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Abstract
Abstract. The “Freshman-15” refers to an expected average weight gain of 15 pounds during the first year at college in US students. Although an overall weight gain during this period can be observed, most studies found that students gain less than 15 pounds on average. Studies in countries other than the US, however, are scarce. In the current study, 120 female freshmen at a German university were tested at the start of the first semester and again at the start of the second semester (after approximately 6 months). Body mass index (BMI) did not differ between measurements, but participants had 0.2% more body fat at the second measurement. Participants with higher BMI at the first measurement lost weight and participants with higher weight suppression (i.e., the difference between an individual’s highest previous weight and current weight) at the first measurement gained weight. Participants who reported to exercise regularly at the first measurement gained weight, but this effect was driven by those who reduced their amount of physical exercise during the first semester. Dietary habits and eating styles at the first measurement were not associated with weight change. To conclude, no evidence was found for an overall weight gain during the first semester in female, German students. Furthermore, weight change was exclusively predicted by BMI, weight suppression, and regular exercise, while eating behaviors were unrelated to weight change. Thus, it appears that variables influencing energy expenditure are more robust predictors of future weight gain than variables influencing energy intake in female freshmen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Meule
- Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg, Austria
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Salzburg, Austria
| | - Petra Platte
- Institute of Psychology, University of Würzburg, Germany
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Arigo D, Butryn ML, Raggio GA, Stice E, Lowe MR. Predicting Change in Physical Activity: a Longitudinal Investigation Among Weight-Concerned College Women. Ann Behav Med 2017; 50:629-641. [PMID: 26984236 DOI: 10.1007/s12160-016-9788-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Engaging in regular physical activity (PA) is critical for health, and adopting a consistent PA routine early in life is associated with greater PA over the lifespan. College women with weight concerns are at risk for weight gain, which may be prevented with regular PA. However, little is known about changes in PA engagement in this at-risk group. PURPOSE Using an outcome expectancy framework, this study used a prospective longitudinal design to examine changes in PA during the first 2 years of college. We tested for concurrent and prospective within-person relations between body satisfaction/perceived eating behavior and PA to determine when weight-concerned college women may increase or decrease PA. METHODS Women who reported weight concerns at the start of college (n = 294) completed five assessments over 2 years, including measured weight, body/eating experiences, and 4 days of pedometer steps (per assessment). Multilevel models addressed the resulting nested data structure (days within assessments within participants). RESULTS Over 2 years, within-person change accounted for 65 % of PA variability (ICC = 0.35). PA was greatest at (and subsequent to) times when body satisfaction was lower, and when disinhibited eating and hedonic hunger were higher, than an individual's average (ps < 0.05). These changes were associated with 1-3 % of the recommended daily step totals. CONCLUSIONS Weight-conscious college women show greater PA after negative eating and weight experiences. As these experiences change over time, health promotion efforts should help college women identify alternative, positive motivators for PA, which could facilitate consistent PA engagement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Arigo
- The University of Scranton, 800 Linden Street 205 Alumni Memorial Hall, Scranton, PA, 18510, USA.
| | - Meghan L Butryn
- Department of Psychology, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street Stratton 119, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Greer A Raggio
- VA Boston Healthcare System, 150 S. Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02130, USA
| | - Eric Stice
- Oregon Research Institute, 1776 Millrace Dr, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA
| | - Michael R Lowe
- Department of Psychology, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street Stratton 119, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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Loso J, Staub D, Colby SE, Olfert MD, Kattelmann K, Vilaro M, Colee J, Zhou W, Franzen-Castle L, Mathews AE. Gardening Experience Is Associated with Increased Fruit and Vegetable Intake among First-Year College Students: A Cross-Sectional Examination. J Acad Nutr Diet 2017; 118:275-283. [PMID: 29198845 PMCID: PMC5929138 DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gardening interventions have been shown to increase fruit and vegetable (F/V) intake among school-aged children. It is unknown whether these effects persist into later adolescence or adulthood, and little is known about whether gardening in later adolescence is related to F/V intake. OBJECTIVE To identify the relationship between both childhood and recent (within the past 12 months) gardening experiences and current F/V intake among college students. DESIGN/PARTICIPANTS A cross-sectional evaluation of 1,121 college freshmen with suboptimal F/V consumption from eight US universities. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Participants completed the National Cancer Institute Fruit and Vegetable Screener and questions about gardening experiences. Respondents were grouped as having gardened or not gardened during childhood and recently. STATISTICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED A linear mixed model was used to evaluate the relationship between childhood and recent gardening and current F/V intake. RESULTS Of the student participants, 11% reported gardening only during childhood, 19% reported gardening only recently, 20% reported gardening both as a child and recently, and 49% of students reported never having gardened. Students who gardened both during childhood and recently had a significantly higher mean current intake of F/V compared with students who never gardened (2.5±0.6 vs 1.9±0.5 cup equivalents [CE], respectively; P<0.001). In addition, F/V intake increased with frequency of recent gardening engagement when comparing students who did not garden with those who gardened monthly or weekly (2.1±0.5 CE, 2.4±0.6 CE, and 2.8±0.7 CE, respectively; P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS This analysis suggests that the combination of childhood and recent gardening experience is associated with greater current F/V intake among first-year college students not currently meeting national F/V recommendations. In addition, a greater frequency of gardening experience may further enhance this effect.
