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Tong Y, Bai L, Gong R, Chuan J, Duan X, Zhu Y. Shikonin Protects PC12 Cells Against β-amyloid Peptide-Induced Cell Injury Through Antioxidant and Antiapoptotic Activities. Sci Rep 2018; 8:26. [PMID: 29311595 PMCID: PMC5758797 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18058-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive accumulation of β-amyloid (Aβ) is thought to be a major causative factor in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Pretreating Aβ-induced neurotoxicity is a potential therapeutic approach to ameliorate the progression and development of AD. The present study aimed to investigate the neuroprotective effect of shikonin, a naphthoquinone pigment isolated from the roots of the traditional Chinese herb Lithospermum erythrorhizon, on Aβ1-42-treated neurotoxicity in PC12 cells. Pretreating cells with shikonin strongly improved cell viability, decreased the malondialdehyde and reactive oxygen species (ROS) content, and stabilized the mitochondrial membrane potential in Aβ1-42-induced PC12 cells. In addition, shikonin strongly improved the response of the antioxidant system to ROS by increasing the levels of superoxidedismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase. Furthermore, shikonin has the ability to reduce proapoptotic signaling by reducing the activity of caspase-3 and moderating the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax. These observations indicate that shikonin holds great potential for neuroprotection via inhibition of oxidative stress and cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuna Tong
- Department of Nephrology, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, 610031, China
| | - Lan Bai
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Rong Gong
- Department of Nephrology, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, 610031, China
| | - Junlan Chuan
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Xingmei Duan
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Yuxuan Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, China.
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Yang R, Yuan BC, Ma YS, Zhou S, Liu Y. The anti-inflammatory activity of licorice, a widely used Chinese herb. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2017; 55:5-18. [PMID: 27650551 PMCID: PMC7012004 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2016.1225775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Increasing incidence and impact of inflammatory diseases have encouraged the search of new pharmacological strategies to face them. Licorice has been used to treat inflammatory diseases since ancient times in China. OBJECTIVE To summarize the current knowledge on anti-inflammatory properties and mechanisms of compounds isolated from licorice, to introduce the traditional use, modern clinical trials and officially approved drugs, to evaluate the safety and to obtain new insights for further research of licorice. METHODS PubMed, Web of Science, Science Direct and ResearchGate were information sources for the search terms 'licorice', 'licorice metabolites', 'anti-inflammatory', 'triterpenoids', 'flavonoids' and their combinations, mainly from year 2010 to 2016 without language restriction. Studies were selected from Science Citation Index journals, in vitro studies with Jadad score less than 2 points and in vivo and clinical studies with experimental flaws were excluded. RESULTS Two hundred and ninety-five papers were searched and 93 papers were reviewed. Licorice extract, 3 triterpenes and 13 flavonoids exhibit evident anti-inflammatory properties mainly by decreasing TNF, MMPs, PGE2 and free radicals, which also explained its traditional applications in stimulating digestive system functions, eliminating phlegm, relieving coughing, nourishing qi and alleviating pain in TCM. Five hundred and fifty-four drugs containing licorice have been approved by CFDA. The side effect may due to the cortical hormone like action. CONCLUSION Licorice and its natural compounds have demonstrated anti-inflammatory activities. More pharmacokinetic studies using different models with different dosages should be carried out, and the maximum tolerated dose is also critical for clinical use of licorice extract and purified compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Yang
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Bo-Chuan Yuan
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yong-Sheng Ma
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Shan Zhou
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Liu
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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Haj-Mirzaian A, Amiri S, Amini-Khoei H, Hosseini MJ, Haj-Mirzaian A, Momeny M, Rahimi-Balaei M, Dehpour AR. Anxiety- and Depressive-Like Behaviors are Associated with Altered Hippocampal Energy and Inflammatory Status in a Mouse Model of Crohn’s Disease. Neuroscience 2017; 366:124-137. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 10/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Folic acid exerts antidepressant effects by upregulating brain-derived neurotrophic factor and glutamate receptor 1 expression in brain. Neuroreport 2017; 28:1078-1084. [DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000000887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Nakatani Y, Kobe A, Kuriya M, Hiroki Y, Yahagi T, Sakakibara I, Matsuzaki K, Amano T. Neuroprotective effect of liquiritin as an antioxidant via an increase in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase expression on B65 neuroblastoma cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 815:381-390. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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The Chinese herbal formula Free and Easy Wanderer ameliorates oxidative stress through KEAP1-NRF2/HO-1 pathway. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11551. [PMID: 28912423 PMCID: PMC5599498 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10443-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) gains a lot of attention due to high prevalence and strong psychological upset, but the etiology remains undefined and effective treatment is quite limited. Growing studies demonstrated the involvement of oxidative stress in various psychiatry diseases, suggesting anti-oxidation therapy might be a strategy for PTSD treatment. Free and Easy Wanderer (FAEW) is a poly-herbal drug clinically used in China for hundreds of years in the treatment of psychiatric disorder. We hypothesized that FAEW exerts clinical effects through the activity against oxidative stress with fluoxetine as antidepressant control drug. Our results revealed that FAEW significantly reduced both endogenous and H2O2-induced exogenous ROS levels in the human glioblastoma T98G and neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cell lines. Transcriptome-wide microarray analysis indicated NRF2/HO-1 as the common target of FAEW and fluoxetine. Western blotting assay proved that the two drugs promoted NRF2 release from KEAP1 in the cytoplasm and translocation to the nuclei in a KEAP1-dependent manner, the expression of the protein HO-1 increased accordingly, suggesting the participation of KEAP1-NRF2/HO-1 pathway. The chemical constituents of FAEW (i.e. paeoniflorin, baicalin) bound to KEAP1 in silico, which hence might be the effective substances of FAEW. In conclusion, FAEW counteracted H2O2-induced oxidative stress through KEAP1-NRF2/HO-1 pathway.
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Chronic Variable Stress Is Responsible for Lipid and DNA Oxidative Disorders and Activation of Oxidative Stress Response Genes in the Brain of Rats. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:7313090. [PMID: 29085557 PMCID: PMC5612311 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7313090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 07/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Chronic environmental stress is associated with reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction and the pathogenesis of depression. The purpose of this study was to evaluate biochemical and molecular changes associated with ROS generation in the brains of rats submitted to chronic variable stress. Male Wistar rats (50–55 days old, weighing 200–250 g) were divided in two groups (n = 10): control and stressed. Rats in the stressed group were exposed to stress conditions for 40 days. The animals were decapitated and the brain samples were collected. In prefrontal cortex, we measured the following biochemical parameters: lipid peroxidation and concentration of glutathione—GSH, GSSG, GSH/GSSG ratio, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase activities. In the hippocampus marker of DNA, oxidative damage and expression of DNA-repairing genes (Ogg1, MsrA) and gene-encoding antioxidative transcriptional factor (Nrf2) were determined. The results demonstrate indirect evidence of ROS overproduction and presence of oxidative stress. They also reveal disruption of oxidative defense systems (decreased GR activity, diminished GSH/GSSG ratio, and decreased Nrf2 expression) and activation of the oxidative DNA repair system (increased Ogg1 and MsrA expression). Together, the presented data suggest that independent activation of oxidative stress response genes occurs in chronic variable stress conditions.
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He SH, Liu HG, Zhou YF, Yue QF. Liquiritin (LT) exhibits suppressive effects against the growth of human cervical cancer cells through activating Caspase-3 in vitro and xenograft mice in vivo. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 92:215-228. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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Zhou YZ, Li X, Gong WX, Tian JS, Gao XX, Gao L, Zhang X, Du GH, Qin XM. Protective effect of isoliquiritin against corticosterone-induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells. Food Funct 2017; 8:1235-1244. [PMID: 28229156 DOI: 10.1039/c6fo01503d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Isoliquiritin, a flavonoid glycoside compound from licorice, possesses a broad spectrum of pharmacological activities including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-depression activities. However, the neuroprotective mechanisms of antidepressant effects remain unclear. In this study, the aim was to investigate the cytoprotective efficiency and potential mechanisms of isoliquiritin in corticosterone-damaged PC12 cells. The results of this study showed that pretreatment of PC12 cells with isoliquiritin significantly prevented corticosterone-induced cell apoptosis. In addition, isoliquiritin increased the activity of dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), decreased the contents of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA). These findings suggest that isoliquiritin provides protective action against corticosterone-induced cell damage by reducing oxidative stress. Furthermore, pretreatment with isoliquiritin reduced corticosterone-induced mitochondrial dysfunction by preventing mitochondrial membrane potential dissipation. Our findings indicate that isoliquiritin might exert its therapeutic effects via regulating mitochondrial dysfunction. Moreover, isoliquiritin strongly attenuated intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) overload and down-regulation of Bax, caspase-3 and cytochrome C (Cyt-C) protein expression, and up-regulation of Bcl protein expression. In conclusion, isoliquiritin has a cytoprotective effect on corticosterone-induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells, which may be related to its antioxidant action, inhibition of [Ca2+]i overload and inhibition of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Zhi Zhou
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, P. R. China.
| | - Xiao Li
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, P. R. China. and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering of Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, PR China
| | - Wen-Xia Gong
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, P. R. China.
| | - Jun-Sheng Tian
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, P. R. China.
| | - Xiao-Xia Gao
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, P. R. China.
| | - Li Gao
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, P. R. China.
