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Petkau TL, Kosior N, de Asis K, Connolly C, Leavitt BR. Selective depletion of microglial progranulin in mice is not sufficient to cause neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis or neuroinflammation. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:225. [PMID: 29149899 PMCID: PMC5693502 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-1000-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Progranulin deficiency due to heterozygous null mutations in the GRN gene are a common cause of familial frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD), while homozygous loss-of-function GRN mutations are thought to be a rare cause of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL). Aged progranulin-knockout (Grn-null) mice display highly exaggerated lipofuscinosis, microgliosis, and astrogliosis, as well as mild cell loss in specific brain regions. In the brain, progranulin is predominantly expressed in neurons and microglia, and previously, we demonstrated that neuronal-specific depletion of progranulin does not recapitulate the neuropathological phenotype of Grn-null mice. In this study, we evaluated whether selective depletion of progranulin expression in myeloid-lineage cells, including microglia, causes NCL-like neuropathology or neuroinflammation in mice. Methods We generated mice with progranulin depleted in myeloid-lineage cells by crossing mice homozygous for a floxed progranulin allele to mice expressing Cre recombinase under control of the LyzM promotor (Lyz-cKO). Results Progranulin expression was reduced by approximately 50–70% in isolated microglia compared to WT levels. Lyz-cKO mice aged to 12 months did not display any increase in lipofuscin deposition, microgliosis, or astrogliosis in the four brain regions examined, though increases were observed for many of these measures in Grn-null animals. To evaluate the functional effect of reduced progranulin expression in isolated microglia, primary cultures were stimulated with controlled standard endotoxin and cytokine release was measured. While Grn-null microglia display a hyper-inflammatory phenotype, Lyz-cKO and WT microglia secreted similar levels of inflammatory cytokines. Conclusion We conclude that progranulin expression from either microglia or neurons is sufficient to prevent the development of NCL-like neuropathology in mice. Furthermore, microglia that are deficient for progranulin expression but isolated from a progranulin-rich environment have a normal inflammatory profile. Our results suggest that progranulin acts, at least partly, in a non-cell autonomous manner in the brain. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12974-017-1000-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terri L Petkau
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, and Children's and Women's Hospital, 980 West 28th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Natalia Kosior
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, and Children's and Women's Hospital, 980 West 28th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Kathleen de Asis
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, and Children's and Women's Hospital, 980 West 28th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Colúm Connolly
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, and Children's and Women's Hospital, 980 West 28th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Blair R Leavitt
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, and Children's and Women's Hospital, 980 West 28th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada. .,Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia Hospital, S 192 - 2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2B5, Canada. .,Brain Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
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Cárcel-Trullols J, Kovács AD, Pearce DA. Role of the Lysosomal Membrane Protein, CLN3, in the Regulation of Cathepsin D Activity. J Cell Biochem 2017; 118:3883-3890. [PMID: 28390177 PMCID: PMC5603378 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Among Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinoses (NCLs), which are childhood fatal neurodegenerative disorders, the juvenile onset form (JNCL) is the most common. JNCL is caused by recessive mutations in the CLN3 gene. CLN3 encodes a lysosomal/endosomal transmembrane protein but its precise function is not completely known. We have previously reported that in baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells stably expressing myc-tagged human CLN3 (myc-CLN3), hyperosmotic conditions drastically increased myc-CLN3 mRNA and protein expression. In the present study, we analyzed the consequences of hyperosmolarity, and increased CLN3 expression on cathepsin D (CTSD) activity and prosaposin processing using BHK cells transiently or stably expressing myc-CLN3. We found that hyperosmolarity increased lysotracker staining of lysosomes, and elevated the levels of myc-CLN3 and lysosome-associated membrane protein-1 (LAMP1). Hyperosmolarity, independently of the expression level of myc-CLN3, decreased the levels of PSAP and saposin D, which are protein cofactors in sphingolipid metabolism. The lysosomal enzyme cathepsin D (CTSD) mediates the proteolytic cleavage of PSAP precursor into saposins A-D. Myc-CLN3 colocalized with CTSD and activity of CTSD decreased as myc-CLN3 expression increased, and clearly decreased under hyperosmotic conditions. Nevertheless, levels of CTSD measured by Western blotting were not altered under any studied condition. Our results suggest a direct involvement of CLN3 in the regulation of CTSD activity. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 3883-3890, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Cárcel-Trullols
- Sanford Children’s Health Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, 57104 USA
| | - Attila D. Kovács
- Sanford Children’s Health Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, 57104 USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota Sioux Falls, South Dakota, 57104 USA
| | - David A. Pearce
- Sanford Children’s Health Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, 57104 USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota Sioux Falls, South Dakota, 57104 USA
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Nelvagal HR, Cooper JD. Translating preclinical models of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis: progress and prospects. Expert Opin Orphan Drugs 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/21678707.2017.1360182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hemanth R. Nelvagal
- Pediatric Storage Disorders Laboratory, Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan D. Cooper
- Pediatric Storage Disorders Laboratory, Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Torrance, CA, USA
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Lee CW, Stankowski JN, Chew J, Cook CN, Lam YW, Almeida S, Carlomagno Y, Lau KF, Prudencio M, Gao FB, Bogyo M, Dickson DW, Petrucelli L. The lysosomal protein cathepsin L is a progranulin protease. Mol Neurodegener 2017; 12:55. [PMID: 28743268 PMCID: PMC5526245 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-017-0196-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Haploinsufficiency of GRN, the gene encoding progranulin (PGRN), causes frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD), the second most common cause of early-onset dementia. Receptor-mediated lysosomal targeting has been shown to regulate brain PGRN levels, and complete deficiency of PGRN is a direct cause of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL), a lysosomal storage disease. Here we show that the lysosomal cysteine protease cathepsin L (Cat L) can mediate the proteolytic cleavage of intracellular PGRN into poly-granulin and granulin fragments. Further, PGRN and Cat L co-localize in lysosomes of HEK293 cells, iPSC-derived neurons and human cortical neurons from human postmortem tissue. These data identify Cat L as a key intracellular lysosomal PGRN protease, and provides an intriguing new link between lysosomal dysfunction and FTLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris W Lee
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, 32224, USA. .,Present Address: Atlantic Health System, Morristown, NJ, USA. .,Present Address: Biomedical Research Institute of New Jersey, Cedar Knolls, NJ, USA.
| | | | - Jeannie Chew
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, 32224, USA
| | - Casey N Cook
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, 32224, USA
| | - Ying-Wai Lam
- Vermont Genetics Network Proteomics Facility, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.,Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Sandra Almeida
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Yari Carlomagno
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, 32224, USA
| | - Kwok-Fai Lau
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Mercedes Prudencio
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, 32224, USA
| | - Fen-Biao Gao
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Matthew Bogyo
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Dennis W Dickson
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, 32224, USA
| | - Leonard Petrucelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, 32224, USA.
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Yamashita A, Hiraki Y, Yamazaki T. Identification of CLN6 as a molecular entity of endoplasmic reticulum-driven anti-aggregate activity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 487:917-922. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Stumpf M, Müller R, Gaßen B, Wehrstedt R, Fey P, Karow MA, Eichinger L, Glöckner G, Noegel AA. A tripeptidyl peptidase 1 is a binding partner of the Golgi pH regulator (GPHR) in Dictyostelium. Dis Model Mech 2017; 10:897-907. [PMID: 28546289 PMCID: PMC5536908 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.029280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in tripeptidyl peptidase 1 (TPP1) have been associated with late infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL), a neurodegenerative disorder. TPP1 is a lysosomal serine protease, which removes tripeptides from the N-terminus of proteins and is composed of an N-terminal prodomain and a catalytic domain. It is conserved in mammals, amphibians, fish and the amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum. D. discoideum harbors at least six genes encoding TPP1, tpp1A to tpp1F. We identified TPP1F as binding partner of Dictyostelium GPHR (Golgi pH regulator), which is an evolutionarily highly conserved intracellular transmembrane protein. A region encompassing the DUF3735 (GPHR_N) domain of GPHR was responsible for the interaction. In TPP1F, the binding site is located in the prodomain of the protein. The tpp1F gene is transcribed throughout development and translated into a polypeptide of ∼65 kDa. TPP1 activity was demonstrated for TPP1F-GFP immunoprecipitated from D. discoideum cells. Its activity could be inhibited by addition of the recombinant DUF3735 domain of GPHR. Knockout tpp1F mutants did not display any particular phenotype, and TPP1 activity was not abrogated, presumably because tpp1B compensates as it has the highest expression level of all the TPP1 genes during growth. The GPHR interaction was not restricted to TPP1F but occurred also with TPP1B. As previous reports show that the majority of the TPP1 mutations in NCL resulted in reduction or loss of enzyme activity, we suggest that Dicyostelium could be used as a model system in which to test new reagents that could affect the activity of the protein and ameliorate the disease. Summary: Interaction of Dictyostelium tripeptidyl peptidase 1 with GPHR could be relevant for studies of the human enzyme, which is associated with a neurodegenerative disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Stumpf
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Cologne, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 52, Köln 50931, Germany
| | - Rolf Müller
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Cologne, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 52, Köln 50931, Germany
| | - Berthold Gaßen
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Cologne, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 52, Köln 50931, Germany
| | - Regina Wehrstedt
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Cologne, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 52, Köln 50931, Germany
| | - Petra Fey
- Dicty Base, Northwestern University, Biomedical Informatics Center and Center for Genetic Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Malte A Karow
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Cologne, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 52, Köln 50931, Germany
| | - Ludwig Eichinger
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Cologne, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 52, Köln 50931, Germany
| | - Gernot Glöckner
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Cologne, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 52, Köln 50931, Germany
| | - Angelika A Noegel
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Cologne, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 52, Köln 50931, Germany
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Magrinelli F, Pezzini F, Moro F, Santorelli FM, Simonati A. Diagnostic methods and emerging treatments for adult neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (Kufs disease). Expert Opin Orphan Drugs 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/21678707.2017.1325359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Magrinelli
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Francesco Pezzini
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Francesca Moro
- Molecular Medicine and Neurogenetics Unit, IRCCS Stella Maris, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Alessandro Simonati
