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Farha S, Hu B, Comhair S, Zein J, Dweik R, Erzurum SC, Aldred MA. Mitochondrial Haplogroups and Risk of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156042. [PMID: 27224443 PMCID: PMC4880300 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a serious and often fatal disease. It is a panvasculopathy of the pulmonary microcirculation characterized by vasoconstriction and arterial obstruction due to vascular proliferation and remodeling and ultimately right ventricular failure. Mitochondrial dysfunction is a universal finding in pulmonary vascular cells of patients with PAH, and is mechanistically linked to disease origins in animal models of pulmonary hypertension. Mitochondria have their own circular DNA (mtDNA), which can be subgrouped into polymorphic haplogroup variants, some of which have been identified as at-risk or protective from cardiovascular and/or neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we hypothesized that mitochondrial haplogroups may be associated with PAH. To test this, mitochondrial haplogroups were determined in a cohort of PAH patients and controls [N = 204 Caucasians (125 PAH and 79 controls) and N = 46 African Americans (13 PAH and 33 controls)]. Haplogroup L was associated with a lower rate of PAH as compared to macrohaplogroups N and M. When haplogroups were nested based on ancestral inheritance and controlled for age, gender and race, haplogroups M and HV, JT and UK of the N macro-haplogroup had significantly higher rates of PAH compared to the ancestral L (L0/1/2 and L3) (all p ≤ 0.05). Overall, the findings suggest that mitochondrial haplogroups influence risk of PAH and that a vulnerability to PAH may have emerged under the selective enrichment of specific haplogroups that occurred with the migration of populations out of Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar Farha
- Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SF); (MAA)
| | - Bo Hu
- Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Suzy Comhair
- Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Joe Zein
- Respiratory Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Raed Dweik
- Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Respiratory Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Serpil C. Erzurum
- Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Respiratory Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Micheala A. Aldred
- Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SF); (MAA)
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Abstract
Environmental adaptation, predisposition to common diseases, and, potentially, speciation may all be linked through the adaptive potential of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) alterations of bioenergetics. This Perspective synthesizes evidence that human mtDNA variants may be adaptive or deleterious depending on environmental context and proposes that the accrual of mtDNA variation could contribute to animal speciation via adaptation to marginal environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas C Wallace
- Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Pyle A, Anugrha H, Kurzawa-Akanbi M, Yarnall A, Burn D, Hudson G. Reduced mitochondrial DNA copy number is a biomarker of Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2015; 38:216.e7-216.e10. [PMID: 26639155 PMCID: PMC4759605 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2015.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Like any organ, the brain is susceptible to the march of time and a reduction in mitochondrial biogenesis is a hallmark of the aging process. In the largest investigation of mitochondrial copy number in Parkinson's disease (PD) to date and by using multiple tissues, we demonstrate that reduced Parkinson DNA (mitochondrial DNA mtDNA) copy number is a biomarker for the etiology of PD. We used established methods of mtDNA quantification to assess the copy number of mtDNA in n = 363 peripheral blood samples, n = 151 substantia nigra pars compacta tissue samples and n = 120 frontal cortex tissue samples from community-based PD cases fulfilling UK-PD Society brain bank criteria for the diagnosis of PD. Accepting technical limitations, our data show that PD patients suffer a significant reduction in mtDNA copy number in both peripheral blood and the vulnerable substantia nigra pars compacta when compared to matched controls. Our study indicates that reduced mtDNA copy number is restricted to the affected brain tissue, but is also reflected in the peripheral blood, suggesting that mtDNA copy number may be a viable diagnostic predictor of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Pyle
- Mitochondrial Research Group, Institute of Genetic Medicine, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Haidyan Anugrha
- Mitochondrial Research Group, Institute of Genetic Medicine, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Marzena Kurzawa-Akanbi
- Mitochondrial Research Group, Institute of Genetic Medicine, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Alison Yarnall
- Insitutute of Neuroscience, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - David Burn
- Insitutute of Neuroscience, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Gavin Hudson
- Mitochondrial Research Group, Institute of Genetic Medicine, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK.