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Departments of Chemistry, Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - Guan-Hua Du
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, P. R. China
| | - Xue-Mei Qin
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, P. R. China.
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Lin M, Li H, Zhao Y, Cai E, Zhu H, Gao Y, Liu S, Yang H, Zhang L, Tang G, Wang R. Ergosteryl 2-naphthoate, An Ergosterol Derivative, Exhibits Antidepressant Effects Mediated by the Modification of GABAergic and Glutamatergic Systems. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22040565. [PMID: 28362353 PMCID: PMC6154707 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22040565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytosterols are a kind of natural component including sitosterol, campesterol, avenasterol, ergosterol (Er) and others. Their main natural sources are vegetable oils and their processed products, followed by grains, by-products of cereals and nuts, and small amounts of fruits, vegetables and mushrooms. In this study, three new Er monoester derivatives were obtained from the reflux reaction with Er: organic acids (furoic acid, salicylic acid and 2-naphthoic acid), 1-Ethylethyl-3-(3-dimethyllaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDCI) and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) in dichloromethane. Their chemical structures were defined by IR and NMR. The present study was also undertaken to investigate the antidepressant-like effects of Er and its derivatives in male adult mice models of depression, and their probable involvement of GABAergic and glutamatergic systems by the forced swim test (FST). The results indicated that Er and its derivatives display antidepressant effects. Moreover, one derivative of Er, ergosteryl 2-naphthoate (ErN), exhibited stronger antidepressant activity in vivo compared to Er. Acute administration of ErN (5 mg/kg, i.p.) and a combination of ErN (0.5 mg/kg, i.p.), reboxetine (2.5 mg/kg, i.p.), and tianeptine (15 mg/kg, i.p.) reduced the immobility time in the FST. Pretreatment with bicuculline (a competitive γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) antagonist, 4 mg/kg, i.p.) and N-methyl-d-aspartic acid (NMDA, an agonist at the glutamate site, 75 mg/kg, i.p.) effectively reversed the antidepressant-like effect of ErN (5 mg/kg, i.p.). However, prazosin (a α1-adrenoceptor antagonist, 1 mg/kg, i.p.) and haloperidol (a non-selective D2 receptor antagonist, 0.2 mg/kg, i.p.) did not eliminate the reduced immobility time. Altogether, these results indicated that ErN produced antidepressant-like activity, which might be mediated by GABAergic and glutamatergic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhu Lin
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agriculture University, Xincheng Street 2888th, Changchun 130118, Jilin, China.
| | - Haijun Li
- Institute of Translational Medicine, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Xinmin Street 71th, Changchun 130021, Jilin, China.
| | - Yan Zhao
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agriculture University, Xincheng Street 2888th, Changchun 130118, Jilin, China.
| | - Enbo Cai
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agriculture University, Xincheng Street 2888th, Changchun 130118, Jilin, China.
| | - Hongyan Zhu
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agriculture University, Xincheng Street 2888th, Changchun 130118, Jilin, China.
| | - Yugang Gao
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agriculture University, Xincheng Street 2888th, Changchun 130118, Jilin, China.
| | - Shuangli Liu
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agriculture University, Xincheng Street 2888th, Changchun 130118, Jilin, China.
| | - He Yang
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agriculture University, Xincheng Street 2888th, Changchun 130118, Jilin, China.
| | - Lianxue Zhang
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agriculture University, Xincheng Street 2888th, Changchun 130118, Jilin, China.
| | - Guosheng Tang
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agriculture University, Xincheng Street 2888th, Changchun 130118, Jilin, China.
| | - Ruiqing Wang
- Center of Ophthalmology, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Ziqiang Street 218th, Changchun 130041, Jilin, China.
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Du H, Zhao H, Lai X, Lin Q, Zhu Z, Chai Y, Lou Z. Metabolic profiles revealed synergistically antidepressant effects of lilies and Rhizoma Anemarrhenae in a rat model of depression. Biomed Chromatogr 2017; 31. [PMID: 28009452 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongli Du
- School of Pharmacy; Second Military Medical University; Shanghai China
- Department of Pharmacy; Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital; Shanghai China
| | - Hongxia Zhao
- School of Pharmacy; Second Military Medical University; Shanghai China
| | - Xueli Lai
- Changhai Hospital; Second Military Medical University; Shanghai China
| | - Qishan Lin
- Proteomics/Mass Spec Facility, Center for Functional Genomics; State University of New York at Albany; New York USA
| | - Zhenyu Zhu
- School of Pharmacy; Second Military Medical University; Shanghai China
| | - Yifeng Chai
- School of Pharmacy; Second Military Medical University; Shanghai China
| | - Ziyang Lou
- School of Pharmacy; Second Military Medical University; Shanghai China
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Hazra S, Kumar S, Saha GK, Mondal AC. Reversion of BDNF, Akt and CREB in Hippocampus of Chronic Unpredictable Stress Induced Rats: Effects of Phytochemical, Bacopa Monnieri. Psychiatry Investig 2017; 14:74-80. [PMID: 28096878 PMCID: PMC5240459 DOI: 10.4306/pi.2017.14.1.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 12/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aims of the present study were to explore the behavioural effects and to understand the possible mode of action of Bacopa monnieri extract (BME) on chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) induced depressive model and the biochemical alterations such as brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), Akt, cyclic-AMP response element binding (CREB) protein level in the hippocampus of rats. METHODS We examined the effects of chronic administration of BME on CUS exposed rats for 28 days. Behavioural changes were assessed by sucrose consumption and open field test to assess the effect of BME on CUS-induced depression. The mechanisms underlying antidepressant like action of BME was further evaluated by measuring levels of BDNF, Akt, and CREB in the hippocampus of rat brain and compared with the standard tricyclic antidepressant drug imipramine (20 mg/kg body weight). RESULTS Exposure to CUS for 28 days produced depression-like behavior in rats, as indicated by significant decreases in sucrose consumption, locomotor activity including decreased BDNF, Akt and CREB levels in the hippocampus. Daily administration of BME at a dose of (80 mg/kg body weight) significantly reverses the behavioral alteration and restored the normal level of BDNF, total and phospho-Akt, total and phospho CREB in the hippocampus of CUS induced rats as compared to vehicle treated control rats. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that BME ameliorates CUS induced behavioural depression in rats and that can be used as a potent therapeutic agent in treating depressive like behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somoday Hazra
- Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Sourav Kumar
- Department of Physiology, Raja Peary Mohan College, Uttarpara, Hooghly, West Bengal, India
| | - Goutam Kumar Saha
- Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Amal Chandra Mondal
- Department of Physiology, Raja Peary Mohan College, Uttarpara, Hooghly, West Bengal, India
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
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Pharmacological Activities and Phytochemical Constituents. LIQUORICE 2017. [PMCID: PMC7120246 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-74240-3_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Glycyrrhiza glabra is one of the most popular medicinal plants and it has been used in traditional herbal remedy since ancient times (Blumenthal et al. in Herbal medicine: expanded commission E monographs. Integrative Medicine Communications, Newton, 2000; Parvaiz et al. in Global J Pharmocol 8(1):8–13, 2014; Altay et al. in J Plant Res 129(6):1021–1032, 2016). Many experimental, pharmacological and clinical studies show that liquorice has antimicrobial, antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, antihepatotoxic, antioxidant, antiulcer, anti-hemorrhoid antihyperglycemic, antidiuretic, antinephritic, anticarcinogenic, antimutagenic, anticytotoxic, anti-inflammatory, and blood stopper activity.
