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Lee JE, Song HS, Park MN, Kim SH, Shim BS, Kim B. Ethanol Extract of Oldenlandia diffusa Herba Attenuates Scopolamine-Induced Cognitive Impairments in Mice via Activation of BDNF, P-CREB and Inhibition of Acetylcholinesterase. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19020363. [PMID: 29370115 PMCID: PMC5855585 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Though Oldenlandia diffusa Herba (ODH) has been known to exhibit anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory effects, its anti-amnestic effect has never been reported so far. The aim of this present study was to elucidate the anti-amnestic effect of ODH. ODH pretreatment significantly reduced escape latency of scopolamine treated Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice compared to untreated control groups in a Morris water maze test. Similarly, the passive avoidance test showed that ODH treatment recovered the scopolamine induced amnesia in the ICR mouse model. Concentration of Ach in brains of ODH treated mice was increased compared to that of scopolamine treated mice. In addition, activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was notably decreased by ODH. The protein expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and phospho-cAMP response element-binding protein (p-CREB) (Ser133) was increased in ODH pretreated group compared to control group. Consistently, immunohistochemistry (IHC) revealed the elevated expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and p-CREB in brains of ODH treated mice compared to the control group. Overall, these findings suggest that ODH has anti-amnestic potential via activation of BDNF and p-CREB and inhibition of AChE in mice with scopolamine induced amnesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Eun Lee
- Department of Pathology, College of Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, 1 Hoegi-dong, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Korea.
| | - Hyo-Sook Song
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, 1 Hoegi-dong, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Korea.
| | - Moon Nyeo Park
- Department of Pathology, College of Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, 1 Hoegi-dong, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Korea.
| | - Sung-Hoon Kim
- Department of Pathology, College of Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, 1 Hoegi-dong, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Korea.
| | - Bum-Sang Shim
- Department of Pathology, College of Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, 1 Hoegi-dong, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Korea.
| | - Bonglee Kim
- Department of Pathology, College of Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, 1 Hoegi-dong, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Korea.
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, 1 Hoegi-dong, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Korea.
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Pilipenko V, Narbute K, Beitnere U, Rumaks J, Pupure J, Jansone B, Klusa V. Very low doses of muscimol and baclofen ameliorate cognitive deficits and regulate protein expression in the brain of a rat model of streptozocin-induced Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 818:381-399. [PMID: 29133125 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies devoted to neuroprotection have focused on the role of the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) system in regulating neuroinflammatory processes which play a key role in the neurodegenerative processes observed in Alzheimer's disease (AD) by inducing glial cell overactivation and impairing neurotransmission. Data on the efficacy of classical GABA-A and GABA-B receptor agonists (muscimol and baclofen, respectively) in animal models of AD are not available. Moreover, no published studies have examined the ability of optimal doses of these compounds to prevent neuroinflammation, the alterations in neurotransmission and cognitive deficits. In the present study, we used a non-transgenic rat model of AD obtained by intracerebroventricular streptozocin (STZ) injection and assessed the effects of muscimol and baclofen at very low doses (0.01-0.05mg/kg) on spatial memory and the expression of cortical and hippocampal proteins related to neuroinflammation, namely proteins involved in astroglial functions (glial fibrillary acidic protein, GFAP), GABA synthesis (GABA synthesizing enzyme, glutamic acid decarboxylase 67, GAD67) and acetylcholine degradation (acetylcholine esterase). The presented study demonstrated that in a rat model of STZ-induced AD both muscimol and baclofen at the tested doses exerted memory-enhancing and anti-inflammatory effects, as well as normalization of acetylcholine esterase and GABA expression. We suggested that the function of very low doses of GABA receptor agonists differs from typical GABA-related inhibition and may be mediated by the allosteric sites of GABA receptors or other non-specific cell regulatory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimirs Pilipenko
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, 1 Jelgavas St., LV-1004 Riga, Latvia.
| | - Karina Narbute
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, 1 Jelgavas St., LV-1004 Riga, Latvia
| | - Ulrika Beitnere
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, 1 Jelgavas St., LV-1004 Riga, Latvia
| | - Juris Rumaks
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, 1 Jelgavas St., LV-1004 Riga, Latvia
| | - Jolanta Pupure
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, 1 Jelgavas St., LV-1004 Riga, Latvia
| | - Baiba Jansone
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, 1 Jelgavas St., LV-1004 Riga, Latvia
| | - Vija Klusa
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, 1 Jelgavas St., LV-1004 Riga, Latvia
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Ballinger EC, Ananth M, Talmage DA, Role LW. Basal Forebrain Cholinergic Circuits and Signaling in Cognition and Cognitive Decline. Neuron 2017; 91:1199-1218. [PMID: 27657448 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2016.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 438] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Recent work continues to place cholinergic circuits at center stage for normal executive and mnemonic functioning and provides compelling evidence that the loss of cholinergic signaling and cognitive decline are inextricably linked. This Review focuses on the last few years of studies on the mechanisms by which cholinergic signaling contributes to circuit activity related to cognition. We attempt to identify areas of controversy, as well as consensus, on what is and is not yet known about how cholinergic signaling in the CNS contributes to normal cognitive processes. In addition, we delineate the findings from recent work on the extent to which dysfunction of cholinergic circuits contributes to cognitive decline associated with neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth C Ballinger
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Program in Neuroscience, Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
| | - Mala Ananth
- Program in Neuroscience, Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Science, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - David A Talmage
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, CNS Disorders Center, Center for Molecular Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Lorna W Role
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, Neurosciences Institute, CNS Disorders Center, Center for Molecular Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
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Co-modulation of an allosteric modulator of nicotinic receptor-cholinesterase inhibitor (galantamine) and a 5-HT4 receptor agonist (RS-67333): effect on scopolamine-induced memory deficit in the mouse. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2017. [PMID: 28631100 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-017-4664-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIM It is widely assumed that the upcoming therapeutics for Alzheimer's disease will require to act on more than one target to be effective. We investigated here whether a combination of the nicotinic receptor allosteric modulator/cholinesterase inhibitor galantamine can act synergistically with the type 4 serotonin receptor (5-HT4R) partial agonist, RS-67333, to counterbalance deficits in short- and long-term memory. To select sub-efficacious doses of both drugs, dose-response studies were first performed on the scopolamine-induced deficits of spontaneous alternation in the Y-maze task and of acquisition and retrieval processes in a passive avoidance task. RESULT For spontaneous alternation behavior, combination of 1 mg/kg galantamine and 0.5 mg/kg RS-67333 fully reversed the deficit. In the passive avoidance task, no sub-efficacious doses could be found in the retention paradigm, but a beneficial effect of the association has been demonstrated in the acquisition paradigm. CONCLUSION Mnesic effects of galantamine can be thus potentiated by activation of 5-HT4R. Such a combination treatment might (1) strengthen symptomatic relief, (2) attenuate adverse effects given the lower doses of each compound required, and (3) afford a disease-modifying effect given the known action of 5-HT4R on amyloidogenesis cascade.
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Role of the lateral habenula in memory through online processing of information. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2017; 162:69-78. [PMID: 28709783 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 06/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Our memory abilities, whether they involve short-term working memory or long-term episodic or procedural memories, are essential for our well-being, our capacity to adapt to constraints of our environment and survival. Therefore, several key brain regions and neurotransmitter systems are engaged in the processing of sensory information to either maintain such information in working memory so that it will quickly be used, and/or participate in the elaboration and storage of enduring traces useful for longer periods of time. Animal research has recently attracted attention on the lateral habenula which, as shown in rodents and non-human primates, seems to process information stemming in the main regions involved in memory processing, e.g., the medial prefrontal cortex, the hippocampus, the amygdala, the septal region, the basal ganglia, and participates in the control of key memory-related neurotransmitters systems, i.e., dopamine, serotonin, acetylcholine. Recently, the lateral habenula has been involved in working and spatial reference memories, in rodents, likely by participating in online processing of contextual information. In addition, several behavioral studies strongly suggest that it is also involved in the processing of the emotional valance of incoming information in order to adapt to particularly stressful situations. Therefore, the lateral habenula appears like a key region at the interface between cognition and emotion to participate in the selection of appropriate behaviors.
