque Country, Lejona, Spain
| | - Iratxe Redondo
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, Faculty of Education of Bilbao, University of the Basque Country, Lejona, Spain
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Caridade S, e Sousa HFP, Dinis MAP. Cyber and Offline Dating Abuse in a Portuguese Sample: Prevalence and Context of Abuse. Behav Sci (Basel) 2020; 10:bs10100152. [PMID: 33027915 PMCID: PMC7601927 DOI: 10.3390/bs10100152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing use of information and communication technologies (ICT) and networking has promoted the occurrence of different forms of victimization, specifically in terms of interpersonal interaction (e.g., cyberbullying or online risk-taking behaviour), which also includes cyber dating abuse (CDA). Some studies report that CDA is an extension of offline dating abuse (ODA). Because Portuguese studies in this area are scarce, this study aims to bridge this knowledge gap, seeking to investigate the extent and the context of CDA occurrence, and the relationship between CDA and all forms of ODA, i.e., physical, verbal–emotional and control. A convenience sample of 173 Portuguese adolescents and young adults was studied. This sample is mostly female (86.7%), has a mean (M) age of 25.36 years old and a standard deviation (SD) of 6.88 years of age. The results show that CDA and ODA among the Portuguese are very prevalent and related. Control (31.8 vs. 20.8%) and verbal–emotional ODA (26.7 vs. 20.2%) as well as control CDA (38.2 vs. 43.4%) were the most prevalent forms of abuse, either in terms of victimization or in terms of perpetration. The results also showed that CDA usually appears in a context of jealousy, also explaining control CDA and CDA direct aggression. A significant relationship between control CDA and CDA direct aggression and physical, verbal–emotional and control ODA was found. Experiencing control and verbal–emotional ODA are the main risk factors of control CDA victimization. This study allows to lay the groundwork for further research on dating victimization and perpetration through ICT, and has important practical implications at the level of Portuguese prevention strategies and intervention policies, thus emphasizing the role of the official authorities and the law itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sónia Caridade
- Faculty of Human and Social Sciences, University Fernando Pessoa (UFP), Praça 9 de Abril 349, 4249-004 Porto, Portugal
- Permanent Observatory Violence and Crime (OPVC), University Fernando Pessoa (UFP), Praça 9 de Abril 349, 4249-004 Porto, Portugal;
- Interdisciplinary Center for Gender Studies (CIEG) of the Higher Institute of Social and Political Sciences, University of Lisbon (ISCSP-UL), 1300-663 Lisboa, Portugal
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-225-071-300
| | - Hélder Fernando Pedrosa e Sousa
- Department of Mathematics (DM.UTAD), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
| | - Maria Alzira Pimenta Dinis
- Permanent Observatory Violence and Crime (OPVC), University Fernando Pessoa (UFP), Praça 9 de Abril 349, 4249-004 Porto, Portugal;
- UFP Energy, Environment and Health Research Unit (FP-ENAS), University Fernando Pessoa (UFP), Praça 9 de Abril 349, 4249-004 Porto, Portugal
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Lourenço RG, Fonseca RMGSD. Primary Health Care and the Third Sector in the face of violence between intimate adolescent partners. Rev Lat Am Enfermagem 2020; 28:e3341. [PMID: 32901767 PMCID: PMC7478882 DOI: 10.1590/1518-8345.3811.3341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE to identify and analyze the perceptions and practices of health professionals and of the third sector regarding adolescence and violence between intimate adolescent partners. METHOD an exploratory and descriptive study. Data was collected in two sessions of a Critical-Emancipatory Work Workshop carried out with 55 professionals who work in Primary Health Care services and services related to the third sector. Data was submitted to content analysis with the support of the WebQDA software. The categories of analysis used were gender and generation. RESULTS the perceptions and practices in the face of violence between intimate adolescent partners are based on common sense and subjugate female adolescents in particular. In the health services, violence is perceived during consultations for other demands, under the biomedical paradigm. Third sector professionals understand the confrontation of violence as a responsibility of the health area. CONCLUSION negative and stereotyped conceptions of violence between intimate adolescent partners are marked by gender and generation biases. The study highlights the need to promote networking actions in the professional practices that consider the historical and social understanding of adolescence to cope with the problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela Gessner Lourenço
