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Calcaterra I, Ambrosino P, Vitelli N, Lupoli R, Orsini RC, Chiurazzi M, Maniscalco M, Di Minno MND. Risk Assessment and Antithrombotic Strategies in Antiphospholipid Antibody Carriers. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9020122. [PMID: 33513790 PMCID: PMC7911177 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9020122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) are a cluster of autoantibodies directed against plasma proteins with affinity for membrane phospholipids. The most frequently tested aPL are lupus anticoagulant (LA), anti-cardiolipin antibodies (aCL), and anti-β2-glycoprotein I antibodies (anti-β2GPI). aPL play a key pathogenic role in the development of the antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), a systemic autoimmune disease characterized by recurrent thrombotic and/or pregnancy complications in patients with persistent aPL. However, aPL positivity is occasionally documented in patients with no previous history of thrombotic or pregnancy morbidity. LA activity, multiple aPL positivity, high-titer aPL, and a concomitant systemic autoimmune disease are recognized risk factors for future thrombotic events in asymptomatic carriers. Moreover, an accelerated atherosclerosis with increased cardiovascular (CV) risk has also been associated with aPL positivity, thus exposing aPL carriers to fatal complications and chronic disability requiring cardiac rehabilitation. Overall, an accurate risk stratification is recommended for aPL-positive subjects in order to prevent both venous and arterial thrombotic complications. In this review, we provide an overview of the main antithrombotic and risk assessment strategies in aPL carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilenia Calcaterra
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, 80131 Naples, Italy; (I.C.); (N.V.); (R.C.O.); (M.C.)
| | - Pasquale Ambrosino
- Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +39-0824-909458
| | - Nicoletta Vitelli
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, 80131 Naples, Italy; (I.C.); (N.V.); (R.C.O.); (M.C.)
| | - Roberta Lupoli
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Roberta Clara Orsini
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, 80131 Naples, Italy; (I.C.); (N.V.); (R.C.O.); (M.C.)
| | - Martina Chiurazzi
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, 80131 Naples, Italy; (I.C.); (N.V.); (R.C.O.); (M.C.)
| | | | - Matteo Nicola Dario Di Minno
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, 80131 Naples, Italy;
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Lee EE, Jun JK, Lee EB. Management of Women with Antiphospholipid Antibodies or Antiphospholipid Syndrome during Pregnancy. J Korean Med Sci 2021; 36:e24. [PMID: 33496084 PMCID: PMC7834901 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2021.36.e24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), which is characterized by the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL), is associated with increased risk of thrombosis and obstetric complications, including preterm delivery and recurrent pregnancy losses. APS shows diverse clinical manifestations and the risk of complications varies among clinical subtypes. Although these patients are usually treated with aspirin and anticoagulants, the optimal treatment in various clinical settings is unclear, as the risk of complications vary among clinical subtypes and the management strategy depends on whether the patient is pregnant or not. Also, there are unmet needs for the evidence-based, pregnancy-related treatment of asymptomatic women positive for aPL. This review focuses on the management of positive aPL or APS in pregnant and postpartum women, and in women attempting to become pregnant. For asymptomatic aPL positive women, no treatment, low dose aspirin (LDA) or LDA plus anticoagulants can be considered during antepartum and postpartum. In obstetric APS patients, preconceptional LDA is recommended. LDA plus low molecular weight heparin is administered after confirmation of pregnancy. Vascular APS patients should take frequent pregnancy test and receive heparin instead of warfarin after confirmation of pregnancy. During pregnancy, heparin plus LDA is recommended. Warfarin can be restarted 4 to 6 hours after vaginal delivery and 6 to 12 hours after cesarean delivery. Most importantly, a tailored approach and patient-oriented treatment are mandatory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunyoung Emily Lee
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong Kwan Jun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Bong Lee
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.
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Fasano S, Iacono D, Riccardi A, Ciccia F, Valentini G. The role of aspirin in the primary prevention of accelerated atherosclerosis in systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2020; 59:3593-3602. [DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keaa335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Aspirin is the most commonly used medication worldwide. Beside its well-known anti-inflammatory effects, a role has emerged in the prevention of cardiovascular events. However, a significant benefit has been demonstrated in secondary cardiovascular prevention only, while there is limited evidence supporting a role in primary prevention. This discrepancy might depend on the that so far, the high-risk populations that will achieve the greatest benefits yet experiencing minimal harmful side effects have not been identified. Patients with autoimmune systemic rheumatic diseases have an increased risk of cardiovascular complications compared with the general population, which makes aspirin of potential value in these subjects. Moving from general aspects of aspirin pharmacology and specific issues in general population, the aim of this study is to review the evidence about the role of low-dose aspirin in primary cardiovascular prevention in autoimmune systemic rheumatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Fasano
- Rheumatology Unit, University of Campania ‘Luigi Vanvitelli’, Naples, Italy
| | - Daniela Iacono
- Rheumatology Unit, University of Campania ‘Luigi Vanvitelli’, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonella Riccardi
- Rheumatology Unit, University of Campania ‘Luigi Vanvitelli’, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Ciccia
- Rheumatology Unit, University of Campania ‘Luigi Vanvitelli’, Naples, Italy
| | - Gabriele Valentini
- Rheumatology Unit, University of Campania ‘Luigi Vanvitelli’, Naples, Italy
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Bettiol A, Emmi G, Finocchi M, Silvestri E, Urban ML, Mattioli I, Scalera A, Lupoli R, Vannacci A, Di Minno MND, Prisco D. Obstetric antiphospholipid syndrome is not associated with an increased risk of subclinical atherosclerosis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2020; 59:3709-3716. [PMID: 32388557 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keaa116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The persistent positivity of aPLs, either isolated or associated with thrombotic and/or obstetric events (APS), has been associated with the increase of intima-media thickness (IMT) and carotid plaques. Despite the fact that aPLs can promote both thrombotic and obstetric complications, some pathogenic differences have been documented between the two entities. This study aimed to evaluate whether the atherosclerotic risk differs between subjects with obstetric and thrombotic APS. METHODS A total of 167 APS women (36 obstetric and 131 thrombotic) were compared with 250 aPLs negative controls. IMT of the common carotid artery (CCA) and of the bulb and the prevalence of carotid plaques were assessed. RESULTS CCA- and bulb-IMT were significantly higher in women with thrombotic APS, while being similar between the obstetric APS and the controls [CCA-IMT: mean (s.d.) 0.97 (0.49), 0.78 (0.22) and 0.81 (0.12) mm for the thrombotic, obstetric and control groups, respectively, P < 0.001 between thrombotic and controls, P = 0.002 between thrombotic and obstetric; bulb-IMT: mean (s.d.) 1.38 (0.79), 0.96 (0.27) and 0.96 (0.51) mm for the thrombotic, obstetric and control groups, P < 0.001]. Women with thrombotic APS had significantly increased risk of presenting carotid plaques. This risk was significantly lower in obstetric APS. CONCLUSION Unlike thrombotic APS, obstetric APS is not associated with an increase of markers of subclinical atherosclerosis. If confirmed on wider populations, these results could suggest different pathogenetic role of aPLs in promoting atherosclerosis in vascular and obstetric APS, and raise questions on the risk-benefit profile of thromboprophylaxis in obstetric APS outside pregnancy periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Bettiol
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA)
| | - Giacomo Emmi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Firenze, Firenze
| | - Martina Finocchi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Firenze, Firenze
| | - Elena Silvestri
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Firenze, Firenze
| | - Maria Letizia Urban
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Firenze, Firenze
| | - Irene Mattioli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Firenze, Firenze
| | - Antonella Scalera
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Roberta Lupoli
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Alfredo Vannacci
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA)
| | | | - Domenico Prisco
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA)
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Management of Antiphospholipid Syndrome. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8110508. [PMID: 33212808 PMCID: PMC7696303 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8110508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), is an acquired autoimmune disorder characterised by thrombosis, pregnancy morbidity, and the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL). Although venous thromboembolism is the most common manifestation, thrombotic events in APS may also occur in virtually any vascular bed, with cerebral circulation being the arterial territory most commonly affected. As APS is a heterogeneous condition, its management should be tailored with a patient-centred approach based on individual risk assessment, which includes the aPL profile, concomitant auto-immune diseases, and traditional cardiovascular risk factors. Although literature data are conflicting regarding primary prophylaxis, there is some evidence indicating that antiplatelet agents may reduce the risk of a first thrombotic event in individuals with a high-risk profile. In patients with thrombotic APS, current evidence-based guidelines recommend lifelong vitamin K antagonists (VKAs), preferably warfarin. The optimal intensity of anticoagulation following arterial thrombosis remains controversial. Arterial thrombosis should be treated either with high-intensity warfarin at a target INR > 3.0, or low-dose aspirin (LDA) combined with moderate-intensity warfarin (INR 2.0-3.0). It is recommended to avoid direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) in patients with high-risk APS, mainly those with triple-positive PL and previous arterial events. They would only be used exceptionally in selected patients with low-risk venous thromboembolism (VTE). In low-risk VTE patients currently treated with a DOAC due to warfarin intolerance or a previous unstable International Normalized Ratio on warfarin, the decision of continuing DOACs would be taken in carefully selected patients. In women with obstetric APS, the combination therapy with LDA plus heparin remains the conventional strategy.