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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Leinonen H, Keksa-Goldsteine V, Ragauskas S, Kohlmann P, Singh Y, Savchenko E, Puranen J, Malm T, Kalesnykas G, Koistinaho J, Tanila H, Kanninen KM. Retinal Degeneration In A Mouse Model Of CLN5 Disease Is Associated With Compromised Autophagy. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1597. [PMID: 28487519 PMCID: PMC5431647 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01716-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The Finnish variant of late infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (CLN5 disease) belongs to a family of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCLs) diseases. Vision loss is among the first clinical signs in childhood forms of NCLs. Mutations in CLN5 underlie CLN5 disease. The aim of this study was to characterize how the lack of normal functionality of the CLN5 protein affects the mouse retina. Scotopic electroretinography (ERG) showed a diminished c-wave amplitude in the CLN5 deficient mice already at 1 month of age, indicative of pathological events in the retinal pigmented epithelium. A- and b-waves showed progressive impairment later from 2 and 3 months of age onwards, respectively. Structural and immunohistochemical (IHC) analyses showed preferential damage of photoreceptors, accumulation of autofluorescent storage material, apoptosis of photoreceptors, and strong inflammation in the CLN5 deficient mice retinas. Increased levels of autophagy-associated proteins Beclin-1 and P62, and increased LC3b-II/LC3b-I ratio, were detected by Western blotting from whole retinal extracts. Photopic ERG, visual evoked potentials, IHC and cell counting indicated relatively long surviving cone photoreceptors compared to rods. In conclusion, CLN5 deficient mice develop early vision loss that reflects the condition reported in clinical childhood forms of NCLs. The vision loss in CLN5 deficient mice is primarily caused by photoreceptor degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henri Leinonen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
| | - Velta Keksa-Goldsteine
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Philip Kohlmann
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Yajuvinder Singh
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ekaterina Savchenko
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Tarja Malm
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Giedrius Kalesnykas
- Experimentica Ltd., Kuopio, Finland
- Research and Development Centre for Ophthalmic Innovations (SILK), Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Jari Koistinaho
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Heikki Tanila
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Katja M Kanninen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
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Uusi-Rauva K, Blom T, von Schantz-Fant C, Blom T, Jalanko A, Kyttälä A. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Derived from a CLN5 Patient Manifest Phenotypic Characteristics of Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinoses. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E955. [PMID: 28468312 PMCID: PMC5454868 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18050955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs) are autosomal recessive progressive encephalopathies caused by mutations in at least 14 different genes. Despite extensive studies performed in different NCL animal models, the molecular mechanisms underlying neurodegeneration in NCLs remain poorly understood. To model NCL in human cells, we generated induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) by reprogramming skin fibroblasts from a patient with CLN5 (ceroid lipofuscinosis, neuronal, 5) disease, the late infantile variant form of NCL. These CLN5 patient-derived iPSCs (CLN5Y392X iPSCs) harbouring the most common CLN5 mutation, c.1175_1176delAT (p.Tyr392X), were further differentiated into neural lineage cells, the most affected cell type in NCLs. The CLN5Y392X iPSC-derived neural lineage cells showed accumulation of autofluorescent storage material and subunit C of the mitochondrial ATP synthase, both representing the hallmarks of many forms of NCLs, including CLN5 disease. In addition, we detected abnormalities in the intracellular organelles and aberrations in neuronal sphingolipid transportation, verifying the previous findings obtained from Cln5-deficient mouse macrophages. Therefore, patient-derived iPSCs provide a suitable model to study the mechanisms of NCL diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristiina Uusi-Rauva
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Genomics and Biomarkers Unit, P.O. Box 104, 00251 Helsinki, Finland.
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, P.O. Box 63, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Tea Blom
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Genomics and Biomarkers Unit, P.O. Box 104, 00251 Helsinki, Finland.
| | | | - Tomas Blom
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00290 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Anu Jalanko
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Genomics and Biomarkers Unit, P.O. Box 104, 00251 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Aija Kyttälä
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Genomics and Biomarkers Unit, P.O. Box 104, 00251 Helsinki, Finland.
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Olsman E, Veneberg B, van Alfen C, Touwen D. The value of metaphorical reasoning in bioethics: An empirical-ethical study. Nurs Ethics 2017; 26:50-60. [PMID: 28438074 PMCID: PMC7324142 DOI: 10.1177/0969733017703695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background: Metaphors are often used within the context of ethics and healthcare but have hardly been explored in relation to moral reasoning. Objective: To describe a central set of metaphors in one case and to explore their contribution to moral reasoning. Method: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 16 parents of a child suffering from the neurodegenerative disease CLN3. The interviews were recorded, transcribed, and metaphors were analyzed. The researchers wrote memos and discussed about their analyses until they reached consensus. Ethical considerations: Participants gave oral and written consent and their confidentiality and anonymity were respected. Findings: A central set of metaphors referred to the semantic field of the hands and arms and consisted of two central metaphors that existed in a dialectical relationship: grasping versus letting go. Participants used these metaphors to describe their child’s experiences, who had to “let go” of abilities, while “clinging” to structures and the relationship with their parent(s). They also used it to describe their own experiences: participants tried to “grab” the good moments with their child and had to “let go” of their child when (s)he approached death. Participants, in addition, “held” onto caring for their child while being confronted with the necessity to “let go” of this care, leaving it to professional caregivers. Discussion: The ethical analysis of the findings shows that thinking in terms of the dialectical relationship between “grasping” and “letting go” helps professional caregivers to critically think about images of good care for children with CLN3. It also helps them to bear witness to the vulnerable, dependent, and embodied nature of the moral self of children with CLN3 and their parents. Conclusion: Metaphorical reasoning may support the inclusion of marginalized perspectives in moral reasoning. Future studies should further explore the contribution of metaphorical reasoning to moral reasoning in other cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Olsman
- Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands; Academic Medical Center, The Netherlands; Hospice Bardo, The Netherlands
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Marotta D, Tinelli E, Mole SE. NCLs and ER: A stressful relationship. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1863:1273-1281. [PMID: 28390949 PMCID: PMC5479446 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinoses (NCLs, Batten disease) are a group of inherited neurodegenerative disorders with variable age of onset, characterized by the lysosomal accumulation of autofluorescent ceroid lipopigments. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a critical organelle for normal cell function. Alteration of ER homeostasis leads to accumulation of misfolded protein in the ER and to activation of the unfolded protein response. ER stress and the UPR have recently been linked to the NCLs. In this review, we will discuss the evidence for UPR activation in the NCLs, and address its connection to disease pathogenesis. Further understanding of ER-stress response involvement in the NCLs may encourage development of novel therapeutical agents targeting these pathogenic pathways. ER-stress activation has been linked to various neurodegenerative diseases. ER-stress is a common patho-mechanism in four forms of NCL. Pharmacological modulation of UPR could provide new treatment for NCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Marotta
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom; The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, London SM2 5NG, United Kingdom
| | - Elisa Tinelli
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom.
| | - Sara E Mole
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom; Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT; UCL GOS Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom
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Davis LS, Reimold AM. Transcriptional profiling of leukocytes from rheumatoid arthritis patients before and after anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy: A comparison of anti-nuclear antibody positive and negative subsets. Exp Ther Med 2017; 13:2183-2192. [PMID: 28565826 PMCID: PMC5443193 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-nuclear antibodies (ANAs) may be induced in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) receiving anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) therapy with TNF inhibitors (TNFi), etanercept, infliximab or adalimumab. In the present study, 11 patients who were TNFi drug naive were started on TNFi at a time of high disease activity. Of these, all cases were positive for rheumatoid factor and 9 cases tested were positive for anti-citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP) antibodies prior to TNFi treatment. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and serum were collected from all patients before and after TNFi therapy. Serum was assayed for ANAs over time. Total cellular RNA was extracted from PBMCs and assessed using Illumina arrays. Gene expression profiles were examined for alterations in key effector pathways. After 3 or more months on TNFi, 6 patients converted to ANA-positivity. Analysis of transcripts from patients with RA who converted to ANA-positivity after 3 months on TNFi identified complex gene expression profiles that reflected a reduction in cell adhesion, cell stress and lipid metabolism transcripts. In summary, unique transcriptional profiles in PBMCs from patients with RA were observed after TNFi therapy. This pilot study suggests that transcriptional profiling is a precise method of measuring the impact of TNFi therapies and reveals novel pathways that likely influence the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie S Davis
- Rheumatic Diseases Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8884, USA
| | - Andreas M Reimold
- Rheumatic Diseases Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8884, USA.,Rheumatology Section, Dallas VA Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75216, USA
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Wittouck S, van Noort V. Correlated duplications and losses in the evolution of palmitoylation writer and eraser families. BMC Evol Biol 2017; 17:83. [PMID: 28320309 PMCID: PMC5359973 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-017-0932-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Protein post-translational modifications (PTMs) change protein properties. Each PTM type is associated with domain families that apply the modification (writers), remove the modification (erasers) and bind to the modified sites (readers) together called toolkit domains. The evolutionary origin and diversification remains largely understudied, except for tyrosine phosphorylation. Protein palmitoylation entails the addition of a palmitoyl fatty acid to a cysteine residue. This PTM functions as a membrane anchor and is involved in a range of cellular processes. One writer family and two erasers families are known for protein palmitoylation. Results In this work we unravel the evolutionary history of these writer and eraser families. We constructed a high-quality profile hidden Markov model (HMM) of each family, searched for protein family members in fully sequenced genomes and subsequently constructed phylogenetic distributions of the families. We constructed Maximum Likelihood phylogenetic trees and using gene tree rearrangement and tree reconciliation inferred their evolutionary histories in terms of duplication and loss events. We identified lineages where the families expanded or contracted and found that the evolutionary histories of the families are correlated. The results show that the erasers were invented first, before the origin of the eukaryotes. The writers first arose in the eukaryotic ancestor. The writers and erasers show co-expansions in several eukaryotic ancestral lineages. These expansions often seem to be followed by contractions in some or all of the lineages further in evolution. Conclusions A general pattern of correlated evolution appears between writer and eraser domains. These co-evolution patterns could be used in new methods for interaction prediction based on phylogenies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12862-017-0932-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stijn Wittouck
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Vera van Noort
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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64
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Exome sequencing identifies a novel homozygous CLN8 mutation in a Turkish family with Northern epilepsy. Acta Neurol Belg 2017; 117:159-167. [PMID: 27844444 DOI: 10.1007/s13760-016-0721-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL), one of the most common neurodegenerative childhood-onset disorders, is characterized by autosomal-recessive inheritance, epileptic seizures, progressive psychomotor deterioration, visual impairment, and premature death. Based on the country of origin of the patients, the clinical features/courses, and the molecular genetics background of the disorder, 14 distinct NCL subtypes have been described to date. CLN8 mutation was first identified in Finnish patients, and the condition was named Northern Epilepsy (NE); however, the severe phenotype of the CLN8 gene was subsequently found outside Finland and named 'variant late-infantile' NCL. In this study, five patients and their six healthy relatives from a large Turkish consanguineous family were enrolled. The study involved detailed clinical, radiological and molecular genetic evaluations. Whole-exome sequencing and homozygosity mapping revealed a novel homozygous CLN8 mutation, c.677T>C (p.Leu226Pro). We defined NE cases in Turkey, caused by a novel mutation in CLN8. WES can be an important diagnostic method in rare cases with atypical courses.