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Öztürk M, Altay V, Hakeem KR, Akçiçek E. Economic Importance. LIQUORICE 2017. [PMCID: PMC7120331 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-74240-3_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The beneficial effects of liquorice in treating chills, colds, and coughs have been fully discussed in Ayurveda, as well as in the texts of ancient Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans. The plant has been prescribed for dropsy during the period of famous Hippocrates. The reason being that it was quite helpful as thirst-quenching drugs (Biondi et al. in J Nat Prod 68:1099–1102, 2005; Mamedov and Egamberdieva in Herbals and human health-phytochemistry. Springer Nature Publishers, 41 pp, 2017). No doubt, the clinical use of liquorice in modern medicine started around 1930; Pedanios Dioscorides of Anazarba (Adana), first century AD-Father of Pharmacists, mentions that it is highly effective in the treatment of stomach and intestinal ulcers. In Ayurveda, people in ancient Hindu culture have used it for improving sexual vigor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Münir Öztürk
- Department of Botany and Center for Environmental Studies, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Volkan Altay
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Arts, Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay, Turkey
| | - Khalid Rehman Hakeem
- Department of Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eren Akçiçek
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
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Siwek M, Sowa-Kucma M, Styczen K, Misztak P, Szewczyk B, Topor-Madry R, Nowak G, Dudek D, Rybakowski JK. Thiobarbituric Acid-Reactive Substances: Markers of an Acute Episode and a Late Stage of Bipolar Disorder. Neuropsychobiology 2016; 73:116-22. [PMID: 27023678 DOI: 10.1159/000444491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lowered antioxidant defense systems and increased oxidative stress are implicated in bipolar disorders (BD). Early and late stages of BD may present different biological features (including the level of oxidative stress) and may therefore require different treatment strategies. The aim of this study was to analyze serum levels of lipid peroxidation [measured as thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), a derivative of malondialdehyde] in BD patients at various stages and phases of the illness and compare their TBARS levels with those of healthy controls. METHOD A total of 129 patients (58 in the depressive episode, 23 in the manic episode and 48 in remission) diagnosed with type I (n = 69) or type II (n = 60) BD and 50 healthy volunteers (control group) were enrolled in the study. The level of lipid peroxidation was measured in blood serum using a TBARS assay kit. RESULTS TBARS levels in the acute episode of mania/hypomania and depression (but not in remission) were significantly higher than in healthy controls. With regard to the BD stage, both early- and late-stage BD TBARS levels were significantly increased in patients in the depressive episode. In late-stage BD, the TBARS level in patients in remission remained elevated compared with controls. A multiple regression model confirmed the association between the TBARS level and BD stage or acute BD. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that TBARS levels reflect the oxidative stress state which increases both in the acute phase of BD (mania/hypomania and depression) and with BD progression (stage).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Siwek
- Department of Affective Disorders, Chair of Psychiatry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
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Systems Pharmacology Based Study of the Molecular Mechanism of SiNiSan Formula for Application in Nervous and Mental Diseases. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2016; 2016:9146378. [PMID: 28058059 PMCID: PMC5183803 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9146378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Background. Mental disorder is a group of systemic diseases characterized by a variety of physical and mental discomfort, which has become the rising threat to human life. Herbal medicines were used to treat mental disorders for thousand years in China in which the molecular mechanism is not yet clear. Objective. To systematically explain the mechanisms of SiNiSan (SNS) formula on the treatment of mental disorders. Method. A systems pharmacology method, with ADME screening, targets prediction, and DAVID enrichment analysis, was employed as the principal approach in our study. Results. 60 active ingredients of SNS formula and 187 mental disorders related targets were discovered to have interactions with them. Furthermore, the enrichment analysis of drug-target network showed that SNS probably acts through “multi-ingredient, multitarget, and multisystems” holistic coordination in different organs pattern by indirectly regulating the nutritional and metabolic pathway even their serial complications. Conclusions. Our research provides a reference for the molecular mechanism of medicinal herbs in the treatment of mental disease on a systematic level. Hopefully, it will also provide a theoretical basis for the discovery of lead compounds of natural medicines for other diseases based on traditional medicine.
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Fujii S, Morinaga O, Uto T, Nomura S, Shoyama Y. Simultaneous determination of glycyrrhizin and liquiritin in licorice roots and Kampo medicines by combination enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using anti-glycyrrhizin and anti-liquiritin monoclonal antibodies. J Immunoassay Immunochem 2016; 38:285-298. [DOI: 10.1080/15321819.2016.1260586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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68
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A High Content Screening Assay to Identify Compounds with Anti-Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition Effects from the Chinese Herbal Medicine Tong-Mai-Yang-Xin-Wan. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21101340. [PMID: 27735870 PMCID: PMC6273035 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21101340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a worldwide health problem with growing prevalence in developing countries. Renal tubular epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a critical step and key factor in the development of this condition. Renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis is a basic pathological change at the later stages of the disease. Therefore, blocking the development of EMT could be a critical factor in curing CKD. We have established a cell-based high-content screening (HCS) method to identify inhibitors of EMT in human proximal tubular epithelial (HK-2) cells by automatic acquisition and processing of dual-fluorescent labeled images. With the aid of chromatographic separation and mass spectrometry, we achieved the rapid and reliable screening of active compounds from the Chinese herbal medicine Tong-Mai-Yang-Xin-Wan (TMYX) for treating EMT. Five fractions were found to exert anti-EMT activity and were further identified by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Glycyrrhizic acid, glyasperin A, and licorisoflavan A were found to inhibit EMT. The proposed approach was successfully applied to screen active compounds from TMYX on TGF-β1-stimulated HK-2 cells and may offer a new means for identifying lead compounds for treating EMT from registered Chinese herbal medicines.
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Antidepressant-like effects and mechanisms of flavonoids and related analogues. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 121:47-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 05/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Chang SC, Cassidy A, Willett WC, Rimm EB, O'Reilly EJ, Okereke OI. Dietary flavonoid intake and risk of incident depression in midlife and older women. Am J Clin Nutr 2016; 104:704-14. [PMID: 27413131 PMCID: PMC4997290 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.115.124545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The impact of dietary flavonoid intakes on risk of depression is unclear. OBJECTIVE We prospectively examined associations between estimated habitual intakes of dietary flavonoids and depression risk. DESIGN We followed 82,643 women without a previous history of depression at baseline from the Nurses' Health Study [(NHS) aged 53-80 y] and the Nurses' Health Study II [(NHSII) aged 36-55 y]. Intakes of total flavonoids and subclasses (flavonols, flavones, flavanones, anthocyanins, flavan-3-ols, polymeric flavonoids, and proanthocyanidins) were calculated from validated food-frequency questionnaires collected every 2-4 y. Depression was defined as physician- or clinician-diagnosed depression or antidepressant use and was self-reported in response to periodic questionnaires. Cox proportional hazards models were performed to examine associations. RESULTS A total of 10,752 incident depression cases occurred during a 10-y follow-up. Inverse associations between flavonol, flavone, and flavanone intakes and depression risk were observed. Pooled multivariable-adjusted HRs (95% CIs) were 0.93 (0.88, 0.99), 0.92 (0.86, 0.98), and 0.90 (0.85, 0.96) when comparing the highest (quintile 5) with the lowest (quintile 1) quintiles, respectively, with evidence of linear trends across quintiles (P-trend = 0.0004-0.08). In flavonoid-rich food-based analyses, the HR was 0.82 (95% CI: 0.74, 0.91) among participants who consumed ≥2 servings citrus fruit or juices/d compared with <1 serving/wk. In the NHS only, total flavonoids, polymers, and proanthocyanidin intakes showed significantly (9-12%) lower depression risks. In analyses among late-life NHS participants (aged ≥65 y at baseline or during follow-up), for whom we were able to incorporate depressive symptoms into the outcome definition, higher intakes of all flavonoid subclasses except for flavan-3-ols were associated with significantly lower depression risk; flavones and proanthocyanidins showed the strongest associations (HR for both: 0.83; 95% CI: 0.77, 0.90). CONCLUSIONS Higher flavonoid intakes may be associated with lower depression risk, particularly among older women. Further studies are needed to confirm these associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun-Chiao Chang
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Aedin Cassidy
- Department of Nutrition, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom; and
| | - Walter C Willett
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, and Departments of Nutrition and Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Eric B Rimm
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, and Departments of Nutrition and Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Eilis J O'Reilly
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, and Departments of Nutrition and
| | - Olivia I Okereke
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, and Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
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Ma J, Wu CF, Wang F, Yang JY, Dong YX, Su GY, Zhang K, Wang ZQ, Xu LW, Pan X, Zhou TS, Ma P, Song SJ. Neurological mechanism of Xiaochaihutang's antidepressant-like effects to socially isolated adult rats. J Pharm Pharmacol 2016; 68:1340-9. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
Xiaochaihutang (XCHT) has antidepressant effects in multiple animal models of depression in our previous studies. But the antidepressant effects and exact mechanisms of XCHT in a rat model of chronic social isolation stress (CSIS) have never been studied. We therefore aimed to investigate the effects of XCHT on depressive/anxiety-related behaviours of CSIS-exposed rats and understand the neurological mechanism involving neurogenesis.
Methods
We established the CSIS model and then investigated the effects of XCHT on behavioural change. HPLC-MS/MS was adopted to quantify neurotransmitter levels in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Immunofluorescence technology was used to study the effects of XCHT on neurogenesis; while expressions of 5-HT1A receptor signalling pathway in the hippocampus were measured using Western blotting.