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Llobet L, Toivonen JM, Montoya J, Ruiz-Pesini E, López-Gallardo E. Xenobiotics that affect oxidative phosphorylation alter differentiation of human adipose-derived stem cells at concentrations that are found in human blood. Dis Model Mech 2015; 8:1441-55. [PMID: 26398948 PMCID: PMC4631789 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.021774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipogenesis is accompanied by differentiation of adipose tissue-derived stem cells to adipocytes. As part of this differentiation, biogenesis of the oxidative phosphorylation system occurs. Many chemical compounds used in medicine, agriculture or other human activities affect oxidative phosphorylation function. Therefore, these xenobiotics could alter adipogenesis. We have analyzed the effects on adipocyte differentiation of some xenobiotics that act on the oxidative phosphorylation system. The tested concentrations have been previously reported in human blood. Our results show that pharmaceutical drugs that decrease mitochondrial DNA replication, such as nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, or inhibitors of mitochondrial protein synthesis, such as ribosomal antibiotics, diminish adipocyte differentiation and leptin secretion. By contrast, the environmental chemical pollutant tributyltin chloride, which inhibits the ATP synthase of the oxidative phosphorylation system, can promote adipocyte differentiation and leptin secretion, leading to obesity and metabolic syndrome as postulated by the obesogen hypothesis. Summary: Some medical drugs and environmental chemical pollutants acting on the oxidative phosphorylation system can alter adipocyte differentiation and adipogenesis and, thus, have important consequences for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Llobet
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013-Zaragoza, Spain Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013-Zaragoza, Spain CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013-Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Janne M Toivonen
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013-Zaragoza, Spain Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013-Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Julio Montoya
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013-Zaragoza, Spain Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013-Zaragoza, Spain CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013-Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Eduardo Ruiz-Pesini
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013-Zaragoza, Spain Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013-Zaragoza, Spain CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013-Zaragoza, Spain Fundación ARAID, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013-Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ester López-Gallardo
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013-Zaragoza, Spain Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013-Zaragoza, Spain CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013-Zaragoza, Spain
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Atilano SR, Malik D, Chwa M, Cáceres-Del-Carpio J, Nesburn AB, Boyer DS, Kuppermann BD, Jazwinski SM, Miceli MV, Wallace DC, Udar N, Kenney MC. Mitochondrial DNA variants can mediate methylation status of inflammation, angiogenesis and signaling genes. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:4491-503. [PMID: 25964427 PMCID: PMC4512622 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial (mt) DNA can be classified into haplogroups representing different geographic and/or racial origins of populations. The H haplogroup is protective against age-related macular degeneration (AMD), while the J haplogroup is high risk for AMD. In the present study, we performed comparison analyses of human retinal cell cybrids, which possess identical nuclei, but mtDNA from subjects with either the H or J haplogroups, and demonstrate differences in total global methylation, and expression patterns for two genes related to acetylation and five genes related to methylation. Analyses revealed that untreated-H and -J cybrids have different expression levels for nuclear genes (CFH, EFEMP1, VEGFA and NFkB2). However, expression levels for these genes become equivalent after treatment with a methylation inhibitor, 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine. Moreover, sequencing of the entire mtDNA suggests that differences in epigenetic status found in cybrids are likely due to single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the haplogroup profiles rather than rare variants or private SNPs. In conclusion, our findings indicate that mtDNA variants can mediate methylation profiles and transcription for inflammation, angiogenesis and various signaling pathways, which are important in several common diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Anthony B Nesburn
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute and Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - David S Boyer
- Retina-Vitreous Associates Medical Group, Beverly Hills, CA 90211, USA
| | | | - S Michal Jazwinski
- Tulane Center for Aging and Department of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA and
| | - Michael V Miceli
- Tulane Center for Aging and Department of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA and
| | - Douglas C Wallace
- Center of Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | - M Cristina Kenney
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA,
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Hudson G, Uphill J, Hummerich H, Blevins J, Gambetti P, Zerr I, Collinge J, Mead S, Chinnery PF. Inherited mtDNA variations are not strong risk factors in human prion disease. Neurobiol Aging 2015; 36:2908.e1-3. [PMID: 26239179 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2015.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/04/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Aside from variation in the prion protein gene, genetic risk factors for sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease remain elusive. Given emerging evidence implicating mitochondrial dysfunction in the pathogenesis of the disorders, we studied the role of inherited mitochondrial DNA variation in a 2255 sporadic prion disease cases and 3768 controls. Our analysis indicates that inherited mitochondrial DNA variation does not have a major role in the risk of developing the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin Hudson
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, UK
| | - James Uphill
- MRC Prion Unit, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Holger Hummerich
- MRC Prion Unit, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Janice Blevins
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Pierluigi Gambetti
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Inga Zerr
- Clinical Dementia Center, Department of Neurology, Georg-August University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich Munich, Germany
| | - John Collinge
- MRC Prion Unit, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Simon Mead
- MRC Prion Unit, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK.
| | - Patrick F Chinnery
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, UK
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Meyerson C, Van Stavern G, McClelland C. Leber hereditary optic neuropathy: current perspectives. Clin Ophthalmol 2015; 9:1165-76. [PMID: 26170609 PMCID: PMC4492634 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s62021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) is one of the most common inherited optic neuropathies causing bilateral central vision loss. The disorder results from point mutations in mitochondrial DNA and subsequent mitochondrial dysfunction. The primary cell type that is lost in LHON is the retinal ganglion cell, which is highly susceptible to disrupted ATP production and oxidative stress. Inheritance of LHON follows that of mitochondrial genetics, and it has a highly variable clinical phenotype, as other genetic and environmental factors also play a role. Although LHON usually presents with isolated vision loss, some patients suffer other neurological sequelae. For ill-defined reasons, male LHON mutation carriers are more affected than females. Most LHON patients remain legally blind, but a small proportion can experience spontaneous partial recovery, often within the first year of symptom onset. Unfortunately, at this time there are no established curative interventions and treatment is largely supportive. Patients should be offered low vision services and counseled on mitigating risk factors for additional vision loss, such as smoking and consuming alcohol. Encouraging treatments currently undergoing investigation includes ubiquinone analogs, such as idebenone, as well as gene therapy and stem cells to restore ATP synthesis and provide neuroprotection to surviving retinal ganglion cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cherise Meyerson
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Greg Van Stavern
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Collin McClelland
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
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58
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An exploratory analysis of mitochondrial haplotypes and allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation outcomes. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2014; 21:81-8. [PMID: 25300867 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2014.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Certain mitochondrial haplotypes (mthaps) are associated with disease, possibly through differences in oxidative phosphorylation and/or immunosurveillance. We explored whether mthaps are associated with allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) outcomes. Recipient (n = 437) and donor (n = 327) DNA were genotyped for common European mthaps (H, J, U, T, Z, K, V, X, I, W, and K2). HCT outcomes for mthap matched siblings (n = 198), all recipients, and all donors were modeled using relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals and compared with mthap H, the most common mitochondrial haplotypes. Siblings with I and V were significantly more likely to die within 5 years (RR = 3.0; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2 to 7.9; and RR = 4.6; 95% CI, 1.8 to 12.3, respectively). W siblings experienced higher acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) grades II to IV events (RR = 2.1; 95% CI, 1.1 to 2.4) with no events for those with K or K2. Similar results were observed for all recipients combined, although J recipients experienced lower GVHD and higher relapse. Patients with I donors had a 2.7-fold (1.2 to 6.2) increased risk of death in 5 years, whereas few patients with K2 or W donors died. No patients with K2 donors and few patients with U donors relapsed. Mthap may be an important consideration in HCT outcomes, although validation and functional studies are needed. If confirmed, it may be feasible to select donors based on mthap to increase positive or decrease negative outcomes.