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Progranulin and Its Related MicroRNAs after Status Epilepticus: Possible Mechanisms of Neuroprotection. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18030490. [PMID: 28245590 PMCID: PMC5372506 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18030490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The current knowledge about neuroprotective mechanisms in humans after status epilepticus is scarce. One reason is the difficulty to measure possible mediators of these neuroprotective mechanisms. The dawn of microRNA detection in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and the recent advancements in measuring proteins in the CSF such as progranulin, which is, e.g., responsible for neurite outgrowth and limiting exceeding neuroinflammatory responses, have given us new insights into putative neuroprotective mechanisms following status epilepticus. This should complement the animal data. In this review, we cover what is known about the role of progranulin as well as the links between microRNA changes and the progranulin pathway following status epilepticus in humans and animals hypothesizing neuroprotective and neurorehabilitative effects. Progranulin has also been found to feature prominently in the neuroprotective processes under hypoxic conditions and initiating neurorehabilitative processes. These properties may be used therapeutically, e.g., through drugs that raise the progranulin levels and therefore the cerebral progranulin levels as well with the goal of improving the outcome after status epilepticus.
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66
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Stoka V, Turk V, Turk B. Lysosomal cathepsins and their regulation in aging and neurodegeneration. Ageing Res Rev 2016; 32:22-37. [PMID: 27125852 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2016.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lysosomes and lysosomal hydrolases, including the cathepsins, have been shown to change their properties with aging brain a long time ago, although their function was not really understood. The first biochemical and clinical studies were followed by a major expansion in the last 20 years with the development of animal disease models and new approaches leading to a major advancement of understanding of the role of physiological and degenerative processes in the brain at the molecular level. This includes the understanding of the major role of autophagy and the cathepsins in a number of diseases, including its critical role in the neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis. Similarly, cathepsins and some other lysosomal proteases were shown to have important roles in processing and/or degradation of several important neuronal proteins, thereby having either neuroprotective or harmful roles. In this review, we discuss lysosomal cathepsins and their regulation with the focus on cysteine cathepsins and their endogenous inhibitors, as well as their role in several neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Stoka
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, J. Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, Sl-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; J. Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova 39, Sl-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Vito Turk
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, J. Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, Sl-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; J. Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova 39, Sl-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Boris Turk
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, J. Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, Sl-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Centre of Excellence for Integrated Approaches in Chemistry and Biology of Proteins, Jamova 39, Sl-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, Sl-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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67
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Albert DV, Yin H, De Los Reyes EC, Vidaurre J. Unique Characteristics of the Photoparoxysmal Response in Patients With Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis Type 2: Can EEG Be a Biomarker? J Child Neurol 2016; 31:1475-1482. [PMID: 27445018 DOI: 10.1177/0883073816658659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective was to identify unique features of the photoparoxysmal response seen in patients with neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis type 2 as compared to patients with a photoparoxysmal response associated with other epilepsy syndromes. METHODS Electroencephalograms from patients with neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis type 2 seen at the authors' institution in the past 10 years as well as electroencephalograms (EEGs) reported to have a photoparoxysmal response during a single year were reviewed. RESULTS A photoparoxysmal response was seen in 60% of the patients with neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis type 2. This was most commonly seen with low frequency intermittent photic stimulation (76%) which often occurred in a time-locked fashion (63%) and was seen on the patient's initial EEG (78%). A unique pattern the authors called "sentinel" discharge was identified in 30% of EEGs in patients with neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis. CONCLUSIONS Photoparoxysmal responses in patients with neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis type 2 have features which are distinguishing from photoparoxysmal responses seen in other epilepsies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dara V Albert
- Nationwide Children's Hospital/Ohio State University, Division of Pediatric Neurology, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Han Yin
- Biostatistics Core of Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Emily C De Los Reyes
- Nationwide Children's Hospital/Ohio State University, Division of Pediatric Neurology, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jorge Vidaurre
- Nationwide Children's Hospital/Ohio State University, Division of Pediatric Neurology, Columbus, OH, USA
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68
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Oetjen S, Kuhl D, Hermey G. Revisiting the neuronal localization and trafficking of CLN3 in juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis. J Neurochem 2016; 139:456-470. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Oetjen
- Institute for Molecular and Cellular Cognition; Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg; University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Hamburg Germany
| | - Dietmar Kuhl
- Institute for Molecular and Cellular Cognition; Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg; University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Hamburg Germany
| | - Guido Hermey
- Institute for Molecular and Cellular Cognition; Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg; University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Hamburg Germany
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69
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Preising MN, Abura M, Jäger M, Wassill KH, Lorenz B. Ocular morphology and function in juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (CLN3) in the first decade of life. Ophthalmic Genet 2016; 38:252-259. [DOI: 10.1080/13816810.2016.1210651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Markus N. Preising
- Department of Ophthalmology, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Michaela Abura
- Department of Ophthalmology, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Melanie Jäger
- Department of Ophthalmology, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Klaus-Heiko Wassill
- Department of Ophthalmology, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Birgit Lorenz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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70
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Wegner MS, Schiffmann S, Parnham MJ, Geisslinger G, Grösch S. The enigma of ceramide synthase regulation in mammalian cells. Prog Lipid Res 2016; 63:93-119. [PMID: 27180613 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2016.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Ceramide synthases (CerS) are key enzymes in the lipid metabolism of eukaryotic cells. Their products, ceramides (Cer), are components of cellular membranes but also mediate signaling functions in physiological processes such as proliferation, skin barrier function and cerebellar development. In pathophysiological processes such as multiple sclerosis and tumor progression, ceramide levels are altered, which can be ascribed, partly, to dysregulation of CerS gene transcription. Most publications deal with the effects of altered ceramide levels on physiological and pathophysiological processes, but the regulation of the appropriate CerS is frequently not investigated. This is insufficient for the clarification of the role of ceramides, because most ceramide species are generated by at least two CerS. The mechanisms of CerS regulation are manifold and it seems that each CerS isoform is regulated individually. For this reason, we discuss the different CerS separately in this review. From transcriptional regulation to alteration of protein activity, the possibilities to influence CerS are diverse. Furthermore, CerS are influenced by a variety of molecules including hormones and lipids. Without claiming completeness, we provide a résumé of the regulatory mechanisms for each CerS in mammalian cells and how dysregulation of these mechanisms during physiological processes may lead to pathophysiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marthe-Susanna Wegner
- pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Johann- Wolfgang Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Susanne Schiffmann
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Project Group Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (TMP), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Michael John Parnham
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Project Group Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (TMP), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Gerd Geisslinger
- pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Johann- Wolfgang Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sabine Grösch
- pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Johann- Wolfgang Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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71
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Di Fruscio G, Schulz A, De Cegli R, Savarese M, Mutarelli M, Parenti G, Banfi S, Braulke T, Nigro V, Ballabio A. Lysoplex: An efficient toolkit to detect DNA sequence variations in the autophagy-lysosomal pathway. Autophagy 2016; 11:928-38. [PMID: 26075876 PMCID: PMC4502703 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2015.1043077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The autophagy-lysosomal pathway (ALP) regulates cell homeostasis and plays a crucial role in human diseases, such as lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs) and common neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, the identification of DNA sequence variations in genes involved in this pathway and their association with human diseases would have a significant impact on health. To this aim, we developed Lysoplex, a targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS) approach, which allowed us to obtain a uniform and accurate coding sequence coverage of a comprehensive set of 891 genes involved in lysosomal, endocytic, and autophagic pathways. Lysoplex was successfully validated on 14 different types of LSDs and then used to analyze 48 mutation-unknown patients with a clinical phenotype of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL), a genetically heterogeneous subtype of LSD. Lysoplex allowed us to identify pathogenic mutations in 67% of patients, most of whom had been unsuccessfully analyzed by several sequencing approaches. In addition, in 3 patients, we found potential disease-causing variants in novel NCL candidate genes. We then compared the variant detection power of Lysoplex with data derived from public whole exome sequencing (WES) efforts. On average, a 50% higher number of validated amino acid changes and truncating variations per gene were identified. Overall, we identified 61 truncating sequence variations and 488 missense variations with a high probability to cause loss of function in a total of 316 genes. Interestingly, some loss-of-function variations of genes involved in the ALP pathway were found in homozygosity in the normal population, suggesting that their role is not essential. Thus, Lysoplex provided a comprehensive catalog of sequence variants in ALP genes and allows the assessment of their relevance in cell biology as well as their contribution to human disease.