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Bonnì S, Ponzo V, Di Lorenzo F, Caltagirone C, Koch G. Real-time activation of central cholinergic circuits during recognition memory. Eur J Neurosci 2017; 45:1485-1489. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Bonnì
- Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation Unit; Neurologia Clinica e Comportamentale; Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS; Via Ardeatina 306, 00179 Rome Italy
| | - Viviana Ponzo
- Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation Unit; Neurologia Clinica e Comportamentale; Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS; Via Ardeatina 306, 00179 Rome Italy
| | - Francesco Di Lorenzo
- Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation Unit; Neurologia Clinica e Comportamentale; Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS; Via Ardeatina 306, 00179 Rome Italy
| | - Carlo Caltagirone
- Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation Unit; Neurologia Clinica e Comportamentale; Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS; Via Ardeatina 306, 00179 Rome Italy
- Department of Systems Medicine; Tor Vergata University; Rome Italy
| | - Giacomo Koch
- Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation Unit; Neurologia Clinica e Comportamentale; Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS; Via Ardeatina 306, 00179 Rome Italy
- Stroke Unit; Department of Neuroscience; Policlinico Tor Vergata; Rome Italy
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Qu Z, Zhang J, Yang H, Gao J, Chen H, Liu C, Gao W. Prunella vulgaris L., an Edible and Medicinal Plant, Attenuates Scopolamine-Induced Memory Impairment in Rats. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:291-300. [PMID: 28001065 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b04597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Prunella vulgaris L. is as a major plant in the Chinese traditional functional beverage Guangdong herbal tea for the treatment of fevers, diarrhea, and sore mouth. In this study, ethyl acetate parts of aqueous extracts from P. vulgaris L. (EtOAc-APV) were found to demonstrate potent acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition in vitro. Therefore, this study was designed to further investigate the effects of EtOAc-APV on scopolamine (SCOP)-induced aging rats. Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups (n = 12) and given orally by gavage EtOAc-APV (100 mg/kg) for 3 weeks. SCOP (1 mg/kg, ip) was administered to rats 30 min before starting behavioral tests consecutively for 3 days. EtOAc-APV could attenuate SCOP-induced brain senescence in rats by improving behavioral performance and decreasing brain cell damage, which was associated with a notable reduction in AChE activity and MDA level, as well as an increase in SOD and GPx activities. Additionally, EtOAc-APV administration could reduce the expression of NF-κB and GFAP, which showed an anti-neuroinflammatory effect on the SCOP-treated rat. Overall, the current study highlights P. vulgaris L. as an antidementia dietary supplement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Qu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery and High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Jingze Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Target Organ Injury, Logistics University of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces , Tianjin 300162, China
| | - Honggai Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery and High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Jing Gao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery and High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Target Organ Injury, Logistics University of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces , Tianjin 300162, China
| | - Changxiao Liu
- The State Key Laboratories of Pharmacodynamics and Pharmacokinetics , Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Wenyuan Gao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery and High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072, China
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Arafa RK, Elghazawy NH. Personalized Medicine and Resurrected Hopes for the Management of Alzheimer's Disease: A Modular Approach Based on GSK-3β Inhibitors. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1007:199-224. [PMID: 28840559 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-60733-7_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most common neurological disorders with vast reaching worldwide prevalence. Research attempts to decipher what's happening to the human mind have shown that pathogenesis of AD is associated with misfolded protein intermediates displaying tertiary structure conformational changes eventually leading to forming large polymers of unwanted aggregates. The two hallmarks of AD pathological protein aggregates are extraneuronal β-amyloid (Aβ) based senile plaques and intraneuronal neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). As such, AD is categorized as a protein misfolding neurodegenerative disease (PMND) . Therapeutic interventions interfering with the formation of these protein aggregates have been widely explored as potential pathways for thwarting AD progression. One such tactic is modulating the function of enzymes involved in the metabolic pathways leading to formation of these misfolded protein aggregates. Much evidence has shown that glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) plays a key role in hyperphosphorylation of tau protein leading eventually to its aggregation to form NFTs. Data presented hereby will display a plethora of information as to how to interfere with progression of AD through the route of GSK-3β activity control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem K Arafa
- Zewail City of Science and Technology, Cairo, 12588, Egypt.
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Abstract
Abstract
Ω-3 unsaturated fatty acids are compounds belonging to the group of essential fatty acids (EFAs). The history of the discovery of EFAs dates back to the 1930s of the twentieth century, however, growing interest in ω-3 EFAs in the context of mental health has been observed since the year 2000. In view of their multidirectional action, these compounds are a promising form of adjunctive therapy of many illnesses, including psychiatric disorders. The present article aims to review the literature on the clinical applicability of ω-3 EFAs in treating schizophrenia. We present the results of preclinical studies in this area and the mechanisms of ω-3 EFAs action discussed by the authors. The randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating the possibility of using ω-3 EFAs in schizophrenia are characterized in detail. The results of the tests are not clear, which may result from the methodological diversity of interventions made. Ω-3 EFAs seem to be a promising form of adjunctive therapy of schizophrenia. Further research is needed, which will allow for defining groups of patients in which intervention will bring the expected results.
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Lee SH, Choi BY, Kim JH, Kho AR, Sohn M, Song HK, Choi HC, Suh SW. Late treatment with choline alfoscerate (l-alpha glycerylphosphorylcholine, α-GPC) increases hippocampal neurogenesis and provides protection against seizure-induced neuronal death and cognitive impairment. Brain Res 2016; 1654:66-76. [PMID: 27765578 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 09/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Choline alfoscerate (α-GPC) is a common choline compound and acetylcholine precursor in the brain, which has been shown to be effective in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and dementia. α-GPC has been shown to enhance memory and cognitive function in stroke and Alzheimer's patients but currently remains untested in patients suffering from epilepsy. This study aimed to evaluate whether α-GPC treatment after seizure can ameliorate seizure-induced cognitive impairment and neuronal injury. The potential therapeutic effects of α-GPC on seizure-induced cognitive impairment were tested in an animal model of pilocarpine-induced seizure. Seizures were induced by intraperitoneal injection of pilocarpine (25mg/kg) in male rats. α-GPC (250mg/kg) was injected into the intramuscular space once daily for one or three weeks from immediately after seizure, or from 3 weeks after the seizure onset for 3 weeks. Here we found that immediate 1-week treatment of α-GPC showed no neuroprotective effects and neurogenesis. Immediate 3-week treatment of α-GPC showed neuroprotective effect but no effect on neurogenesis. To evaluate the effect of late treatment of α-GPC on cognitive impairment following seizure, rats were injected α-GPC from 3 weeks after seizure for 3 weeks and subjected to a water maze test. In the present study, we found that administration of α-GPC starting at 3 weeks after seizure improved cognitive function through reduced neuronal death and BBB disruption, and increased neurogenesis. Therefore, α-GPC injection may serve as a beneficial treatment for improvement of cognitive function in epilepsy patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Hee Lee
- Department of Neurology, Hallym University, College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo Young Choi
- Department of Physiology, Hallym University, College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hee Kim
- Department of Physiology, Hallym University, College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - A Ra Kho
- Department of Physiology, Hallym University, College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Sohn
- Inha University, Department of Nursing, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Ki Song
- Department of Neurology, Hallym University, College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea; Hallym Institute of Epilepsy Research, Hallym University, College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hui Chul Choi
- Department of Neurology, Hallym University, College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea; Hallym Institute of Epilepsy Research, Hallym University, College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Won Suh
- Department of Physiology, Hallym University, College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea; Hallym Institute of Epilepsy Research, Hallym University, College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea.