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Hymowitz G, Salwen J, Salis KL. A mediational model of obesity related disordered eating: The roles of childhood emotional abuse and self-perception. Eat Behav 2017; 26:27-32. [PMID: 28131963 PMCID: PMC6075711 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2016.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The extant literature indicates negative self-perceptions are a risk factor for disordered eating (DE) and DE is a risk factor for overweight and obesity. While childhood emotional abuse (EA) is often linked to DE and obesity, it is typically not included in comprehensive models of these health problems. Further investigation of interactions among EA, self-perception, and DE is needed to refine treatments for overweight, obesity, and DE. This study evaluated a model of DE and weight difficulties in which negative self-perception mediate the relationship between EA and DE, and DE predicts body mass index (BMI) in a population of emerging adults. Further, this study investigated the utility of history of EA for prediction of DE and classification of individuals with and without DE. Self-report questionnaires on childhood trauma, psychopathology, and eating behaviors were administered to 598 undergraduate students. Latent variable analysis confirmed the hypothesized model. Recursive partitioning determined that individuals reporting a high level of EA likely meet criteria for night eating syndrome (NES) or binge eating disorder (BED), and history of EA has a moderate to high level of specificity as a predictor of BED and NES. These findings confirm the necessity of evaluating EA and DE in emerging adults with weight difficulties, and the importance of assessing self-perception and DE in individuals with a history of EA. Future studies should investigate the utility of addressing EA and self-perception in interventions for DE and obesity and to determine whether these findings can be generalized to a clinical population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genna Hymowitz
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-2520, United States; Department of Surgery, Stony Brook Medicine, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8191, United States.
| | - Jessica Salwen
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony
Brook, NY 11794-2520, United States
| | - Katie Lee Salis
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony
Brook, NY 11794-2520, United States
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Costa JO, Vásquez CMP, Santana GDJ, Silva NDJ, Braz JDM, de Jesus AMR, da Silva DG, Cunha LCS, Barbosa KBF. Plasma Total Antioxidant Capacity and Cardiometabolic Risk in Non-Obese and Clinically Healthy Young Adults. Arq Bras Cardiol 2017; 109:0. [PMID: 28700017 PMCID: PMC5576118 DOI: 10.5935/abc.20170095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The oxidative biomarkers play an important role in the genesis of cardiometabolic risk-related processes. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the total antioxidant capacity of plasma and its association with cardiometabolic risk in non-obese and clinically healthy young adults. METHODS: University students of the state of Sergipe, Brazil, aged between 18 and 25 years, were recruited for this study from May of 2013 and October of 2014. Anthropometric, clinical and biochemical parameters were measured and analyzed using protocols which were previously standardized and described in the literature. The measurement of plasma total antioxidant capacity was based on the ability that all the antioxidants present in the sample (plasma) have to inhibit the oxidation of the oxidizable substrate ABTS (2,2`- Azino-di-[3-ethylbenzthiazoline sulphonate]) to ABTS•+ by metmyoglobin. RESULTS: Approximately 25% of the sample presented more than one component of cardiometabolic risk. Low HDL-cholesterol was the most prevalent component. Compared to absence of components, the subjects with at least one component presented greater body weight and waist circumference, higher levels of diastolic blood pressure and fasting glucose, greater total cholesterol/HDL-c ratio, and lower levels of HDL-c (p < 0.05). Fasting glycemia was the only parameter which was associated with total antioxidant capacity (R2 = 0.10; β = 0.17; p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The plasma total antioxidant capacity was not able to predict the cardiometabolic risk components due possibly to the establishment of compensatory mechanisms that become activated in physiological conditions. FUNDAMENTOS: Os biomarcadores oxidativos exercem um importante papel na gênese dos processos relacionados ao risco cardiometabólico. OBJETIVO: Investigar a capacidade antioxidante total do plasma e sua associação com risco cardiometabólico em adultos jovens, não obesos e clinicamente saudáveis. MÉTODOS: Estudantes universitários do estado de Sergipe, Brasil, com idade entre 18 e 25 anos, foram recrutados entre maio de 2013 e outubro de 2014. Parâmetros antropométricos, clínicos e bioquímicos foram medidos e analisados usando protocolos previamente padronizados e descritos na literatura. A medida da capacidade antioxidante total do plasma baseou-se na capacidade de todos os antioxidantes presentes na amostra (plasma) em inibir a oxidação do substrato oxidável ABTS (2,2-Azino-bis-(3-etilbenzotiazolina-6-sulfonato) a ABTS•+ pela metamioglobina. RESULTADOS: Aproximadamente 25% da amostra apresentaram mais de um componente do risco cardiometabólico. Valores baixos de HDL foram o componente mais prevalente. Em comparação à ausência de componentes, os indivíduos com pelo menos um componente apresentou valores mais altos de peso corporal, circunferência da cintura, pressão sanguínea diastólica, glicemia de jejum e razão colesterol total/HDL-c, e valores mais baixos de HDL-c (p < 0,05). A glicemia de jejum foi o único parâmetro que se associou com a capacidade antioxidante total (R2 = 0,10; β = 0,17; p = 0,001). CONCLUSÕES: A capacidade antioxidante total não foi capaz de predizer os componentes do risco cardiometabólico possivelmente devido ao estabelecimento de mecanismos compensatórios que se tornam ativados em condições fisiológicas.