Key Findings
Xiaochaihutang significantly alleviated depressive/anxiety-like behaviours of CSIS-exposed rats. XCHT significantly regulated levels of monoamine neurotransmitters in the CSF without affecting Glu, GABA and ACh. XCHT also significantly increased neurogenesis in CSIS-exposed rats. Additionally, XCHT reversed CSIS-induced decrease of 5-HT1A receptor expression and promoted the expression of BDNF in the hippocampus.
Conclusion
Our results suggest that XCHT could significantly regulate the depressive/anxiety-like behaviours induced by CSIS, which are likely attributed to the promotion of hippocampal neurogenesis and neurotrophin expressions through the activation of serotonergic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ma
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Chun Fu Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jing Yu Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ying Xu Dong
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Guang Yue Su
- Department of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Kuo Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhi Qian Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Long Wen Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xing Pan
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ting Shuo Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ping Ma
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shao Jiang Song
- Department of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
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Oxidative Stress Implications in the Affective Disorders: Main Biomarkers, Animal Models Relevance, Genetic Perspectives, and Antioxidant Approaches. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:3975101. [PMID: 27563374 PMCID: PMC4983669 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3975101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The correlation between the affective disorders and the almost ubiquitous pathological oxidative stress can be described in a multifactorial way, as an important mechanism of central nervous system impairment. Whether the obvious changes which occur in oxidative balance of the affective disorders are a part of the constitutive mechanism or a collateral effect yet remains as an interesting question. However it is now clear that oxidative stress is a component of these disorders, being characterized by different aspects in a disease-dependent manner. Still, there are a lot of controversies regarding the relevance of the oxidative stress status in most of the affective disorders and despite the fact that most of the studies are showing that the affective disorders development can be correlated to increased oxidative levels, there are various studies stating that oxidative stress is not linked with the mood changing tendencies. Thus, in this minireview we decided to describe the way in which oxidative stress is involved in the affective disorders development, by focusing on the main oxidative stress markers that could be used mechanistically and therapeutically in these deficiencies, the genetic perspectives, some antioxidant approaches, and the relevance of some animal models studies in this context.
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73
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Zarmouh NO, Messeha SS, Elshami FM, Soliman KFA. Natural Products Screening for the Identification of Selective Monoamine Oxidase-B Inhibitors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 15. [PMID: 27341283 PMCID: PMC4898948 DOI: 10.9734/ejmp/2016/26453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Aims Monoamine oxidase-B inhibitors (MAO-BIs) are used for the initial therapy of Parkinson’s disease. Also, MAO-BIs have shown to be effective neuroprotective agents in several neurodegenerative diseases. However, some concerns exist regarding the long-term use of these compounds. Meanwhile, natural compounds showed potential MAO-B selective inhibitions. To date, few selective natural MAO-BIs have been identified. Therefore, the current study is designed to identify plants with potent and specific MAO-B inhibition. Study Design In this work, we utilized high throughput screening to evaluate the different plants ethanolic extract for their effectiveness to inhibit recombinant human (h)MAO-A and hMAO-B and to determine the relative selectivity of the top MAO-BI. Methodology Recombinant human isozymes were verified by Western blotting, and the 155 plants were screened. A continuous fluorometric screening assay was performed followed by two separate hMAO-A and hMAO-B microtiter screenings and IC50 determinations for the top extracts. Results In the screened plants, 9% of the extracts showed more than 1.5-fold relative inhibition of hMAO-B (RIB) and another 9% showed more than 1.5-fold relative inhibition of hMAO-A. The top extracts with the most potent RIBs were Psoralea corylifolia seeds, Phellodendron amurense bark, Glycyrrhiza uralensis roots, and Ferula assafoetida roots, with the highest RIB of 5.9-fold. Furthermore, extensive maceration of the promising extracts led to increase inhibitory effects with a preserved RIB as confirmed with luminescence assay. The top four extracts hMAO-BIs were equally potent (IC50= 1.3 to 3.8 μg/mL) with highly significant relative selectivities to inhibit hMAO-B (4.1- to 13.4-fold). Conclusion The obtained results indicate that Psoralea corylifolia seeds, Ferula assafoetida, Glycyrrhiza uralensis roots, and Phellodendron amurense ethanolic extracts have selective inhibitions for human MAO-B. Investigating these plant extracts as natural resources for novel selective MAO-BIs may lead to the development of molecules that can be used in the therapeutic management of neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najla O Zarmouh
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, Florida 32307, USA
| | - Samia S Messeha
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, Florida 32307, USA
| | - Faisel M Elshami
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, Florida 32307, USA
| | - Karam F A Soliman
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, Florida 32307, USA
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Liu Z, Qi Y, Cheng Z, Zhu X, Fan C, Yu SY. The effects of ginsenoside Rg1 on chronic stress induced depression-like behaviors, BDNF expression and the phosphorylation of PKA and CREB in rats. Neuroscience 2016; 322:358-69. [PMID: 26926964 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.02.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Depression is a common neuropsychiatric disorder which has been associated with a wide range of structural and functional changes within specific brain regions. Ginsenoside Rg1 has been shown to exert a number of neuroprotective effects as demonstrated in various in vivo and in vitro studies. However, little information is available regarding the site and mechanisms of ginsenoside Rg1 in promoting antidepressant effects. The present study aimed to investigate the neuroprotective and ameliorating effects of ginsenoside Rg1 on depression-like behavior as induced by chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS). The results showed that CUMS was effective in producing depression-like behaviors in rats as indicated by decreased responses in sucrose preference and forced swim tests which were associated with ultrastructural changes in neurons within the amygdala. Moreover, levels of PKA and CREB phosphorylation and the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were decreased in the amygdala of CUMS rats. Remarkably, chronic ginsenoside Rg1 (40 mg/kg, i.p., 5 weeks) treatment significantly ameliorated these behavioral and biochemical alterations associated with CUMS-induced depression. Taken together, the results of the present study demonstrate that ginsenoside Rg1 exhibits antidepressant-like effects against CUMS-induced depression. This amelioration of depression-like behaviors by ginsenoside Rg1 appears to be mediated, at least in part, by a CREB-regulated increase of BDNF expression in the amygdala of rats. Therefore, these findings reveal the therapeutic potential of ginsenoside Rg1 for use in clinical trials in the treatment of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Liu
- Department of Physiology, Shandong University, School of Medicine, Wenhuaxilu Road, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, PR China
| | - Y Qi
- Department of Physiology, Shandong University, School of Medicine, Wenhuaxilu Road, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, PR China
| | - Z Cheng
- Department of Physiology, Shandong University, School of Medicine, Wenhuaxilu Road, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, PR China
| | - X Zhu
- Department of Physiology, Shandong University, School of Medicine, Wenhuaxilu Road, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, PR China
| | - C Fan
- Department of Physiology, Shandong University, School of Medicine, Wenhuaxilu Road, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, PR China
| | - S Y Yu
- Department of Physiology, Shandong University, School of Medicine, Wenhuaxilu Road, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, PR China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, School of Medicine, Wenhuaxilu Road, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, PR China.
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Protective Effects of Liquiritin on the Brain of Rats with Alzheimer's Disease. W INDIAN MED J 2016; 64:468-472. [PMID: 27399208 DOI: 10.7727/wimj.2016.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a sort of nerve degenerative disease with clinical manifestation of memory damage and cognitive dysfunction. Its typical pathological change is the abnormal deposition of amyloid-beta (Aβ). Method In this study, a rat AD model with liquiritin (LQ) interference was established to observe the effects of LQ on the AD rats' behavioural memory and primary hippocampus cells. Results Liquiritin had the effect of improving the rats' learning and memory ability, enhancing the activity of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in rats' brain tissues, increasing the antioxidant ability, protecting the primary cultured hippocampal neurons and inhibiting the apoptosis induced by Aβ25-35. Conclusion The protective effects of LQ can be related to the enhancement of antioxidase activity and clearance of oxygen radicals.