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Scopolamine-induced greater alterations in neurochemical profile and increased oxidative stress demonstrated a better model of dementia: A comparative study. Brain Res Bull 2016; 127:234-247. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Amelioration of scopolamine-induced amnesia by phosphatidylserine and curcumin in the day-old chick. Behav Pharmacol 2016; 27:536-41. [DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Palmer D, Creighton S, Prado VF, Prado MA, Choleris E, Winters BD. Mice deficient for striatal Vesicular Acetylcholine Transporter (VAChT) display impaired short-term but normal long-term object recognition memory. Behav Brain Res 2016; 311:267-278. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.05.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Hejazian SH, Karimi S, Hosseini M, Mousavi SM, Soukhtanloo M. Protection against brain tissues oxidative damage as a possible mechanism for improving effects of low doses of estradiol on scopolamine-induced learning and memory impairments in ovariectomized rats. Adv Biomed Res 2016; 5:123. [PMID: 27563633 PMCID: PMC4976525 DOI: 10.4103/2277-9175.186981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Regarding the anti-oxidative effects on the central nervous system, the possible protection against brain tissues oxidative damage as a possible mechanism for improving effects of low doses of estradiol on scopolamine-induced learning and memory impairments was investigated in ovariectomized (OVX) rats. Materials and Methods: The OVX rats treated by (1) vehicle, (2) scopolamine, and (3–4) scopolamine plus estradiol (20 or 20 or 60 μg/kg). Estradiol was administered (20 or 60 μg/kg, intraperitoneally) daily for 6 weeks after ovariectomy. The rats were examined for learning and memory using passive avoidance test. Scopolamine (2 mg/kg) was injected 30 min after training in the test. The brains were then removed to determine malondialdehyde (MDA) and thiol contents. Results: Scopolamine shortened the time latency to enter the dark compartment in (P < 0.01). Compared to scopolamine, pretreatment by both doses of estradiol prolonged the latency to enter the dark compartment (P < 0.01). The brain tissues MDA concentration as an index of lipid peroxidation was decreased (P < 0.05). Pretreatment by estradiol lowered the concentration of MDA, while it increased thiol content compared to scopolamine (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01). Conclusions: These results allow us to suggest a protection against brain tissues oxidative damage as a possible mechanism for improving effects of low doses of estradiol on scopolamine-induced learning and memory impairments in OVX rats.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sareh Karimi
- Neurocognitive Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Hosseini
- Neurocognitive Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Mojtaba Mousavi
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Soukhtanloo
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Yang H, Qu Z, Zhang J, Huo L, Gao J, Gao W. Ferulic acid ameliorates memory impairment in d-galactose-induced aging mouse model. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2016; 67:806-17. [PMID: 27345860 DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2016.1198890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Ferulic acid (FA) acts as a powerful antioxidant against various age-related diseases. To investigate the effect and underlying mechanism of FA against d-galactose(d-gal)-induced memory deficit, mice were injected with d-gal to induce memory impairment and simultaneously treated with FA and donepezil. The behavioral results revealed that chronic FA treatment reversed d-gal-induced memory impairment. Further, FA treatment inhibited d-gal-induced AChE activity and oxidative stress via increase of superoxide dismutase activity and reduced glutathione content, as well as decrease of malondialdehyde and nitric oxide levels. We also observed that FA significantly inhibits inflammation in the brain through reduction of NF-κB and IL-1β by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Additionally, FA treatment significantly reduces the caspase-3 level in the hippocampus of d-gal-treated mice. Hematoxylin and eosin and Nissl staining showed that FA prevents neurodegeneration induced by d-gal. These findings showed that FA inhibits d-gal-induced AChE activity, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration, and consequently ameliorates memory impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honggai Yang
- a School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology , Tianjin University , Tianjin , China
| | - Zhuo Qu
- a School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology , Tianjin University , Tianjin , China
| | - Jingze Zhang
- b Department of Pharmacy , Logistics College of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces , Tianjin , China
| | - Liqin Huo
- a School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology , Tianjin University , Tianjin , China
| | - Jing Gao
- a School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology , Tianjin University , Tianjin , China
| | - Wenyuan Gao
- a School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology , Tianjin University , Tianjin , China
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Provensi G, Costa A, Passani MB, Blandina P. Donepezil, an acetylcholine esterase inhibitor, and ABT-239, a histamine H3 receptor antagonist/inverse agonist, require the integrity of brain histamine system to exert biochemical and procognitive effects in the mouse. Neuropharmacology 2016; 109:139-147. [PMID: 27291828 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Histaminergic H3 receptors (H3R) antagonists enhance cognition in preclinical models and modulate neurotransmission, in particular acetylcholine (ACh) release in the cortex and hippocampus, two brain areas involved in memory processing. The cognitive deficits seen in aging and Alzheimer's disease have been associated with brain cholinergic deficits. Donepezil is one of the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor approved for use across the full spectrum of these cognitive disorders. We addressed the question if H3R antagonists and donepezil require an intact histamine neuronal system to exert their procognitive effects. The effect of the H3R antagonist ABT-239 and donepezil were evaluated in the object recognition test (ORT), and on the level of glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK-3β) phosphorylation in normal and histamine-depleted mice. Systemic administration of ABT-239 or donepezil ameliorated the cognitive performance in the ORT. However, these compounds were ineffective in either genetically (histidine decarboxylase knock-out, HDC-KO) or pharmacologically, by means of intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injections of the HDC irreversible inhibitor a-fluoromethylhistidine (a-FMHis), histamine-deficient mice. Western blot analysis revealed that ABT-239 or donepezil systemic treatments increased GSK-3β phosphorylation in cortical and hippocampal homogenates of normal, but not of histamine-depleted mice. Furthermore, administration of the PI3K inhibitor LY294002 that blocks GSK-3β phosphorylation, prevented the procognitive effects of both drugs in normal mice. Our results indicate that both donepezil and ABT-239 require the integrity of the brain histaminergic system to exert their procognitive effects and strongly suggest that impairments of PI3K/AKT/GSK-3β intracellular pathway activation is responsible for the inefficacy of both drugs in histamine-deficient animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Provensi
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Psicologia, Area del Farmaco e Salute del Bambino, Sezione di Farmacologia and Tossicologia, Universitá di Firenze, Viale G. Pieraccini 6, 50139, Firenze, Italy
| | - Alessia Costa
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Psicologia, Area del Farmaco e Salute del Bambino, Sezione di Farmacologia and Tossicologia, Universitá di Firenze, Viale G. Pieraccini 6, 50139, Firenze, Italy
| | - M Beatrice Passani
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Sezione di Farmacologia e Oncologia, Universitá di Firenze, Viale G. Pieraccini 6, 50139, Firenze, Italy
| | - Patrizio Blandina
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Psicologia, Area del Farmaco e Salute del Bambino, Sezione di Farmacologia and Tossicologia, Universitá di Firenze, Viale G. Pieraccini 6, 50139, Firenze, Italy.