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Hootman KC, Guertin KA, Cassano PA. Longitudinal changes in anthropometry and body composition in university freshmen. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2017; 65:268-276. [PMID: 28085641 PMCID: PMC5422129 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2017.1280498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated predictors of weight gain in college freshmen. PARTICIPANTS A longitudinal cohort study followed a representative sample of freshmen (N = 264) from 8/2011 to 6/2012. METHODS Repeated measurements of anthropometry, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), physical activity, and diet were collected. We investigated predictors of 9-month weight gain using regression models. RESULTS 172 participants completed follow-up: 75% gained >0.5 kg. Mean weight change was +2.3 kg (SD 3.2) and +2.0 kg (SD 3.2) and mean adiposity change was +1.3% (SD 1.6) and +0.7% (SD 2.2) in men and women, respectively. In participants gaining >0.5 kg, weight increased 5.6% and body fat increased 1.6%. Anthropometric change in men occurred in the first semester, while women increased in both semesters. Leaner DXA-defined body composition at baseline was consistently associated with greater weight gain (p-values 0.029-0.049). CONCLUSIONS Freshman weight gain is common and reflects increased adiposity. Leaner body composition at the beginning of college predicted greater weight gain in men and women during the first year of college.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie C. Hootman
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Cardiovascular Disease Epidemiology & Prevention Training Program,
Division of Epidemiology & Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN,
USA
| | - Kristin A. Guertin
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- School of Medicine, Public Health Sciences Population Health &
Prevention Research Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Patricia A. Cassano
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Department of Health Policy and Research, Division of Epidemiology and
Biostatistics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
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Gonzales R, Laurent JS, Johnson RK. Relationship Between Meal Plan, Dietary Intake, Body Mass Index, and Appetitive Responsiveness in College Students. J Pediatr Health Care 2017; 31:320-326. [PMID: 27839633 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedhc.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION One third of the approximately 23,000 undergraduates in the United States are overweight or obese. College students appear to be more vulnerable to disproportionate weight gain during this time. METHOD Cross-sectional. Diet, body mass index, and appetitive responsiveness were assessed in 80 undergraduates enrolled in three different meal plans, unlimited access, points, and none. RESULTS Appetitive responsiveness was positively correlated with fat (r = 0.34, p = .002) but not added sugars across groups. Unlimited access-plan students had higher fat consumption than no-plan students, regardless of appetitive responsiveness. Unlimited access-plan students had higher fruit and vegetable consumption and higher dairy consumption than point-plan students. There were no group differences for body mass index. All groups were below the U.S. Department of Agriculture guidelines for dairy and fruit and vegetable intake. DISCUSSION Optimizing the college campus food environment toward healthful, affordable choices is likely to improve dietary habits and might minimize college weight gain.
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Yeomans MR, McCrickerd K. Acute hunger modifies responses on the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire hunger and disinhibition, but not restraint, scales. Appetite 2017; 110:1-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2016.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Schnettler B, Miranda H, Miranda-Zapata E, Salinas-Oñate N, Grunert KG, Lobos G, Sepúlveda J, Orellana L, Hueche C, Bonilla H. Longitudinal multigroup invariance analysis of the satisfaction with food-related life scale in university students. Appetite 2017; 113:91-99. [PMID: 28215544 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2017.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 02/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
This study examined longitudinal measurement invariance in the Satisfaction with Food-related Life (SWFL) scale using follow-up data from university students. We examined this measure of the SWFL in different groups of students, separated by various characteristics. Through non-probabilistic longitudinal sampling, 114 university students (65.8% female, mean age: 22.5) completed the SWFL questionnaire three times, over intervals of approximately one year. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to examine longitudinal measurement invariance. Two types of analysis were conducted: first, a longitudinal invariance by time, and second, a multigroup longitudinal invariance by sex, age, socio-economic status and place of residence during the study period. Results showed that the 3-item version of the SWFL exhibited strong longitudinal invariance (equal factor loadings and equal indicator intercepts). Longitudinal multigroup invariance analysis also showed that the 3-item version of the SWFL displays strong invariance by socio-economic status and place of residence during the study period over time. Nevertheless, it was only possible to demonstrate equivalence of the longitudinal factor structure among students of both sexes, and among those older and younger than 22 years. Generally, these findings suggest that the SWFL scale has satisfactory psychometric properties for longitudinal measurement invariance in university students with similar characteristics as the students that participated in this research. It is also possible to suggest that satisfaction with food-related life is associated with sex and age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berta Schnettler
- Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Forestales, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile.
| | - Horacio Miranda
- Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Forestales, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Edgardo Miranda-Zapata
- LICSA, Núcleo Científico y Tecnológico en Ciencias Sociales, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Natalia Salinas-Oñate
- Centro de Piscología Económica y del Consumo, Núcleo Científico y Tecnológico en Ciencias Sociales, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | | | - Germán Lobos
- Facultad de Economía y Negocios, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - José Sepúlveda
- Centro de Piscología Económica y del Consumo, Núcleo Científico y Tecnológico en Ciencias Sociales, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile; Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Ligia Orellana
- Centro de Piscología Económica y del Consumo, Núcleo Científico y Tecnológico en Ciencias Sociales, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile; Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Clementina Hueche
- Centro de Piscología Económica y del Consumo, Núcleo Científico y Tecnológico en Ciencias Sociales, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Héctor Bonilla
- Magíster en Sistemas de Gestión Integral de la Calidad, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
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Freshman 15 in England: a longitudinal evaluation of first year university student's weight change. BMC OBESITY 2016; 3:45. [PMID: 27826452 PMCID: PMC5095959 DOI: 10.1186/s40608-016-0125-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Background Weight change in first year university students, often referred to as ‘Freshman 15’, has been shown to be a common problem in North America. Studies have reported weight gain to be between 1 kg and 4 kg over the academic year and a recent meta-analysis found a mean gain of 1.34 kg and that 61 % of students gained weight. A limited number of studies have investigated weight change in England and large scale studies are needed to understand better weight change trends and to conduct subgroup analyses. This is important in the context of rising obesity prevalence, especially as behaviours and unhealthy weight in early adulthood often remains over the lifetime. Methods We recruited students across 23 universities in England to complete a web-based survey at three time points in 2014–2015: beginning of academic year, December, end of academic year. Students were asked to self-report height and weight. We calculated weight change of each student between time points and conducted t-tests and pared analysis of variance to investigate the effect of time, sex and initial BMI. We also investigated weight change amongst weight gainers and in weight losers separately. Results We followed 215 students over three time points and found a mean weight change of 0.98 kg (95%CI 0.49–1.47) over a mean length of 34 weeks of follow-up. The weight change rate was not significantly different over different terms. Over 51 % of the sample gained more than 0.5 kg by the end of the academic year, with a mean gain of 3.46 kg. Female weight gainers had a significantly lower baseline weight than non-weight gaining females. Twenty-five percent of the sample lost more than 0.5 kg with a mean of −3.21 kg. Within weight losers, males lost significantly more weight than females. Conclusion Our findings reinforce that the first year of university is a crucial time in the life of students during which the majority tend to gain weight. However, we also found that 25 % lost weight, indicating that 75 % of students undergo a meaningful weight change in their first year. Universities must recognise their role in promoting healthy weight maintenance.