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Cohen H, Cuadrado MJ, Erkan D, Duarte-Garcia A, Isenberg DA, Knight JS, Ortel TL, Rahman A, Salmon JE, Tektonidou MG, Williams DJ, Willis R, Woller SC, Andrade D. 16th International Congress on Antiphospholipid Antibodies Task Force Report on Antiphospholipid Syndrome Treatment Trends. Lupus 2020; 29:1571-1593. [PMID: 33100166 PMCID: PMC7658424 DOI: 10.1177/0961203320950461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), an acquired autoimmune thrombophilia, is characterised by thrombosis and/or pregnancy morbidity in association with persistent antiphospholipid antibodies. The 16th International Congress on Antiphospholipid Antibodies Task Force on APS Treatment Trends reviewed the current status with regard to existing and novel treatment trends for APS, which is the focus of this Task Force report. The report addresses current treatments and developments since the last report, on the use of direct oral anticoagulants in patients with APS, antiplatelet agents, adjunctive therapies (hydroxychloroquine, statins and vitamin D), targeted treatment including rituximab, belimumab, and anti-TNF agents, complement inhibition and drugs based on peptides of beta-2-glycoprotein I. In addition, the report summarises potential new players, including coenzyme Q10, adenosine receptor agonists and adenosine potentiation. In each case, the report provides recommendations for clinicians, based on the current state of the art, and suggests a clinical research agenda. The initiation and development of appropriate clinical studies requires a focus on devising suitable outcome measures, including a disease activity index, an optimal damage index, and a specific quality of life index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Cohen
- Haemostasis Research Unit, Department of Haematology, University
College London, London, UK
- University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust,
London, UK
| | - Maria J Cuadrado
- Rheumatology Department, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Madrid,
Spain
| | - Doruk Erkan
- Barbara Volcker Center for Women and Rheumatic Disease, Hospital
for Special Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ali Duarte-Garcia
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo
Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Robert D. and Patricia E. Kern Center for the Science of Health
Care Delivery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - David A Isenberg
- University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust,
London, UK
- Centre for Rheumatology, Division of Medicine, University
College London, London, UK
| | - Jason S Knight
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor,
Michigan, USA
| | - Thomas L Ortel
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, and Department
of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Anisur Rahman
- Centre for Rheumatology, Division of Medicine, University
College London, London, UK
| | - Jane E Salmon
- Division of Rheumatology, Hospital for Special surgery, Weill
Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Maria G Tektonidou
- First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, National
and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - David J Williams
- University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust,
London, UK
- UCL EGA Institute for Women’s Health, University College
London, London, UK
| | - Rohan Willis
- Antiphospholipid Standardization Laboratory, University of
Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Scott C Woller
- Department of Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray
UT; Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of
Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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Frazer JS, Tyrynis Everden AJ. Emerging patterns of hypercoagulability associated with critical COVID-19: A review. TRENDS IN ANAESTHESIA AND CRITICAL CARE 2020; 34:4-13. [PMID: 38620391 PMCID: PMC7346831 DOI: 10.1016/j.tacc.2020.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
While the COVID-19 pandemic sweeps the world, much evidence is being gathered regarding its novel pathological mechanisms. It is the authors' clinical experience that patients in the intensive care unit suffering from COVID-19 are extremely pro-coagulable, with venous and arterial thromboembolism frequently observed, and losses of vascular access lines and filtration circuits to thrombosis now commonplace. Here, we explore the evidence for hypercoagulability in this group, presenting evidence of both a localised pulmonary hypercoagulability, and a systemic hypercoagulability resulting in thrombosis distant to the pulmonary vasculature. Furthermore, we discuss the possible risk factors exacerbated by, or selected for in COVID-19. We review the available evidence for use of plasma D-dimer as a prognostic marker, exploring the possibility that it acts as a marker of a COVID-19-associated hypercoagulability. We review the evidence for a pro-coagulant subtype of disseminated intravascular coagulation, discussing its clinical significance. Finally, we discuss the current evidence surrounding treatment of COVID-19 hypercoagulability, including prophylactic and treatment-dose heparin, thrombolytic agents, antiplatelet agents, and direct thrombin inhibitors, among others. We suggest areas in which further investigation is urgently needed to reduce the startling incidence of thrombosis in this group, a complication no doubt contributing to morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Scott Frazer
- Somerville College, University of Oxford, Woodstock Road, Oxford, OX2 6HD, UK
- Buckinghamshire Healthcare NHS Trust, Aylesbury, UK
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Kostopoulou M, Nikolopoulos D, Parodis I, Bertsias G. Cardiovascular Disease in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Recent Data on Epidemiology, Risk Factors and Prevention. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2020; 18:549-565. [DOI: 10.2174/1570161118666191227101636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is associated with increased risk for accelerated atherosclerosis
and cardiovascular (CV) events including coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular and peripheral
artery disease. CV events occur both early and late during the disease course, with younger
patients being at much higher risk than age-matched counterparts. The risk cannot be fully accounted for
by the increased prevalence of traditional atherosclerotic factors and may be due to pathophysiologic
intermediates such as type I interferons and other inflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress, activated
granulocytes and production of extracellular chromatin traps, antiphospholipid and other autoantibodies
causing dysfunction of lipoproteins, altogether resulting in endothelial injury and pro-atherogenic
dyslipidaemia. These mechanisms may be further aggravated by chronic intake of prednisone (even at
doses <7.5 mg/day), whereas immunomodulatory drugs, especially hydroxychloroquine, may exert antiatherogenic
properties. To date, there is a paucity of randomized studies regarding the effectiveness of
preventative strategies and pharmacological interventions specifically in patients with SLE. Nevertheless,
both the European League Against Rheumatism recommendations and extrapolated evidence from
the general population emphasize that SLE patients should undergo regular monitoring for atherosclerotic
risk factors and calculation of the 10-year CV risk. Risk stratification should include diseaserelated
factors and accordingly, general (lifestyle modifications/smoking cessation, antihypertensive and
statin treatment, low-dose aspirin in selected cases) and SLE-specific (control of disease activity, minimization
of glucocorticoids, use of hydroxychloroquine) preventive measures be applied as appropriate.
Further studies will be required regarding the use of non-invasive tools and biomarkers for CV assessment
and of risk-lowering strategies tailored to SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myrto Kostopoulou
- 4th Department of Internal Medicine, Attikon University Hospital, Joint Rheumatology Program, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Dionysis Nikolopoulos
- 4th Department of Internal Medicine, Attikon University Hospital, Joint Rheumatology Program, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Parodis
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Rheumatology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - George Bertsias
- Department of Rheumatology, Clinical Rheumatology and Allergy, University of Crete Medical School, Iraklio, Greece
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Piranavan P, Perl A. Management of cardiovascular disease in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2020; 21:1617-1628. [PMID: 32511034 PMCID: PMC7451028 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2020.1770227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION SLE is increasingly recognized as an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Premature CAD and several other cardiac manifestations are resulting in significant morbidity and premature death among young and older adults. There is a considerable unmet need for developing specific guidelines toward the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease in SLE patients. AREAS COVERED The authors describe the prevalence of various cardiovascular manifestations, associated with traditional and lupus-specific risk factors. They summarize the evidence behind various nonpharmacological and pharmacological options such as cardiac medications, antimalarials, anti-inflammatory, and immunosuppressant medications. EXPERT OPINION There is considerable literature claiming that the traditional Framingham score used to calculate the risk in the general population would not clearly predict the 10-year risk among SLE patients as they do not include lupus-specific risk factors such as accelerated inflammation, immunometabolic changes, thrombosis, vasospasm, vasculitis, and endothelial dysfunction into account. Identifying potential risk factors among SLE patients and treating hyperlipidemia regardless of their risk scores may be the first step in reducing mortality. Blocking lupus-specific inflammatory pathways by targeting validated biomarkers of pathogenesis has great future potential and more studies are needed on their cardiovascular benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paramarjan Piranavan
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York, College of Medicine, Syracuse, New York 13210, USA
| | - Andras Perl
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York, College of Medicine, Syracuse, New York 13210, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, State University of New York, College of Medicine, Syracuse, New York 13210, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, State University of New York, College of Medicine, Syracuse, New York 13210, USA