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67
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N-acetylcysteine protects memory decline induced by streptozotocin in mice. Chem Biol Interact 2016; 253:10-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2016.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 04/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Cao Y, Gou Z, Du Y, Fan Y, Liang L, Yan Y, Lin P, Jin M, Du Y. Glutamatergic and central cholinergic dysfunction in the CA1, CA2 and CA3 fields on spatial learning and memory in chronic cerebral ischemia-Induced vascular dementia of rats. Neurosci Lett 2016; 620:169-76. [PMID: 27040427 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Chronic cerebral ischemia (CCI) is associated with cognitive decline in aging, vascular dementia and Alzheimer's disease. Substantial evidence has shown that chronic cerebral ischemia may cause cognitive impairment, but the underlying neurobiological mechanism is poorly understood so far. In the present study, we used a rat model of chronic cerebral ischemia by permanent bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAO) to investigate the alterations of glutamatergic and central cholinergic dysfunction, and their causal relationship with the cognitive deficits induced by chronic cerebral ischemia. We found that BCCAO rats exhibited spatial learning and memory impairments dysfunction 3 month after BCCAO. Meanwhile, vGluT levels as well as glutamatergic and central cholinergic positive neurons in the hippocampus CA1-3 field significantly decreased. The protection of glutamergic and cholinergic neurons or regulating glutamate and central cholinergic levels in hippocampal subregion may have beneficial effects on cognitive impairments associated with the possible mechanism in CCI-induced vascular dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjing Cao
- Department of Neurology, Hangzhou Third Hospital, 38 xihu Road, Hangzhou 310009, PR China
| | - Zengmei Gou
- Weifang Second People's Hospital, 7 Yuanxiao Street, WeiFang, Shandong 261041, PR China
| | - Yifeng Du
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, 44 Wenhua xi Road, Jinan 2500013, PR China.
| | - Yongjun Fan
- Eskitis institute for drug discovery, Griffith University, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Lizhen Liang
- Department of Neurology, Hangzhou Third Hospital, 38 xihu Road, Hangzhou 310009, PR China
| | - Yongxing Yan
- Department of Neurology, Hangzhou Third Hospital, 38 xihu Road, Hangzhou 310009, PR China
| | - Ping Lin
- Department of Neurology, Hangzhou Third Hospital, 38 xihu Road, Hangzhou 310009, PR China
| | - Mudan Jin
- Department of Neurology, Hangzhou Third Hospital, 38 xihu Road, Hangzhou 310009, PR China
| | - Yifenf Du
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, 44 Wenhua xi Road, Jinan 2500013, PR China
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69
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Kolos EA, Korzhevskii DA. Heterogeneous choline acetyltransferase staining in cholinergic neurons. NEUROCHEM J+ 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s1819712416010104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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70
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Hoeller AA, Costa APR, Bicca MA, Matheus FC, Lach G, Spiga F, Lightman SL, Walz R, Collingridge GL, Bortolotto ZA, de Lima TCM. The Role of Hippocampal NMDA Receptors in Long-Term Emotional Responses following Muscarinic Receptor Activation. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147293. [PMID: 26795565 PMCID: PMC4721870 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Extensive evidence indicates the influence of the cholinergic system on emotional processing. Previous findings provided new insights into the underlying mechanisms of long-term anxiety, showing that rats injected with a single systemic dose of pilocarpine—a muscarinic receptor (mAChR) agonist—displayed persistent anxiogenic-like responses when evaluated in different behavioral tests and time-points (24 h up to 3 months later). Herein, we investigated whether the pilocarpine-induced long-term anxiogenesis modulates the HPA axis function and the putative involvement of NMDA receptors (NMDARs) following mAChRs activation. Accordingly, adult male Wistar rats presented anxiogenic-like behavior in the elevated plus-maze (EPM) after 24 h or 1 month of pilocarpine injection (150 mg/kg, i.p.). In these animals, mAChR activation disrupted HPA axis function inducing a long-term increase of corticosterone release associated with a reduced expression of hippocampal GRs, as well as consistently decreased NMDAR subunits expression. Furthermore, in another group of rats injected with memantine–an NMDARs antagonist (4 mg/kg, i.p.)–prior to pilocarpine, we found inhibition of anxiogenic-like behaviors in the EPM but no further alterations in the pilocarpine-induced NMDARs downregulation. Our data provide evidence that behavioral anxiogenesis induced by mAChR activation effectively yields short- and long-term alterations in hippocampal NMDARs expression associated with impairment of hippocampal inhibitory regulation of HPA axis activity. This is a novel mechanism associated with anxiety-like responses in rats, which comprise a putative target to future translational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre A. Hoeller
- Postgraduate Program in Medical Sciences, Center of Health Sciences, University Hospital, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88040–970, Brazil
- Department of Pharmacology, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88040–970, Brazil
- Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Bristol, BS1 3NY, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (AAH); (TCML)
| | - Ana Paula R. Costa
- Department of Pharmacology, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88040–970, Brazil
| | - Maíra A. Bicca
- Department of Pharmacology, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88040–970, Brazil
| | - Filipe C. Matheus
- Department of Pharmacology, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88040–970, Brazil
| | - Gilliard Lach
- Department of Pharmacology, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88040–970, Brazil
- Institute of Pharmacology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria
| | - Francesca Spiga
- Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Bristol, BS1 3NY, United Kingdom
| | - Stafford L. Lightman
- Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Bristol, BS1 3NY, United Kingdom
| | - Roger Walz
- Postgraduate Program in Medical Sciences, Center of Health Sciences, University Hospital, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88040–970, Brazil
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Center of Health Sciences, University Hospital, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88040–970, Brazil
| | - Graham L. Collingridge
- Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Bristol, BS1 3NY, United Kingdom
| | - Zuner A. Bortolotto
- Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Bristol, BS1 3NY, United Kingdom
| | - Thereza C. M. de Lima
- Department of Pharmacology, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88040–970, Brazil
- * E-mail: (AAH); (TCML)
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Akkerman S, Blokland A, Prickaerts J. Possible overlapping time frames of acquisition and consolidation phases in object memory processes: a pharmacological approach. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 23:29-37. [PMID: 26670184 PMCID: PMC4749836 DOI: 10.1101/lm.040162.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
In previous studies, we have shown that acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and phosphodiesterase inhibitors (PDE-Is) are able to improve object memory by enhancing acquisition processes. On the other hand, only PDE-Is improve consolidation processes. Here we show that the cholinesterase inhibitor donepezil also improves memory performance when administered within 2 min after the acquisition trial. Likewise, both PDE5-I and PDE4-I reversed the scopolamine deficit model when administered within 2 min after the learning trial. PDE5-I was effective up to 45 min after the acquisition trial and PDE4-I was effective when administered between 3 and 5.5 h after the acquisition trial. Taken together, our study suggests that acetylcholine, cGMP, and cAMP are all involved in acquisition processes and that cGMP and cAMP are also involved in early and late consolidation processes, respectively. Most important, these pharmacological studies suggest that acquisition processes continue for some time after the learning trial where they share a short common time frame with early consolidation processes. Additional brain concentration measurements of the drugs suggest that these acquisition processes can continue up to 4-6 min after learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Akkerman
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, European Graduate School of Neuroscience
| | - Arjan Blokland
- Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, European Graduate School of Neuroscience, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jos Prickaerts
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, European Graduate School of Neuroscience
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Fornix deep brain stimulation enhances acetylcholine levels in the hippocampus. Brain Struct Funct 2015; 221:4281-4286. [PMID: 26597361 PMCID: PMC5065894 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-015-1144-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the fornix has gained interest as a potential therapy for advanced treatment-resistant dementia, yet the mechanism of action remains widely unknown. Previously, we have reported beneficial memory effects of fornix DBS in a scopolamine-induced rat model of dementia, which is dependent on various brain structures including hippocampus. To elucidate mechanisms of action of fornix DBS with regard to memory restoration, we performed c-Fos immunohistochemistry in the hippocampus. We found that fornix DBS induced a selective activation of cells in the CA1 and CA3 subfields of the dorsal hippocampus. In addition, hippocampal neurotransmitter levels were measured using microdialysis before, during and after 60 min of fornix DBS in a next experiment. We observed a substantial increase in the levels of extracellular hippocampal acetylcholine, which peaked 20 min after stimulus onset. Interestingly, hippocampal glutamate levels did not change compared to baseline. Therefore, our findings provide first experimental evidence that fornix DBS activates the hippocampus and induces the release of acetylcholine in this region.