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Sweeting H, Smith E, Neary J, Wright C. 'Now I care': a qualitative study of how overweight adolescents managed their weight in the transition to adulthood. BMJ Open 2016; 6:e010774. [PMID: 27807079 PMCID: PMC5128912 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES A qualitative study of recalled experiences of early adolescent overweight/obesity revealed low levels of weight-related concern. This further analysis aimed to explore weight-related concern and weight-loss efforts as participants transitioned into adulthood. DESIGN, PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS Participants were 35 young adults from a population-based cohort study who had body mass index (BMI) >95th centile between ages 11 and 15 and participated in semistructured interviews aged 24. At age 24, they were categorised as: 'slimmers' (N=13) who had lower BMI Z-scores at 24 than their adolescent peak and were not obese (BMI<30 kg/m2); 'relapsers' (N=8, of whom 2 were morbidly obese (BMI>35 kg/m2) at age 24); 'stable' (N=3, of whom 1 morbidly obese); and 'gainers' (N=11, of whom 5 morbidly obese). Themes were identified and coded using NVivo qualitative data analysis software, blind to participants' current weight status. RESULTS Contrasting with the lack of concern recalled in respect of earlier adolescence, weight-related concerns and/or desire to lose weight generally increased around the time of school leaving and almost all participants described some form of exercise (formal/informal) and dietary weight-control strategies. Among 'slimmers', there was some (subtle) evidence of more consistent use of exercise, self-monitoring of diet and exercise and of lifestyle changes becoming habitual and/or part of identity. Few participants had accessed professional support. Diet clubs seemed to have been used most by 'gainers', some only recently. Labour-market and housing transitions were strong influences, described as facilitating weight losses by some, but increases by others. For some participants, it appeared that weight loss was simply a by-product of these transitions. CONCLUSIONS In contrast to earlier adolescence, even the heaviest participants tended to show actual weight loss action or preparation for action. The transition to adulthood could thus be a key life stage for interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Sweeting
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow,Glasgow, UK
| | - Emily Smith
- University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Joanne Neary
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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Fat and lean tissue accretion in relation to reward motivation in children. Appetite 2016; 108:317-325. [PMID: 27751842 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2016.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
'Reward sensitivity' explains inter-individual differences in the motivation to obtain rewards when reward cues are perceived. This psychobiological trait has been linked to higher consumption of palatable food when exposed to palatable food cues. The current study aims to examine if reward sensitivity explains differences in patterns of fat and lean tissue accretion over time in children. A longitudinal observational study with measurement waves in 2011 (baseline), 2012, 2013, and 2015 was conducted. The sample was a population-based Flemish cohort of children (n = 446, 50% boys and 5.5-12 years at baseline; 38.8% of the baseline sample also participated in 2015). Baseline reward sensitivity of the children was assessed by parent ratings on the Drive subscale of the Behavioral Inhibition System/Behavioral Approach System scales. Age- and sex-independent Fat and Lean Mass Index z-scores (zFMI and zLMI respectively) were computed for each study wave based on air-displacement plethysmography. In girls, but not boys, reward sensitivity was positively associated with the baseline zFMI and zLMI (95% confidence intervals of unstandardized estimates: 0.01 to 0.11 and 0.01 to 0.10 respectively, P values 0.01 and 0.02 respectively). Further, reward sensitivity explained 14.8% and 11.6% of the change in girls' zFMI and zLMI respectively over four years: the zFMI and zLMI increased and decreased respectively in high reward sensitive girls (95% confidence intervals of unstandardized estimates: 0.01 to 0.11 and -0.12 to -0.01 respectively, P values 0.01 and 0.02 respectively). Hence, girls high in reward sensitivity had significantly higher adiposity gain over four years parallel with lower increase in lean mass than was expected on the basis of their age and height. These results may help to identify appropriate targets for interventions for obesity prevention.