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Nigolian H, Ribi C, Courvoisier DS, Pagano S, Alvarez M, Trendelenburg M, Huynh-Do U, Vuilleumier N, Dayer JM, Chizzolini C, Roux-Lombard P. Anti-apolipoprotein A-1 autoantibodies correlate with disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2020; 59:534-544. [PMID: 31377780 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kez306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Apolipoprotein A-1 (ApoA-1) is a protein fraction of the high-density lipoproteins with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties that play a major role in reverse cholesterol transport. The presence of anti-ApoA-1 IgG has been reported in SLE to be variably associated with disease activity or cardiovascular events (CVEs). We assessed the clinical performance of anti-ApoA-1 IgG and of antibodies directed against its immunodominant F3L1 peptide (F3L1 IgG) in a well-characterized Swiss SLE cohort study. METHODS A total of 354 biological samples and interviews from 176 individuals were studied. SLEDAI, clinical characteristics, anamnestic CVEs and therapy details were recorded. Sera were tested for the presence of anti-ApoA-1 IgG, anti-F3L1 IgG, anti-dsDNA IgG and aPL. RESULTS Anti-ApoA-1 and anti-F3L1 IgG positivity was associated with higher SLEDAI, mostly due to concomitant positivity of dsDNA IgG and low complement. Variations in time of anti-ApoA-1 IgG correlated positively with variations of anti-dsDNA IgG and inversely to variations of C3 levels. No cross-reactivity was found between anti-ApoA-1 and anti-dsDNA IgG. Positivity for anti-Apo-A1 IgG was more frequent in individuals receiving 10 mg/day or more of prednisone. We did not find any significant association between anti-ApoA-1 IgG positivity and CVEs. CONCLUSION Anti-ApoA-1 and anti-F3L1 IgG in SLE correlate strongly with laboratory markers of activity, particularly with the presence and titre of dsDNA IgG. These results confirm and extend previous findings and support the use of anti-ApoA1 IgG in the clinical setting. Their role in CVEs deserves further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haïg Nigolian
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, University Hospital and School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Camillo Ribi
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, University Hospital of Lausanne and Lausanne University, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Sabrina Pagano
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Diagnostic Department, Switzerland.,Department of Internal Medicine Specialties, University Hospital and School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Montserrat Alvarez
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, University Hospital and School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marten Trendelenburg
- Laboratory for Clinical Immunology, Department of Biomedicine and Division of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Uyen Huynh-Do
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Vuilleumier
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Diagnostic Department, Switzerland.,Department of Internal Medicine Specialties, University Hospital and School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Carlo Chizzolini
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, University Hospital and School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Pascale Roux-Lombard
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, University Hospital and School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
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Sarecka-Hujar B, Kopyta I. Antiphospholipid syndrome and its role in pediatric cerebrovascular diseases: A literature review. World J Clin Cases 2020; 8:1806-1817. [PMID: 32518771 PMCID: PMC7262698 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v8.i10.1806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) or Hughes syndrome is an acquired thromboinflammatory disorder. Clinical criteria of APS diagnosis are large- and small-vessel thrombosis as well as obstetric problems; laboratory criteria are the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies (lupus anticoagulant, anticardiolipin antibodies and anti-β2-glycoprotein-1). The presence of at least 1 clinical and 1 laboratory criterion allows definitive diagnosis of APS. Primary APS is diagnosed in patients without features of connective tissue disease; secondary APS is diagnosed in patients with clinical signs of autoimmune disease. A high frequency of catastrophic APS as well as a high tendency to evolve from primary APS to secondary syndrome during the course of lupus and lupus-like disease is a feature of pediatric APS. The most characteristic clinical presentation of APS in the pediatric population is venous thrombosis, mainly in the lower limbs, and arterial thrombosis causing ischemic brain stroke. Currently, no diagnostic criteria for pediatric APS exist, which probably results in an underestimation of the problem. Similarly, no therapeutic procedures for APS specific for children have yet been established. In the present literature review, we discussed data concerning APS in children and its role in cerebrovascular diseases, including pediatric arterial ischemic stroke, migraine and cerebral venous thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Sarecka-Hujar
- Department of Basic Biomedical Science, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Sosnowiec 41200, Poland
| | - Ilona Kopyta
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Sosnowiec 41200, Poland
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62
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Management of antiphospholipid syndrome. Clin Rheumatol 2020; 39:2111-2114. [DOI: 10.1007/s10067-020-05183-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Rodziewicz M, D'Cruz DP. An update on the management of antiphospholipid syndrome. Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis 2020; 12:1759720X20910855. [PMID: 32523633 PMCID: PMC7236388 DOI: 10.1177/1759720x20910855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is a systemic autoimmune disorder characterized by recurrent venous or arterial thrombosis with or without pregnancy morbidity in the presence of persistent antiphospholipid (aPL) autoantibodies. Anticoagulation has, until now, formed the cornerstone of treatment but a significant proportion of patients continue to experience thrombosis and pregnancy morbidity despite this treatment. Thrombosis is the most common cause of mortality and accounts for two fifths of deaths. Direct oral anticoagulant drugs represent an attractive alternative to conventional vitamin K antagonist drugs but emerging evidence suggests these may not be suitable for high-risk patients with thrombotic APS. Laboratory studies and case reports of the successful use of different classes of drugs in APS is increasing our understanding of the other pathophysiological mechanisms which may contribute to the high morbidity of APS. This review summarizes current accepted anticoagulant treatment for APS and examines other potential drugs such as immunomodulating agents, statins and novel agents such as sirolimus and defibrotide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mia Rodziewicz
- Louise Coote Lupus Unit, Guy's Hospital, 4th Floor Tower Wing, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this report is to review recent research findings on APS in children and neonates. RECENT FINDINGS European evidence-based recommendations for diagnosis and treatment of pediatric APS has recently been published by the SHARE Initiative. Recent studies have shown a high prevalence of non-thrombotic manifestations in children with aPL, domains 4/5 specificity of 'innocent' anti-β2GPI antibodies in infants, and a higher risk for developmental delays and learning disabilities, hence, the need for neurodevelopmental monitoring in children born to mothers with APS. An International effort on creating a new diagnostic criteria for APS is underway. Pediatric APS is a rare disease with significant differences from the APS in adults. Majority of the children with persistently positive aPL do not develop thrombotic events; however, relatively higher proportion of thrombosis in children is related to aPL positivity compared to adults; this may partly be due to the absence of common pro-thrombotic "second-hit" risk factors of adults such as atherosclerosis and cigarette smoking. Diagnosis of APS in children may be delayed or missed when adult APS criteria are used, because in pediatric APS, non-thrombotic clinical manifestations such as thrombocytopenia, hemolytic anemia, and neurological disorders such as migraine, epilepsy, and chorea may precede thrombotic manifestations. Around 20% of the children initially diagnosed with primary APS eventually develop SLE. Neonatal APS is rare; however, the offspring of mothers with APS are at a higher risk for developmental delays and learning disabilities; prematurity and IUGR may increase this risk. Regular assessment of neurodevelopmental status of these children should be performed. Thrombosis is a rare event in the offspring of mothers with APS; anticoagulation of such infants is not recommended. An international effort to create a new diagnostic criteria for APS is underway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arzu Soybilgic
- Pediatric Rheumatology, Children's Hospital of University of Illinois, 840 S. Wood St, 1206 CSB, Chicago, 60612, USA.
| | - Tadej Avcin
- Department of Allergology, Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Children's Hospital, University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Bohoriceva 20, 1525, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Cáliz Cáliz R, Díaz Del Campo Fontecha P, Galindo Izquierdo M, López Longo FJ, Martínez Zamora MÁ, Santamaria Ortiz A, Amengual Pliego O, Cuadrado Lozano MJ, Delgado Beltrán MP, Ortells LC, Pérez ECC, Rego GDC, Corral SG, Varela CF, López MM, Nishishinya B, Navarro MN, Testa CP, Pérez HS, Silva-Fernández L, Taboada VMM. Recommendations of the Spanish Rheumatology Society for Primary Antiphospholipid Syndrome. Part II: Obstetric Antiphospholipid Syndrome and Special Situations. REUMATOLOGIA CLINICA 2020; 16:133-148. [PMID: 30686569 DOI: 10.1016/j.reuma.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The difficulty in diagnosis and the spectrum of clinical manifestations that can determine the choice of treatment for antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) has fostered the development of recommendations by the Spanish Society of Rheumatology (SER), based on the best possible evidence. These recommendations can serve as a reference for rheumatologists and other specialists involved in the management of APS. METHODS A panel of 4rheumatologists, a gynaecologist and a haematologist with expertise in APS was created, previously selected by the SER through an open call or based on professional merits. The stages of the work were: identification of the key areas for the document elaboration, analysis and synthesis of the scientific evidence (using the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network, SIGN levels of evidence) and formulation of recommendations based on this evidence and formal assessment or reasoned judgement techniques (consensus techniques). RESULTS Forty-six recommendations were drawn up, addressing 5main areas: diagnosis and evaluation, measurement of primary thromboprophylaxis, treatment for APS or secondary thromboprophylaxis, treatment for obstetric APS and special situations. These recommendations also include the role of novel oral anticoagulants, the problem of recurrences or the key risk factors identified in these subjects. This document reflects the last 25, referring to the areas of: obstetric APS and special situations. The document provides a table of recommendations and treatment algorithms. CONCLUSIONS Update of SER recommendations on APS is presented. This document corresponds to part II, related to obstetric SAF and special situations. These recommendations are considered tools for decision-making for clinicians, taking into consideration both the decision of the physician experienced in APS and the patient. A part I has also been prepared, which addresses aspects related to diagnosis, evaluation and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Cáliz Cáliz
- Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Granada, España.