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73
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Foyet HS, Abaïssou HHN, Wado E, Acha EA, Alin C. Emilia coccinae (SIMS) G Extract improves memory impairment, cholinergic dysfunction, and oxidative stress damage in scopolamine-treated rats. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 15:333. [PMID: 26400617 PMCID: PMC4580266 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-015-0864-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND E. coccinae (SIMS) G. (Asteraceae) is an annual plant commonly found throughout the plain of the Central Africa and widely used in Cameroonian folk medicine for the treatment of fever and convulsions in children. We previously reported that the methanolic extract of this plant improved spatial memory. However no underlying mechanism was explored. The present study was undertaken to investigate the effects of the hydroalcoholic extract of Emilia coccinae on memory in scopolamine treated rats and to propose possible mechanisms of action. METHODS Novel object recognition and Y-maze paradigm were used to test memory while oxidative profile, AChE and ACh level of the whole brain were assessed to outline the mechanism of nootropic activity of the extract. 200 and 400 mg/kg of the extract were chronically administrated during 14 consecutive days in separate groups of scopolamine intraperitoneal treated rats (1.5 mg/kg). RESULTS The hydroalcoholic extract of Emilia coccinae (HEEC) at the dose of 200 mg/kg significantly improved the memory of rats and reversed the amnesia induced by scopolamine. In addition, we showed that this extract is decreasing the acetyl cholinesterase activity while also increasing the acetylcholine levels in the brain. HEEC (200 and 400 mg/kg) significantly increased antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, GSH and CAT) and reduced lipid peroxidation (MDA level) in the rat whole brain homogenates. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our results suggested that the hydroalcoholic extract of Emilia coccinae ameliorated the cognitive dysfunction in scopolamine treated rats through the blockage of the oxidative effect of scopolamine and inhibition of AChE activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harquin Simplice Foyet
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Maroua, Cameroon. P.O. Box: 814, Maroua, Cameroon.
| | - Hervé Hervé Ngatanko Abaïssou
- Department of Life and Earth Sciences, Higher Teachers' Training College, University of Maroua, P.O. Box: 55, Maroua, Cameroon.
| | - Eglantine Wado
- Department of Agriculture, Cattle farming and Derived products, High Institute of the Sahel, University of Maroua, P.O. Box: 46, Maroua, Cameroon.
| | - Emmanuel Asongalem Acha
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63, Buea, Cameroon.
| | - Ciobica Alin
- Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, 11 Carol I Blvd., 700506, Iasi, Romania.
- Center of Biomedical Research of the Romanian Academy, Iasi Branch, Romania.
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Akkouh O, Ng TB, Cheung RCF, Wong JH, Pan W, Ng CCW, Sha O, Shaw PC, Chan WY. Biological activities of ribosome-inactivating proteins and their possible applications as antimicrobial, anticancer, and anti-pest agents and in neuroscience research. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:9847-63. [PMID: 26394859 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6941-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) are enzymes which depurinate ribosomal RNA (rRNA), thus impeding the process of translation resulting in inhibition of protein synthesis. They are produced by various organisms including plants, fungi and bacteria. RIPs from plants are linked to plant defense due to their antiviral, antifungal, antibacterial, and insecticidal activities in which they can be applied in agriculture to combat microbial pathogens and pests. Their anticancer, antiviral, embryotoxic, and abortifacient properties may find medicinal applications. Besides, conjugation of RIPs with antibodies or other carriers to form immunotoxins has been found useful to research in neuroscience and anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ouafae Akkouh
- Department of Biology and Medical Laboratory Research, Faculty of Technology, University of Applied Sciences Leiden, Zernikdreef 11, 2333 CK, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Tzi Bun Ng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong.
| | - Randy Chi Fai Cheung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong.
| | - Jack Ho Wong
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong.
| | - Wenliang Pan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong.
| | - Charlene Cheuk Wing Ng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong.
| | - Ou Sha
- School of Medicine, Shenzhen University Health Science Centre, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Pang Chui Shaw
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong.
| | - Wai Yee Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong.
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Hallgren S, Fredriksson A, Viberg H. More signs of neurotoxicity of surfactants and flame retardants - Neonatal PFOS and PBDE 99 cause transcriptional alterations in cholinergic genes in the mouse CNS. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2015; 40:409-416. [PMID: 26254212 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2015.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Maternally and lactionally transferred persistent organic pollutants may interfere with CNS development. Here, 10-day-old male mice were exposed to single oral doses of PFOS (perflourooctanosulphonate) or PBDE 99 (2,2',4,4',5-penta-bromodiphenyl ether), and examined for changes in cholinergic gene transcription in the CNS 24h and 7 weeks later. 24h after exposure qPCR analyses revealed decreased transcription of nAChR-β2 and AChE in cortex, and increased mAChR-5 in hippocampus of PFOS treated mice. Neonatal PFOS treatment altered spontaneous behaviour at 2 months of age but did not affect gene transcription in adults. At 2 months of age neonatally PBDE 99 treated mice had altered spontaneous behaviour, and cortical transcription of AChE, nAChR-α4, nAChR-β2 and mAChR-5 were elevated. Our results indicate that PFOS and PBDE 99 affects the developing central cholinergic system by altering gene transcription in cortex and hippocampus, which may in part account for mechanisms causing changes in spontaneous behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Hallgren
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18A, S-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Anders Fredriksson
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18A, S-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Henrik Viberg
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18A, S-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden
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Simultaneous measurement of cholinergic tone and neuronal network dynamics in vivo in the rat brain using a novel choline oxidase based electrochemical biosensor. Biosens Bioelectron 2015; 69:83-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Perkins AE, Fadel JR, Kelly SJ. The effects of postnatal alcohol exposure and galantamine on the context pre-exposure facilitation effect and acetylcholine efflux using in vivo microdialysis. Alcohol 2015; 49:193-205. [PMID: 25837482 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2015.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) are characterized by damage to multiple brain regions, including the hippocampus, which is involved in learning and memory. The acetylcholine neurotransmitter system provides major input to the hippocampus and is a possible target of developmental alcohol exposure. Alcohol (3.0 g/kg/day) was administered via intubation to male rat pups (postnatal day [PD] 2-10; ethanol-treated [ET]). Controls received a sham intubation (IC) or no treatment (NC). Acetylcholine efflux was measured using in vivo microdialysis (PD 32-35). ET animals were not different at baseline, but had decreased K(+)/Ca(2+)-induced acetylcholine efflux compared to NC animals and an enhanced acetylcholine response to galantamine (acetylcholinesterase inhibitor; 2.0 mg/kg) compared to both control groups. A separate cohort of animals was tested in the context pre-exposure facilitation effect task (CPFE; PD 30-32) following postnatal alcohol exposure and administration of galantamine (2.0 mg/kg; PD 11-30). Neither chronic galantamine nor postnatal alcohol exposure influenced performance in the CPFE task. Using immunohistochemistry, we found that neither alcohol exposure nor behavioral testing significantly altered the density of vesicular acetylcholine transporter or alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor in the ventral hippocampus (CA1). In the medial septum, the average number of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT+) cells was increased in ET animals that displayed the context-shock association; there were no changes in IC and NC animals that learned the context-shock association or in any animals that were in the control task that entailed no learning. Taken together, these results indicate that the hippocampal acetylcholine system is significantly disrupted under conditions of pharmacological manipulations (e.g., galantamine) in alcohol-exposed animals. Furthermore, ChAT was up‑regulated in ET animals that learned the CPFE, which may account for their ability to perform this task. In sum, developmental alcohol exposure may disrupt learning and memory in adolescence via a cholinergic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E Perkins
- Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, 1512 Pendleton St., Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Jim R Fadel
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Sandra J Kelly
- Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, 1512 Pendleton St., Columbia, SC 29208, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
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Ycaza Herrera A, Mather M. Actions and interactions of estradiol and glucocorticoids in cognition and the brain: Implications for aging women. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 55:36-52. [PMID: 25929443 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Menopause involves dramatic declines in estradiol production and levels. Importantly, estradiol and the class of stress hormones known as glucocorticoids exert countervailing effects throughout the body, with estradiol exerting positive effects on the brain and cognition, glucocorticoids exerting negative effects on the brain and cognition, and estradiol able to mitigate negative effects of glucocorticoids. Although the effects of these hormones in isolation have been extensively studied, the effects of estradiol on the stress response and the neuroprotection offered against glucocorticoid exposure in humans are less well known. Here we review evidence suggesting that estradiol-related protection against glucocorticoids mitigates stress-induced interference with cognitive processes. Animal and human research indicates that estradiol-related mitigation of glucocorticoid damage and interference is one benefit of estradiol supplementation during peri-menopause or soon after menopause. The evidence for estradiol-related protection against glucocorticoids suggests that maintaining estradiol levels in post-menopausal women could protect them from stress-induced declines in neural and cognitive integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Ycaza Herrera
- University of Southern California, 3715 McClintock Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90089, United States.
| | - Mara Mather
- University of Southern California, 3715 McClintock Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90089, United States.