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Deletion of Pim kinases elevates the cellular levels of reactive oxygen species and sensitizes to K-Ras-induced cell killing. Oncogene 2014; 34:3728-36. [PMID: 25241892 PMCID: PMC4369476 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Revised: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The Pim protein kinases contribute to transformation by enhancing the activity of oncogenic Myc and Ras, which drives significant metabolic changes during tumorigenesis. In this report, we demonstrate that mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEFs) lacking all three isoforms of Pim protein kinases, triple knockout (TKO), cannot tolerate the expression of activated K-Ras (K-RasG12V) and undergo cell death. Transduction of K-RasG12V into these cells markedly increased the level of cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). The addition of N-acetyl cysteine attenuates ROS production and reversed the cytotoxic effects of K-RasG12V in the TKO MEFs. The altered cellular redox state caused by the loss of Pim occurred as a result of lower levels of metabolic intermediates in the glycolytic and pentose phosphate pathways as well as abnormal mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. TKO MEFs exhibit reduced levels of superoxide dismutase (Sod), glutathione peroxidase 4 (Gpx4) and peroxiredoxin 3 (Prdx3) that render them susceptible to killing by K-RasG12V-mediated ROS production. In contrast, the transduction of c-Myc into TKO cells can overcome the lack of Pim protein kinases by regulating cellular metabolism and Sod2. In the absence of the Pim kinases, c-Myc transduction permitted K-RasG12V-induced cell growth by decreasing Ras-induced cellular ROS levels. These results demonstrate that the Pim protein kinases play an important role in regulating cellular redox, metabolism and K-Ras-stimulated cell growth.
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May-Panloup P, Desquiret V, Morinière C, Ferré-L'Hôtellier V, Lemerle S, Boucret L, Lehais S, Chao de la Barca J, Descamps P, Procaccio V, Reynier P. Mitochondrial macro-haplogroup JT may play a protective role in ovarian ageing. Mitochondrion 2014; 18:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Epidermal nerve fiber density, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial haplogroups in HIV-infected Thais initiating therapy. AIDS 2014; 28:1625-33. [PMID: 24785954 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000000297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We explored associations between mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups, epidermal nerve fiber density (ENFD), and HIV-associated sensory neuropathy (HIV-SN) in a randomized trial of Thai patients initiating antiretroviral therapy (ART). DESIGN The South East Asia Research Collaboration with Hawaii 003 study evaluated toxicity of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (stavudine vs. zidovudine vs. tenofovir). We present secondary analyses of mtDNA haplogroups and ENFD changes. METHODS ENFD, peripheral blood mononuclear cell mitochondrial complex I and IV, and 8-oxo-deoxyguanine (8-oxo-dG) were quantified. Peripheral blood mononuclear cell mtDNA sequences were obtained for haplogroup determination. Multivariate regression of ENFD change was performed. RESULTS Paired ENFD was available from 118 patients. Median age, CD4 cell count, and height at entry were 34 years, 172 cells/μl, and 162 cm, respectively. Major haplogroups included M (42%), F (21%), and B (16%). Baseline ENFD, CD4 cell count, randomized ART, and biomarkers did not differ by haplogroup. Haplogroup B patients were older (P=0.02) at baseline, and had an increase in median ENFD (+1.5 vs. -2.9 fibers/mm; P=0.03) and 8-oxo-dG break frequency (+0.05 vs. 0.00; P=0.05) compared to other haplogroups. In a multivariate model, haplogroup B was associated with increased ENFD (β=3.5, P=0.009) at week 24, whereas older age (P=0.02), higher baseline CD4 cell count, (P=0.03), higher complex I level (P=0.03), and higher ENFD (P<0.001) at baseline were all associated with decreased ENFD. Three of the six HIV-SN cases were haplogroup B (P=0.05). CONCLUSIONS Thai persons belonging to mtDNA haplogroup B had increased ENFD and 8-oxo-dG on ART, and were more likely to develop HIV-SN. These results suggest that mtDNA variation influences early oxidative damage and ENFD changes.