| | | | | | | | - María Ángeles Martínez Zamora
- Unidad de Ginecología y Obstetricia, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, España; Representante de la Sociedad Española de Ginecología y Obstetricia (SEGO), Madrid, España
| | - Amparo Santamaria Ortiz
- Unidad de Hemostasia y Trombosis, Servicio de Hematología. Hospital Vall d́Hebron, Barcelona, España; Representante de la Sociedad Española de Trombosis y Hemostasia (SETH), Madrid, España
| | - Olga Amengual Pliego
- Departamento de Reumatología, Endocrinología y Nefrología. Facultad de Medicina. Universidad de Hokkaido, Sapporo, Japón
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Clara Fuego Varela
- Servicio de Reumatología. Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga. Hospital Civil, Málaga, España
| | - María Martín López
- Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, España
| | - Betina Nishishinya
- Servicio de Reumatología y Medicina del deporte. Medicina del Deporte. Clínica Quirón, Barcelona, España
| | | | | | - Hiurma Sánchez Pérez
- Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, España
| | - Lucia Silva-Fernández
- Servicio de Reumatología. Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Ferrol, Ferrol, A Coruña, España
| | - Víctor Manuel Martínez Taboada
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cantabria, Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, España
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Rothschild BM. Are Thrombotic Events in Dermatomyositis Related to The Effect of Antiphospholipid Antibodies? Comment on the Article by Moshtaghi‐Svensson et al. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2020; 72:459. [DOI: 10.1002/acr.24079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Madison JA, Zuo Y, Knight JS. Pediatric antiphospholipid syndrome. Eur J Rheumatol 2020; 7:S3-S12. [PMID: 31804173 PMCID: PMC7004270 DOI: 10.5152/eurjrheum.2019.19160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite its potential to cause significant morbidity in children, pediatric antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is an understudied condition. In this review, we will cover what is known about pediatric APS epidemiology and how the clinician might approach the diagnosis of pediatric APS. We will highlight similarities and differences with the adult disease, both for primary APS and in the context of lupus. Clinical manifestations beyond thrombosis, especially neurologic and hematologic in nature, will be discussed. We will also consider what unique implications antiphospholipid antibody-positivity may have for children with lupus and for neonates born to mothers with APS. The approach to treatment will be covered, including the unique impact of APS medications on children as compared with adults. Finally, the importance of future mechanistic research is emphasized as physicians endeavor to provide the personalized care that children with APS clearly deserve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline A. Madison
- Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Yu Zuo
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jason S. Knight
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Abstract
Antiphospholipid syndrome is an autoimmune systemic disorder characterized by arterial, venous, or small vessel thrombosis and/or recurrent early pregnancy loss, fetal loss, or pregnancy morbidity in the setting of documented persistent antiphospholipid antibodies that include the lupus anticoagulant, or moderate-high titer anticardiolipin, or anti-β2Glycoprotein I antibodies. Associated clinical manifestations include livedo reticularis, cutaneous ulcerations, thrombocytopenia, hemolytic anemia, valvular heart disease, and nephropathy. The degree of risk associated with antiphospholipid antibody depends on the characteristics of the antiphospholipid antibody profile and on the presence of additional thrombotic risk factors. Current standard treatment for unprovoked thrombosis is long-term warfarin or other vitamin K antagonist therapy. Treatment to prevent recurrent obstetric complications is low-dose aspirin and prophylactic heparin, usually low-molecular-weight heparin. Optimal treatment for standard therapy failures or for certain nonthrombotic manifestations is uncertain, although nonanticoagulation therapies that address multiple demonstrated mechanisms of disease are being explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa R Sammaritano
- Associate Professor of Clinical Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Hospital for Special Surgery, 535 East 70th Street, New York, NY, 10021, USA.
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70
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An Approach to Retiform Purpura for the Inpatient Dermatologist. CURRENT DERMATOLOGY REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13671-019-00281-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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71
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Tektonidou MG, Andreoli L, Limper M, Amoura Z, Cervera R, Costedoat-Chalumeau N, Cuadrado MJ, Dörner T, Ferrer-Oliveras R, Hambly K, Khamashta MA, King J, Marchiori F, Meroni PL, Mosca M, Pengo V, Raio L, Ruiz-Irastorza G, Shoenfeld Y, Stojanovich L, Svenungsson E, Wahl D, Tincani A, Ward MM. EULAR recommendations for the management of antiphospholipid syndrome in adults. Ann Rheum Dis 2019; 78:1296-1304. [PMID: 31092409 PMCID: PMC11034817 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2019-215213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 611] [Impact Index Per Article: 122.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The objective was to develop evidence-based recommendations for the management of antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) in adults. Based on evidence from a systematic literature review and expert opinion, overarching principles and recommendations were formulated and voted. High-risk antiphospholipid antibody (aPL) profile is associated with greater risk for thrombotic and obstetric APS. Risk modification includes screening for and management of cardiovascular and venous thrombosis risk factors, patient education about treatment adherence, and lifestyle counselling. Low-dose aspirin (LDA) is recommended for asymptomatic aPL carriers, patients with systemic lupus erythematosus without prior thrombotic or obstetric APS, and non-pregnant women with a history of obstetric APS only, all with high-risk aPL profiles. Patients with APS and first unprovoked venous thrombosis should receive long-term treatment with vitamin K antagonists (VKA) with a target international normalised ratio (INR) of 2-3. In patients with APS with first arterial thrombosis, treatment with VKA with INR 2-3 or INR 3-4 is recommended, considering the individual's bleeding/thrombosis risk. Rivaroxaban should not be used in patients with APS with triple aPL positivity. For patients with recurrent arterial or venous thrombosis despite adequate treatment, addition of LDA, increase of INR target to 3-4 or switch to low molecular weight heparin may be considered. In women with prior obstetric APS, combination treatment with LDA and prophylactic dosage heparin during pregnancy is recommended. In patients with recurrent pregnancy complications, increase of heparin to therapeutic dose, addition of hydroxychloroquine or addition of low-dose prednisolone in the first trimester may be considered. These recommendations aim to guide treatment in adults with APS. High-quality evidence is limited, indicating a need for more research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria G Tektonidou
- First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Joint Rheumatology program, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Laura Andreoli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Marteen Limper
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Zahir Amoura
- Sorbonne University, French National Center for SLE and Aps, Service de Medecine Interne 2, InstitutE3M, Pitié Salpétrière, Paris, France
| | - Ricard Cervera
- Autoimmune Diseases, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nathalie Costedoat-Chalumeau
- Centre de référence maladies auto-immunes et systémiques rares de l'île deFrance, Cochin Hospital, Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité;INSERM U 1153, CRESS, Paris, France
| | | | - Thomas Dörner
- Department of Med/Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charite University Hospital, Berlin, Germany
| | - Raquel Ferrer-Oliveras
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Department and Systemic Diseases Research Unit, Vall ďHebron Research Institute-VHIR, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Karen Hambly
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Kent, Chatham, UK
| | | | - Judith King
- EULAR PARE Patient Research Partner, London, UK
| | | | - Pier Luigi Meroni
- MaACR, Immunorheumatology Research Laboratory, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marta Mosca
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Vittorio Pengo
- Department of Cardiac Thoracic and Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Luigi Raio
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospital of Bern, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Yehuda Shoenfeld
- Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
| | | | - Elisabet Svenungsson
- Department of Medicine, Solna, Rheumatology Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Denis Wahl
- Vascular Medicine Division and Regional Competence Center for Rare Vascular and Systemic Autoimmune Diseases and Vascular Medicine Division, Nancy University Hospital, INSERM UMR-S 1116 University of Lorraine, Nancy, France
| | - Angela Tincani
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Michael M Ward
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Kotzen ES, Roy S, Jain K. Antiphospholipid Syndrome Nephropathy and Other Thrombotic Microangiopathies Among Patients With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 2019; 26:376-386. [PMID: 31733722 DOI: 10.1053/j.ackd.2019.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) and other causes of thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) negatively impact the renal outcomes of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and lupus nephritis. Here we review the diagnosis and management of occlusive renal vascular lesions due to APS and other TMAs, with a focus on patients with SLE and lupus nephritis. The presence of a thrombotic event, unexplained hypertension, thrombocytopenia, or hemolytic anemia should prompt consideration for TMA syndromes. The differential diagnosis of a TMA in a patient with SLE includes APS, thrombocytopenic purpura, complement-mediated or infection-associated hemolytic uremic syndrome, drug-mediated TMA (particularly due to calcineurin inhibitor toxicity), and malignant hypertension. Treatment of APS with a documented thrombotic event focuses on anticoagulation to reduce the risk for further thrombotic events. Treatment of classic presentations of thrombocytopenic purpura and hemolytic uremic syndrome in the SLE population is the same as in patients without SLE. Treatment of APS nephropathy or TMA when it is diagnosed by biopsy with concomitant lupus nephritis presents a challenge to clinicians because there is no clear standard of care. Small and retrospective studies suggest potential benefit of complement inhibition, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibition, B cell depleting therapy, and plasma exchange therapy for patients with lupus nephritis and TMA, and prospective investigation of these therapies should be a research priority.
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Management of Antiphospholipid Syndrome in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. CURRENT TREATMENT OPTIONS IN RHEUMATOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s40674-019-00126-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Almaani S, Parikh SV. Membranous Lupus Nephritis: A Clinical Review. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 2019; 26:393-403. [PMID: 31733724 DOI: 10.1053/j.ackd.2019.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Membranous lupus nephritis (MLN) (Class V lupus nephritis [LN]) is a distinct form of LN defined by the presence of subepithelial immune complex deposits seen on kidney biopsy. MLN is often associated with the nephrotic syndrome. The histology of MLN closely resembles that of idiopathic (primary) membranous nephropathy (pMN). However, MLN typically has abundant mesangial deposits that are absent in primary membranous nephropathy. The clinical presentation, management, and prognosis of MLN differ from that of the proliferative forms of LN (Class III, IV, or Mixed III/IV + V). Although immunosuppressive therapy is often warranted in MLN, the optimal treatment regimen remains unclear. Here we describe the clinical presentation, histologic features, and natural history of MLN. We also review the role of supportive treatment and discuss when to deploy immunosuppressive management in MLN.