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Deliens T, Van Crombruggen R, Verbruggen S, De Bourdeaudhuij I, Deforche B, Clarys P. Dietary interventions among university students: A systematic review. Appetite 2016; 105:14-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Horacek TM, Dede Yildirim E, Kattelmann K, Brown O, Byrd-Bredbenner C, Colby S, Greene G, Hoerr S, Kidd T, Koenings MM, Morrell J, Olfert MD, Phillips B, Shelnutt K, White A. Path Analysis of Campus Walkability/Bikeability and College Students' Physical Activity Attitudes, Behaviors, and Body Mass Index. Am J Health Promot 2016; 32:578-586. [PMID: 27630109 DOI: 10.1177/0890117116666357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between the walkability/bikeability of college campuses and students' body mass index (BMI) with student physical activity (PA) attitudes and behaviors as potential mediators. DESIGN Cross-sectional. SETTING Thirteen university campuses. PARTICIPANTS A total of 1384 student participants. MEASURES Walkability/bikeability environmental score (ES): 12-item audit assessed an average of 44 path segments per campus. Students were measured for height and weight and completed online surveys. Physical activity stage of change/behavior intentions were assessed using the transtheoretical model. The Cognitive Behavioral Physical Activity Questionnaire assessed outcome expectations, self-regulation, and personal barriers. International Physical Activity Questionnaire assessed walking-, moderate-, and vigorous-intensity PA. ANALYSIS Descriptive statistics, zero-order correlations, and path analysis with maximum likelihood estimation. RESULTS The overall model fit was good with χ2 of 171.388 ( df = 18), P < .001, comparative fit index value of .95, and a root mean square of approximation of .079. After controlling for gender, there was a direct negative association between walkability/bikeability ES and BMI (β = -.085) and positive association between personal barriers and BMI (β = .134). Walkability/bikeability ES was positively associated with walking-intensity PA (β = .010). Self-regulation was positively associated with moderate-intensity PA (β = .213), which, in turn, was negatively associated with BMI (β = -.057). CONCLUSIONS The ease of walking and biking on a campus was related to college students' walking behavior and their BMI. Students' PA behavioral intentions were associated with moderate PA and lower BMI. These results provide evidence to focus on policies and structural supports for walkable/bikeable environments to supplement and enhance interventions encouraging individual behavior change for PA and weight management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya M Horacek
- 1 Department of Public Health, Food Studies and Nutrition, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - E Dede Yildirim
- 2 Department of Child and Family Studies, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA
- 3 Department of Human Development and Family Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - K Kattelmann
- 4 Health and Nutritional Sciences Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
| | - O Brown
- 5 Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, Lafayette, IN, USA
- 6 Extension Nutrition and Food Science, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - C Byrd-Bredbenner
- 7 Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - S Colby
- 8 Department of Nutrition Science, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
- 9 Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - G Greene
- 10 Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - S Hoerr
- 11 Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - T Kidd
- 12 Department of Food, Nutrition, Dietetics and Health, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - M M Koenings
- 7 Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- 13 Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - J Morrell
- 14 Department of Molecular, Cellular & Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
| | - M D Olfert
- 15 Division of Animal & Nutritional Sciences, School of Agriculture, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - B Phillips
- 16 Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, AL, USA (retired)
| | - K Shelnutt
- 17 Department of Family, Youth and Community Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - A White
- 18 School of Food and Agriculture, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
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De Decker A, Sioen I, Verbeken S, Braet C, Michels N, De Henauw S. Associations of reward sensitivity with food consumption, activity pattern, and BMI in children. Appetite 2016; 100:189-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2016.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Blondin SA, Mueller MP, Bakun PJ, Choumenkovitch SF, Tucker KL, Economos CD. Cross-Sectional Associations between Empirically-Derived Dietary Patterns and Indicators of Disease Risk among University Students. Nutrients 2015; 8:E3. [PMID: 26712784 PMCID: PMC4728617 DOI: 10.3390/nu8010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The transition from adolescence to adulthood is a unique period during which lifelong dietary habits are shaped. Dietary patterns (DPs) among young adults attending college have not been adequately described, and associations between DPs and indicators of disease risk are not well understood in this age group. Dietary data were collected from undergraduates participating in the Tufts Longitudinal Health Study (TLHS; 1998-2007) by Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ; n = 1323). DPs were derived using principal components analysis with varimax rotation. Scree plots; eigenvalues; factor loadings; and previous studies were used to determine and label the DPs retained. Cross-sectional relationships between DP scores and anthropometric measures (percent body fat (PBF) and (BMI) and lipid biomarkers (total; HDL and LDL cholesterol; and triglycerides) were assessed with multivariable regression models; adjusted for demographics; physical activity; smoking; intention to gain/lose weight; and total energy intake. Effect modification by sex was tested. Three DPs were identified: Prudent; Western; and Alcohol. Greater adherence to the Prudent DP was associated with favorable anthropometric outcomes. The Alcohol DP was associated with a favorable lipid profile. Associations between the Western DP and blood lipids differed by sex; with unfavorable impact observed only among males. Our findings add to the literature linking DPs in young adults with measurable adiposity and cardiometabolic outcomes; suggesting that improving nutrition among college students could reduce chronic disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy A Blondin
- Tufts University Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, 150 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
| | - Megan P Mueller
- Tufts University Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, 150 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
| | - Peter J Bakun
- Tufts University Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, 150 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
| | - Silvina F Choumenkovitch
- Tufts University Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, 150 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
| | - Katherine L Tucker
- Clinical Laboratory & Nutritional Sciences, Center for Population Health & Health Disparities, University of Massachusetts at Lowell, 3 Solomont Way, Suite 4, Lowell, MA 01854, USA.
| | - Christina D Economos
- Tufts University Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, 150 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
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Bodenlos JS, Gengarelly K, Smith R. Gender differences in freshmen weight gain. Eat Behav 2015; 19:1-4. [PMID: 26164389 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2015.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Predictors of first semester and year weight change by gender were examined. PARTICIPANTS The participants were 304 freshmen recruited over three years (September 2010, 2011, & 2012). METHODS Psychosocial and lifestyle variables and weight were assessed at the beginning and end of the Fall semester and end of the Spring semester. RESULTS The average weight gain over the year was 6.38 lbs for males versus 4.38 lbs for females. In the first semester, alcohol use was associated with weight gain among males. For females, higher levels of physical activity and lower BMI were associated with weight gain. At the end of the year, happiness was negatively associated with weight gain among males and physical activity positively associated with weight gain in females. CONCLUSIONS Alcohol consumption in males and physical activity in females produced positive associations with weight gain with most of the weight gained during the first semester. This implies that efforts to prevent weight gain in college freshmen need to be tailored by gender and focus on first semester.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie S Bodenlos
- Hobart and William Smith Colleges, 300 Pulteney Street, Department of Psychology, Gulick Hall, Geneva, NY 14456, United States.
| | - Kara Gengarelly
- Hobart and William Smith Colleges, 300 Pulteney Street, Department of Psychology, Gulick Hall, Geneva, NY 14456, United States.
| | - Rachael Smith
- Hobart and William Smith Colleges, 300 Pulteney Street, Department of Psychology, Gulick Hall, Geneva, NY 14456, United States.