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Yi F, Catudio-Garrett E, Gábriel R, Wilhelm M, Erdelyi F, Szabo G, Deisseroth K, Lawrence J. Hippocampal "cholinergic interneurons" visualized with the choline acetyltransferase promoter: anatomical distribution, intrinsic membrane properties, neurochemical characteristics, and capacity for cholinergic modulation. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2015; 7:4. [PMID: 25798106 PMCID: PMC4351620 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2015.00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Release of acetylcholine (ACh) in the hippocampus (HC) occurs during exploration, arousal, and learning. Although the medial septum-diagonal band of Broca (MS-DBB) is the major extrinsic source of cholinergic input to the HC, cholinergic neurons intrinsic to the HC also exist but remain poorly understood. Here, ChAT-tauGFP and ChAT-CRE/Rosa26YFP (ChAT-Rosa) mice were examined in HC. The HC of ChAT-tauGFP mice was densely innervated with GFP-positive axons, often accompanied by large GFP-positive structures, some of which were Neurotrace/DAPI-negative and likely represent large axon terminals. In the HC of ChAT-Rosa mice, ChAT-YFP cells were Neurotrace-positive and more abundant in CA3 and dentate gyrus than CA1 with partial overlap with calretinin/VIP. Moreover, an anti-ChAT antibody consistently showed ChAT immunoreactivity in ChAT-YFP cells from MS-DBB but rarely from HC. Furthermore, ChAT-YFP cells from CA1 stratum radiatum/stratum lacunosum moleculare (SR/SLM) exhibited a stuttering firing phenotype but a delayed firing phenotype in stratum pyramidale (SP) of CA3. Input resistance and capacitance were also different between CA1 SR/LM and CA3 SP ChAT-YFP cells. Bath application of ACh increased firing frequency in all ChAT-YFP cells; however, cholinergic modulation was larger in CA1 SR/SLM than CA3 SP ChAT-YFP cells. Finally, CA3 SP ChAT-YFP cells exhibited a wider AP half-width and weaker cholinergic modulation than YFP-negative CA3 pyramidal cells. Consistent with CRE expression in a subpopulation of principal cells, optogenetic stimulation evoked glutamatergic postsynaptic currents in CA1 SR/SLM interneurons. In conclusion, the presence of fluorescently labeled hippocampal cells common to both ChAT-tauGFP and ChAT-Rosa mice are in good agreement with previous reports on the existence of cholinergic interneurons, but both transgenic mouse lines exhibited unexpected anatomical features that departed considerably from earlier observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Yi
- COBRE Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, The University of Montana Missoula, MT, USA ; Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Montana Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Elizabeth Catudio-Garrett
- COBRE Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, The University of Montana Missoula, MT, USA ; Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Montana Missoula, MT, USA ; Davidson's Honors College, The University of Montana Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Robert Gábriel
- Department of Experimental Zoology and Neurobiology, University of Pécs Pécs, Hungary ; János Szentágothai Research Center Pécs, Hungary
| | - Marta Wilhelm
- Department of Experimental Zoology and Neurobiology, University of Pécs Pécs, Hungary ; Department of Sport Biology, University of Pécs Pécs, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Erdelyi
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gabor Szabo
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences Budapest, Hungary
| | - Karl Deisseroth
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Josh Lawrence
- COBRE Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, The University of Montana Missoula, MT, USA ; Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Montana Missoula, MT, USA
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80
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Santos ECS, Bicca MA, Blum-Silva CH, Costa APR, Dos Santos AA, Schenkel EP, Farina M, Reginatto FH, de Lima TCM. Anxiolytic-like, stimulant and neuroprotective effects of Ilex paraguariensis extracts in mice. Neuroscience 2015; 292:13-21. [PMID: 25681522 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Yerba-mate (Ilex paraguariensis St. Hil.) is the most used beverage in Latin America with approximately 426 thousand of tons consumed per year. Considering the broad use of this plant, we aimed to investigate the anxiety-like and stimulant activity of both the hydroethanolic (HE) and aqueous (AE) extracts from leaves of I. paraguariensis. Swiss mice were treated with I. paraguariensis HE or AE chronically or acutely, respectively, followed by evaluation in the elevated plus-maze (EPM; anxiety-like paradigm), open field (OF; locomotor activity) or the step-down avoidance task (memory assessment). Following behavioral protocols the brains were collected for evaluation of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity ex vivo. Chronic treatment with HE induced an anxiolytic-like effect and increased motor activity besides augmented AChE activity. Additionally, acute treatment with AE prevented the scopolamine-induced memory deficit in the step-down avoidance task. Overall, our results indicate the importance of the I. paraguariensis-induced CNS effects, since it is a widely used nutraceutical. We have reported anxiolytic, stimulant and neuroprotective effects for this plant species. These effects are potentially modulated by the cholinergic system as well as by caffeine.
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Affiliation(s)
- E C S Santos
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 88049-970 Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - M A Bicca
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 88049-970 Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - C H Blum-Silva
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 88049-970 Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - A P R Costa
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 88049-970 Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - A A Dos Santos
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 88049-970 Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - E P Schenkel
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 88049-970 Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - M Farina
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 88049-970 Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - F H Reginatto
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 88049-970 Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - T C M de Lima
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 88049-970 Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
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81
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Time course of scopolamine effect on memory consolidation and forgetting in rats. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2015; 118:49-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2014.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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82
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Parsaeimehr A, Sun Z, Dou X, Chen YF. Simultaneous improvement in production of microalgal biodiesel and high-value alpha-linolenic acid by a single regulator acetylcholine. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2015; 8:11. [PMID: 25688288 PMCID: PMC4329656 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-015-0196-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Photoautotrophic microalgae are a promising avenue for sustained biodiesel production, but are compromised by low yields of biomass and lipids at present. We are developing a chemical approach to improve microalgal accumulation of feedstock lipids as well as high-value alpha-linolenic acid which in turn might provide a driving force for biodiesel production. RESULTS We demonstrate the effectiveness of the small bioactive molecule "acetylcholine" on accumulation of biomass, total lipids, and alpha-linolenic acid in Chlorella sorokiniana. The effectiveness exists in different species of Chlorella. Moreover, the precursor and analogs of acetylcholine display increased effectiveness at higher applied doses, with maximal increases by 126, 80, and 60% over controls for biomass, total lipids, and alpha-linolenic acid, respectively. Production of calculated biodiesel was also improved by the precursor and analogs of acetylcholine. The biodiesel quality affected by changes in microalgal fatty acid composition was addressed. CONCLUSION The chemical approach described here could improve the lipid yield and biodiesel production of photoautotrophic microalgae if combined with current genetic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Parsaeimehr
- />Laboratory of Biosystems Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014 Jiangsu China
| | - Zhilan Sun
- />Laboratory of Biosystems Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014 Jiangsu China
| | - Xiao Dou
- />Targetong Energy Co., Ltd, Nanjing, 211800 Jiangsu China
| | - Yi-Feng Chen
- />Laboratory of Biosystems Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014 Jiangsu China
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Colettis NC, Snitcofsky M, Kornisiuk EE, Gonzalez EN, Quillfeldt JA, Jerusalinsky DA. Amnesia of inhibitory avoidance by scopolamine is overcome by previous open-field exposure. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 21:634-45. [PMID: 25322799 PMCID: PMC4201807 DOI: 10.1101/lm.036210.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The muscarinic cholinergic receptor (MAChR) blockade with scopolamine either extended or restricted to the hippocampus, before or after training in inhibitory avoidance (IA) caused anterograde or retrograde amnesia, respectively, in the rat, because there was no long-term memory (LTM) expression. Adult Wistar rats previously exposed to one or two open-field (OF) sessions of 3 min each (habituated), behaved as control animals after a weak though over-threshold training in IA. However, after OF exposure, IA LTM was formed and expressed in spite of an extensive or restricted to the hippocampus MAChR blockade. It was reported that during and after OF exposure and reexposure there was an increase in both hippocampal and cortical ACh release that would contribute to “prime the substrate,” e.g., by lowering the synaptic threshold for plasticity, leading to LTM consolidation. In the frame of the “synaptic tagging and capture” hypothesis, plasticity-related proteins synthesized during/after the previous OF could facilitate synaptic plasticity for IA in the same structure. However, IA anterograde amnesia by hippocampal protein synthesis inhibition with anisomycin was also prevented by two OF exposures, strongly suggesting that there would be alternative interpretations for the role of protein synthesis in memory formation and that another structure could also be involved in this “OF effect.”