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Vadgama TS, Smith A, Bertolaccini ML. Treatment in thrombotic antiphospholipid syndrome: a review. Lupus 2019; 28:1181-1188. [PMID: 31345117 DOI: 10.1177/0961203319864163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Antiphospholipid syndrome an autoimmune disease characterized by thrombosis and/or pregnancy morbidity alongside the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL). This review evaluates primary and secondary thromboprophylaxis in patients with aPL and thrombotic events. In primary thromboprophylaxis a risk-stratified approach is needed based on aPL, comorbidity with other autoimmune conditions and cardiovascular vascular risk factors. In primary thromboprophylaxis, the efficacy of low-dose aspirin is debatable and requires better-designed controlled studies. So far warfarin has not been shown to improve venous and/or arterial thrombosis incidence in aPL carriers and instead increased safety concerns. The benefit of hydroxychloroquine is inconclusive despite promising data, requiring large, controlled trials. For secondary thromboprophylaxis warfarin seems to be the best option with potential in renal transplant recipients and better efficacy at high intensity, although maintenance of target international normalized ratio needs careful monitoring. Aspirin has not shown to be beneficial, and data on rivaroxaban are limited and contradictory. Despite all data being informative, there are limitations that need to be addressed with robust clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- T S Vadgama
- Academic Department of Vascular Surgery, School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
| | - A Smith
- Academic Department of Vascular Surgery, School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
| | - M L Bertolaccini
- Academic Department of Vascular Surgery, School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
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Rothschild BM. Are Thrombotic Events in Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody-associated Vasculitis Related to the Effect of Antiphospholipid Antibodies? J Rheumatol 2019; 46:866. [PMID: 31154412 DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.190358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
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Chasset F, Francès C. Current Concepts and Future Approaches in the Treatment of Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus: A Comprehensive Review. Drugs 2019; 79:1199-1215. [DOI: 10.1007/s40265-019-01151-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Tektonidou MG, Andreoli L, Limper M, Tincani A, Ward MM. Management of thrombotic and obstetric antiphospholipid syndrome: a systematic literature review informing the EULAR recommendations for the management of antiphospholipid syndrome in adults. RMD Open 2019; 5:e000924. [PMID: 31168416 PMCID: PMC6525610 DOI: 10.1136/rmdopen-2019-000924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To perform a systematic literature review (SLR) informing the European Lmmendations for the management of antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) in adults. Methods A SLR through January 2018 was performed. Research questions were constructed using the Patient, Intervention, Comparator, Outcome (PICO) format. We included data from articles that reported on each relevant intervention. Summary effect estimates were calculated for direct comparison studies that matched the PICO question exactly, and for studies with the relevant intervention and comparator. When meta-analyses were available, we used these estimates. Results From 7534 retrieved articles (+15 from hand searches), 188 articles were included in the review. In individuals with high-risk antiphospholipid antibody (aPL) profile without prior thrombotic or obstetric APS, two meta-analyses showed a protective effect of low-dose aspirin (LDA) against thrombosis. Two randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and three cohort studies showed no additional benefit of treatment with vitamin K antagonists at target international normalised ratio (INR) 3–4 versus INR 2–3 in patients with venous thrombosis. In patients with arterial thrombosis, two RCTs and two cohort studies showed no difference in risk of recurrent thrombosis between the two target INR groups. One open-label trial showed higher rates of thrombosis recurrences in triple aPL-positive patients treated with rivaroxaban than those treated with warfarin. RCTs and cohort studies showed that combination treatment with LDA and heparin was more effective than LDA alone in several types of obstetric APS. SLR results were limited by the indirect evidence and the heterogeneity of patient groups for some treatments, and only a few high-quality RCTs. Conclusion Well-designed studies of homogeneous APS patient populations are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria G Tektonidou
- Rheumatology Unit, First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Laura Andreoli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Marteen Limper
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Angela Tincani
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Michael M Ward
- Intramural Research Program, NIAMS/NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Fanouriakis A, Kostopoulou M, Alunno A, Aringer M, Bajema I, Boletis JN, Cervera R, Doria A, Gordon C, Govoni M, Houssiau F, Jayne D, Kouloumas M, Kuhn A, Larsen JL, Lerstrøm K, Moroni G, Mosca M, Schneider M, Smolen JS, Svenungsson E, Tesar V, Tincani A, Troldborg A, van Vollenhoven R, Wenzel J, Bertsias G, Boumpas DT. 2019 update of the EULAR recommendations for the management of systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Rheum Dis 2019; 78:736-745. [DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2019-215089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 780] [Impact Index Per Article: 156.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Our objective was to update the EULAR recommendations for the management of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), based on emerging new evidence. We performed a systematic literature review (01/2007–12/2017), followed by modified Delphi method, to form questions, elicit expert opinions and reach consensus. Treatment in SLE aims at remission or low disease activity and prevention of flares. Hydroxychloroquine is recommended in all patients with lupus, at a dose not exceeding 5 mg/kg real body weight. During chronic maintenance treatment, glucocorticoids (GC) should be minimised to less than 7.5 mg/day (prednisone equivalent) and, when possible, withdrawn. Appropriate initiation of immunomodulatory agents (methotrexate, azathioprine, mycophenolate) can expedite the tapering/discontinuation of GC. In persistently active or flaring extrarenal disease, add-on belimumab should be considered; rituximab (RTX) may be considered in organ-threatening, refractory disease. Updated specific recommendations are also provided for cutaneous, neuropsychiatric, haematological and renal disease. Patients with SLE should be assessed for their antiphospholipid antibody status, infectious and cardiovascular diseases risk profile and preventative strategies be tailored accordingly. The updated recommendations provide physicians and patients with updated consensus guidance on the management of SLE, combining evidence-base and expert-opinion.
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80
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Nikolopoulos D, Fanouriakis A, Boumpas DT. Cerebrovascular Events in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Diagnosis and Management. Mediterr J Rheumatol 2019; 30:7-15. [PMID: 32185337 PMCID: PMC7045913 DOI: 10.31138/mjr.30.1.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a major cause of morbidity, mortality and disability in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Patients with SLE have a two-fold increase in the risk of stroke with younger patients (ie, less than 50 years of age) having an ever-higher risk (up to 10-fold). Although the prognosis of SLE has improved, mortality due to cerebrovascular events (CVE) remains unchanged. Cerebrovascular disease may be directly attributed to the disease per se, as a manifestation of neuropsychiatric SLE, or be the result of traditional cardiovascular risk factors accompanying the disease. Elucidation of the underlying mechanism(s) of CVE is essential as it may guide the type of therapy (ie, antithrombotic or anticoagulant therapy versus immunosuppressive). Strokes attributed to lupus usually occur early in the course of the disease and are often accompanied by evidence of activity in other organs; those related to antiphospholipid antibodies can occur at any time, in patients with either active or inactive SLE. In this review, we discuss the epidemiology, work-up, management and primary prevention of CVE in patients with lupus. In view of the effectiveness of thrombolysis, physicians need to educate lupus patients and their families for the early recognition of the signs of stroke and the need to seek prompt attention. To this end acronyms, such as FAST (Facial drooping, Arm weakness, Speech difficulties and Time to call emergency service) can be used as a mnemonic to help detect and enhance responsiveness to the needs of a person having a stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dionysis Nikolopoulos
- Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology Unit, 4th Department of Medicine, "Attikon" University Hospital, Athens, Greece.,Laboratory of Immune Regulation and Tolerance, Autoimmunity and Inflammation, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Antonis Fanouriakis
- Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology Unit, 4th Department of Medicine, "Attikon" University Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios T Boumpas
- Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology Unit, 4th Department of Medicine, "Attikon" University Hospital, Athens, Greece.,Laboratory of Immune Regulation and Tolerance, Autoimmunity and Inflammation, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Medical School, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
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81
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sciascia
- 1 Center of Research of Immunopathology and Rare Diseases - Coordinating Center of Piemonte and Valle d'Aosta Network for Rare Diseases, and SCDU Nephrology and Dialysis, S. Giovanni Bosco Hospital and University of Turin, Italy.,2 School of Specialization of Clinical Pathology, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Italy
| | - M Radin
- 1 Center of Research of Immunopathology and Rare Diseases - Coordinating Center of Piemonte and Valle d'Aosta Network for Rare Diseases, and SCDU Nephrology and Dialysis, S. Giovanni Bosco Hospital and University of Turin, Italy.,2 School of Specialization of Clinical Pathology, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Italy
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82