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Arena R, Lavie CJ, Cahalin LP, Briggs PD, Guizilini S, Daugherty J, Chan WM, Borghi-Silva A. Transforming cardiac rehabilitation into broad-based healthy lifestyle programs to combat noncommunicable disease. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2015; 14:23-36. [DOI: 10.1586/14779072.2016.1107475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Dalton M, Hollingworth S, Blundell J, Finlayson G. Weak Satiety Responsiveness Is a Reliable Trait Associated with Hedonic Risk Factors for Overeating among Women. Nutrients 2015; 7:7421-36. [PMID: 26404367 PMCID: PMC4586540 DOI: 10.3390/nu7095345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Some individuals exhibit a weak satiety response to food and may be susceptible to overconsumption. The current study identified women showing consistently low or high satiety responses to standardised servings of food across four separate days and compared them on behavioural, psychological and physiological risk factors for overeating and future weight gain. In a crossover design, 30 female participants (age: 28.0 ± 10.6; body mass index (BMI): 23.1 ± 3.0) recorded sensations of hunger in the post-prandial period following four graded energy level breakfasts. Satiety quotients were calculated to compare individuals on satiety responsiveness across conditions. Body composition, resting metabolic rate (RMR), energy intake, food reward and craving, and eating behaviour traits were assessed under controlled laboratory conditions. A distinct low satiety phenotype (LSP) was identified with good consistency across separate study days. These individuals had a higher RMR, greater levels of disinhibition and reported feeling lower control over food cravings. Further, they consumed more energy and exhibited greater wanting for high-fat food. The inverse pattern of characteristics was observed in those exhibiting a consistently high satiety phenotype (HSP). Weak satiety responsiveness is a reliable trait identifiable using the satiety quotient. The LSP was characterised by distinct behavioural and psychological characteristics indicating a risk for overeating, compared to HSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Dalton
- Appetite Control & Energy Balance Research, School of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Sophie Hollingworth
- Appetite Control & Energy Balance Research, School of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - John Blundell
- Appetite Control & Energy Balance Research, School of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Graham Finlayson
- Appetite Control & Energy Balance Research, School of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
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Vainik U, Neseliler S, Konstabel K, Fellows LK, Dagher A. Eating traits questionnaires as a continuum of a single concept. Uncontrolled eating. Appetite 2015; 90:229-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Vadeboncoeur C, Townsend N, Foster C. A meta-analysis of weight gain in first year university students: is freshman 15 a myth? BMC OBESITY 2015. [PMID: 26217537 PMCID: PMC4511069 DOI: 10.1186/s40608-015-0051-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Observational studies report that as students transfer from secondary school to university, there is a tendency to gain weight. This phenomenon is known as the “Freshman 15” in North America, referring to the claim that on average weight gain is 15 lb (6.8 kg) in the first year of university. Studies since 1985 have mostly found weight gains ranging from 1 kg to 6 kg. Our meta-analysis aimed to update the literature on the “Freshman 15” in the first year of university. We also aimed to explore weight gain in only those who gained weight and perform several subgroup analyses. Given adolescent weight gain is highly linked to overweight and obesity in adults, a better understanding of university student weight gain is crucial if we are to combat the rising adult obesity prevalence. Methods We conducted a search on six standard electronic databases (including PubMed, Embase, PsycInfo) from 1980 to 2014. Only peer reviewed articles with data from longitudinal studies were included. Screening was performed by two reviewers. The quality of papers was assessed and data extraction was done with a systematic approach. Results Thirty two studies were included and 22 studies (5549 students) were included in a pooled mean meta-analysis as they reported standard errors. The overall pooled mean weight gain was 1.36 kg (3lbs) (95 % CI: 1.15 – 1.57) over an average of 5 months. A majority of students, 60.9 %, gained weight during freshman year and these on average gained 3.38 kg (7.5lbs) (95 % CI: 2.85 – 3.92). Conclusion Freshman weight gain is an issue with almost two thirds of students gaining weight. Students who gained weight, gained it at rates much faster than in the general population. Despite most universities having some health promotion policies, we denote a consistent weight gain in university students across several countries.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicholas Townsend
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Charlie Foster
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Deliens T, Deforche B, De Bourdeaudhuij I, Clarys P. Changes in weight, body composition and physical fitness after 1.5 years at university. Eur J Clin Nutr 2015; 69:1318-22. [DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2015.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Hebden L, Chan HN, Louie JC, Rangan A, Allman-Farinelli M. You are what you choose to eat: factors influencing young adults' food selection behaviour. J Hum Nutr Diet 2015; 28:401-8. [DOI: 10.1111/jhn.12312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Hebden
- School of Molecular Bioscience; Faculty of Science; The University of Sydney; Sydney NSW Australia
| | - H. N. Chan
- School of Molecular Bioscience; Faculty of Science; The University of Sydney; Sydney NSW Australia
| | - J. C. Louie
- School of Molecular Bioscience; Faculty of Science; The University of Sydney; Sydney NSW Australia
| | - A. Rangan
- School of Molecular Bioscience; Faculty of Science; The University of Sydney; Sydney NSW Australia
| | - M. Allman-Farinelli
- School of Molecular Bioscience; Faculty of Science; The University of Sydney; Sydney NSW Australia
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Preliminary validation and principal components analysis of the Control of Eating Questionnaire (CoEQ) for the experience of food craving. Eur J Clin Nutr 2015; 69:1313-7. [DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2015.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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75