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Effects of Xiaoyaosan on Stress-Induced Anxiety-Like Behavior in Rats: Involvement of CRF1 Receptor. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2016; 2016:1238426. [PMID: 27042185 PMCID: PMC4793091 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1238426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background. Compared with antidepressant activity of Xiaoyaosan, the role of Xiaoyaosan in anxiety has been poorly studied. Objective. To observe the effects of Xiaoyaosan on anxiety-like behavior induced by chronic immobilization stress (CIS) and further explore whether these effects were related to CRF1R signaling. Methods. Adult male SD rats were randomly assigned to five groups (n = 12): the nonstressed control group, vehicle-treated (saline, p.o.) group, Xiaoyaosan-treated (3.854 g/kg, p.o.) group, vehicle-treated (surgery) group, and antalarmin-treated (surgery) group. Artificial cerebrospinal fluid (0.5 μL/side) or CRF1R antagonist antalarmin (125 ng/0.5 μL, 0.5 μL/side) was bilaterally administered into the basolateral amygdala in the surgery groups. Except for the nonstressed control group, the other four groups were exposed to CIS (14 days, 3 h/day) 30 minutes after treatment. On days 15 and 16, all animals were subjected to the elevated plus-maze (EPM) and novelty suppressed feeding (NSF) test. We then examined the expression of CRF1R, pCREB, and BDNF in the amygdala. Results. Chronic pretreatment with Xiaoyaosan or antalarmin significantly reversed elevated anxiety-like behavior and the upregulated level of CRF1R and BDNF in the amygdala of stressed rats. pCREB did not differ significantly among the groups. Conclusions. These results suggest that Xiaoyaosan exerts anxiolytic-like effects in behavioral tests and the effects may be related to CRF1R signaling in the amygdala.
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Fujii S, Morinaga O, Uto T, Nomura S, Shoyama Y. Development of Double Eastern Blotting for Major Licorice Components, Glycyrrhizin and Liquiritin for Chemical Quality Control of Licorice Using anti-Glycyrrhizin and anti-Liquiritin Monoclonal Antibodies. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:1087-1093. [PMID: 26765784 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b04732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Licorice is utilized in various food industries around the world for seasoning agents, confectioneries, drinks, and functional foods. Glycyrrhizin (GL) and liquiritin (Liq) are major quality control chemical markers of licorice that have multifunctional bioactivities. Chemical quality control of licorice is important because its component profiles change depending environmental factors (climate, soil condition, and water deficit) and differences between species. Double eastern blotting using anti-GL and anti-Liq monoclonal antibodies was developed for more convenient, rapid, and specific quality control analysis of GL and Liq, respectively. Moreover, double eastern blotting was applied to investigate the immunohistochemical distributions of GL and Liq in the root of fresh licorice; the localization of both components was then clarified visually. This double eastern blotting technique for GL and Liq may serve as a powerful approach for visually determining the chemical quality of licorice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Fujii
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Faculty of Health Management, Nagasaki International University , 2825-7 Huis Ten Bosch, Sasebo, 859-3298 Japan
| | - Osamu Morinaga
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki International University , 2825-7 Huis Ten Bosch, Sasebo, 859-3298 Japan
| | - Takuhiro Uto
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki International University , 2825-7 Huis Ten Bosch, Sasebo, 859-3298 Japan
| | - Shuichi Nomura
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Faculty of Health Management, Nagasaki International University , 2825-7 Huis Ten Bosch, Sasebo, 859-3298 Japan
| | - Yukihiro Shoyama
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki International University , 2825-7 Huis Ten Bosch, Sasebo, 859-3298 Japan
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zhu Z, Tao W, Li J, Guo S, Qian D, Shang E, Su S, Duan JA. Rapid determination of flavonoids in licorice and comparison of three licorice species. J Sep Sci 2016; 39:473-82. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201500685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 10/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua zhu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine; Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine; Nanjing China
| | - Weiwei Tao
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine; Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine; Nanjing China
| | - Jianping Li
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine; Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine; Nanjing China
| | - Sheng Guo
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine; Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine; Nanjing China
| | - Dawei Qian
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine; Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine; Nanjing China
| | - Erxin Shang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine; Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine; Nanjing China
| | - Shulan Su
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine; Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine; Nanjing China
| | - Jin-ao Duan
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine; Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine; Nanjing China
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Abstract
Depression is a common psychiatric disorder, with diverse symptoms and high comorbidity with other brain dysfunctions. Due to this complexity, little is known about the neural and genetic mechanisms involved in depression pathogenesis. In a large proportion of patients, current antidepressant treatments are often ineffective and/or have undesirable side effects, fueling the search for more effective drugs. Animal models mimicking various symptoms of depression are indispensable in studying the biological mechanisms of this disease. Here, we summarize several popular methods for assessing depression-like symptoms in mice, and their utility in screening antidepressant drugs.
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Elkhayat ES, Alorainy MS, El-Ashmawy IM, Fat’hi S. Potential Antidepressant Constituents of Nigella sativa Seeds. Pharmacogn Mag 2016; 12:S27-31. [PMID: 27041854 PMCID: PMC4791995 DOI: 10.4103/0973-1296.176118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nigella sativa Linn. is well known seed in the Middle East, Asia, and the Far East as a natural remedy for many ailments and as a flavoring agent proclaimed medicinal usage dating back to the ancient Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans. An authentic saying of the Prophet Muhammad (Peace Be Upon Him) about black seed is also quoted in Al-Bukhari. OBJECTIVE This study was carried out to evaluate the antidepressant effect and isolate the potential antidepressant constituents of the polar extract of N. sativa seeds. MATERIALS AND METHODS The antidepressant effect was evaluated through the immobility duration in tail suspension and forced swim tests (FSTs). Albino mice were orally treated with N. sativa polar extract and its RP-18 column chromatography fractions (50 and 100 mg/kg,). RESULTS The polar extract and two of its sub-fractions were significantly able to decrease the immobility time of mice when subjected to both tail suspension and FSTs, the effects are comparable to standard drug (Sertraline, 5 mg/kg). However, these treatments did not affect the number of crossings and rearing in the open field test. Phytochemical investigation of the two active fractions led to the isolation of quercetin-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside 1, quercetin-7-O-β-D-gluco- pyranoside 2, tauroside E 3, and sapindoside B as the potential antidepressant constituents. SUMMARY Phytochemical and biological evaluation the antidepressant constituents in Nigella sativa using the tail suspension and forced swim methods afforded the isolation and identification of quercetin-3-O-α-L rhamnopyranoside, quercetin-7-O-β-D gluco pyranoside, tauroside E, and sapindoside B as the potential antidepressant constituents in the polar extract of N. sativa. The isolated compounds were identified through extensive NMR analysis (1D, 2D, ESI MS). Abbreviations used: TST: Tail suspension test, FST: Forced swim test, OFT: An Open field test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehab S. Elkhayat
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut 71524, Egypt
| | - Mohammad S. Alorainy
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah, AL-Qassim, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim M. El-Ashmawy
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agricultural and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah, AL-Qassim, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shawkat Fat’hi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt
- Department of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt
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Zhen XH, Quan YC, Jiang HY, Wen ZS, Qu YL, Guan LP. Fucosterol, a sterol extracted from Sargassum fusiforme, shows antidepressant and anticonvulsant effects. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 768:131-8. [PMID: 26515446 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
We previously showed that extracts of Sargassum fusiforme significantly reduce immobility time in the forced swim test and tail suspension test, suggesting that these extracts possess antidepressant-like effects. Here, fucosterol extracted from S. fusiforme was evaluated for antidepressant and anticonvulsant activities in mice. Fucosterol (10, 20, 30 and 40mg/kg) significantly shortened immobility time in the forced swim test and tail suspension test for30min after treatment but had no effect on locomotor activity in the open field test. Fucosterol significantly increased serotonin, norepinephrine and the metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in mouse brain, suggesting that the effects of fucosterol may be mediated through these neurotransmitters. As assessed using maximal electroshock, fucosterol (20, 40, 100mg/kg) possessed anticonvulsant activity, whereas rotarod toxicity test results indicated that fucosterol did not induce neurotoxicity at the same dose levels in mice. Thus, fucosterol may be a useful antidepressant adjunct candidate for treating depression in patients with epilepsy. A significant increase in hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels was found in the fucosterol 20mg/kg group (P<0.05). Our findings suggested that fucosterol may possess an antidepressant-like effect, which may be mediated by increasing central BDNF levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Hua Zhen
- Food and Pharmacy College, Zhejiang Ocean University and Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Biomedical Products, Zhejiang, Zhoushan 316022, China
| | - Ying-Chun Quan
- Yanbian University School of Medicine, Jilin 133000, Yanji, China
| | - Hai-Ying Jiang
- Yanbian University School of Medicine, Jilin 133000, Yanji, China
| | - Zheng-Shun Wen
- Food and Pharmacy College, Zhejiang Ocean University and Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Biomedical Products, Zhejiang, Zhoushan 316022, China
| | - You-Le Qu
- Food and Pharmacy College, Zhejiang Ocean University and Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Biomedical Products, Zhejiang, Zhoushan 316022, China.
| | - Li-Ping Guan
- Food and Pharmacy College, Zhejiang Ocean University and Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Biomedical Products, Zhejiang, Zhoushan 316022, China.