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia C Colettis
- Laboratorio de Neuroplasticidad y Neurotoxinas (LaNyN), Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencias (IBCN), UBA-CONICET, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1121, Argentina
| | - Marina Snitcofsky
- Laboratorio de Neuroplasticidad y Neurotoxinas (LaNyN), Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencias (IBCN), UBA-CONICET, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1121, Argentina
| | - Edgar E Kornisiuk
- Laboratorio de Neuroplasticidad y Neurotoxinas (LaNyN), Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencias (IBCN), UBA-CONICET, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1121, Argentina
| | - Emilio N Gonzalez
- Laboratorio de Neuroplasticidad y Neurotoxinas (LaNyN), Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencias (IBCN), UBA-CONICET, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1121, Argentina
| | - Jorge A Quillfeldt
- Laboratório de Psicobiologia e Neurocomputação, Depto. de Biofísica, UFRGS, Porto Alegre 91501-970, Brazil
| | - Diana A Jerusalinsky
- Laboratorio de Neuroplasticidad y Neurotoxinas (LaNyN), Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencias (IBCN), UBA-CONICET, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1121, Argentina
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84
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Jalkanen AJ, Leikas JV, Forsberg MM. Prolyl oligopeptidase inhibition decreases extracellular acetylcholine levels in rat hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. Neurosci Lett 2014; 579:110-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Revised: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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85
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Tibolone Prevents Oxidation and Ameliorates Cholinergic Deficit Induced by Ozone Exposure in the Male Rat Hippocampus. Neurochem Res 2014; 39:1776-86. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-014-1385-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Revised: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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86
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Popović N, Caballero-Bleda M, Popović M. Post-training scopolamine treatment induced maladaptive behavior in open field habituation task in rats. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100348. [PMID: 24936785 PMCID: PMC4061087 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of scopolamine on memory consolidation are controversial and depend on several factors (i.e. site of administration, time of administration and testing, dose, cognitive task, experimental protocol, specie, strain, etc.). Generally, the range dose of systemic administered scopolamine, used in memory consolidation studies, has varied from 0.05 to 50 mg/kg. However, according to the literature, the most frequently used doses of scopolamine efficient on memory consolidation, are 1 and 30 mg/kg, low and high doses, respectively. In open field habituation studies only lower doses of scopolamine were used to test memory consolidation. Therefore, in the present study we compared the effects of low (1 mg/kg) and high (30 mg/kg) scopolamine dose, on the open field habituation task, in male Wistar rats. Scopolamine was administered immediately after the acquisition task and animals were retested 48 h later on. On the retested day, the ambulation and rearing in the open field decreased in the same manner in all tested groups. In saline- and 1 mg/kg scopolamine-treated animals, the time spent in grooming significantly decreased in the habituation task, while the same parameter significantly increased in animals treated with 30 mg/kg of scopolamine. The defecation rate significantly decreased (control group), maintained (1 mg/kg of scopolamine treated animals) or significantly increased (30 mg/kg of scopolamine treated group) on retention test. In conclusion, the present data suggest that post-training scopolamine administration does not affect locomotion neither exploration in the habituation to a novel environment, but increases defecation and grooming, two behaviours associated with fearful and stressful situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalija Popović
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Research Institute of Aging, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - María Caballero-Bleda
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Research Institute of Aging, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Miroljub Popović
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Research Institute of Aging, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- * E-mail:
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87
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Misik J, Vanek J, Musilek K, Kassa J. Cholinergic antagonist 3-quinuclidinyl benzilate – Impact on learning and memory in Wistar rats. Behav Brain Res 2014; 266:193-200. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Revised: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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88
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Bloem B, Poorthuis RB, Mansvelder HD. Cholinergic modulation of the medial prefrontal cortex: the role of nicotinic receptors in attention and regulation of neuronal activity. Front Neural Circuits 2014; 8:17. [PMID: 24653678 PMCID: PMC3949318 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2014.00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetylcholine (ACh) release in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) is crucial for normal cognitive performance. Despite the fact that many have studied how ACh affects neuronal processing in the mPFC and thereby influences attention behavior, there is still a lot unknown about how this occurs. Here we will review the evidence that cholinergic modulation of the mPFC plays a role in attention and we will summarize the current knowledge about the role between ACh receptors (AChRs) and behavior and how ACh receptor activation changes processing in the cortical microcircuitry. Recent evidence implicates fast phasic release of ACh in cue detection and attention. This review will focus mainly on the fast ionotropic nicotinic receptors and less on the metabotropic muscarinic receptors. Finally, we will review limitations of the existing studies and address how innovative technologies might push the field forward in order to gain understanding into the relation between ACh, neuronal activity and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Bloem
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Vrije UniversiteitAmsterdam, Netherlands
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Huibert D. Mansvelder
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Vrije UniversiteitAmsterdam, Netherlands
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89
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Correa-Basurto J, Bello M, Rosales-Hernández M, Hernández-Rodríguez M, Nicolás-Vázquez I, Rojo-Domínguez A, Trujillo-Ferrara J, Miranda R, Flores-Sandoval C. QSAR, docking, dynamic simulation and quantum mechanics studies to explore the recognition properties of cholinesterase binding sites. Chem Biol Interact 2014; 209:1-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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90
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Oros N, Chiba AA, Nitz DA, Krichmar JL. Learning to ignore: a modeling study of a decremental cholinergic pathway and its influence on attention and learning. Learn Mem 2014; 21:105-18. [PMID: 24443744 PMCID: PMC3895228 DOI: 10.1101/lm.032433.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Learning to ignore irrelevant stimuli is essential to achieving efficient and fluid attention, and serves as the complement to increasing attention to relevant stimuli. The different cholinergic (ACh) subsystems within the basal forebrain regulate attention in distinct but complementary ways. ACh projections from the substantia innominata/nucleus basalis region (SI/nBM) to the neocortex are necessary to increase attention to relevant stimuli and have been well studied. Lesser known are ACh projections from the medial septum/vertical limb of the diagonal band (MS/VDB) to the hippocampus and the cingulate that are necessary to reduce attention to irrelevant stimuli. We developed a neural simulation to provide insight into how ACh can decrement attention using this distinct pathway from the MS/VDB. We tested the model in behavioral paradigms that require decremental attention. The model exhibits behavioral effects such as associative learning, latent inhibition, and persisting behavior. Lesioning the MS/VDB disrupts latent inhibition, and drastically increases perseverative behavior. Taken together, the model demonstrates that the ACh decremental pathway is necessary for appropriate learning and attention under dynamic circumstances and suggests a canonical neural architecture for decrementing attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Oros
- Department of Cognitive Sciences, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, USA
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91