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Urbanek JK, Metzgar CJ, Hsiao PY, Piehowski KE, Nickols-Richardson SM. Increase in cognitive eating restraint predicts weight loss and change in other anthropometric measurements in overweight/obese premenopausal women. Appetite 2015; 87:244-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2014.12.230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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de Vos P, Hanck C, Neisingh M, Prak D, Groen H, Faas MM. Weight gain in freshman college students and perceived health. Prev Med Rep 2015; 2:229-34. [PMID: 26844076 PMCID: PMC4721347 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2015.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We determined body weight increase in first year Dutch college students. We had the objective to determine whether the awareness of the unhealthy lifestyle raised concerns and willingness to change habits. Methods Body weight, heartbeat, BMI, body fat percentages, and blood pressure values were collected from 1095 students. Comprehensive statistical analysis was performed on the data. Results The students had a mean weight gain of 1.1 kg and an average BMI gain of 0.35. Members of a student corps gained significantly more weight (1.6 ± 3.1 kg) than non-members (1.0 ± 2.5 kg), while students who are living independently gained an average of 0.5 kg more than students living with their parents (p < 0.05). Approximately 40% of the students changed their eating patterns and 30.7% of the students consumed more alcohol. Conclusions Students experienced hindrance in physical exercise and mental well-being. Students with a high BMI without irregular eating habits were willing to change their lifestyle. However, students who had irregular lifestyles exhibited the lowest willingness to change their eating behaviors and to lose weight. Our study provides insight into means by which adolescents at high risk for weight gain can be approached to improve experienced quality of life. Students gained a mean of 1.1 kg in their first three months of college. 40% of the students changed their eating patterns and 30.7% consumed more alcohol. Students with weight gain experienced hindrance in exercise and mental well-being. Only students not having irregular eating habits wanted to change their lifestyle. To prevent weight gain, gender-specific approaches may be necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul de Vos
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Division Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Christoph Hanck
- Department of Business and Economics, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Marjolein Neisingh
- Department of Economics, Econometrics and Finance, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dennis Prak
- Department of Economics, Econometrics and Finance, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henk Groen
- Department of Epidemiology, HPC FA40, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, PO Box 30001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marijke M Faas
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Division Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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78
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Fedewa MV, Das BM, Evans EM, Dishman RK. Change in weight and adiposity in college students: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Prev Med 2014; 47:641-52. [PMID: 25241201 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2014.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Revised: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to assess changes in body weight and relative adiposity (%FAT) during college and identify potential moderating variables. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION A review of peer-reviewed articles published before June 28, 2013 identified 49 studies evaluating the effect of the first year of college on the dependent variables of body weight (137 effects from 48 studies) and %FAT (48 effects from 19 studies). Statistical analysis was conducted between July 1, 2013, and May 1, 2014. Effect sizes were calculated by subtracting the mean pre-test measurements from the mean post-test measurements. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS Participants' weight increased 1.55 kg (95% CI=1.3, 1.8 kg) during college, with a 1.17% increase in %FAT (95% CI=0.7, 1.6%). Meta-regression analysis concluded that changes in body weight and %FAT were positively associated with study duration, suggesting that effects measuring change over a longer duration yielded larger effects when compared to effects with shorter observations. Sex and baseline BMI were not associated with change in weight or %FAT after accounting for study duration. CONCLUSIONS The increase in weight and %FAT during the college years is equal to 1.55 kg and 1.17%, respectively. Change in body weight during the first year of college is significantly less than that during the cumulative remaining years of college. By understanding the magnitude of change, appropriate prevention efforts can be designed for the college population, which may be beneficial in reducing adult overweight and obesity rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael V Fedewa
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia.
| | - Bhibha M Das
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Ellen M Evans
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Rod K Dishman
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia; Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
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Dalton M, Finlayson G. Psychobiological examination of liking and wanting for fat and sweet taste in trait binge eating females. Physiol Behav 2014; 136:128-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2013] [Revised: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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McNeil J, Mamlouk MM, Duval K, Schwartz A, Nardo Junior N, Doucet É. Alterations in metabolic profile occur in normal-weight and obese men during the Ramadan fast despite no changes in anthropometry. J Obes 2014; 2014:482547. [PMID: 25177497 PMCID: PMC4142169 DOI: 10.1155/2014/482547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the variations in eating behavior, appetite ratings, satiety efficiency, energy expenditure, anthropometric and metabolic profile markers prior to, during as well as 1 and 4 months after Ramadan in normal-weight and obese men. Anthropometric, energy expenditure (indirect calorimetry and accelerometry), metabolic (fasting blood sample), appetite (visual analogue scales), and eating behavior (Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire) measurements were performed in 10 normal-weight (age: 25.2 ± 4.7 years; BMI: 24.4 ± 1.9 kg/m(2)) and 10 obese (age: 27.0 ± 4.5 years; BMI: 34.8 ± 3.7 kg/m(2)) men. The satiety quotient (SQ) was calculated 180 minutes after breakfast consumption. All anthropometric variables, as well as resting and total energy expenditure, were greater in obese compared to normal-weight participants (P = 0.02-0.0001). Similarly, obese participants had greater triglycerides, insulin, and homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance concentrations (P = 0.02-0.002). Greater apolipoprotein B, glucose, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein concentrations were noted during Ramadan (P = 0.04-0.0001). Dietary restraint scores were also greater during Ramadan (P = 0.0001). No differences in anthropometry, other metabolic profile markers, energy expenditure, appetite ratings, and SQ were noted across sessions. Lastly, changes in anthropometric measurements correlated with delta metabolic profile markers, as well as changes in disinhibition eating behavior trait and dietary restraint scores. The Ramadan fast led to increases in certain metabolic profile markers despite no changes in appetite and anthropometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica McNeil