- Universidade Federal do Paraná, Departamento de Enfermagem, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.,Scholarship holder at the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES), Brazil
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Trujillo O, Cantu JI, Charak R. Unique and Cumulative Effects of Intimate Partner Cybervictimization Types on Alcohol Use in Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Emerging Adults. CYBERPSYCHOLOGY BEHAVIOR AND SOCIAL NETWORKING 2020; 23:743-751. [PMID: 32799548 DOI: 10.1089/cyber.2019.0773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The use of modern technology has inadvertently created newer platforms for intimate partner victimization to take place. The present study investigated (1) whether psychological, sexual, and stalking cyber intimate partner victimization (cyber IPV) types were uniquely associated with alcohol use, and (2) whether there was additive effect of cyber IPV types on alcohol use, after controlling for histories of childhood maltreatment types and face-to-face intimate partner victimization among lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) emerging adults. Participants were 277 self-identifying LGB individuals in the age range of 18-29 years (M = 25.39, SD = 2.77; 16.6% lesbian, 25.6% gay, 43% bisexual women). Participants completed an online questionnaire assessing cyber IPV types, namely, psychological, sexual, and stalking, five forms of childhood maltreatment, face-to-face IPV types (i.e., physical, psychological, and sexual), and alcohol use. Findings indicated that 29.2% (n = 81) endorsed all three types of cyber IPV. Hierarchical regression analysis showed that only sexual cyber IPV was uniquely associated with alcohol use. In support of the cumulative risk hypothesis, those with exposure to three types of cyber IPV were more likely to have greater alcohol use compared to those with exposure to any one type of cyber IPV. Findings indicate that cyber IPV can lead to behavioral health challenges, such as an increase in alcohol use among LGB emerging adults. Findings call for interventions focusing on generating awareness regarding the ill effects of cyber IPV and for mental health professionals to develop treatment programs to aid in the well-being of the victim.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Trujillo
- Department of Psychological Science, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, Texas, USA
| | - Jorge I Cantu
- Department of Psychological Science, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, Texas, USA
| | - Ruby Charak
- Department of Psychological Science, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, Texas, USA
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Loneliness, Depressive Mood and Cyberbullying Victimization in Adolescent Victims of Cyber Dating Violence. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17124269. [PMID: 32549276 PMCID: PMC7345753 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17124269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Currently, cyber dating violence (CDV) is a serious health problem among adolescents due to their frequent use of communication technologies in their romantic relationships including the use of these technologies to perpetrate dating violence. However, research on this topic is recent and more studies about victims’ psychosocial adjustment are needed. The objectives of this study were to analyze the prevalence of CDV victimization according to frequency (occasional and frequent) and type (cyber control and cyber-aggression) and to explore their relations with loneliness, depressive mood and cyberbullying victimization. A total of 604 adolescents (M age = 14.32, SD = 1.67) who had a dating relationship at the time or in the past 12 months, participated in this study. The results showed a higher prevalence for cyber-control than cyber-aggression victimization, and positive correlations of CDV victimization with depressive mood and cyberbullying victimization in boys and girls. Positive correlations with loneliness were also observed for girls. The average effect size of the aforementioned correlations was large for girls and medium for boys. Both boys and girls who were frequent victims of CDV also suffered more cyberbullying by peers than those who were never, and occasionally, cyber victimized by their partners. Girls who were frequent victims of CDV also reported higher scores for loneliness and depressive mood, with a small average effect size. All these results highlight close relations between cyberbullying and CDV in adolescents, being necessary to pay greater attention to possible experiences of poly-victimization, and a worse psychosocial adjustment in frequently victimized girls than boys. These findings may be useful for developing more effective intervention programs.