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72
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Onyenwoke RU, Brenman JE. Lysosomal Storage Diseases-Regulating Neurodegeneration. J Exp Neurosci 2016; 9:81-91. [PMID: 27081317 PMCID: PMC4822725 DOI: 10.4137/jen.s25475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a complex pathway regulated by numerous signaling events that recycles macromolecules and can be perturbed in lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs). The concept of LSDs, which are characterized by aberrant, excessive storage of cellular material in lysosomes, developed following the discovery of an enzyme deficiency as the cause of Pompe disease in 1963. Great strides have since been made in better understanding the biology of LSDs. Defective lysosomal storage typically occurs in many cell types, but the nervous system, including the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system, is particularly vulnerable to LSDs, being affected in two-thirds of LSDs. This review provides a summary of some of the better characterized LSDs and the pathways affected in these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rob U Onyenwoke
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise (BRITE), North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jay E Brenman
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.; Neuroscience Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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73
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Katata Y, Uematsu M, Sato H, Suzuki S, Nakayama T, Kubota Y, Kobayashi T, Hino-Fukuyo N, Saitsu H, Kure S. Novel missense mutation in CLN8 in late infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis: The first report of a CLN8 mutation in Japan. Brain Dev 2016; 38:341-5. [PMID: 26443629 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2015.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs) are clinically and genetically heterogeneous neurodegenerative lysosomal diseases. Fourteen distinct NCL subtypes (CLN1-CLN14) are known, and they are caused by mutations in different genes. CLN8 was first identified in Finnish patients, and the phenotype was subsequently found in Turkish, Italian, and Pakistani patients. We report a 6-year-old Japanese boy with NCL with a novel missense mutation in CLN8. At the age of 3years, he manifested frequent drop seizures, and then progressively developed motor difficulties with an ataxic gait, myoclonus, left conjugate deviation, and rotational nystagmus. At age 5, he developed profound visual difficulty and dysphagia, and he has now lost his mobility. A bone marrow examination at age 5 showed sea-blue histiocytes. An electroretinogram was non-recordable. No giant somatosensory evoked potentials were found. Brain magnetic resonance imaging revealed bilateral diffuse hyperintensities in the white matter around the lateral ventricles and cerebellar and pontine atrophy on T2-weighted images. In a lysosomal enzyme study, the palmitoyl-protein-thioesterase and pepinase activity was within normal limits. Whole-exome sequencing revealed a homozygous CLN8 mutation: c.620T>G (p.L207R). His parents were both heterozygous for this mutation. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a CLN8 mutation in late infantile NCL in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Katata
- Department of Pediatrics, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Mitsugu Uematsu
- Department of Pediatrics, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan.
| | - Hiroki Sato
- Department of Pediatrics, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Sato Suzuki
- Department of Pediatrics, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Tojo Nakayama
- Department of Pediatrics, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Yuki Kubota
- Department of Pediatrics, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Tomoko Kobayashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Naomi Hino-Fukuyo
- Department of Pediatrics, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Hirotomo Saitsu
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shigeo Kure
- Department of Pediatrics, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
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74
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Brandenstein L, Schweizer M, Sedlacik J, Fiehler J, Storch S. Lysosomal dysfunction and impaired autophagy in a novel mouse model deficient for the lysosomal membrane protein Cln7. Hum Mol Genet 2016; 25:777-91. [PMID: 26681805 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
CLN7 disease is an autosomal recessive, childhood-onset neurodegenerative lysosomal storage disorder caused by the defective lysosomal membrane protein CLN7. We have disrupted the Cln7/Mfsd8 gene in mice by targeted deletion of exon 2 generating a novel knockout (KO) mouse model for CLN7 disease, which recapitulates key features of human CLN7 disease pathology. Cln7 KO mice showed increased mortality and a neurological phenotype including hind limb clasping and myoclonus. Lysosomal dysfunction in the brain of mutant mice was shown by the storage of autofluorescent lipofuscin-like lipopigments, subunit c of mitochondrial ATP synthase and saposin D and increased expression of lysosomal cathepsins B, D and Z. By immunohistochemical co-stainings, increased cathepsin Z expression restricted to Cln7-deficient microglia and neurons was found. Ultrastructural analyses revealed large storage bodies in Purkinje cells of Cln7 KO mice containing inclusions composed of irregular, curvilinear and rectilinear profiles as well as fingerprint profiles. Generalized astrogliosis and microgliosis in the brain preceded neurodegeneration in the olfactory bulb, cerebral cortex and cerebellum in Cln7 KO mice. Increased levels of LC3-II and the presence of neuronal p62- and ubiquitin-positive protein aggregates suggested that impaired autophagy represents a major pathomechanism in the brain of Cln7 KO mice. The data suggest that loss of the putative lysosomal transporter Cln7 in the brain leads to lysosomal dysfunction, impaired constitutive autophagy and neurodegeneration late in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jan Sedlacik
- Department of Diagnostics and Interventional Neuroradiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, Hamburg 20246, Germany
| | - Jens Fiehler
- Department of Diagnostics and Interventional Neuroradiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, Hamburg 20246, Germany
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Sargeant TJ. Commentary: Possible involvement of lysosomal dysfunction in pathological changes of the brain in aged progranulin-deficient mice. Front Aging Neurosci 2016; 8:11. [PMID: 26869920 PMCID: PMC4737912 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2016.00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Sargeant
- Lysosomal Diseases Research Unit, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute Adelaide, SA, Australia
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76
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Wavre-Shapton ST, Calvi AA, Turmaine M, Seabra MC, Cutler DF, Futter CE, Mitchison HM. Photoreceptor phagosome processing defects and disturbed autophagy in retinal pigment epithelium of Cln3Δex1-6 mice modelling juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (Batten disease). Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:7060-74. [PMID: 26450516 PMCID: PMC4654058 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal degeneration and visual impairment are the first signs of juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis caused by CLN3 mutations, followed by inevitable progression to blindness. We investigated retinal degeneration in Cln3(Δex1-6) null mice, revealing classic 'fingerprint' lysosomal storage in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), replicating the human disease. The lysosomes contain mitochondrial F0-ATP synthase subunit c along with undigested membranes, indicating a reduced degradative capacity. Mature autophagosomes and basal phagolysosomes, the terminal degradative compartments of autophagy and phagocytosis, are also increased in Cln3(Δex1) (-6) RPE, reflecting disruption to these key pathways that underpin the daily phagocytic turnover of photoreceptor outer segments (POS) required for maintenance of vision. The accumulated autophagosomes have post-lysosome fusion morphology, with undigested internal contents visible, while accumulated phagosomes are frequently docked to cathepsin D-positive lysosomes, without mixing of phagosomal and lysosomal contents. This suggests lysosome-processing defects affect both autophagy and phagocytosis, supported by evidence that phagosomes induced in Cln3(Δex1) (-) (6)-derived mouse embryonic fibroblasts have visibly disorganized membranes, unprocessed internal vesicles and membrane contents, in addition to reduced LAMP1 membrane recruitment. We propose that defective lysosomes in Cln3(Δex1) (-) (6) RPE have a reduced degradative capacity that impairs the final steps of the intimately connected autophagic and phagocytic pathways that are responsible for degradation of POS. A build-up of degradative organellar by-products and decreased recycling of cellular materials is likely to disrupt processes vital to maintenance of vision by the RPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silène T Wavre-Shapton
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London EC1V 9EL, UK, Molecular Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Alessandra A Calvi
- Nuclear Dynamics and Architecture, Institute of Medical Biology, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Mark Turmaine
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Division of Biosciences and
| | - Miguel C Seabra
- Molecular Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Daniel F Cutler
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK and MRC Cell Biology Unit, MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, London, UK
| | - Clare E Futter
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London EC1V 9EL, UK,
| | - Hannah M Mitchison
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme and Birth Defects Research Centre, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK,
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77
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Thada V, Miller JN, Kovács AD, Pearce DA. Tissue-specific variation in nonsense mutant transcript level and drug-induced read-through efficiency in the Cln1(R151X) mouse model of INCL. J Cell Mol Med 2015; 20:381-5. [PMID: 26648046 PMCID: PMC4727554 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
About 10% of inherited diseases are caused by nonsense mutations [Trends Mol Med 18 (2012) 688], and nonsense suppression drug therapy promoting translation through premature stop codons is an emerging therapeutic approach. Infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (INCL), a childhood neurodegenerative disease, results from mutations in the CLN1 gene encoding the lysosomal enzyme, palmitoyl-protein thioesterase 1 (PPT1) [Biochim Biophys Acta 1832 (2013) 1806, Hum Mutat (2012) 63, Biochim Biophys Acta 1832 (2013) 1881]. The nonsense mutation p.R151X is the most common disease-causing CLN1 mutation Hum Mutat (2012) 63. In the novel Cln1(R151X) mouse model of INCL, we found large, tissue-specific variations in Cln1(R151X) mRNA level and PPT1 residual enzyme activity. These tissue-specific differences strongly influenced the read-through efficiency of ataluren (PTC124), a well-known nonsense suppression drug. A two-day treatment with ataluren (10 mg/kg) increased PPT1 enzyme activity in the liver and muscle, but not in any other tissue examined. Our study identifies a new challenge/hurdle for read-through drug therapy: variable efficiency of read-through therapy in the different tissues/organs because of tissue-specific variations in nonsense mutant transcript levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaughn Thada
- Department of Biology, Augustana College, Sioux Falls, SD, USA.,Sanford Children's Health Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
| | - Jake N Miller
- Sanford Children's Health Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD, USA.,Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine of the University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, USA
| | - Attila D Kovács
- Sanford Children's Health Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
| | - David A Pearce
- Sanford Children's Health Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Sanford School of Medicine of the University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
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78