- Behavioural and Metabolic Research Unit (BMRU), School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1N 6N5
| | - Mohamed M. Mamlouk
- Behavioural and Metabolic Research Unit (BMRU), School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1N 6N5
| | - Karine Duval
- Centre de Recherche Clinique Étienne-Le Bel, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1H 5N4
| | - Alexander Schwartz
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto and The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3E2
| | - Nelson Nardo Junior
- Multiprofessional Nucleus of Obesity Study, Department of Physical Education, State University of Maringa, 87020-900 Maringa, PR, Brazil
| | - Éric Doucet
- Behavioural and Metabolic Research Unit (BMRU), School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1N 6N5
- *Éric Doucet:
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Dalton M, Finlayson G, Esdaile E, King N. Appetite, Satiety, and Food Reward in Obese Individuals: A Behavioral Phenotype Approach. Curr Nutr Rep 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13668-013-0060-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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82
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Lowe MR, Doshi SD, Katterman SN, Feig EH. Dieting and restrained eating as prospective predictors of weight gain. Front Psychol 2013; 4:577. [PMID: 24032024 PMCID: PMC3759019 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Research in normal weight individuals paradoxically suggests that measures of attempted eating restriction might represent robust predictors of weight gain. This review examined the extent to which measures of dieting (e.g., self-reported weight loss dieting in the past year) and dietary restraint (e.g., the Cognitive Restraint scale from the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire) have prospectively predicted weight change. We located and reviewed 25 prospective studies containing 40 relevant comparisons. Studies were limited to those in which participants were non-obese (with a mean BMI between 18.5 and 30) and averaged at least 12 years old. Neither measure predicted future weight loss. Fifteen of the 20 comparisons (75%) that examined measures of dieting significantly predicted future weight gain whereas only 1 of 20 (5%) that examined restrained eating measures did so. Two plausible explanations for these findings are that: (1) dieters and restrained eaters do not differ in terms of an underlying proneness toward weight gain, but restrained eating represents a more effective means of preventing it; and (2) normal weight individuals who diet do so because they are resisting a powerful predisposition toward weight gain which dieting ultimately fails to prevent. Recent dieting in non-obese individuals may be a valuable proxy of susceptibility to weight gain. This easily assessed characteristic could identify individuals for whom obesity prevention interventions would be particularly appropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Lowe
- Department of Psychology, Drexel University Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Cardiovascular risk escalation with caloric excess: a prospective demonstration of the mechanics in healthy adults. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2013; 12:23. [PMID: 23347533 PMCID: PMC3598491 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2840-12-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT The link between weight gain and cardiovascular risk characterized with circadian blood pressure variability [CBPV] and endothelial function [EF] is unexplored. OBJECTIVE To prospectively demonstrate weight gain in healthy adults, increases body fat [BF], enlarges waist circumference [WC], expands visceral adipose tissue [VAT], exacerbates systemic inflammation [sIF], worsens insulin resistance [IR] and enhances functional cardiovascular disease [CVD] risk. DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS Healthy men [n=11] and women [n=3] provided initial and eight-week post-caloric excess anthropometric and fasting laboratory measures. Functional CVD risk assessments: CBPV and resting EF were also obtained with 7-day automatic ambulatory BP monitoring and increased test finger peripheral arterial tone [PAT] relative to control [reported as relative hyperemia index (RHI)], respectively. INTERVENTION After determining individualized mean energy requirements for weight maintenance over 7-days, each participant received a personalized over feeding prescription (1.4 times; 41% carbohydrate, 44% fat, and 15% protein) for 8-weeks. RESULTS mean (SEM). Participants increased body weight [BW; +7.4(0.1) kg]*, body mass index [BMI; +2.5(0.2) kg/m²]*, BF [+2.0(0.01)%]*, WC [+8.2(1.0) cm]*, and VAT [+0.2(0.03) L]* and intrahepatic lipid [IHL + 0.0004(0.002) L] :*all p < 0.01. Increased subcutaneous adipose cell size [+0.3(0.01) ρL; p = 0.02] accompanied significant sIF [hs-CRP + 0.4(0.09) mg/dL; p = 0.04; leptin 6.63 ng/ml; p = 0.0008] and IR [fasting plasma glucose; [FPG] +7.0(0.6) mg/dL;p = 0.01, fasting insulin; [FI] +5.7(1.4) uIU/ml; p = 0.001, HOMA-IR +1.6(0.5); p = 0.02]. Abn CBPV {systolic [+5.4(0.8); p = 0.002, diastolic [+1.7(0.1); p = 0.07 and pulse pressure [PP] [+3.5(0.4); p = 0.003 mm Hg} or elevated heart rate [HR] [+4.9(0.5) bpm; p = 0.003] ensued. Resting RHI declined by 0.47(0.004) from initial 2.24(0.09) to 1.77(0.1); p = 0.001, indicating endothelial dysfunction [ED]. CONCLUSIONS Controlled caloric excess in healthy human adults over only 8-weeks significantly increased BF, VAT, sIF [hs-CRP], IR [FPG, FI, HOMA-IR] and functional CVD risk [measured as abnormal circadian blood pressure variability and impaired resting endothelial function].
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Death row nutrition. Curious conclusions of last meals. Appetite 2012; 59:837-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2012.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Revised: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 08/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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