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Kenney MC, Chwa M, Atilano SR, Falatoonzadeh P, Ramirez C, Malik D, Tarek M, Cáceres-del-Carpio J, Nesburn AB, Boyer DS, Kuppermann BD, Vawter M, Jazwinski SM, Miceli M, Wallace DC, Udar N. Inherited mitochondrial DNA variants can affect complement, inflammation and apoptosis pathways: insights into mitochondrial-nuclear interactions. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23:3537-51. [PMID: 24584571 PMCID: PMC4049308 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of vision loss in developed countries. While linked to genetic polymorphisms in the complement pathway, there are many individuals with high risk alleles that do not develop AMD, suggesting that other 'modifiers' may be involved. Mitochondrial (mt) haplogroups, defined by accumulations of specific mtDNA single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) which represent population origins, may be one such modifier. J haplogroup has been associated with high risk for AMD while the H haplogroup is protective. It has been difficult to assign biological consequences for haplogroups so we created human ARPE-19 cybrids (cytoplasmic hybrids), which have identical nuclei but mitochondria of either J or H haplogroups, to investigate their effects upon bioenergetics and molecular pathways. J cybrids have altered bioenergetic profiles compared with H cybrids. Q-PCR analyses show significantly lower expression levels for seven respiratory complex genes encoded by mtDNA. J and H cybrids have significantly altered expression of eight nuclear genes of the alternative complement, inflammation and apoptosis pathways. Sequencing of the entire mtDNA was carried out for all the cybrids to identify haplogroup and non-haplogroup defining SNPs. mtDNA can mediate cellular bioenergetics and expression levels of nuclear genes related to complement, inflammation and apoptosis. Sequencing data suggest that observed effects are not due to rare mtDNA variants but rather the combination of SNPs representing the J versus H haplogroups. These findings represent a paradigm shift in our concepts of mt-nuclear interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cristina Kenney
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Anthony B Nesburn
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - David S Boyer
- Retina-Vitreous Associates Medical Group, Beverly Hills, CA, USA
| | | | - Marquis Vawter
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | | | - Michael Miceli
- Tulane Center for Aging, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Douglas C Wallace
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Martínez-Romero Í, Herrero-Martín MD, Llobet L, Emperador S, Martín-Navarro A, Narberhaus B, Ascaso FJ, López-Gallardo E, Montoya J, Ruiz-Pesini E. New MT-ND1 pathologic mutation for Leber hereditary optic neuropathy. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2014; 42:856-64. [PMID: 24800637 DOI: 10.1111/ceo.12355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutations causing Leber hereditary optic neuropathy are usually homoplasmic, show incomplete penetrance, and many of the affected positions are not well conserved through evolution. A large percentage of patients harbouring these mutations have no family history of disease. Moreover, the transfer of the mutation in the cybrid model is frequently not accompanied by the transfer of the cellular, biochemical and molecular phenotype. All these features make difficult their classification as the etiologic factors for this disease. We report a patient who exhibits typical clinical features of Leber hereditary optic neuropathy but lacks all three of the most common mitochondrial DNA mutations. METHODS The diagnosis was made based on clinical studies. The mitochondrial DNA was completely sequenced, and the candidate mutation was analysed in more than 18 000 individuals around the world, its conservation index was estimated in more than 3100 species from protists to mammals, its position was modelled in the crystal structure of a bacteria ortholog subunit, and its functional consequences were studied in a cybrid model. RESULTS Genetic analysis revealed an m.3472T>C transition in the MT-ND1 gene that changes a phenylalanine to leucine at position 56. Bioinformatics, molecular-genetic analysis and functional studies suggest that this transition is the etiological factor for the disorder. CONCLUSIONS This mutation expands the spectrum of deleterious changes in mitochondrial DNA-encoded complex I polypeptides associated with this pathology and highlights the difficulties in assigning pathogenicity to new homoplasmic mutations that show incomplete penetrance in sporadic Leber hereditary optic neuropathy patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Íñigo Martínez-Romero
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Celular and Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Zaragoza, Spain
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La Morgia C, Caporali L, Gandini F, Olivieri A, Toni F, Nassetti S, Brunetto D, Stipa C, Scaduto C, Parmeggiani A, Tonon C, Lodi R, Torroni A, Carelli V. Association of the mtDNA m.4171C>A/MT-ND1 mutation with both optic neuropathy and bilateral brainstem lesions. BMC Neurol 2014; 14:116. [PMID: 24884847 PMCID: PMC4047257 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2377-14-116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background An increasing number of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations, mainly in complex I genes, have been associated with variably overlapping phenotypes of Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON), mitochondrial encephalomyopathy with stroke-like episodes (MELAS) and Leigh syndrome (LS). We here describe the first case in which the m.4171C>A/MT-ND1 mutation, previously reported only in association with LHON, leads also to a Leigh-like phenotype. Case presentation A 16-year-old male suffered subacute visual loss and recurrent vomiting and vertigo associated with bilateral brainstem lesions affecting the vestibular nuclei. His mother and one sister also presented subacute visual loss compatible with LHON. Sequencing of the entire mtDNA revealed the homoplasmic m.4171C>A/MT-ND1 mutation, previously associated with pure LHON, on a haplogroup H background. Three additional non-synonymous homoplasmic transitions affecting ND2 (m.4705T>C/MT-ND2 and m.5263C>T/MT-ND2) and ND6 (m.14180T>C/MT-ND6) subunits, well recognized as polymorphisms in other mtDNA haplogroups but never found on the haplogroup H background, were also present. Conclusion This case widens the phenotypic expression of the rare m.4171C>A/MT-ND1 LHON mutation, which may also lead to Leigh-like brainstem lesions, and indicates that the co-occurrence of other ND non-synonymous variants, found outside of their usual mtDNA backgrounds, may have increased the pathogenic potential of the primary LHON mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara La Morgia
- UOC Clinica Neurologica, IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Ospedale Bellaria, Bologna, Italy.