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Limper M, Scirè CA, Talarico R, Amoura Z, Avcin T, Basile M, Burmester G, Carli L, Cervera R, Costedoat-Chalumeau N, Doria A, Dörner T, Fonseca JE, Galetti I, Hachulla E, Launay D, Lourenco F, Macieira C, Meroni P, Montecucco CM, Moraes-Fontes MF, Mouthon L, Nalli C, Ramoni V, Tektonidou M, van Laar JM, Bombardieri S, Schneider M, Smith V, Vieira A, Cutolo M, Mosca M, Tincani A. Antiphospholipid syndrome: state of the art on clinical practice guidelines. RMD Open 2018; 4:e000785. [PMID: 30402272 PMCID: PMC6203101 DOI: 10.1136/rmdopen-2018-000785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is a rare disease characterised by venous and/or arterial thrombosis, pregnancy complications and the presence of specific autoantibodies called antiphospholipid antibodies. This review aims to identify existing clinical practice guidelines (CPG) as part of the ERN ReCONNET project, aimed at evaluating existing CPGs or recommendations in rare and complex diseases. Seventeen papers providing important data were identified; however, the literature search highlighted the scarceness of reliable clinical data to develop CPGs. With no formal clinical guidelines in place, diagnosis and treatment of APS is largely based on consensus and expert opinion. Patients' unmet need refers to the understanding of the disease and its clinical picture and implications, the need of education for patients, family members and healthcare providers, as well as to the development of monitoring pathways involving multiple healthcare providers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marteen Limper
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Carlo Alberto Scirè
- Section of Rheumatology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | | | - Zahir Amoura
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Tadej Avcin
- Department of Allergology, Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Gerd Burmester
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité University Hospital Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Ricard Cervera
- Department of Autoimmune Diseases, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nathalie Costedoat-Chalumeau
- Service de Médecine Interne, Hôpital Cochin, Centre de Référence Maladies systémiques Autoimmunes Rares d’Ile de France, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Andrea Doria
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, AO Padova and University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Thomas Dörner
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité University Hospital Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - João Eurico Fonseca
- Rheumatology Department, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte, Lisbon Academic Medical Centre, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ilaria Galetti
- Federation of European Scleroderma Associations (FESCA), Milan, Italy
| | - Eric Hachulla
- Département de Médecine Interne et Immunologie Clinique, Centre de Référence des Maladies Systémiques et Auto-Immunes Rares du Nord-Ouest (CERAINO), LIRIC, INSERM, Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | - David Launay
- Département de Médecine Interne et Immunologie Clinique, Centre de Référence des Maladies Systémiques et Auto-Immunes Rares du Nord-Ouest (CERAINO), LIRIC, INSERM, Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | - Filipa Lourenco
- Auto-immune Disease Unit, Hospital de Curry Cabral, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central, EPE, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Carla Macieira
- Rheumatology Department, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte, Lisbon Academic Medical Centre, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Pierluigi Meroni
- Division of Rheumatology, ASST.G Pini, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan and Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Luc Mouthon
- Service de Médecine Interne, Hôpital Cochin, Centre de Référence Maladies systémiques Autoimmunes Rares d’Ile de France, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Cecilia Nalli
- Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology Unit, Civil Hospital, Brescia, Italy
| | - Veronique Ramoni
- Division of Rheumatology, University and IRCCS Policlinico S. Matteo Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Maria Tektonidou
- Joint Rheumatology Academic Program, First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Jacob M van Laar
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Matthias Schneider
- Department of Rheumatology, Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Vanessa Smith
- Department of Rheumatology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ana Vieira
- Liga Portuguesa Contra as Doenças Reumáticas, Núcleo Síndrome de Sjögren, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Maurizio Cutolo
- Research Laboratory and Academic Division of Clinical Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, IRCCS Polyclinic Hospital San Martino, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Marta Mosca
- Rheumatology Unit, AOU Pisana, Pisa, Italy
- Rheumatology Unit, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Angela Tincani
- Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology Unit, Civil Hospital, Brescia, Italy
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Quartuccio L. Risk of Thrombosis in Sjögren Syndrome: The Open Question of Endothelial Function Immune-mediated Dysregulation. J Rheumatol 2018; 44:1106-1108. [PMID: 28765343 DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.170462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Quartuccio
- Rheumatology Clinic, University of Udine, DAME, Udine, Italy.
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84
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Uthman I, Noureldine MHA, Ruiz-Irastorza G, Khamashta M. Management of antiphospholipid syndrome. Ann Rheum Dis 2018; 78:155-161. [PMID: 30282668 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2018-213846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Antiphospholipid syndrome, also known as 'Hughes Syndrome', is an autoimmune disease characterised by a set of clinical manifestations, almost all of which are direct or indirect sequelae of a hypercoagulable state involving the venous, and to a lesser extent the arterial vasculature. The incidence and prevalence of antiphospholipid syndrome are estimated at approximately 5 de novo cases per 100 000 per year and 40-50 cases per 100 000 individuals, respectively. The clinical spectrum of antiphospholipid syndrome involves haematological (thrombocytopaenia, venous thrombosis), obstetrical (recurrent pregnancy loss), neurological (stroke, transient ischaemic attack, migraine, seizures, cognitive dysfunction, chorea, transverse myelitis, multiple sclerosis), cardiovascular (cardiac valve disease), dermatological (livedo reticularis and racemosa, skin ulceration and necrosis), renal (glomerulonephritis, renal thrombotic microangiopathy) and orthopaedic (avascular necrosis of bones, non-traumatic fractures) manifestations, among others. In addition to the classical antiphospholipid antibodies, namely anticardiolipin antibodies and lupus anticoagulant, new autoantibodies and antibody complexes of different immunoglobulin subtypes (IgA, IgG, IgM) are now recognised as significant contributors to the pathogenesis of antiphospholipid syndrome. Anticoagulation remains the cornerstone in the management of antiphospholipid syndrome; nevertheless, new drugs and therapeutic strategies are being tested, and some have been found effective for the primary and secondary thromboprophylaxis in antiphospholipid syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imad Uthman
- Division of Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | | | - Guillermo Ruiz-Irastorza
- Autoimmune Diseases Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Biocruces Health Research Institute, Hospital Universitario Cruces, UPV/EHU, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Munther Khamashta
- Department of Rheumatology, Dubai Hospital, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
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Abstract
Abstract. Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is an autoantibody-mediated acquired thrombophilia. It is characterized by the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies (APL) that are directed against phospholipid-binding plasma proteins, such as beta-2-glycoprotein I (b2GPI). Its main manifestations are recurrent vascular thromboses (so-called “thrombotic APS”) and pregnancy complications (“obstetric APS”). According to the current consensus criteria, a persistently positive functional lupus anticoagulant (LA) assay and/or the presence of anti-b2GPI and/or anti-cardiolipin antibodies, together with clinical symptoms, is mandatory for the diagnosis of APS. Other clinical features, such as thrombocytopenia, Coombs-positive haemolytic anaemia, heart valve disease, renal microangiopathy and neurologic disorders are also common in APL-positive patients. APS can be associated with other autoimmune disorders, such as systemic lupus erythematosus. In rare cases, catastrophic APS (CAPS) occurs, with the development of excessive thrombosis at multiple sites, usually affecting small vessels and leading to multi-organ dysfunction and organ failure. Treatment usually comprises antithrombotic therapy using antiplatelet and anticoagulant agents. However, there is no consensus concerning the intensity or duration of therapy. Despite apparently adequate anticoagulation, the risk of recurrent thrombosis remains high. For patients with CAPS, a combined therapeutic approach that includes anticoagulation, glucocorticoids, plasma exchange and/or intravenous immunoglobulin seems to be the best treatment option. Keywords: Antiphospholipid syndrome, lupus anticoagulants, anti-cardiolipin, anti-beta-2-glycoprotein I, vascular thrombosis, pregnancy complication
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Linnemann
- Division of Angiology, East Bavarian Center of Vascular Medicine, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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86
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Zuo Y, Barbhaiya M, Erkan D. Primary Thrombosis Prophylaxis in Persistently Antiphospholipid Antibody-Positive Individuals: Where Do We Stand in 2018? Curr Rheumatol Rep 2018; 20:66. [DOI: 10.1007/s11926-018-0775-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Noureldine MHA, Nour-Eldine W, Khamashta MA, Uthman I. Insights into the diagnosis and pathogenesis of the antiphospholipid syndrome. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2018; 48:860-866. [PMID: 30217394 DOI: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), formerly known as Anticardiolipin or Hughes syndrome, is a systemic autoimmune disorder characterized by obstetrical complications and thrombotic events affecting almost every organ-system in patients persistently testing positive for antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL). The contribution of the extra-criteria aPL to the pathogenesis of APS have exceeded the expectations of a simple, direct pathologic 'hit' leading to thrombogenesis or obstetrical complications, and more pathologic pathways are being linked directly or indirectly to aPL. The value of extra-criteria aPL is on the rise, and these antibodies are nowadays evaluated as markers for risk assessment in the diagnostic approach to APS. A diagnosis of APS should be considered in pediatric patients with suggestive clinical and laboratory picture. Management of APS remains mostly based on anticoagulation, while other drugs are being tested for efficacy and side effects. Low-dose aspirin may have a role in the management of thrombotic and obstetric APS. Due to the high variability in disease severity and complication recurrence outcomes, new tools are being developed and validated to assess the damage index and quality of life of APS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wared Nour-Eldine
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | | | - Imad Uthman
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon.