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82
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Zhang K, Wang F, Yang JY, Wang LJ, Pang HH, Su GY, Ma J, Song SJ, Xiong ZL, Wu CF. Analysis of main constituents and mechanisms underlying antidepressant-like effects of Xiaochaihutang in mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 175:48-57. [PMID: 26318746 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Xiaochaihutang (XCHT), a famous Chinese herbal formula which consists of seven Chinese herbs, has been used clinically in depressive disorders in China. Our previous studies have demonstrated that XCHT improved depressive-like behavior in several animal models of depression. However, therapeutic basis of XCHT on depression are challenging, due to the complex active constituents of XCHT and the unclear pharmacological mechanism of action. MATERIALS AND METHODS To provide further insights into therapeutic basis of XCHT, the core in compatibility of XCHT on antidepressant therapy was assessed by the method of orthogonal array design. The comparative evaluations on antidepressant effects of XCHT and its core in compatibility were executed by tail suspension test (TST), forced swim test (FST), novelty suppressed feeding test (NSFT), reserpine-induced hypothermia and palpebral ptosis. Moreover, the potential mechanism was explored by investigating levels of monoamine neurotransmitters in hypothalamus and striatum and neurogenesis in hippocampus. Chemical profile of active constituents in plasma after oral administration of the core in compatibility of XCHT was revealed by ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). RESULTS The results of orthogonal array design experiment showed that Huangqin (Radix scutellariae), Renshen (Ginseng) and Gancao (Radix glycyrrhizae), defined as HRG, might be the core in compatibility of XCHT on antidepressant therapy. In accordance with XCHT, oral administration of HRG for 15 days significantly reduced immobility duration in TST and FST without affecting locomotor activity. Both HRG and XCHT increased immobility latency in FST, decreased the latency in NSFT, reversed reserpine-induced hypothermia and palpebral ptosis. Moreover, both HRG and XCHT significantly increased levels of 5-HT and DA in hypothalamus. In addition, HRG could remarkably increase Ki-67 and doublecortin (DCX) positive cells in hippocampus. A total 25 active constituents in plasma, including 14 prototype components and 11 metabolites, were identified by UPLC-MS/MS after oral administration of HRG. CONCLUSION The present results reveal that HRG is supposed to be the core in compatibility of XCHT on antidepressant therapy. In accordance with XCHT, HRG exerts significant antidepressant-like effects, which are likely attributed to regulating serotonergic and dopaminergic systems and increasing hippocampal neurogenesis. The constituents identified in plasma after oral administration of HRG may be the potential active ingredients for the treatment of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 110016 Shenyang, PR China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 110016 Shenyang, PR China
| | - Jing-yu Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 110016 Shenyang, PR China
| | - Li-juan Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, 110016 Shenyang, PR China
| | - Huan-huan Pang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 110016 Shenyang, PR China
| | - Guang-yue Su
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 110016 Shenyang, PR China
| | - Jie Ma
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 110016 Shenyang, PR China
| | - Shao-jiang Song
- Department of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 110016 Shenyang, PR China
| | - Zhi-li Xiong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, 110016 Shenyang, PR China.
| | - Chun-fu Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 110016 Shenyang, PR China.
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TCM Formula Xiaoyaosan Decoction Improves Depressive-Like Behaviors in Rats with Type 2 Diabetes. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 2015:415243. [PMID: 26508978 PMCID: PMC4609839 DOI: 10.1155/2015/415243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism of depression with type 2 diabetes remains elusive, requiring further study. Objective. To evaluate the effect of TCM formula Xiaoyaosan on depressive-like behaviors in rats with type 2 diabetes. Methods. Rats were divided into 5 groups and drugs were administered during the model period of 21 days. The model of depressive-like behaviors in rats with type 2 diabetes was induced by a high fat diet, low doses of STZ injection, and chronic restraint stress for 21 days. The body weight, fasting blood glucose, ITT, OGTT, 5-HT, DA, depression behaviors, and morphological changes of formation were measured and observed. Results. After modeling, marked changes were found in model rats; behavioral analyses of rats indicated that this modeling method negatively impacts locomotor function. In the H&E staining, changes were found predominately in the CA1 and DG subregions of the hippocampus. After 21 days of treatment by fluoxetine and Xiaoyaosan, rats' body weights, behaviors and fasting blood glucose, and hippocampal formation were modified. Conclusions. A new model of depressive-like behaviors in rats with type 2 diabetes was successfully created. Xiaoyaosan and fluoxetine in this study independently contribute to exacerbate the disease progression.
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84
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Song K, Na JY, Kim S, Kwon J. Rutin upregulates neurotrophic factors resulting in attenuation of ethanol-induced oxidative stress in HT22 hippocampal neuronal cells. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2015; 95:2117-2123. [PMID: 25251136 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Revised: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcoholism, which refers to the excessive consumption of alcohol, has deleterious effects on personal and social health worldwide. Oxidative stress evoked by ethanol plays an important role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Rutin is a bioflavonoid that has been demonstrated to scavenge superoxide radicals. However, the effects of rutin on neuronal toxicity following ethanol-induced oxidative stress have not previously been investigated. Thus we investigated the antioxidant effect of rutin in hippocampal neuronal cells (HT22 cells) exposed to ethanol. RESULTS We found that rutin pretreatment prevented the ethanol-induced decrease in protein level expression of nerve growth factor, glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in HT22 cells. Cell viability as analyzed by the MTT method revealed a significant increase in cell viability in the rutin-treated group compared with the ethanol-only treated group. Antioxidant effect of rutin was confirmed to be due to reduction of intracellular reactive oxidative species production in ethanol-treated HT22 cells. Moreover, rutin significantly increased the level of the antioxidant glutathione, and the activities of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase and catalase. CONCLUSION These findings indicate that rutin has potential as a therapeutic agent to treat alcohol-related neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kibbeum Song
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 561-156, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Young Na
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 561-156, Republic of Korea
| | - Sokho Kim
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 561-156, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungkee Kwon
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 561-156, Republic of Korea
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85
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Wang L, Wu C, Zhao L, Lu X, Wang F, Yang J, Xiong Z. An Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography Photodiode Array Detection Tandem Mass Spectrometric Method for Simultaneous Determination of Seven Major Bioactive Constituents in Xiaochaihutang and Its Application to Fourteen Compatibilities Study. J Chromatogr Sci 2015; 53:1570-6. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmv059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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86
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Zhang Y, Qian D, Pan Y, Zhu Z, Huang J, Xi J, Guo J, Zhou X, Zhong G, Duan J. Comparisons of the pharmacokinetic profile of four bioactive components after oral administration of gan-sui-ban-xia decoction plus-minus gansui and gancao drug combination in normal rats. Molecules 2015; 20:9295-308. [PMID: 26007184 PMCID: PMC6272428 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20059295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Gan-Sui-Ban-Xia Decoction (GSBXD) was first presented by Zhang Zhongjing in the book Synopsis of Golden Chamber during the Han Dynasty period. The formula was then used for the treatment of persistent fluid retention with floating pulse in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), which in modern medicine is known as malignant ascites. Here, a rapid liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method has been developed for the determination of glycyrrhizinic acid, liquiritin, paeoniflorin, albiflorin after oral administration of GSBXD plus-minus Gansui and Gancao anti-drug combination to investigate the possible pharmacokinetic profile differences of different prescriptions with GSBXD in normal rats. The differences of pharmacokinetic parameters among groups were tested by the Student’s t-test with p < 0.05 as the level of significance. Significant differences were found between the Gansui and Gancao anti-drug combination and other herbs in GSBXD on pharmacokinetic profile of glycyrrhizinic acid, liquiritin, paeoniflorin and albiflorin. The obtained knowledge might contribute to the rationality of the clinic use of GSBXD and also reveal the compatibility conditions of the Gansui and Gancao anti-drug combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Dawei Qian
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Ying Pan
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Zhenghua Zhu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Jing Huang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Junzuan Xi
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Jianming Guo
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Xueping Zhou
- The No.1 Clinical Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Gansheng Zhong
- Basic Medical College, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100092, China.
| | - Jinao Duan
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
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87
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Wang R, Zhang CY, Bai LP, Pan HD, Shu LM, Kong ANT, Leung ELH, Liu L, Li T. Flavonoids derived from liquorice suppress murine macrophage activation by up-regulating heme oxygenase-1 independent of Nrf2 activation. Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 28:917-24. [PMID: 25871879 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Liquiritigenin (LQG), isoliquiritin (ILQ) and isoliquiritigenin (ILG) are flavonoids derived from liquorice and all possess a similar chemical structural backbone. In the current study, we found that ILQ and ILG had suppressive effects on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory responses in murine macrophage by suppressing the iNOS and COX-2 proteins and mRNA expression. A mechanistic study indicated that the effect was associated with an induction of antioxidant and detoxification enzymes, including UGT1A1, NQO1, and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) mRNA expression. The regulator of these enzymes, nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), which plays a critical role in LPS-induced inflammatory responses, could be activated by ILQ and ILG. Additionally, ILQ and ILG promoted Nrf2 signaling activation by inhibiting the Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) and increasing Nrf2 translocation, inducing the expression of these antioxidant enzymes. We further found that ILQ and ILG induced HO-1 expression independent of Nrf2 expression. With respect to the effect of these compounds on NF-κB signaling, ILG was found to markedly inhibit IκBα degradation and phosphorylation, while LQG and ILQ had no significant effects. These results indicate that there are correlations between the anti-inflammatory responses and the chemical structural properties of these flavonoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine/Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Cheng Yue Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Li Ping Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine/Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Hu Dan Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine/Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Li Min Shu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Ah-Ng Tony Kong
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Elaine Lai-Han Leung
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine/Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Liang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine/Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China.
| | - Ting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine/Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China.