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Cavalcanti JG, Coutinho MDPDL, Nascimento AMD, Pinto AVDL. Psychometric Properties of the Cyber Dating Abuse Questionnaire. PSICO-USF 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/1413-82712020250207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract The present study aimed to know the validity and reliability of the Cyber Dating Abuse Questionnaire - CDAQ in the Brazilian context. For this purpose, two empirical studies were designed. Study 1 (N = 215) tested the psychometric parameters of CDAQ, using exploratory factorial analysis. Study 2 (N = 248) sought to gather additional evidences of validity and accuracy of CDAQ using confirmatory factor analysis. The results pointed to the two-factorial structure as the most relevant, with good internal consistency indexes observed. In addition, CDAQ demonstrated convergent validity through meaningful associations with face-to-face abuse in love relationships (CTS2) and overall satisfaction in relationships. Furthermore, it is concluded that CDAQ presents itself as a valid and reliable measure, useful for investigating digital abuse in love relationships in the Brazilian population.
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Adhia A, Goddard J, Kernic MA, Fan MD, Vavilala MS, Rivara FP. Variation in State Laws on Access to Civil Protection Orders for Adolescents Experiencing Intimate Partner Violence. J Adolesc Health 2020; 66:610-615. [PMID: 31969251 PMCID: PMC7183890 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2019.11.311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Intimate partner violence (IPV) is prevalent among adolescents. Civil protection orders (CPOs) are the most common legal remedy used by individuals experiencing IPV to prevent recurrence. However, laws on whether adolescents can access CPOs vary by state. We assessed the landscape of state legislation regarding adolescents' access to CPOs for IPV. METHODS We systematically assessed statutes across all 50 U.S. states and the District of Columbia for 5 indicators: whether minors can be granted CPOs, whether minors can file on their own behalf, whether dating relationships are eligible, definitions of abuse qualifying for CPOs, and whether a CPO prohibits firearm possession and requires surrender of firearms. RESULTS A total of 48 states (94%) explicitly allow minors to obtain CPOs. Fourteen states (27%) explicitly allow minors to file for a CPO on their own behalf. Forty-four states (86%) recognize dating relationships as qualifying relationships for a CPO. A CPO may be issued for physical violence in all 51 states (100%), sexual violence in 46 states (90%), threats of physical or sexual violence in 47 states (92%), stalking in 44 states (86%), and psychological/emotional violence in 28 states (55%). In 22 states (43%), an individual subject to a CPO is prohibited from possessing firearms and is required to surrender firearms they already have. CONCLUSIONS There is a significant variation in states' CPO statutes related to adolescent IPV. Improvements in legislation that reduce the barriers to legal relief for those experiencing violence can be an important part of a comprehensive solution to reducing IPV among adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avanti Adhia
- Harborview Injury Prevention and Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.