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Recent mitochondrial DNA mutations increase the risk of developing common late-onset human diseases. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004369. [PMID: 24852434 PMCID: PMC4031051 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is highly polymorphic at the population level, and specific mtDNA variants affect mitochondrial function. With emerging evidence that mitochondrial mechanisms are central to common human diseases, it is plausible that mtDNA variants contribute to the “missing heritability” of several complex traits. Given the central role of mtDNA genes in oxidative phosphorylation, the same genetic variants would be expected to alter the risk of developing several different disorders, but this has not been shown to date. Here we studied 38,638 individuals with 11 major diseases, and 17,483 healthy controls. Imputing missing variants from 7,729 complete mitochondrial genomes, we captured 40.41% of European mtDNA variation. We show that mtDNA variants modifying the risk of developing one disease also modify the risk of developing other diseases, thus providing independent replication of a disease association in different case and control cohorts. High-risk alleles were more common than protective alleles, indicating that mtDNA is not at equilibrium in the human population, and that recent mutations interact with nuclear loci to modify the risk of developing multiple common diseases. There is a growing body of evidence indicating that mitochondrial dysfunction, a result of genetic variation in the mitochondrial genome, is a critical component in the aetiology of a number of complex traits. Here, we take advantage of recent technical and methodological advances to examine the role of common mitochondrial DNA variants in several complex diseases. By examining over 50,000 individuals, from 11 different diseases we show that mitochondrial DNA variants can both increase or decrease an individual's risk of disease, replicating and expanding upon several previously reported studies. Moreover, by analysing several large disease groups in tandem, we are able to show a commonality of association, with the same mitochondrial DNA variants associated with several distinct disease phenotypes. These shared genetic associations implicate a shared underlying functional effect, likely changing cellular energy, which manifests as distinct phenotypes. Our study confirms the important role that mitochondrial DNA variation plays on complex traits and additionally supports the utility of a GWAS-based approach for analysing mitochondrial genetics.
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Cytoplasmic hybrid (cybrid) cell lines as a practical model for mitochondriopathies. Redox Biol 2014; 2:619-31. [PMID: 25460729 PMCID: PMC4297942 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2014.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytoplasmic hybrid (cybrid) cell lines can incorporate human subject mitochondria and perpetuate its mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)-encoded components. Since the nuclear background of different cybrid lines can be kept constant, this technique allows investigators to study the influence of mtDNA on cell function. Prior use of cybrids has elucidated the contribution of mtDNA to a variety of biochemical parameters, including electron transport chain activities, bioenergetic fluxes, and free radical production. While the interpretation of data generated from cybrid cell lines has technical limitations, cybrids have contributed valuable insight into the relationship between mtDNA and phenotype alterations. This review discusses the creation of the cybrid technique and subsequent data obtained from cybrid applications. The cytoplasmic hybrid (cybrid) model can be used to determine mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) contributions to phenotypic alterations. Cybrids are used to study mitochondriopathies such as Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease. mtDNA heteroplasmy threshold and nuclear DNA-mtDNA compatibility can be determined using cybrid models.
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67
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Yu-Wai-Man P, Votruba M, Moore AT, Chinnery PF. Treatment strategies for inherited optic neuropathies: past, present and future. Eye (Lond) 2014; 28:521-37. [PMID: 24603424 PMCID: PMC4017118 DOI: 10.1038/eye.2014.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bilateral visual loss secondary to inherited optic neuropathies is an important cause of registrable blindness among children and young adults. The two prototypal disorders seen in clinical practice are Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and autosomal dominant optic atrophy (DOA). About 90% of LHON cases are due to one of three mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) point mutations: m.3460G>A, m.11778G>A, and m.14484T>C, which affect critical complex I subunits of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. The majority of patients with DOA harbour pathogenic mutations within OPA1, a nuclear gene that codes for a multifunctional inner mitochondrial membrane protein. Despite their contrasting genetic basis, LHON and DOA share overlapping pathological and clinical features that serve to highlight the striking tissue-specific vulnerability of the retinal ganglion cell (RGC) layer to disturbed mitochondrial function. In addition to severe visual loss secondary to progressive optic nerve degeneration, a subgroup of patients will also develop a more aggressive syndromic phenotype marked by significant neurological deficits. The management of LHON and DOA remains largely supportive, but major advances in our understanding of the mechanisms underpinning RGC loss in these two disorders are paving the way for novel forms of treatment aimed at halting or reversing visual deterioration at different stages of the disease process. In addition to neuroprotective strategies for rescuing RGCs from irreversible cell death, innovative in vitro fertilisation techniques are providing the tantalising prospect of preventing the germline transmission of pathogenic mtDNA mutations, eradicating in so doing the risk of disease in future generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Yu-Wai-Man
- 1] Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK [2] Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK [3] Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK [4] NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
| | - M Votruba
- 1] School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK [2] Cardiff Eye Unit, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - A T Moore
- 1] Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK [2] NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
| | - P F Chinnery
- 1] Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK [2] Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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68