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Bala MM, Paszek E, Lesniak W, Wloch‐Kopec D, Jasinska K, Undas A. Antiplatelet and anticoagulant agents for primary prevention of thrombosis in individuals with antiphospholipid antibodies. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2018; 7:CD012534. [PMID: 30004572 PMCID: PMC6513409 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd012534.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is an autoimmune disease characterised by the presence of antiphospholipid (aPL) antibodies that have prothrombotic activity. Antiphospholipid antibodies are associated with an increased risk of pregnancy complications (recurrent miscarriage, premature birth, intrauterine growth retardation) and thrombotic events (both arterial and venous). The most common thrombotic events include brain ischaemia (stroke or transient ischaemic attack) and deep vein thrombosis. To diagnose APS, the presence of aPL antibodies in two measurements and at least one thrombotic event or pregnancy complication are required. It is unclear if people with positive aPL antibodies but without any previous thrombotic events should receive primary antithrombotic prophylaxis. OBJECTIVES To assess the effects of antiplatelet or anticoagulant agents versus placebo or no intervention or other intervention on the development of thrombosis in people with aPL antibodies who have not had a thrombotic event. We did not address obstetric outcomes in this review as these have been thoroughly addressed by other Cochrane Reviews. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Vascular Specialised Register (4 December 2017), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (last search 29 November 2017), MEDLINE Ovid, Embase Ovid, CINAHL, and AMED (searched 4 December 2017), and trials registries (searched 29 November 2017). We also checked reference lists of included studies, systematic reviews, and practice guidelines, and contacted experts in the field. SELECTION CRITERIA We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that compared any antiplatelet or anticoagulant agents, or their combinations, at any dose and mode of delivery with placebo, no intervention, or other intervention. We also included RCTs that compared antiplatelet or anticoagulant agents with each other or that compared two different doses of the same drug. We included studies performed in people of any age and with no history of thrombosis (as defined by APS Sapporo classification criteria or updated Sydney classification criteria), but with aPL antibodies confirmed on at last two separate measurements. The studies included both pregnant women who tested positive for aPL antibodies and had a history of recurrent obstetric complications, as well as non-pregnancy related cases with positive screening for antibodies, in accordance with the criteria mentioned above. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Pairs of authors independently selected studies for inclusion, extracted data, and assessed the risk of bias for the included studies and quality of evidence using GRADE. Any discrepancies were resolved through discussion or by consulting a third review author when necessary. In addition, one review author checked all the extracted numerical data. MAIN RESULTS We included nine studies involving 1044 randomised participants. The studies took place in several countries and had different funding sources. No study was at low risk of bias in all domains. We classified all included studies as at unclear or high risk of bias in two or more domains. Seven included studies focused mainly on obstetric outcomes. One study included non-pregnancy-related cases, and one study included both pregnancy-related cases and other patients with positive results for aPL antibodies. The remaining studies concerned women with aPL antibodies and a history of pregnancy failure. Four studies compared anticoagulant with or without acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) versus ASA only and observed no clear difference in thrombosis risk (risk ratio (RR) 0.98, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.25 to 3.77; 4 studies; 493 participants; low-quality evidence). No major bleeding was reported, but minor bleeding risk (nasal bleeding, menorrhagia) was higher in the anticoagulant with ASA group as compared with ASA alone in one study (RR 22.45, 95% CI 1.34 to 374.81; 1 study; 164 participants; low-quality evidence). In one study ASA was compared with placebo, and there were no clear differences in thrombosis (RR 5.21, 95% CI 0.63 to 42.97; 1 study; 98 participants; low-quality evidence) or minor bleeding risk between the groups (RR 3.13, 95% CI 0.34 to 29.01; 1 study; 98 participants; low-quality evidence), and no major bleeding was observed. Two studies compared ASA with low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus placebo or intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), and no thrombotic events were observed in any of the groups. Moreover, there were no clear differences in the risk of bleeding requiring transfusion (RR 9.0, 95% CI 0.49 to 164.76; 1 study; 180 participants; moderate-quality evidence) or postpartum bleeding (RR 1.30, 95% CI 0.60 to 2.81; 1 study; 180 participants; moderate-quality evidence) between the groups. Two studies compared ASA with high-dose LMWH versus ASA with low-dose LMWF or unfractionated heparin (UFH); no thrombotic events or major bleeding was reported. Mortality and quality of life data were not reported for any of the comparisons. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS There is insufficient evidence to demonstrate benefit or harm of using anticoagulants with or without ASA versus ASA alone in people with aPL antibodies and a history of recurrent pregnancy loss and with no such history; ASA versus placebo in people with aPL antibodies; and ASA with LMWH versus placebo or IVIG, and ASA with high-dose LMWH versus ASA with low-dose LMWH or UFH, in women with aPL antibodies and a history of recurrent pregnancy loss, for the primary prevention of thrombotic events. In a mixed population of people with a history of previous pregnancy loss and without such a history treated with anticoagulant combined with ASA, the incidence of minor bleeding (nasal bleeding, menorrhagia) was increased when compared with ASA alone. Studies that are adequately powered and that focus mainly on thrombotic events are needed to draw any firm conclusions on the primary prevention of thrombotic events in people with antiphospholipid antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata M Bala
- Jagiellonian University Medical CollegeChair of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine; Department of Hygiene and Dietetics; Systematic Reviews Unit ‐ Polish Cochrane BranchKopernika 7KrakowPoland31‐034
| | - Elżbieta Paszek
- Jagiellonian University Medical CollegeDepartment of Interventional CardiologyPradnicka 80KrakowPoland
| | - Wiktoria Lesniak
- Jagiellonian University Medical College2nd Department of Internal Medicineul. Skawinska 8KrakowPoland31‐066
| | - Dorota Wloch‐Kopec
- Jagiellonian University Medical CollegeNeurology DepartmentBotaniczna 3KrakowPoland31‐503
| | - Katarzyna Jasinska
- Jagiellonian University Medical CollegeStudents' Research Group, Systematic Reviews Unit‐Polish Cochrane BranchKrakowPoland
| | - Anetta Undas
- Jagiellonian University Medical CollegeInstitute of CardiologyPradnicka 80KrakowPoland31‐202
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Pengo V, Denas G. Diagnostics and treatment of thrombotic antiphospholipid syndrome (APS): A personal perspective. Thromb Res 2018; 169:35-40. [PMID: 30007134 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2018.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Antiphospholipid Syndrome (APS) is a condition characterized by the occurrence of thromboembolic events and/or pregnancy loss combined with one laboratory criterion among Lupus Anticoagulant- LAC, anticardiolipin -aCL, and anti β2-Glycoprotein I -aβ2GPI antibodies. Several hypotheses were put forward to explain the causal role of antibodies in the clinical events but none is fully convincing. Current laboratory diagnosis is based on three tests (LAC, IgG/IgM aβ2GPI and IgG/IgM aCL antibodies). The triple-positive profile (all the three tests positive, same isotype) is associated with a higher risk for thrombosis. The mainstay of therapy in thrombotic APS is anticoagulation, with VKAs being the cornerstone. Low dose aspirin in combination or alone may have a role in arterial thrombosis, and in primary thromboprophylaxis. The Non-Vitamin K Antagonists Oral Anticoagulants (NOACs) role in the therapy of APS is under investigation but not verified. Alternative treatment options including rituximab and eculizumab have been successfully reported in few cases of catastrophic APS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittorio Pengo
- Cardiology Clinic, Thrombosis Centre, Department of Cardiac Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padua, Italy.
| | - Gentian Denas
- Cardiology Clinic, Thrombosis Centre, Department of Cardiac Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padua, Italy
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90
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Affiliation(s)
- David Garcia
- From the University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle (D.G.); and the Barbara Volcker Center for Women and Rheumatic Diseases, Hospital for Special Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York (D.E.)
| | - Doruk Erkan
- From the University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle (D.G.); and the Barbara Volcker Center for Women and Rheumatic Diseases, Hospital for Special Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York (D.E.)
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91
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An unusual case of heart attack. HONG KONG BULLETIN ON RHEUMATIC DISEASES 2018. [DOI: 10.2478/hkbrd-2018-0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
We reported a patient with antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) secondary to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) who suffered from myocardial infarction and graft occlusion after coronary artery bypass surgery. Our patient illustrates the impact of accelerated atherosclerosis in patients with SLE and APS and the importance of early institution of antithrombotic therapies. In this article, the treatment of APS is summarized. Although the main stay of treatment is anticoagulation, there is emerging evidence to support rituximab as an option for “refractory” cases of APS.