| | - Jaron Goddard
- School of Law, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Mary A Kernic
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Mary D Fan
- School of Law, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Monica S Vavilala
- Harborview Injury Prevention and Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Frederick P Rivara
- Harborview Injury Prevention and Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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Stonard KE. “Technology was designed for this”: Adolescents’ perceptions of the role and impact of the use of technology in cyber dating violence. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2019.106211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Bhogal MS, Rhead C, Tudor C. Understanding digital dating abuse from an evolutionary perspective: Further evidence for the role of mate value discrepancy. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2019.109552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Fernet M, Lapierre A, Hébert M, Cousineau MM. A systematic review of literature on cyber intimate partner victimization in adolescent girls and women. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2019.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Muñiz-Rivas M, Vera M, Povedano-Díaz A. Parental Style, Dating Violence and Gender. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E2722. [PMID: 31366170 PMCID: PMC6695886 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16152722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between parenting styles and teen dating violence has become a relevant research topic in recent years, especially related to violence inflicted online. To more fully understand this relationship, the objective of the present study was to examine which parenting style (authoritarian, indulgent, authoritative, or neglectful) best protects against dating violence in adolescent relationships. A total of 1132 adolescents of both sexes participated in this study (46.4% boys and 53.6% girls), with ages between 14 and 18 years old (M = 15.6, SD = 1.3). A multivariate factorial design was applied (MANOVA, 4 × 2), using the parenting style, the parents' gender, and the adolescents' gender as independent variables, and the dating violence dimensions (online and offline) as dependent variables. As the results show, the lowest scores on all the dating violence dimensions examined were obtained by adolescents from indulgent families. In addition, three interaction effects were observed between the mother's parenting style and the adolescent's gender on online violence (e-violence and control), and the father's parenting style on offline violence (verbal-emotional). Thus, adolescents with authoritarian mothers obtained the highest scores on violence and control inflicted online, respectively, and adolescent girls with authoritarian fathers obtained the highest scores on verbal-emotional violence. These findings suggest that the indulgent style is the parenting style that protects against violence in teen dating relationships, and they also highlight the risks of the authoritarian style as a family child-rearing model.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Muñiz-Rivas
- Department of Social Anthropology, Seville University, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - María Vera
- Department of Education and Social Psychology, Pablo de Olavide University, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Amapola Povedano-Díaz
- Department of Education and Social Psychology, Pablo de Olavide University, 41013 Seville, Spain.
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Rueda HA, Brown ML, Geiger JM. Technology and Dating Among Pregnant and Parenting Youth in Residential Foster Care: A Mixed Qualitative Approach Comparing Staff and Adolescent Perspectives. JOURNAL OF ADOLESCENT RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/0743558419861087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore the role of technology in the dating and sexual experiences of pregnant and parenting adolescent girls placed in residential foster care. Interviews with program staff ( N = 12; 50% Hispanic) and focus groups with adolescent foster youth ( N = 13; 46% Hispanic) were conducted to understand how technologies (e.g., cell phone, texting, and social media) influence youth’s dating lives, including how youth navigate conflict with a dating partner in technology spaces and their experiences with cyber abuse. Both staff and youth emphasized technology as providing an outlet from the home and forum through which to meet, interact, and sustain intimate relationships, the latter including the father of (a) child(ren). Youth creatively collaborated to access technology and became involved in each other’s relationships. Staff and youth discussed divergent risk contexts, staff emphasizing the risks posed to children (e.g., taken on online dates) and youth discussing online sexual solicitations, conflict with the child(ren)’s father in public and peer-involved online spaces, and cyber abuse. Helping professionals should be trained on the centrality of technology to youth dating and provide dating health education that includes attention to technology mediums.
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Ferriani MDGC, Campeiz AB, Martins JE, Aragão ADS, Roque EMDST, Carlos DM. Understanding and contextualizing teen dating violence. ESCOLA ANNA NERY 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/2177-9465-ean-2018-0349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Objective: To describe and analyze teen dating violence with adolescents of a public school in a city in the state of São Paulo. Method: Qualitative research, anchored by the Paradigm of Complexity. Data collection was carried out with 16 students of the 11st year of high school, through focus groups and semi-structured interviews. Data analysis was based on the thematic modality. Results: There emerged three themes, which made it possible to understand that the myth of romantic love has still present in intimate relationships; as an aspect of these myths, jealousy is revealed as inherent in relationships, while time triggering teen dating violence at the same. Digital social networks have been throughout this process; the family and the school emerge as contexts that expose adolescents to vulnerability, including the experience of other violence manifestations. Conclusion and implications for practice: Multidimensional, retroactive and interdependent nature of the aspects related to teen dating violence were identified. Promotion of healthy dating relationships from the deconstruction of romantic love myths; safe use of virtual social networks by adolescents; actions to promote healthy parenting and articulation of health-school-family, with the empowerment of these spaces as factors to protect violence involving adolescents are necessary.
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