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Kinarivala N, Trippier PC. Progress in the Development of Small Molecule Therapeutics for the Treatment of Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinoses (NCLs). J Med Chem 2015; 59:4415-27. [PMID: 26565590 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs) are a group of inherited and incurable neurodegenerative disorders primarily afflicting the pediatric population. Current treatment regimens offer only symptomatic relief and do not target the underlying cause of the disease. Although the underlying pathophysiology that drives disease progression is unknown, several small molecules have been identified with diverse mechanisms of action that provide promise for the treatment of this devastating disease. This review aims to summarize the current cellular and animal models available for the identification of potential therapeutics and presents the current state of knowledge on small molecule compounds that demonstrate in vitro and/or in vivo efficacy across the NCLs with an emphasis on targets of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nihar Kinarivala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center , Amarillo, Texas 79106, United States
| | - Paul C Trippier
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center , Amarillo, Texas 79106, United States.,Center for Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University , Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
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79
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Bosch ME, Kielian T. Neuroinflammatory paradigms in lysosomal storage diseases. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:417. [PMID: 26578874 PMCID: PMC4627351 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs) include approximately 70 distinct disorders that collectively account for 14% of all inherited metabolic diseases. LSDs are caused by mutations in various enzymes/proteins that disrupt lysosomal function, which impairs macromolecule degradation following endosome-lysosome and phagosome-lysosome fusion and autophagy, ultimately disrupting cellular homeostasis. LSDs are pathologically typified by lysosomal inclusions composed of a heterogeneous mixture of various proteins and lipids that can be found throughout the body. However, in many cases the CNS is dramatically affected, which may result from heightened neuronal vulnerability based on their post-mitotic state. Besides intrinsic neuronal defects, another emerging factor common to many LSDs is neuroinflammation, which may negatively impact neuronal survival and contribute to neurodegeneration. Microglial and astrocyte activation is a hallmark of many LSDs that affect the CNS, which often precedes and predicts regions where eventual neuron loss will occur. However, the timing, intensity, and duration of neuroinflammation may ultimately dictate the impact on CNS homeostasis. For example, a transient inflammatory response following CNS insult/injury can be neuroprotective, as glial cells attempt to remove the insult and provide trophic support to neurons. However, chronic inflammation, as seen in several LSDs, can promote neurodegeneration by creating a neurotoxic environment due to elevated levels of cytokines, chemokines, and pro-apoptotic molecules. Although neuroinflammation has been reported in several LSDs, the cellular basis and mechanisms responsible for eliciting neuroinflammatory pathways are just beginning to be defined. This review highlights the role of neuroinflammation in select LSDs and its potential contribution to neuron loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E. Bosch
- Departments of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical CenterOmaha, NE, USA
| | - Tammy Kielian
- Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical CenterOmaha, NE, USA
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80
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De Silva B, Adams J, Lee SY. Proteolytic processing of the neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis related lysosomal protein CLN5. Exp Cell Res 2015; 338:45-53. [PMID: 26342652 PMCID: PMC4589533 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2015.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
CLN5 is a soluble lysosomal glycoprotein. Deficiency in CLN5 protein causes neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis, an inherited neurodegenerative lysosomal storage disorder. The function of CLN5 and how it affects lysosome activity are unclear. We identified two forms of the CLN5 protein present in most of the cell lines studied. The molecular mass difference between these two forms is about 4kDa. The fibroblast cells derived from two CLN5 patients lack both forms. Using transient transfection, we showed one of these two forms is a proprotein and the other is a C-terminal cleaved mature form. Using cycloheximide chase analysis, we were able to demonstrate that the C-terminal processing occurs post-translationally. By treating cells with several pharmaceutical drugs to inhibit proteases, we showed that the C-terminal processing takes place in an acidic compartment and the protease involved is most likely a cysteine protease. This is further supported by overexpression of a CLN5 patient mutant D279N and a glycosylation mutant N401Q, showing that the C-terminal processing takes place beyond the endoplasmic reticulum, and can occur as early as from the trans Golgi network. Furthermore, we demonstrated that CLN5 is expressed in a variety of murine tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhagya De Silva
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics Graduate Group, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Jessie Adams
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Stella Y Lee
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics Graduate Group, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; Molecular, Cellular, Developmental Biology Program, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
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81
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Varga RE, Khundadze M, Damme M, Nietzsche S, Hoffmann B, Stauber T, Koch N, Hennings JC, Franzka P, Huebner AK, Kessels MM, Biskup C, Jentsch TJ, Qualmann B, Braulke T, Kurth I, Beetz C, Hübner CA. In Vivo Evidence for Lysosome Depletion and Impaired Autophagic Clearance in Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia Type SPG11. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005454. [PMID: 26284655 PMCID: PMC4540459 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) is characterized by a dying back degeneration of corticospinal axons which leads to progressive weakness and spasticity of the legs. SPG11 is the most common autosomal-recessive form of HSPs and is caused by mutations in SPG11. A recent in vitro study suggested that Spatacsin, the respective gene product, is needed for the recycling of lysosomes from autolysosomes, a process known as autophagic lysosome reformation. The relevance of this observation for hereditary spastic paraplegia, however, has remained unclear. Here, we report that disruption of Spatacsin in mice indeed causes hereditary spastic paraplegia-like phenotypes with loss of cortical neurons and Purkinje cells. Degenerating neurons accumulate autofluorescent material, which stains for the lysosomal protein Lamp1 and for p62, a marker of substrate destined to be degraded by autophagy, and hence appears to be related to autolysosomes. Supporting a more generalized defect of autophagy, levels of lipidated LC3 are increased in Spatacsin knockout mouse embryonic fibrobasts (MEFs). Though distinct parameters of lysosomal function like processing of cathepsin D and lysosomal pH are preserved, lysosome numbers are reduced in knockout MEFs and the recovery of lysosomes during sustained starvation impaired consistent with a defect of autophagic lysosome reformation. Because lysosomes are reduced in cortical neurons and Purkinje cells in vivo, we propose that the decreased number of lysosomes available for fusion with autophagosomes impairs autolysosomal clearance, results in the accumulation of undegraded material and finally causes death of particularly sensitive neurons like cortical motoneurons and Purkinje cells in knockout mice. Autophagy is a degradative pathway for the removal and subsequent recycling of dysfunctional intracellular components. The material destined for degradation is initially enclosed by a double membrane, the autophagosome. In autolysosomes, which result from fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes, the material is finally broken down. Recent in vitro data suggested that the protein Spatacsin plays a pivotal role in the regeneration of lysosomes from autolysosomes. Spatacsin is encoded by SPG11, the most common gene mutated in autosomal recessive hereditary spastic paraplegia. Here we show that mice devoid of Spatacsin develop symptoms consistent with spastic paraplegia and progressively loose cortical motoneurons and Purkinje cells. In these mice degenerating neurons have a reduced number of lysosomes available for fusion with autophagosomes and consequently accumulate autolysosome-derived material over time. In the long term this causes death of particularly sensitive neurons like cortical motoneurons and Purkinje cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita-Eva Varga
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Mukhran Khundadze
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Markus Damme
- Biochemical Institute, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Sandor Nietzsche
- Electron Microscopy Center, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Birgit Hoffmann
- Biomolecular Photonics Group, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Tobias Stauber
- Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP) und Max-Delbrück Centrum für Molekulare Medizin (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Nicole Koch
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - J. Christopher Hennings
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Patricia Franzka
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Antje K. Huebner
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Michael M. Kessels
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Christoph Biskup
- Biomolecular Photonics Group, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Thomas J. Jentsch
- Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP) und Max-Delbrück Centrum für Molekulare Medizin (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Britta Qualmann
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Thomas Braulke
- Department of Biochemistry, Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ingo Kurth
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Beetz
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Christian A. Hübner
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
- * E-mail:
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83
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Stehr F, van der Putten H. Bridging NCL research gaps. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2015; 1852:2324-8. [PMID: 26056946 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses, collectively called NCLs, are rare and fatal lysosomal storage diseases that mainly affect children. Due to the fact that NCLs are both rare and heterogeneous (mutations in thirteen different genes) significant gaps exist in both preclinical and clinical research. Altogether, these gaps are major hurdles to bring therapies to patients while the need for new therapies is urgent to help them and their families. To define gaps and discuss solutions, a round table discussion involving teams and different stake holders took place during the 14th International Conference on Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinoses (Batten Disease) in Cordóba, Argentina. Topics covered by the teams and their leaders (in parentheses) included basic and translational research gaps with regard to large animal models (I. Tammen, D.N. Palmer), human NCL pathology and access to human tissue (J.D. Cooper, H.H. Goebel), rare NCLs (S. Hofman, I. Noher), links of NCLs to other diseases (F.M. Platt), gaps between clinic and clinical trials (H. Adams, A. Schulz), international collaborative efforts working towards a cure (S.E. Mole, H. Band) perspectives on palliative care from patient organizations (M. Frazier, A. West), and issues NCL researchers face when progressing to independent career in academia (M. Bond). Thoughts presented by the team leaders include previously unpublished opinions and information on the lack of understanding of disease pathomechanisms, gene function, assays for drug discovery and target validation, natural history of disease, and biomarkers for monitoring disease progression and treatment effects. This article is not intended to review the NCL literature. It includes personal opinions of the authors and it provides the reader with a summary of gaps discussed and solutions proposed by the teams. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Current Research on the Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinoses (Batten Disease).
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Stehr
- NCL Foundation, Holstenwall 10, 20355 Hamburg, Germany.