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Kenney MC, Chwa M, Atilano SR, Falatoonzadeh P, Ramirez C, Malik D, Tarek M, Del Carpio JC, Nesburn AB, Boyer DS, Kuppermann BD, Vawter MP, Jazwinski SM, Miceli MV, Wallace DC, Udar N. Molecular and bioenergetic differences between cells with African versus European inherited mitochondrial DNA haplogroups: implications for population susceptibility to diseases. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2014; 1842:208-19. [PMID: 24200652 PMCID: PMC4326177 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The geographic origins of populations can be identified by their maternally inherited mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups. This study compared human cybrids (cytoplasmic hybrids), which are cell lines with identical nuclei but mitochondria from different individuals with mtDNA from either the H haplogroup or L haplogroup backgrounds. The most common European haplogroup is H while individuals of maternal African origin are of the L haplogroup. Despite lower mtDNA copy numbers, L cybrids had higher expression levels for nine mtDNA-encoded respiratory complex genes, decreased ATP (adenosine triphosphate) turnover rates and lower levels of reactive oxygen species production, parameters which are consistent with more efficient oxidative phosphorylation. Surprisingly, GeneChip arrays showed that the L and H cybrids had major differences in expression of genes of the canonical complement system (5 genes), dermatan/chondroitin sulfate biosynthesis (5 genes) and CCR3 (chemokine, CC motif, receptor 3) signaling (9 genes). Quantitative nuclear gene expression studies confirmed that L cybrids had (a) lower expression levels of complement pathway and innate immunity genes and (b) increased levels of inflammation-related signaling genes, which are critical in human diseases. Our data support the hypothesis that mtDNA haplogroups representing populations from different geographic origins may play a role in differential susceptibilities to diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cristina Kenney
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, Univ. of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Univ. of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
| | - Marilyn Chwa
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, Univ. of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Shari R Atilano
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, Univ. of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | | | - Claudio Ramirez
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, Univ. of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Deepika Malik
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, Univ. of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Mohamed Tarek
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, Univ. of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | | | - Anthony B Nesburn
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, Univ. of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - David S Boyer
- Retina-Vitreous Associates Medical Group, Beverly Hills, CA, USA
| | | | - Marquis P Vawter
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Univ. of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | | | - Michael V Miceli
- Tulane Center for Aging, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | | | - Nitin Udar
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, Univ. of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
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69
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Giordano C, Iommarini L, Giordano L, Maresca A, Pisano A, Valentino ML, Caporali L, Liguori R, Deceglie S, Roberti M, Fanelli F, Fracasso F, Ross-Cisneros FN, D’Adamo P, Hudson G, Pyle A, Yu-Wai-Man P, Chinnery PF, Zeviani M, Salomao SR, Berezovsky A, Belfort R, Ventura DF, Moraes M, Moraes Filho M, Barboni P, Sadun F, De Negri A, Sadun AA, Tancredi A, Mancini M, d’Amati G, Loguercio Polosa P, Cantatore P, Carelli V. Efficient mitochondrial biogenesis drives incomplete penetrance in Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy. Brain 2014; 137:335-53. [PMID: 24369379 PMCID: PMC3914475 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awt343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2013] [Revised: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy is a maternally inherited blinding disease caused as a result of homoplasmic point mutations in complex I subunit genes of mitochondrial DNA. It is characterized by incomplete penetrance, as only some mutation carriers become affected. Thus, the mitochondrial DNA mutation is necessary but not sufficient to cause optic neuropathy. Environmental triggers and genetic modifying factors have been considered to explain its variable penetrance. We measured the mitochondrial DNA copy number and mitochondrial mass indicators in blood cells from affected and carrier individuals, screening three large pedigrees and 39 independently collected smaller families with Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy, as well as muscle biopsies and cells isolated by laser capturing from post-mortem specimens of retina and optic nerves, the latter being the disease targets. We show that unaffected mutation carriers have a significantly higher mitochondrial DNA copy number and mitochondrial mass compared with their affected relatives and control individuals. Comparative studies of fibroblasts from affected, carriers and controls, under different paradigms of metabolic demand, show that carriers display the highest capacity for activating mitochondrial biogenesis. Therefore we postulate that the increased mitochondrial biogenesis in carriers may overcome some of the pathogenic effect of mitochondrial DNA mutations. Screening of a few selected genetic variants in candidate genes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis failed to reveal any significant association. Our study provides a valuable mechanism to explain variability of penetrance in Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy and clues for high throughput genetic screening to identify the nuclear modifying gene(s), opening an avenue to develop predictive genetic tests on disease risk and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Giordano
- 1 Department of Radiology, Oncology and Pathology, Sapienza, University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Luisa Iommarini
- 2 Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Luca Giordano
- 3 Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Alessandra Maresca
- 2 Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- 4 IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Annalinda Pisano
- 1 Department of Radiology, Oncology and Pathology, Sapienza, University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Lucia Valentino
- 2 Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- 4 IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Leonardo Caporali
- 2 Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- 4 IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Rocco Liguori
- 2 Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- 4 IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefania Deceglie
- 3 Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Marina Roberti
- 3 Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Francesca Fanelli
- 3 Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Flavio Fracasso
- 3 Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Fred N. Ross-Cisneros
- 5 Departments of Ophthalmology and Neurosurgery, Keck School of Medicine at USC, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Pio D’Adamo
- 6 Medical Genetics, Department of Reproductive Sciences, Development and Public Health
- 7 IRCCS-Burlo Garofolo Children Hospital, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Gavin Hudson
- 8 Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Angela Pyle
- 8 Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Patrick Yu-Wai-Man
- 8 Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Patrick F. Chinnery
- 8 Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Massimo Zeviani
- 9 Unit of Molecular Neurogenetics, Fondazione Istituto Neurologico “Carlo Besta” - IRCCS, Milano, Italy
- 10 MRC-Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Cambridge, UK
| | - Solange R. Salomao
- 11 Department of Ophthalmology, Federal University of Sao Paulo – UNIFESP, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adriana Berezovsky
- 11 Department of Ophthalmology, Federal University of Sao Paulo – UNIFESP, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rubens Belfort
- 11 Department of Ophthalmology, Federal University of Sao Paulo – UNIFESP, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dora Fix Ventura