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92
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Sanjadi M, Rezvanie Sichanie Z, Totonchi H, Karami J, Rezaei R, Aslani S. Atherosclerosis and autoimmunity: a growing relationship. Int J Rheum Dis 2018; 21:908-921. [PMID: 29671956 DOI: 10.1111/1756-185x.13309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is regarded as one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity in the world. Nowadays, it seems that atherosclerosis cannot be defined merely through the Framingham traditional risk factors and that autoimmunity settings exert a remarkable role in its mechanobiology. Individuals with autoimmune disorders show enhanced occurrence of cardiovascular complications and subclinical atherosclerosis. The mechanisms underlying the atherosclerosis in disorders like rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, antiphospholipid syndrome, systemic sclerosis and Sjögren's syndrome, seem to be the classical risk factors. However, chronic inflammatory processes and abnormal immune function may also be involved in atherosclerosis development. Autoantigens, autoantibodies, infectious agents and pro-inflammatory mediators exert a role in that process. Being armed with the mechanisms underlying autoimmunity in the etiopathogenesis of atherosclerosis in rheumatic autoimmune disorders and the shared etiologic pathway may result in substantial developing therapeutics for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Sanjadi
- Department of Biochemistry, Islamic Azad University, Falavarjan Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Hamidreza Totonchi
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical School, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jafar Karami
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ramazan Rezaei
- Department of Immunology, Medical School, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Aslani
- Rheumatology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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93
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Dobrowolski C, Erkan D. Treatment of antiphospholipid syndrome beyond anticoagulation. Clin Immunol 2018; 206:53-62. [PMID: 29510235 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is a systemic autoimmune disorder marked by thrombosis and/or pregnancy morbidity in the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL). At the present time, treatment is primarily focused on anticoagulation. However, there is increasing awareness of the mechanisms involved in APS pathogenesis, which has led to the trial of novel therapies targeting those mechanisms. Following a brief review of the etiopathogenesis of and current management strategies in APS, this paper focuses on the evidence for these potential, targeted APS treatments, e.g., hydroxychloroquine, statins, rituximab, belimumab, eculizumab, defibrotide, sirolimus, and peptide therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Doruk Erkan
- Barbara Volcker Center for Women and Rheumatic Diseases, Hospital for Special Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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Risk of thromboembolic events in patients treated with thalidomide for cutaneous lupus erythematosus: A multicenter retrospective study. J Am Acad Dermatol 2018; 79:162-165. [PMID: 29496481 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2018.02.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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95
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Abstract
Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is an autoimmune disease characterized by the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies, such as lupus anticoagulant, anticardiolipin antibodies and anti-β2-glycoprotein 1 antibodies. APS can present with a variety of clinical phenotypes, including thrombosis in the veins, arteries and microvasculature as well as obstetrical complications. The pathophysiological hallmark is thrombosis, but other factors such as complement activation might be important. Prevention of thrombotic manifestations associated with APS includes lifestyle changes and, in individuals at high risk, low-dose aspirin. Prevention and treatment of thrombotic events are dependent mainly on the use of vitamin K antagonists. Immunosuppression and anticomplement therapy have been used anecdotally but have not been adequately tested. Pregnancy morbidity includes unexplained recurrent early miscarriage, fetal death and late obstetrical manifestation such as pre-eclampsia, premature birth or fetal growth restriction associated with placental insufficiency. Current treatment to prevent obstetrical morbidity is based on low-dose aspirin and/or low-molecular-weight heparin and has improved pregnancy outcomes to achieve successful live birth in >70% of pregnancies. Although hydroxychloroquine and pravastatin might further improve pregnancy outcomes, prospective clinical trials are required to confirm these findings.
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96
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Length of exposure to antiphospholipid antibodies, rather than age, is a risk factor for thrombosis: a retrospective single-centre observational study. Rheumatol Int 2017; 38:229-238. [DOI: 10.1007/s00296-017-3878-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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97
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Primary thromboprophylaxis with low-dose aspirin and antiphospholipid antibodies: Pro's and Con's. Autoimmun Rev 2017; 16:1103-1108. [PMID: 28911988 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Whether primary prophylaxis should be prescribed in individuals with antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) remains controversial due to the lack of relevant evidence-based data. Indeed, it is unclear whether the benefit of LDA outweighs the risk of major bleeding associated with LDA in a low-risk population. On the contrary, stratification of aPL-positive subjects according to their aPL profile (combination, isotype and titer), presence of other concomitant risk factors for thrombosis and coexistence of an underling autoimmune disease is essential to decide whether primary prophylactic therapy should be prescribed. Additionally, the management of modifiable thrombotic risk factors is a necessary strategy, and the use of transient prophylaxis is crucial during high-risk periods. Specifically designed prospective trials are urgently needed to determine the real prophylactic impact of aspirin, as well as of alternative or concomitant therapeutic strategies such as hydroxychloroquine, statins or DOACS in aPL positive patients.
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98
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Antiphospholipid Syndrome: Role of Vascular Endothelial Cells and Implications for Risk Stratification and Targeted Therapeutics. J Am Coll Cardiol 2017; 69:2317-2330. [PMID: 28473138 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2017.02.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is an autoimmune disease characterized by venous thromboembolism, arterial thrombosis, and obstetric morbidities in the setting of persistently positive levels of antiphospholipid antibodies measured on 2 different occasions 12 weeks apart. Patients with APS are at increased risk for accelerated atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, stroke, and valvular heart disease. Vascular endothelial cell dysfunction mediated by antiphospholipid antibodies and subsequent complement system activation play a cardinal role in APS pathogenesis. Improved understanding of their pathogenic function could help in the risk stratification of patients with APS and provide new molecular therapeutic targets.
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99
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Funke A, Danowski A, de Andrade DCO, Rêgo J, Levy RA. A importância de reconhecer a síndrome antifosfolípide na medicina vascular. J Vasc Bras 2017; 16:140-149. [PMID: 29930638 PMCID: PMC5915862 DOI: 10.1590/1677-5449.011416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A síndrome antifosfolipíde (SAF) é uma doença autoimune sistêmica caracterizada por trombose arterial ou venosa recorrente e/ou morbidade gestacional e pela presença dos anticorpos antifosfolipídeos, podendo apresentar outras manifestações vasculares, como microangiopatia, arteriopatia crônica e SAF catastrófica. Determinados testes laboratoriais para a síndrome (por exemplo, o anticoagulante lúpico) podem sofrer interferência do uso de medicações anticoagulantes, dificultando o diagnóstico. A fisiopatologia da SAF é complexa, sendo enumerados no texto diversos mecanismos patogênicos relacionados à coagulação, ao endotélio e às plaquetas. Por fim, discutimos o tratamento da SAF de acordo com a presença e o tipo de manifestações clínicas, o uso dos anticoagulantes orais diretos e o manejo perioperatório de pacientes com SAF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Funke
- Universidade Federal do Paraná - UFPR, Hospital de Clínicas, Curitiba, PR, Brasil
| | - Adriana Danowski
- Hospital Federal dos Servidores do Estado - HFSE, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | | | - Jozelia Rêgo
- Universidade Federal de Goiás - UFG, Faculdade de Medicina, Goiânia, GO, Brasil
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100
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Fasano S, Pierro L, Pantano I, Iudici M, Valentini G. Longterm Hydroxychloroquine Therapy and Low-dose Aspirin May Have an Additive Effectiveness in the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Events in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. J Rheumatol 2017; 44:1032-1038. [PMID: 28507183 DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.161351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Thromboprophylaxis with low-dose aspirin (ASA) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) seems promising in SLE. We investigated the effects of HCQ cumulative dosages (c-HCQ) and the possible synergistic efficacy of ASA and HCQ in preventing a first CV event (CVE) in patients with SLE. METHODS Patients consecutively admitted to our center who, at admission, satisfied the 1997 American College of Rheumatology and/or 2012 Systemic Lupus Collaborating Clinics classification criteria for SLE, and had not experienced any CVE, were enrolled. The occurrence of a thrombotic event, use of ASA, and c-HCQ were recorded. Kaplan-Meier analysis was performed to determine the c-HCQ associated with a lower incidence of CVE. Cox regression analysis served to identify factors associated with a first CVE. RESULTS For the study, 189 patients with SLE were enrolled and monitored for 13 years (median). Ten CVE occurred during followup. At Kaplan-Meier analysis, the CVE-free rate was higher in ASA-treated patients administered a c-HCQ > 600 g (standard HCQ dose for at least 5 yrs) than in patients receiving ASA alone, or with a c-HCQ dose < 600 g (log-rank test chi-square = 4.01, p = 0.04). Multivariate analysis showed that antimalarials plus ASA protected against thrombosis (HR 0.041 and HR 0.047, respectively), while antiphospholipid antibodies (HR 17.965) and hypertension (HR 18.054) increased the risk of a first CVE. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that prolonged use of HCQ plus ASA is thromboprotective in SLE and provides additional evidence for its continued use in patients with SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Fasano
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Rheumatology Section, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy. .,S. Fasano, MD, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Rheumatology Section, Second University of Naples; L. Pierro, MD, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Rheumatology Section, Second University of Naples; I. Pantano, MD, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Rheumatology Section, Second University of Naples; M. Iudici, PhD, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Rheumatology Section, Second University of Naples; G. Valentini, Professor, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Rheumatology Section, Second University of Naples.
| | - Luciana Pierro
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Rheumatology Section, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy.,S. Fasano, MD, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Rheumatology Section, Second University of Naples; L. Pierro, MD, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Rheumatology Section, Second University of Naples; I. Pantano, MD, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Rheumatology Section, Second University of Naples; M. Iudici, PhD, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Rheumatology Section, Second University of Naples; G. Valentini, Professor, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Rheumatology Section, Second University of Naples
| | - Ilenia Pantano
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Rheumatology Section, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy.,S. Fasano, MD, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Rheumatology Section, Second University of Naples; L. Pierro, MD, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Rheumatology Section, Second University of Naples; I. Pantano, MD, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Rheumatology Section, Second University of Naples; M. Iudici, PhD, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Rheumatology Section, Second University of Naples; G. Valentini, Professor, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Rheumatology Section, Second University of Naples
| | - Michele Iudici
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Rheumatology Section, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy.,S. Fasano, MD, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Rheumatology Section, Second University of Naples; L. Pierro, MD, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Rheumatology Section, Second University of Naples; I. Pantano, MD, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Rheumatology Section, Second University of Naples; M. Iudici, PhD, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Rheumatology Section, Second University of Naples; G. Valentini, Professor, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Rheumatology Section, Second University of Naples
| | - Gabriele Valentini
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Rheumatology Section, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy.,S. Fasano, MD, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Rheumatology Section, Second University of Naples; L. Pierro, MD, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Rheumatology Section, Second University of Naples; I. Pantano, MD, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Rheumatology Section, Second University of Naples; M. Iudici, PhD, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Rheumatology Section, Second University of Naples; G. Valentini, Professor, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Rheumatology Section, Second University of Naples
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