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88
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Xing H, Zhang K, Zhang R, Zhang Y, Gu L, Shi H, Bi K, Chen X. Determination of depression biomarkers in rat plasma by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry for the study of the antidepressant effect of Zhi-Zi-Hou-Po decoction on rat model of chronic unpredictable mild stress. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2015; 988:135-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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89
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Peng GJ, Tian JS, Gao XX, Zhou YZ, Qin XM. Research on the Pathological Mechanism and Drug Treatment Mechanism of Depression. Curr Neuropharmacol 2015; 13:514-23. [PMID: 26412071 PMCID: PMC4790409 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x1304150831120428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression is one of the prevalent and persistent psychiatric illnesses. It brings heavy socioeconomic burden such as healthcare expenditures and even higher suicide rates. Despite many hypotheses about its mechanism have been put forward, so far it is still unclear, not to mention the precise and effective diagnostic or therapeutic methods. In this paper, the current conditions of pathological and pharmacological mechanism of depression were reviewed systematically. Firstly, the most recent hypotheses and metabolomics based research including hereditary, neurotransmitter systems, brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), hyperactivity of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis and inflammatory as well as metabolomics were summarized. Secondly, the present situation and development on antidepressant drugs at home and abroad were reviewed. Finally, a conclusion and prospect on the pathological and pharmacological mechanism of depression were provided primarily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-jiang Peng
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine of Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, PR China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering of Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006,
PR China
| | - Jun-sheng Tian
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine of Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, PR China
| | - Xiao-xia Gao
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine of Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, PR China
| | - Yu-zhi Zhou
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine of Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, PR China
| | - Xue-mei Qin
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine of Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, PR China
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90
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Antidepressant-like effect of evodiamine on chronic unpredictable mild stress rats. Neurosci Lett 2014; 588:154-8. [PMID: 25545553 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Evodiamine is a major alkaloid compound extracted from the dry unripened fruit Evodia fructus (Evodia rutaecarpa Benth., Rutaceae), which has a variety of pharmacological activities. The present study aims to determine the antidepressant-like effect of evodiamine in a rat model of chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS). We identified that evodiamine could reverse the following CUMS-induced behavioural deficits and biochemical changes in rats: the decreases of sucrose preference, number of crossings, 5-HT and NA levels, as well as the increase of immobility time. Evodiamine treatments also ameliorated the corticosterone hypersecretion induced by CUMS. Furthermore, we found that evodiamine was able to up-regulate the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and phosphorylated tropomyosin-related kinase B (pTrkB) without altering TrkB. This study suggests potential antidepressant-like effect of evodiamine on CUMS rats, and its underlying mechanisms can be potentially linked to their modulating effects on the monoamine transmitters and BDNF-TrkB signaling in the hippocampus.
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91
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Singh P, Singh D, Goel RK. Ficus religiosa L. figs--a potential herbal adjuvant to phenytoin for improved management of epilepsy and associated behavioral comorbidities. Epilepsy Behav 2014; 41:171-8. [PMID: 25461211 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress, together with mitochondrial dysfunction, has been reported to be involved in the pathogenesis of epileptogenesis and its associated comorbidities. Phytoflavonoids have shown numerous beneficial ameliorative effects on different neurological disorders by virtue of their antioxidant effect. The present study investigated the effect of flavonoid-rich ethyl acetate fraction of the crude fig extract of Ficus religiosa in combination with phenytoin on seizure severity, depressive behavior, and cognitive deficit in pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-kindled mice. The flavonoid-rich ethyl acetate fraction of the crude fig extract was found to show significant antioxidant potential in various in vitro free radical scavenging assays. Combined treatment of this fraction (2.5, 5, and 10 mg/kg; i.p.) along with a subeffective dose of phenytoin (15 mg/kg; i.p.) in postkindled animals once daily for fifteen days showed a dose-dependent decrease in the seizure severity score, a decreased number of mistakes, increased step-down latency in passive shock avoidance paradigm, and decreased immobility time in the tail suspension test in comparison with the phenytoin only-treated group. Biochemical investigations of the brain tissue showed amelioration of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), reduced glutathione (GSH) levels, and reduced catalase and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activities, thereby indicating suppression of oxidative stress. In conclusion, the results of the present study showed the protective effect of the flavonoid-rich fraction of F. religiosa along with a subeffective dose of phenytoin in PTZ-kindling-associated cognitive deficit and depressive behavior with complete suppression of seizures through reduction of oxidative stress, supporting the the need for clinical evaluation of the supplementation of phytoflavonoids along with antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) for management of epilepsy and its psychiatric and cognitive comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paramdeep Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala 147002, Punjab, India
| | - Damanpreet Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala 147002, Punjab, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar Goel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala 147002, Punjab, India.
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92
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Oxidative stress markers in affective disorders. Pharmacol Rep 2014; 65:1558-71. [PMID: 24553004 DOI: 10.1016/s1734-1140(13)71517-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Revised: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Affective disorders are a medical condition with a complex biological pattern of etiology, involving genetic and epigenetic factors, along with different environmental stressors. Increasing numbers of studies indicate that induction of oxidative and nitrosative stress (O&NS) pathways, which is accompanied by immune-inflammatory response, might play an important role in the pathogenic mechanisms underlying many major psychiatric disorders, including depression and bipolar disorder. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species have been shown to impair the brain function by modulating activity of principal neurotransmitter (e.g., glutamatergic) systems involved in the neurobiology of depression. Both preclinical and clinical studies revealed that depression is associated with altered levels of oxidative stress markers and typically reduced concentrations of several endogenous antioxidant compounds, such as glutathione, vitamin E, zinc and coenzyme Q10, or enzymes, including glutathione peroxidase, and with an impairment of the total antioxidant status. These oxidative stress parameters can be normalized by successful antidepressant therapy. On the other hand, some antioxidants (zinc, N-acetylcysteine, omega-3 free fatty acids) may exhibit antidepressant properties or enhance standard antidepressant therapy. These observations introduce new potential targets for the development of therapeutic interventions based on antioxidant compounds. The present paper reviews selected animal and human studies providing evidence that oxidative stress is implicated in the pathophysiology and treatment of depression and bipolar disorder.