- 12 Department of Experimental Psychology, Institute of Psychology, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Milton Moraes
- 11 Department of Ophthalmology, Federal University of Sao Paulo – UNIFESP, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Milton Moraes Filho
- 11 Department of Ophthalmology, Federal University of Sao Paulo – UNIFESP, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Alfredo A. Sadun
- 5 Departments of Ophthalmology and Neurosurgery, Keck School of Medicine at USC, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Andrea Tancredi
- 16 Dipartimento di Metodi e Modelli per l’Economia la Finanza e il Territorio, Sapienza, Università di Roma, Roma, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Mancini
- 1 Department of Radiology, Oncology and Pathology, Sapienza, University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- 17 Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza, University of Rome
| | - Giulia d’Amati
- 1 Department of Radiology, Oncology and Pathology, Sapienza, University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Loguercio Polosa
- 3 Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Palmiro Cantatore
- 3 Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Valerio Carelli
- 2 Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- 4 IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy
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Riley LG, Menezes MJ, Rudinger-Thirion J, Duff R, de Lonlay P, Rotig A, Tchan MC, Davis M, Cooper ST, Christodoulou J. Phenotypic variability and identification of novel YARS2 mutations in YARS2 mitochondrial myopathy, lactic acidosis and sideroblastic anaemia. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2013; 8:193. [PMID: 24344687 PMCID: PMC3878580 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1172-8-193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mutations in the mitochondrial tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase (YARS2) gene have previously been identified as a cause of the tissue specific mitochondrial respiratory chain (RC) disorder, Myopathy, Lactic Acidosis, Sideroblastic Anaemia (MLASA). In this study, a cohort of patients with a mitochondrial RC disorder for who anaemia was a feature, were screened for mutations in YARS2. Methods Twelve patients were screened for YARS2 mutations by Sanger sequencing. Clinical data were compared. Functional assays were performed to confirm the pathogenicity of the novel mutations and to investigate tissue specific effects. Results PathogenicYARS2 mutations were identified in three of twelve patients screened. Two patients were found to be homozygous for the previously reported p.Phe52Leu mutation, one severely and one mildly affected. These patients had different mtDNA haplogroups which may contribute to the observed phenotypic variability. A mildly affected patient was a compound heterozygote for two novel YARS2 mutations, p.Gly191Asp and p.Arg360X. The p.Gly191Asp mutation resulted in a 38-fold loss in YARS2 catalytic efficiency and the p.Arg360X mutation did not produce a stable protein. The p.Phe52Leu and p.Gly191Asp/p.Arg360X mutations resulted in more severe RC deficiency of complexes I, III and IV in muscle cells compared to fibroblasts, but had relatively normal YARS2 protein levels. The muscle-specific RC deficiency can be related to the increased requirement for RC complexes in muscle. There was also a failure of mtDNA proliferation upon myogenesis in patient cells which may compound the RC defect. Patient muscle had increased levels of PGC1-α and TFAM suggesting mitochondrial biogenesis was activated as a potential compensatory mechanism. Conclusion In this study we have identified novel YARS2 mutations and noted marked phenotypic variability among YARS2 MLASA patients, with phenotypes ranging from mild to lethal, and we suggest that the background mtDNA haplotype may be contributing to the phenotypic variability. These findings have implications for diagnosis and prognostication of the MLASA and related phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - John Christodoulou
- Genetic Metabolic Disorders Research Unit, Kids Research Institute, Children's Hospital at Westmead 2145, Sydney, Australia.
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71
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Horan MP, Cooper DN. The emergence of the mitochondrial genome as a partial regulator of nuclear function is providing new insights into the genetic mechanisms underlying age-related complex disease. Hum Genet 2013; 133:435-58. [DOI: 10.1007/s00439-013-1402-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Llobet L, Gómez-Durán A, Iceta R, Iglesias E, Montoya J, Martín-Martínez J, Ara JR, Ruiz-Pesini E. Stressed cybrids model demyelinated axons in multiple sclerosis. Metab Brain Dis 2013; 28:639-45. [PMID: 23612782 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-013-9410-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is likely caused by a complex interaction of multiple genes and environmental factors. The contribution of mitochondrial DNA genetic backgrounds has been frequently reported. To evaluate the effect of mitochondrial DNA haplogroups in the same genetic and environmental circumstances, we have built human transmitochondrial cell lines and simulated the effect of axon demyelination, one of the hallmarks of multiple sclerosis pathology, by altering the ionic gradients through the plasmalemma and increasing ATP consumption. In this model, mitochondrial biogenesis is observed. This process is larger in Uk cybrids, which mirrors their lower oxidative phosphorylation capacity in basal conditions. This model replicates a process occurring in both patients suffering from multiple sclerosis and several animal models of axon demyelination. Therefore, it can be used to analyze the contribution of various mitochondrial DNA genotypes to multiple sclerosis. In this sense, a longer or stronger energy stress, such as that associated with demyelinated axons in multiple sclerosis, could make Uk individuals more susceptible to this pathology. Finally, pharmacologic compounds targeted to mitochondrial biogenesis could be a potential therapy for multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Llobet
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Celular, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas En Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
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73
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Moreno-Loshuertos R, Pérez-Martos A, Fernández-Silva P, Enríquez JA. Length variation in the mouse mitochondrial tRNA(Arg) DHU loop size promotes oxidative phosphorylation functional differences. FEBS J 2013; 280:4983-98. [PMID: 23910637 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Revised: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The efficiency of the cellular oxidative phosphorylation system was recently shown to be modulated by common mitochondrial tRNA(A) (rg) haplotypes. The molecular mechanism by which some mt-Tr haplotypes induce these functional differences remains undetermined. Common polymorphisms in mouse mt-Tr genes affect the size of the dihydrouridine loop in the mature tRNA, producing loops of between five and seven nucleotides, the largest being a rare variant among mammals. Here, we analyzed a new mt-Tr variant identified in C3H mice, and found that it is mitochondrial tRNA loop size, but not the specific sequence, that is responsible for the observed differences in cellular respiration. We further found that the sensitivity of mitochondrial protein synthesis to specific inhibitors is dependent on the mt-Tr gene haplotype, and confirmed that the differences in oxidative phosphorylation performance are masked by a reactive oxygen species-induced compensatory increase in mitochondrial biogenesis.