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84
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Cooper JD, Tarczyluk MA, Nelvagal HR. Towards a new understanding of NCL pathogenesis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2015; 1852:2256-61. [PMID: 26026924 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2015.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinoses (NCLs, Batten disease) are a group of inherited neurodegenerative disorders that have been traditionally grouped together on the basis of certain shared clinical and pathological features. However, as the number of genes that appear to cause new forms of NCL continues to grow, it is timely to reassess our understanding of the pathogenesis of these disorders and what groups them together. The various NCL subtypes do indeed share features of a build-up of autofluorescent storage material, progressive neuron loss and activation of the innate immune system. The characterisation of animal models has highlighted the selective nature of neuron loss and its intimate relationship with glial activation, rather than the generalised build-up of storage material. More recent data provide evidence for the pathway-dependent nature of pathology, the contribution of glial dysfunction, and the involvement of new brain regions previously thought to be unaffected, and it is becoming apparent that pathology extends beyond the brain. These data have important implications, not just for therapy, but also for our understanding of these disorders. However, looking beneath these broadly similar pathological themes evidence emerges for marked differences in the nature and extent of these events in different forms of NCL. Indeed, given the widely different nature of the mutated gene products it is perhaps more surprising that these disorders resemble each other as much as they do. Such data raise the question whether we should rethink the collective grouping of these gene deficiencies together, or whether it would be better to consider them as separate entities. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Current Research on the Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinoses (Batten Disease).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Cooper
- Pediatric Storage Disorders Laboratory (PSDL), Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, James Black Centre, 125 Coldharbour Lane, London SE5 9NU, UK.
| | - Marta A Tarczyluk
- Pediatric Storage Disorders Laboratory (PSDL), Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, James Black Centre, 125 Coldharbour Lane, London SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Hemanth R Nelvagal
- Pediatric Storage Disorders Laboratory (PSDL), Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, James Black Centre, 125 Coldharbour Lane, London SE5 9NU, UK
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85
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Jankowiak W, Kruszewski K, Flachsbarth K, Skevas C, Richard G, Rüther K, Braulke T, Bartsch U. Sustained Neural Stem Cell-Based Intraocular Delivery of CNTF Attenuates Photoreceptor Loss in the nclf Mouse Model of Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127204. [PMID: 25992714 PMCID: PMC4439090 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
A sustained intraocular administration of neurotrophic factors is among the strategies aimed at establishing treatments for currently untreatable degenerative retinal disorders. In the present study we have analyzed the neuroprotective effects of a continuous neural stem (NS) cell-based intraocular delivery of ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) on photoreceptor cells in the nclf mouse, an animal model of the neurodegenerative lysosomal storage disorder variant late infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (vLINCL). To this aim, we genetically modified adherently cultivated NS cells with a polycistronic lentiviral vector encoding a secretable variant of CNTF together with a Venus reporter gene (CNTF-NS cells). NS cells for control experiments (control-NS cells) were modified with a vector encoding the reporter gene tdTomato. Clonal CNTF-NS and control-NS cell lines were established using fluorescent activated cell sorting and intravitreally grafted into 14 days old nclf mice at the onset of retinal degeneration. The grafted cells preferentially differentiated into astrocytes that were attached to the posterior side of the lenses and the vitreal side of the retinas and stably expressed the transgenes for at least six weeks, the latest post-transplantation time point analyzed. Integration of donor cells into host retinas, ongoing proliferation of grafted cells or adverse effects of the donor cells on the morphology of the host eyes were not observed. Quantitative analyses of host retinas two, four and six weeks after cell transplantation revealed the presence of significantly more photoreceptor cells in eyes with grafted CNTF-NS cells than in eyes with grafted control-NS cells. This is the first demonstration that a continuous intraocular administration of a neurotrophic factor attenuates retinal degeneration in an animal model of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanda Jankowiak
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Kruszewski
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kai Flachsbarth
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christos Skevas
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gisbert Richard
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Rüther
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sankt Gertrauden-Krankenhaus, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Braulke
- Department of Biochemistry, Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Udo Bartsch
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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86
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Ferguson SM. Beyond indigestion: emerging roles for lysosome-based signaling in human disease. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2015; 35:59-68. [PMID: 25950843 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2015.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Lysosomes are becoming increasingly recognized as a hub that integrates diverse signals in order to control multiple aspects of cell physiology. This is illustrated by the discovery of a growing number of lysosome-localized proteins that respond to changes in growth factor and nutrient availability to regulate mTORC1 signaling as well as the identification of MiT/TFE transcription factors (MITF, TFEB and TFE3) as proteins that shuttle between lysosomes and the nucleus to elicit a transcriptional response to ongoing changes in lysosome status. These findings have been paralleled by advances in human genetics that connect mutations in genes involved in lysosomal signaling to a broad range of human illnesses ranging from cancer to neurological disease. This review summarizes these new discoveries at the interface between lysosome cell biology and human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn M Ferguson
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, United States; Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, United States.
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87
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Cell biology of the NCL proteins: What they do and don't do. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2015; 1852:2242-55. [PMID: 25962910 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2015.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The fatal, primarily childhood neurodegenerative disorders, neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs), are currently associated with mutations in 13 genes. The protein products of these genes (CLN1 to CLN14) differ in their function and their intracellular localization. NCL-associated proteins have been localized mostly in lysosomes (CLN1, CLN2, CLN3, CLN5, CLN7, CLN10, CLN12 and CLN13) but also in the Endoplasmic Reticulum (CLN6 and CLN8), or in the cytosol associated to vesicular membranes (CLN4 and CLN14). Some of them such as CLN1 (palmitoyl protein thioesterase 1), CLN2 (tripeptidyl-peptidase 1), CLN5, CLN10 (cathepsin D), and CLN13 (cathepsin F), are lysosomal soluble proteins; others like CLN3, CLN7, and CLN12, have been proposed to be lysosomal transmembrane proteins. In this review, we give our views and attempt to summarize the proposed and confirmed functions of each NCL protein and describe and discuss research results published since the last review on NCL proteins. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: "Current Research on the Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinoses (Batten Disease)".
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88
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Faller KME, Gutierrez-Quintana R, Mohammed A, Rahim AA, Tuxworth RI, Wager K, Bond M. The neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses: Opportunities from model systems. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2015; 1852:2267-78. [PMID: 25937302 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2015.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses are a group of severe and progressive neurodegenerative disorders, generally with childhood onset. Despite the fact that these diseases remain fatal, significant breakthroughs have been made in our understanding of the genetics that underpin these conditions. This understanding has allowed the development of a broad range of models to study disease processes, and to develop new therapeutic approaches. Such models have contributed significantly to our knowledge of these conditions. In this review we will focus on the advantages of each individual model, describe some of the contributions the models have made to our understanding of the broader disease biology and highlight new techniques and approaches relevant to the study and potential treatment of the neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: "Current Research on the Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinoses (Batten Disease)".
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiterie M E Faller
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary, Medical and Life Sciences, Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Rodrigo Gutierrez-Quintana
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary, Medical and Life Sciences, Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Alamin Mohammed
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Ahad A Rahim
- UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Richard I Tuxworth
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Kim Wager
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, The Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Michael Bond
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College of London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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89
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Chandrachud U, Walker MW, Simas AM, Heetveld S, Petcherski A, Klein M, Oh H, Wolf P, Zhao WN, Norton S, Haggarty SJ, Lloyd-Evans E, Cotman SL. Unbiased Cell-based Screening in a Neuronal Cell Model of Batten Disease Highlights an Interaction between Ca2+ Homeostasis, Autophagy, and CLN3 Protein Function. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:14361-80. [PMID: 25878248 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.621706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal accumulation of undigested macromolecules, often disease-specific, is a major feature of lysosomal and neurodegenerative disease and is frequently attributed to defective autophagy. The mechanistic underpinnings of the autophagy defects are the subject of intense research, which is aided by genetic disease models. To gain an improved understanding of the pathways regulating defective autophagy specifically in juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (JNCL or Batten disease), a neurodegenerative disease of childhood, we developed and piloted a GFP-microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (GFP-LC3) screening assay to identify, in an unbiased fashion, genotype-sensitive small molecule autophagy modifiers, employing a JNCL neuronal cell model bearing the most common disease mutation in CLN3. Thapsigargin, a sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase (SERCA) Ca(2+) pump inhibitor, reproducibly displayed significantly more activity in the mouse JNCL cells, an effect that was also observed in human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived JNCL neural progenitor cells. The mechanism of thapsigargin sensitivity was Ca(2+)-mediated, and autophagosome accumulation in JNCL cells could be reversed by Ca(2+) chelation. Interrogation of intracellular Ca(2+) handling highlighted alterations in endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondrial, and lysosomal Ca(2+) pools and in store-operated Ca(2+) uptake in JNCL cells. These results further support an important role for the CLN3 protein in intracellular Ca(2+) handling and in autophagic pathway flux and establish a powerful new platform for therapeutic screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uma Chandrachud
- From the Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114 and
| | - Mathew W Walker
- the Sir Martin Evans Building, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandra M Simas
- From the Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114 and
| | - Sasja Heetveld
- From the Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114 and
| | - Anton Petcherski
- From the Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114 and
| | - Madeleine Klein
- From the Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114 and
| | - Hyejin Oh
- From the Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114 and
| | - Pavlina Wolf
- From the Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114 and
| | - Wen-Ning Zhao
- From the Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114 and
| | - Stephanie Norton
- From the Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114 and
| | - Stephen J Haggarty
- From the Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114 and
| | - Emyr Lloyd-Evans
- the Sir Martin Evans Building, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, United Kingdom
| | - Susan L Cotman
- From the Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114 and
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Mancini C, Nassani S, Guo Y, Chen Y, Giorgio E, Brussino A, Di Gregorio E, Cavalieri S, Lo Buono N, Funaro A, Pizio NR, Nmezi B, Kyttala A, Santorelli FM, Padiath QS, Hakonarson H, Zhang H, Brusco A. Adult-onset autosomal recessive ataxia associated with neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis type 5 gene (CLN5) mutations. J Neurol 2015; 262:173-8. [PMID: 25359263 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-014-7553-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Autosomal recessive inherited ataxias are a growing group of genetic disorders. We report two Italian siblings presenting in their mid-50s with difficulty in walking, dysarthria and progressive cognitive decline. Visual loss, ascribed to glaucoma, manifested a few years before the other symptoms. Brain MRI showed severe cerebellar atrophy, prevalent in the vermis, with marked cortical atrophy of both hemispheres. Exome sequencing identified a novel homozygous mutation (c.935G > A;p.Ser312Asn) in the ceroid neuronal lipofuscinosis type 5 gene (CLN5). Bioinformatics predictions and in vitro studies showed that the mutation was deleterious and likely affects ER-lysosome protein trafficking. Our findings support CLN5 hypomorphic mutations cause autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxia, confirming other reports showing CLN mutations are associated with adult-onset neurodegenerative disorders. We suggest CLN genes should be considered in the molecular analyses of patients presenting with adult-onset autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Mancini
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Via Santena 19, 10126, Turin, Italy
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Muona M, Berkovic SF, Dibbens LM, Oliver KL, Maljevic S, Bayly MA, Joensuu T, Canafoglia L, Franceschetti S, Michelucci R, Markkinen S, Heron SE, Hildebrand MS, Andermann E, Andermann F, Gambardella A, Tinuper P, Licchetta L, Scheffer IE, Criscuolo C, Filla A, Ferlazzo E, Ahmad J, Ahmad A, Baykan B, Said E, Topcu M, Riguzzi P, King MD, Ozkara C, Andrade DM, Engelsen BA, Crespel A, Lindenau M, Lohmann E, Saletti V, Massano J, Privitera M, Espay AJ, Kauffmann B, Duchowny M, Møller RS, Straussberg R, Afawi Z, Ben-Zeev B, Samocha KE, Daly MJ, Petrou S, Lerche H, Palotie A, Lehesjoki AE. A recurrent de novo mutation in KCNC1 causes progressive myoclonus epilepsy. Nat Genet 2014; 47:39-46. [PMID: 25401298 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Progressive myoclonus epilepsies (PMEs) are a group of rare, inherited disorders manifesting with action myoclonus, tonic-clonic seizures and ataxia. We sequenced the exomes of 84 unrelated individuals with PME of unknown cause and molecularly solved 26 cases (31%). Remarkably, a recurrent de novo mutation, c.959G>A (p.Arg320His), in KCNC1 was identified as a new major cause for PME. Eleven unrelated exome-sequenced (13%) and two affected individuals in a secondary cohort (7%) had this mutation. KCNC1 encodes KV3.1, a subunit of the KV3 voltage-gated potassium ion channels, which are major determinants of high-frequency neuronal firing. Functional analysis of the Arg320His mutant channel showed a dominant-negative loss-of-function effect. Ten cases had pathogenic mutations in known PME-associated genes (NEU1, NHLRC1, AFG3L2, EPM2A, CLN6 and SERPINI1). Identification of mutations in PRNP, SACS and TBC1D24 expand their phenotypic spectra to PME. These findings provide insights into the molecular genetic basis of PME and show the role of de novo mutations in this disease entity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikko Muona