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93
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Protective effect of mangiferin against lipopolysaccharide-induced depressive and anxiety-like behaviour in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 740:337-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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94
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Yu C, Wang J. Neuroprotective effect of penehyclidine hydrochloride on focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Neural Regen Res 2014; 8:622-32. [PMID: 25206707 PMCID: PMC4145985 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2013.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Penehyclidine hydrochloride can promote microcirculation and reduce vascular permeability. However, the role of penehyclidine hydrochloride in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury remains unclear. In this study, in vivo middle cerebral artery occlusion models were established in experimental rats, and penehyclidine hydrochloride pretreatment was given via intravenous injection prior to model establishment. Tetrazolium chloride, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate-biotin nick end labeling and immunohistochemical staining showed that, penehyclidine hydrochloride pretreatment markedly attenuated neuronal histopathological changes in the cortex, hippocampus and striatum, reduced infarction size, increased the expression level of Bcl-2, decreased the expression level of caspase-3, and inhibited neuronal apoptosis in rats with cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Xanthine oxidase and thiobarbituric acid chromogenic results showed that penehyclidine hydrochloride upregulated the activity of superoxide dismutase and downregulated the concentration of malondialdehyde in the ischemic cerebral cortex and hippocampus, as well as reduced the concentration of extracellular excitatory amino acids in rats with cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. In addition, penehyclidine hydrochloride inhibited the expression level of the NR1 subunit in hippocampal nerve cells in vitro following oxygen-glucose deprivation, as detected by PCR. Experimental findings indicate that penehyclidine hydrochloride attenuates neuronal apoptosis and oxidative stress injury after focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion, thus exerting a neuroprotective effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuicui Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning Province, China ; Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Yuhuangding Hospital, Medical College of Qingdao University, Yantai 264000, Shandong Province, China
| | - Junke Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning Province, China
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95
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Nguyen TTH, Jung SJ, Kang HK, Kim YM, Moon YH, Kim M, Kim D. Production of rubusoside from stevioside by using a thermostable lactase from Thermus thermophilus and solubility enhancement of liquiritin and teniposide. Enzyme Microb Technol 2014; 64-65:38-43. [PMID: 25152415 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Solubility is an important factor for achieving the desired plasma level of drug for pharmacological response. About 40% of drugs are not soluble in water in practice and therefore are slowly absorbed, which results in insufficient and uneven bioavailability and GI toxicity. Rubusoside (Ru) is a sweetener component in herbal tea and was discovered to enhance the solubility of a number of pharmaceutically and medicinally important compounds, including anticancer compounds. In this study, thirty-one hydrolyzing enzymes were screened for the conversion of stevioside (Ste) to Ru. Recombinant lactase from Thermus thermophiles which was expressed in Escherichia coli converted stevioside to rubusoside as a main product. Immobilized lactase was prepared and used for the production of rubusoside; twelve reaction cycles were repeated with 95.4% of Ste hydrolysis and 49 g L(-1) of Ru was produced. The optimum rubusoside synthesis yield was 86% at 200 g L(-1), 1200 U lactase. The purified 10% rubusoside solution showed increased water solubility of liquiritin from 0.98 mg mL(-1) to 4.70±0.12 mg mL(-1) and 0 mg mL(-1) to 3.42±0.11 mg mL(-1) in the case of teniposide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Thanh Hanh Nguyen
- Institutes of Green Bio Science & Technology, Seoul National University, Gangwon-do 232-916, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Jin Jung
- Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Jeollabuk-do 500-185, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Kyoung Kang
- Research Center for Proteinaceous Materials (RCPM), Chosun University, Gwang-Ju 501-759, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Min Kim
- Infection Control Material Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Jeollabuk-do 580-185, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Hwan Moon
- Audubon Sugar Institute, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Gabriel, LA 70776, USA
| | - Misook Kim
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Dankook University, Gyeonggi-do 448-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Doman Kim
- Institutes of Green Bio Science & Technology, Seoul National University, Gangwon-do 232-916, Republic of Korea; Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Republic of Korea.
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96
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Patil SP, Liu C, Alban J, Yang N, Li XM. Glycyrrhiza uralensis flavonoids inhibit brain microglial cell TNF-α secretion, p-IκB expression, and increase brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) secretion. JOURNAL OF TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICAL SCIENCES 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcms.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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97
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Banerjee R, Hazra S, Ghosh AK, Mondal AC. Chronic administration of bacopa monniera increases BDNF protein and mRNA expressions: a study in chronic unpredictable stress induced animal model of depression. Psychiatry Investig 2014; 11:297-306. [PMID: 25110503 PMCID: PMC4124189 DOI: 10.4306/pi.2014.11.3.297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Revised: 07/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to investigate whether graded doses of Bacopa Monniera (BM) extract could produce antidepressant-like effects in chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) induced depression in rats and its possible mechanism(s). METHODS Rats were subjected to an experimental setting of CUS. The effect of BM extract treatment in CUS-induced depression was examined using behavioral tests including the sucrose consumption, open field test and shuttle box escape test. The mechanism underlying the antidepressant-like action of BM extract was examined by measuring brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) protein and mRNA expression in brain tissues of CUS-exposed rats. RESULTS Exposure to CUS for 4 weeks caused depression-like behavior in rats, as indicated by significant decreases in sucrose consumption, locomotor activity and escape latency. In addition, it was found that BDNF protein and mRNA levels in the hippocampus and frontal cortex were lower in CUS-treated rats, as compared to controls. Daily administration of the graded doses of BM extract during the 4-week period of CUS significantly suppressed behavioral changes and attenuated the CUS-induced decrease in BDNF protein and mRNA levels in the hippocampus and frontal cortex. CONCLUSION The results suggest that BM extract alleviates depression induced by CUS. Present study also confirms that 80-120 mg/kg doses of BM extract have significantly higher antidepressant-like activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritabrata Banerjee
- Department of Physiology, Raja Peary Mohan College, Uttarpara, Hooghly, West Bengal, India
| | - Somoday Hazra
- Department of Physiology, Raja Peary Mohan College, Uttarpara, Hooghly, West Bengal, India
| | - Anup Kumar Ghosh
- Department of Instrumentation Science, Jadavpur University, Calcutta, West Bengal, India
| | - Amal Chandra Mondal
- Department of Physiology, Raja Peary Mohan College, Uttarpara, Hooghly, West Bengal, India
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98
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Hemanth Kumar BS, Mishra SK, Trivedi R, Singh S, Rana P, Khushu S. Demyelinating evidences in CMS rat model of depression: a DTI study at 7 T. Neuroscience 2014; 275:12-21. [PMID: 24881571 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Depression is among the most debilitating diseases worldwide. Long-term exposure to stressors plays a major role in development of human depression. Chronic mild stress (CMS) seems to be a valid animal model for depression. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is capable of inferring microstructural abnormalities of the white matter and has shown to serve as non-invasive marker of specific pathology. We developed a CMS rat model of depression and validated with behavioral experiments. We measured the diffusion indices (mean diffusivity (MD), fractional anisotropy (FA), axial (λ∥) and radial (λ⊥) diffusivity) to investigate the changes in CMS rat brain during depression onset. Diffusion indices have shown to be useful to discriminate myelin damage from axon loss. DTI was performed in both control and CMS rats (n=10, in each group) and maps of FA, MD, λ∥ and λ⊥ diffusivity values were generated using in-house built software. The diffusion indices were calculated by region of interest (ROI) analysis in different brain regions like the frontal cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus, cingulum, thalamus, caudate putamen, corpus callosum, cerebral peduncle and sensory motor cortex. The results showed signs of demyelination, reflected by increased MD, decreased FA and increased λ⊥. The results also suggest a possible role of edema or inflammation concerning the brain morphology in CMS rats. The overall finding using DTI suggests there might be a major role of loss of myelin sheath, which leads to disrupted connectivity between the limbic area and the prefrontal cortex during the onset of depression. Our findings indicate that interpretation of these indices may provide crucial information about the type and severity of mood disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- B S Hemanth Kumar
- NMR Research Centre, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences (INMAS), Brig. SK Mazumdar Marg, Timarpur, Delhi 110054, India
| | - S K Mishra
- NMR Research Centre, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences (INMAS), Brig. SK Mazumdar Marg, Timarpur, Delhi 110054, India
| | - R Trivedi
- NMR Research Centre, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences (INMAS), Brig. SK Mazumdar Marg, Timarpur, Delhi 110054, India
| | - S Singh
- NMR Research Centre, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences (INMAS), Brig. SK Mazumdar Marg, Timarpur, Delhi 110054, India
| | - P Rana
- NMR Research Centre, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences (INMAS), Brig. SK Mazumdar Marg, Timarpur, Delhi 110054, India
| | - S Khushu
- NMR Research Centre, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences (INMAS), Brig. SK Mazumdar Marg, Timarpur, Delhi 110054, India.
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99
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Kao TC, Wu CH, Yen GC. Bioactivity and potential health benefits of licorice. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:542-53. [PMID: 24377378 DOI: 10.1021/jf404939f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Licorice is an herbal plant named for its unique sweet flavor. It is widely used in the food and tobacco industries as a sweetener. Licorice is also used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and complementary medicine. Because the use of licorice has long been a part of TCM, the details of its therapeutic applications have been thoroughly established. In modern science, licorice is of interest because of its broad range of applications. Extracts of and compounds isolated from licorice have been well studied and biologically characterized. In this review, we discuss the nutraceutical and functional activities of licorice as well as those of the extracts of and the isolated compounds from licorice, including agents with anti-inflammatory activity, cell-protective abilities, and chemopreventive effects. The side effects of licorice are also enumerated. A comparison of the activities of licorice described by modern science and TCM is also presented, revealing the correspondence of certain characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Chien Kao
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University , 250 Kuokuang Road, Taichung 402, Taiwan
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100
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Guo ZZ, Wu YL, Wang RF, Wang WQ, Liu Y, Zhang XQ, Gao SR, Zhang Y, Wei SL. Distribution Patterns of the Contents of Five Active Components in Taproot and Stolon of Glycyrrhiza uralensis. Biol Pharm Bull 2014; 37:1253-8. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b14-00173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-zheng Guo
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine
| | - Yan-long Wu
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine
| | - Ru-feng Wang
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine
| | - Wen-quan Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Breeding of Endangered Medicinal Materials, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College
| | - Ying Liu
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine
| | - Xiao-qin Zhang
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine
| | - Shu-rui Gao
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine
| | - Yuan Zhang
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine
| | - Sheng-li Wei
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine
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