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74
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Maresca A, la Morgia C, Caporali L, Valentino ML, Carelli V. The optic nerve: a "mito-window" on mitochondrial neurodegeneration. Mol Cell Neurosci 2013; 55:62-76. [PMID: 22960139 PMCID: PMC3629569 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2012.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Revised: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) project their long axons, composing the optic nerve, to the brain, transmitting the visual information gathered by the retina, ultimately leading to formed vision in the visual cortex. The RGC cellular system, representing the anterior part of the visual pathway, is vulnerable to mitochondrial dysfunction and optic atrophy is a very frequent feature of mitochondrial and neurodegenerative diseases. The start of the molecular era of mitochondrial medicine, the year 1988, was marked by the identification of a maternally inherited form of optic atrophy, Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy, as the first disease due to mitochondrial DNA point mutations. The field of mitochondrial medicine has expanded enormously over the last two decades and many neurodegenerative diseases are now known to have a primary mitochondrial etiology or mitochondrial dysfunction plays a relevant role in their pathogenic mechanism. Recent technical advancements in neuro-ophthalmology, such as optical coherence tomography, prompted a still ongoing systematic re-investigation of retinal and optic nerve involvement in neurodegenerative disorders. In addition to inherited optic neuropathies, such as Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy and dominant optic atrophy, and in addition to the syndromic mitochondrial encephalomyopathies or mitochondrial neurodegenerative disorders such as some spinocerebellar ataxias or familial spastic paraparesis and other disorders, we draw attention to the involvement of the optic nerve in classic age-related neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson and Alzheimer disease. We here provide an overview of optic nerve pathology in these different clinical settings, and we review the possible mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of optic atrophy. This may be a model of general value for the field of neurodegeneration. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Mitochondrial function and dysfunction in neurodegeneration'.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Valerio Carelli
- Corresponding author at: IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Ugo Foscolo 7, 40123 Bologna, Italy. Fax: + 39 051 2092751.
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Mitochondrial disorders: aetiologies, models systems, and candidate therapies. Trends Genet 2013; 29:488-97. [PMID: 23756086 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2013.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Revised: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
It has become evident that many human disorders are characterised by mitochondrial dysfunction either at a primary level, due to mutations in genes whose encoded products are involved in oxidative phosphorylation, or at a secondary level, due to the accumulation of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations. This has prompted keen interest in the development of cell and animal models and in exploring innovative therapeutic strategies to modulate the mitochondrial deficiencies observed in these diseases. Key advances in these areas are outlined in this review, with a focus on Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON). This exciting field is set to grow exponentially and yield many candidate therapies to treat this class of disease.
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Kenney MC, Hertzog D, Chak G, Atilano SR, Khatibi N, Soe K, Nobe A, Yang E, Chwa M, Zhu F, Memarzadeh M, King J, Langberg J, Small K, Nesburn AB, Boyer DS, Udar N. Mitochondrial DNA haplogroups confer differences in risk for age-related macular degeneration: a case control study. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2013; 14:4. [PMID: 23302509 PMCID: PMC3566905 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-14-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of vision loss in elderly, Caucasian populations. There is strong evidence that mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress play a role in the cell death found in AMD retinas. The purpose of this study was to examine the association of the Caucasian mitochondrial JTU haplogroup cluster with AMD. We also assessed for gender bias and additive risk with known high risk nuclear gene SNPs, ARMS2/LOC387715 (G > T; Ala69Ser, rs10490924) and CFH (T > C; Try402His, rs1061170). METHODS Total DNA was isolated from 162 AMD subjects and 164 age-matched control subjects located in Los Angeles, California, USA. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction enzyme digestion were used to identify the J, U, T, and H mitochondrial haplogroups and the ARMS2-rs10490924 and CFH-rs1061170 SNPs. PCR amplified products were sequenced to verify the nucleotide substitutions for the haplogroups and ARMS2 gene. RESULTS The JTU haplogroup cluster occurred in 34% (55/162) of AMD subjects versus 15% (24/164) of normal (OR = 2.99; p = 0.0001). This association was slightly greater in males (OR = 3.98, p = 0.005) than the female population (OR = 3.02, p = 0.001). Assuming a dominant effect, the risk alleles for the ARMS2 (rs10490924; p = 0.00001) and CFH (rs1061170; p = 0.027) SNPs were significantly associated with total AMD populations. We found there was no additive risk for the ARMS2 (rs10490924) or CFH (rs1061170) SNPs on the JTU haplogroup background. CONCLUSIONS There is a strong association of the JTU haplogroup cluster with AMD. In our Southern California population, the ARMS2 (rs10490924) and CFH (rs1061170) genes were significantly but independently associated with AMD. SNPs defining the JTU mitochondrial haplogroup cluster may change the retinal bioenergetics and play a significant role in the pathogenesis of AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cristina Kenney
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, Univeresity of California Irvine, Hewitt Hall, Room 2028, 843 Health Science Rd, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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Pacheu-Grau D, Gomez-Duran A, Iglesias E, Lopez-Gallardo E, Montoya J, Ruiz-Pesini E. Mitochondrial antibiograms in personalized medicine. Hum Mol Genet 2012; 22:1132-9. [DOI: 10.1093/hmg/dds517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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