- 1] Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. [2] Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Helsinki, Finland. [3] Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. [4] Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Samuel F Berkovic
- Epilepsy Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Leanne M Dibbens
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Karen L Oliver
- Epilepsy Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Snezana Maljevic
- Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marta A Bayly
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Tarja Joensuu
- 1] Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Helsinki, Finland. [2] Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. [3] Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Laura Canafoglia
- Department of Neurophysiopathology, C. Besta Foundation Neurological Institute, Istituto di Ricerca e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Milan, Italy
| | - Silvana Franceschetti
- Department of Neurophysiopathology, C. Besta Foundation Neurological Institute, Istituto di Ricerca e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Michelucci
- Neurology Unit, IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Salla Markkinen
- 1] Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Helsinki, Finland. [2] Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. [3] Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sarah E Heron
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Michael S Hildebrand
- Epilepsy Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Eva Andermann
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Frederick Andermann
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Paolo Tinuper
- 1] Neurology Unit, IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy. [2] Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Laura Licchetta
- 1] Neurology Unit, IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy. [2] Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Ingrid E Scheffer
- 1] Epilepsy Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia. [2] Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. [3] Department of Pediatrics, Royal Children's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Chiara Criscuolo
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandro Filla
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Edoardo Ferlazzo
- 1] Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy. [2] Regional Epilepsy Center, Bianchi-Melacrino-Morelli Hospital, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Jamil Ahmad
- Department of Biotechnology and Informatics, Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences, Quetta, Pakistan
| | - Adeel Ahmad
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Betul Baykan
- 1] Department of Neurology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey. [2] Epilepsy Center (EPIMER), Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Edith Said
- 1] Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Malta, Msida, Malta. [2] Section of Medical Genetics, Mater dei Hospital, Msida, Malta
| | - Meral Topcu
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Patrizia Riguzzi
- Neurology Unit, IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Mary D King
- 1] Department of Neurology, Temple Street Children's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland. [2] Academic Centre on Rare Diseases, School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Cigdem Ozkara
- Department of Neurology, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Danielle M Andrade
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto Western Hospital, Krembil Neurosciences Program, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bernt A Engelsen
- 1] Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway. [2] Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Matthias Lindenau
- Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Epilepsy Center Hamburg-Alsterdorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ebba Lohmann
- 1] Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Epilepsy Center Hamburg-Alsterdorf, Hamburg, Germany. [2] Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany. [3] German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Veronica Saletti
- Developmental Neurology Unit, C. Besta Foundation Neurological Institute, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - João Massano
- 1] Department of Neurology, Centro Hospitalar São João, Porto, Portugal. [2] Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Michael Privitera
- Epilepsy Center, University of Cincinnati Neuroscience Institute, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Alberto J Espay
- Gardner Center for Parkinson Disease and Movement Disorders, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Michael Duchowny
- 1] Brain Institute, Miami Children's Hospital, Miami, Florida, USA. [2] Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Rikke S Møller
- 1] Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark. [2] Institute of Regional Health Services Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Rachel Straussberg
- 1] Neurogenetic Clinic, Child Neurology Institute, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petah Tiqvah, Israel. [2] Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel
| | - Zaid Afawi
- 1] Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel. [2] Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Bruria Ben-Zeev
- 1] Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel. [2] Pediatric Neurology Unit, Edmond and Lilly Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Kaitlin E Samocha
- 1] Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. [3] Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. [4] Program in Genetics and Genomics, Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mark J Daly
- 1] Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. [3] Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. [4] Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Steven Petrou
- 1] Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. [2] Centre for Neural Engineering, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Holger Lerche
- Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Aarno Palotie
- 1] Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. [2] Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [3] Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. [4] Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. [5] Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK. [6] Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [7] Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Anna-Elina Lehesjoki
- 1] Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Helsinki, Finland. [2] Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. [3] Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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92
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Huber RJ, Myre MA, Cotman SL. Loss of Cln3 function in the social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum causes pleiotropic effects that are rescued by human CLN3. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110544. [PMID: 25330233 PMCID: PMC4201555 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCL) are a group of inherited, severe neurodegenerative disorders also known as Batten disease. Juvenile NCL (JNCL) is caused by recessive loss-of-function mutations in CLN3, which encodes a transmembrane protein that regulates endocytic pathway trafficking, though its primary function is not yet known. The social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum is increasingly utilized for neurological disease research and is particularly suited for investigation of protein function in trafficking. Therefore, here we establish new overexpression and knockout Dictyostelium cell lines for JNCL research. Dictyostelium Cln3 fused to GFP localized to the contractile vacuole system and to compartments of the endocytic pathway. cln3− cells displayed increased rates of proliferation and an associated reduction in the extracellular levels and cleavage of the autocrine proliferation repressor, AprA. Mid- and late development of cln3− cells was precocious and cln3− slugs displayed increased migration. Expression of either Dictyostelium Cln3 or human CLN3 in cln3− cells suppressed the precocious development and aberrant slug migration, which were also suppressed by calcium chelation. Taken together, our results show that Cln3 is a pleiotropic protein that negatively regulates proliferation and development in Dictyostelium. This new model system, which allows for the study of Cln3 function in both single cells and a multicellular organism, together with the observation that expression of human CLN3 restores abnormalities in Dictyostelium cln3− cells, strongly supports the use of this new model for JNCL research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. Huber
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Michael A. Myre
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Susan L. Cotman
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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93
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Cotman SL, Karaa A, Staropoli JF, Sims KB. Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis: impact of recent genetic advances and expansion of the clinicopathologic spectrum. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2014; 13:366. [PMID: 23775425 DOI: 10.1007/s11910-013-0366-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL), first clinically described in 1826 and pathologically defined in the 1960s, refers to a group of disorders mostly diagnosed in the childhood years that involve the accumulation of lysosomal storage material with characteristic ultrastructure and prominent neurodegenerative features including vision loss, seizures, motor and cognitive function deterioration, and often times, psychiatric disturbances. All NCL disorders evidence early morbidity and treatment options are limited to symptomatic and palliative care. While distinct genetic forms of NCL have long been recognized, recent genetic advances are considerably widening the NCL genotypic and phenotypic spectrum, highlighting significant overlap with other neurodegenerative diseases. This review will discuss these recent advances and the expanded potential for increased awareness and new research that will ultimately lead to effective treatments for NCL and related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan L Cotman
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge St, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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94
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Kruer MC, Pearce DA, Orchard PJ, Steiner RD. Prospects for stem cell therapy in neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis. Regen Med 2014; 8:527-9. [PMID: 23998746 DOI: 10.2217/rme.13.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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95
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Muslimov IA, Tuzhilin A, Tang TH, Wong RKS, Bianchi R, Tiedge H. Interactions of noncanonical motifs with hnRNP A2 promote activity-dependent RNA transport in neurons. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 205:493-510. [PMID: 24841565 PMCID: PMC4033767 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201310045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ca2+-dependent RNA–protein interactions enable activity-inducible RNA transport in dendrites. A key determinant of neuronal functionality and plasticity is the targeted delivery of select ribonucleic acids (RNAs) to synaptodendritic sites of protein synthesis. In this paper, we ask how dendritic RNA transport can be regulated in a manner that is informed by the cell’s activity status. We describe a molecular mechanism in which inducible interactions of noncanonical RNA motif structures with targeting factor heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) A2 form the basis for activity-dependent dendritic RNA targeting. High-affinity interactions between hnRNP A2 and conditional GA-type RNA targeting motifs are critically dependent on elevated Ca2+ levels in a narrow concentration range. Dendritic transport of messenger RNAs that carry such GA motifs is inducible by influx of Ca2+ through voltage-dependent calcium channels upon β-adrenergic receptor activation. The combined data establish a functional correspondence between Ca2+-dependent RNA–protein interactions and activity-inducible RNA transport in dendrites. They also indicate a role of genomic retroposition in the phylogenetic development of RNA targeting competence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilham A Muslimov
- The Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, and Department of Neurology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203The Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, and Department of Neurology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203
| | - Aliya Tuzhilin
- The Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, and Department of Neurology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203The Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, and Department of Neurology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203
| | - Thean Hock Tang
- Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysi, 13200 Kepala Batas, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Robert K S Wong
- The Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, and Department of Neurology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203The Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, and Department of Neurology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203The Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, and Department of Neurology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203
| | - Riccardo Bianchi
- The Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, and Department of Neurology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203The Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, and Department of Neurology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203
| | - Henri Tiedge
- The Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, and Department of Neurology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203The Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, and Department of Neurology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203The Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, and Department of Neurology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203
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96
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Groh J, Stadler D, Buttmann M, Martini R. Non-invasive assessment of retinal alterations in mouse models of infantile and juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis by spectral domain optical coherence tomography. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2014; 2:54. [PMID: 24887158 PMCID: PMC4035096 DOI: 10.1186/2051-5960-2-54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses constitute a group of fatal inherited lysosomal storage diseases that manifest in profound neurodegeneration in the CNS. Visual impairment usually is an early symptom and selective degeneration of retinal neurons has been described in patients suffering from distinct disease subtypes. We have previously demonstrated that palmitoyl protein thioesterase 1 deficient (Ppt1-/-) mice, a model of the infantile disease subtype, exhibit progressive axonal degeneration in the optic nerve and loss of retinal ganglion cells, faithfully reflecting disease severity in the CNS. Here we performed spectral domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) in Ppt1-/- and ceroid lipofuscinosis neuronal 3 deficient (Cln3-/-) mice, which are models of infantile and juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis, respectively, in order to establish a non-invasive method to assess retinal alterations and monitor disease severity in vivo. Results Blue laser autofluorescence imaging revealed increased accumulation of autofluorescent storage material in the inner retinae of 7-month-old Ppt1-/- and of 16-month-old Cln3-/- mice in comparison with age-matched control littermates. Additionally, optical coherence tomography demonstrated reduced thickness of retinae in knockout mice in comparison with age-matched control littermates. High resolution scans and manual measurements allowed for separation of different retinal composite layers and revealed a thinning of layers in the inner retinae of both mouse models at distinct ages. OCT measurements correlated well with subsequent histological analysis of the same retinae. Conclusions These results demonstrate the feasibility of OCT to assess neurodegenerative disease severity in mouse models of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis and might have important implications for diagnostic evaluation of disease progression and therapeutic efficacy in patients. Moreover, the non-invasive method allows for longitudinal studies in experimental models, reducing the number of animals used for research.
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97
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Petkau TL, Leavitt BR. Progranulin in neurodegenerative disease. Trends Neurosci 2014; 37:388-98. [PMID: 24800652 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2014.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Revised: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Loss-of-function mutations in the progranulin gene are a common cause of familial frontotemporal dementia (FTD). The purpose of this review is to summarize the role of progranulin in health and disease, because the field is now poised to begin examining therapeutics that alter endogenous progranulin levels. We first review the clinical and neuropathological phenotype of FTD patients carrying mutations in the progranulin gene, which suggests that progranulin-mediated neurodegeneration is multifactorial and influenced by other genetic and/or environmental factors. We then examine evidence for the role of progranulin in the brain with a focus on mouse model systems. A better understanding of the complexity of progranulin biology in the brain will help guide the development of progranulin-modulating therapies for neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terri L Petkau
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, and Children's and Women's Hospital, 980 West 28th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, Canada V5Z 4H4
| | - Blair R Leavitt
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, and Children's and Women's Hospital, 980 West 28th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, Canada V5Z 4H4; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia Hospital, S 192, 2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 2B5; Brain Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
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98
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Grubman A, Pollari E, Duncan C, Caragounis A, Blom T, Volitakis I, Wong A, Cooper J, Crouch PJ, Koistinaho J, Jalanko A, White AR, Kanninen KM. Deregulation of biometal homeostasis: the missing link for neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses? Metallomics 2014; 6:932-43. [PMID: 24804307 DOI: 10.1039/c4mt00032c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs), a group of genetically distinct fatal neurodegenerative disorders with no treatment or cure, are clinically characterised by progressive motor and visual decline leading to premature death. While the underlying pathological mechanisms are yet to be precisely determined, the diseases share several common features including inflammation, lysosomal lipofuscin deposits and lipid abnormalities. An important hallmark of most common neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and motor neuron diseases is deregulation of biologically active metal homeostasis. Metals such as zinc, copper and iron are critical enzyme cofactors and are important for synaptic transmission in the brain, but can mediate oxidative neurotoxicity when homeostatic regulatory mechanisms fail. We previously demonstrated biometal accumulation and altered biometal transporter expression in 3 animal models of CLN6 NCL disease. In this study we investigated the hypothesis that altered biometal homeostasis may be a feature of NCLs in general using 3 additional animal models of CLN1, CLN3 and CLN5 disease. We demonstrated significant accumulation of the biometals zinc, copper, manganese, iron and cobalt in these mice. Patterns of biometal accumulation in each model preceded significant neurodegeneration, and paralleled the relative severity of disease previously described for each model. Additionally, we observed deregulation of transcripts encoding the anti-oxidant protein, metallothionein (Mt), indicative of disruptions to biometal homeostasis. These results demonstrate that altered biometal homeostasis is a key feature of at least 4 genetically distinct forms of NCL disease.
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99
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Damme M, Brandenstein L, Fehr S, Jankowiak W, Bartsch U, Schweizer M, Hermans-Borgmeyer I, Storch S. Gene disruption of Mfsd8 in mice provides the first animal model for CLN7 disease. Neurobiol Dis 2014; 65:12-24. [PMID: 24423645 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2014.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the major facilitator superfamily domain containing 8 (MFSD8) gene coding for the lysosomal CLN7 membrane protein result in CLN7 disease, a lysosomal storage disease of childhood. CLN7 disease belongs to a group of inherited disorders, called neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCL), which are characterized by the accumulation of autofluorescent ceroid lipopigments, neuroinflammation, photoreceptor- and neurodegeneration. We have disrupted the Mfsd8 gene by insertion of a lacZ gene-trap cassette between exons 1 and 2 in mice and have analyzed the impact of Cln7 depletion on neuronal and visceral tissues. Analysis of lacZ reporter gene activity in heterozygous Mfsd8((wt/tm1a)) mice showed strong Mfsd8 mRNA expression in the cerebral cortex, in the hippocampus and in the kidney. Homozygous Mfsd8((tm1a/tm1a)) mice were viable and fertile and resembled biochemically the NCL-phenotype of human CLN7 patients including the accumulation of autofluorescent material in the brain and peripheral tissues and of subunit c of mitochondrial ATP synthase in the cerebellum and nuclei of distinct brain regions, and the degeneration of photoreceptor cells in the retina. Lysosomal storage was found in large neurons of the medulla, the hippocampus and in Purkinje cells of the cerebellum in mutant mice. The ultrastructure of the storage material revealed dense lamellar bodies with irregular forms within cerebellar and hippocampal neurons. In the brain loss of Cln7 was accompanied by mild reactive microgliosis and subtle astrogliosis by 10months of age, respectively. In summary we have generated a mouse model which is partly valuable as some but not all neuropathological features of human CLN7 disease are recapitulated thus representing an animal model to study CLN7-specific disease mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Damme
- Biochemistry I, Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Laura Brandenstein
- Department of Biochemistry, Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Susanne Fehr
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Wanda Jankowiak
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Udo Bartsch
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Michaela Schweizer
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Irm Hermans-Borgmeyer
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Stephan Storch
- Department of Biochemistry, Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
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Feeney EJ, Austin S, Chien YH, Mandel H, Schoser B, Prater S, Hwu WL, Ralston E, Kishnani PS, Raben N. The value of muscle biopsies in Pompe disease: identifying lipofuscin inclusions in juvenile- and adult-onset patients. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2014; 2:2. [PMID: 24383498 PMCID: PMC3892035 DOI: 10.1186/2051-5960-2-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pompe disease, an inherited deficiency of lysosomal acid alpha-glucosidase (GAA), is a metabolic myopathy with heterogeneous clinical presentations. Late-onset Pompe disease (LOPD) is a debilitating progressive muscle disorder that can occur anytime from early childhood to late adulthood. Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) with recombinant human GAA is currently available for Pompe patients. Although ERT shows some benefits, the reversal of skeletal muscle pathology - lysosomal glycogen accumulation and autophagic buildup - remains a challenge. In this study, we examined the clinical status and muscle pathology of 22 LOPD patients and one atypical infantile patient on ERT to understand the reasons for muscle resistance to ERT. Results The patients were divided into three groups for analysis, based on the age of onset and diagnosis: adult-onset patients, juvenile-onset patients, and those identified through newborn screening (NBS). The areas of autophagic buildup found in patients’ biopsies of all three groups, contained large autofluorescent inclusions which we show are made of lipofuscin, an indigestible intralysosomal material typically associated with ageing. These inclusions, analysed by staining, spectral analysis, time-resolved Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging (FLIM), and Second Harmonic Generation (SHG) imaging, were the major pathology remaining in many fibers after ERT. The best outcome of ERT both clinically and morphologically was observed in the NBS patients. Conclusions The muscle biopsy, in spite of its shortcomings, allowed us to recognize an underreported, ERT-resistant pathology in LOPD; numerous lysosomes and autolysosomes loaded with lipofuscin appear to be a hallmark of LOPD skeletal muscle. Lipofuscin accumulation - a result of inefficient lysosomal degradation - may in turn exacerbate both lysosomal and autophagic abnormalities.
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