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Xi Y, Wang M, Zhang W, Bai M, Du Y, Zhang Z, Li Z, Miao J. Neuronal damage, central cholinergic dysfunction and oxidative damage correlate with cognitive deficits in rats with chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2013; 109:7-19. [PMID: 24315928 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2013.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Revised: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion has been identified to be a risk factor for cognitive decline in aging, vascular dementia, and Alzheimer's disease. Substantial evidence has shown that chronic cerebral hypoperfusion may cause cognitive impairment, but the underlying neurobiological mechanism is poorly understood so far. In this study, we used a rat model of chronic cerebral hypoperfusion by permanent bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAO) to investigate the alterations of neuronal damage, glial activation oxidative stress and central cholinergic dysfunction, and their causal relationship with the cognitive deficits induced by chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. We found that BCCAO rats exhibited spatial learning and memory impairments and working memory dysfunction 12 weeks after BCCAO compared with sham-operated rats, simultaneously accompanied by significantly increased neuronal damage and glial cell activation in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. Twelve weeks of BCCAO treatment in rats resulted in central cholinergic dysfunction and increased oxidative damage compared with sham-operated rats. Correlational analyses revealed that spatial learning and memory impairments and working memory dysfunction were significantly correlated with the measures of neuronal damage, central cholinergic dysfunction and oxidative damage in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of rats with BCCAO. Moreover, the measures of neuronal damage and central cholinergic dysfunction were significantly correlated with the indexes of oxidative damage in rats with BCCAO. Collectively, this study provides novel evidence that neuronal damage and central cholinergic dysfunction is likely due to increased oxidative stress under the condition of chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. Furthermore, the results of the present study suggest that neuronal damage, central cholinergic dysfunction and oxidative damage in the brain following the reduction of cerebral blood flow could be involved in cognitive deficits induced by chronic cerebral hypoperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Xi
- Department of Neurology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province 710038, China
| | - Man Wang
- Department of Neurology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province 710038, China; Institute of Functional Brain Disorders, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province 710038, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province 710038, China
| | - Miao Bai
- Department of Neurology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province 710038, China; Institute of Functional Brain Disorders, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province 710038, China
| | - Ying Du
- Department of Neurology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province 710038, China; Institute of Functional Brain Disorders, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province 710038, China
| | - Zhuo Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province 710038, China
| | - Zhuyi Li
- Department of Neurology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province 710038, China; Institute of Functional Brain Disorders, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province 710038, China.
| | - Jianting Miao
- Department of Neurology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province 710038, China.
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92
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Sun XP, Li SD, Shi Z, Li TF, Pan RL, Chang Q, Qin C, Liu XM. Antidepressant-like effects and memory enhancement of a herbal formula in mice exposed to chronic mild stress. Neurosci Bull 2013; 29:737-44. [PMID: 24132797 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-013-1378-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 12/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Shen Yuan Gan (SYG) is a Chinese herbal prescription composed of total saponins of Panax ginseng and total oligosaccharide esters of Polygala tenuifolia (2:1). Our previous studies have demonstrated that SYG has antidepressant-like effects in various mouse models of behavioral depression. The present study aimed to test whether SYG affected chronic mild stress (CMS)-induced depression and cognitive impairment in mice. We found that a 5-week CMS schedule induced significant degradation of the coat state, decreased sucrose intake in the sucrose-preference test, and increased the latency to feed in the noveltysuppressed feeding test. All of these CMS-induced changes were ameliorated by SYG (100 and 200 mg/kg) and fluoxetine (10 mg/kg). In addition, SYG restored the decreased monoamine neurotransmitter concentrations (serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine and acetylcholine) induced by CMS in the prefrontal cortex. Interestingly, SYG ameliorated CMS-induced cognitive impairment in the step-through test, and increased the acetylcholine level in the prefrontal cortex. These results suggest that SYG has an antidepressant-like action and enhances cognition by modulating the serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine, and acetylcholine levels in the prefrontal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Ping Sun
- Research Center of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
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93
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Teles-Grilo Ruivo LM, Mellor JR. Cholinergic modulation of hippocampal network function. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2013; 5:2. [PMID: 23908628 PMCID: PMC3726829 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2013.00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholinergic septohippocampal projections from the medial septal area to the hippocampus are proposed to have important roles in cognition by modulating properties of the hippocampal network. However, the precise spatial and temporal profile of acetylcholine release in the hippocampus remains unclear making it difficult to define specific roles for cholinergic transmission in hippocampal dependent behaviors. This is partly due to a lack of tools enabling specific intervention in, and recording of, cholinergic transmission. Here, we review the organization of septohippocampal cholinergic projections and hippocampal acetylcholine receptors as well as the role of cholinergic transmission in modulating cellular excitability, synaptic plasticity, and rhythmic network oscillations. We point to a number of open questions that remain unanswered and discuss the potential for recently developed techniques to provide a radical reappraisal of the function of cholinergic inputs to the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonor M Teles-Grilo Ruivo
- Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, University Walk Bristol, UK
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Jaszberenyi M, Rick FG, Szalontay L, Block NL, Zarandi M, Cai RZ, Schally AV. Beneficial effects of novel antagonists of GHRH in different models of Alzheimer's disease. Aging (Albany NY) 2013; 4:755-67. [PMID: 23211425 PMCID: PMC3560443 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is the most frequent debilitating disorder of the central nervous system. Neuroendocrine mechanisms appear to play an important role in this insidiously developing disease. In the present study, the effects of a recently developed growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) antagonist (MIA-690) were evaluated in vivo observing the behavior of genetically modified "Alzheimer's" 5XFAD mice in a Morris water maze (MWM). The effects of the antagonist were also evaluated in vitro using HCN2 human cortical cell cultures treated with amyloid-β1-42. In vivo, the indices of cognitive performance (latency, cumulative index etc.) were followed up for 6 months. In vitro, the formation of reactive oxygen species, markers of inflammatory and neurohormonal signaling were measured by fluorescent detection, PCR, and ELISA. Accumulation of amyloid-β1-42 rafts and τ filaments in necropsied brain samples was verified with the help of ELISA. In the MWM experiments, MIA-690 decreased escape latency, and, in the brain samples, it inhibited the concentration of amyloid-β1-42 and τ filaments. In cell cultures, the GHRH analog showed anti-oxidative and neuro-protective properties and inhibited the GHRH-growth hormone-insulin like growth factor axis. Our data strongly suggest the merit of further studies with GHRH analogs in models of Alzheimer's disease and in elementary clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miklos Jaszberenyi
- Endocrine, Polypeptide, and Cancer Institute, Miami Veterans Affairs Medical Center and South Florida VA Foundation for Research and Education, Miami, FL 33125, USA
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95
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Donepezil treatment stabilizes functional connectivity during resting state and brain activity during memory encoding in Alzheimer's disease. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2013; 33:199-205. [PMID: 23422370 DOI: 10.1097/jcp.0b013e3182825bfd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) demonstrated a differential brain activity and connectivity after treatment with donepezil in Alzheimer's disease (AD) when compared to healthy elders. Importantly however, there are no available studies where the placebo or control group included comparable AD patients relative to the treated groups. Fifteen patients recently diagnosed of AD were randomized to treatment (n = 8) or to control group (n = 7); the former receiving daily treatment of donepezil during 3 months. At baseline and follow-up, both groups underwent resting-state as well as task-fMRI examinations, this latter assessing encoding of visual scenes. The treated group showed higher connectivity in areas of the default mode network, namely the right parahippocampal gyrus at follow-up resting-fMRI as compared to the control group. On the other hand, for the task-fMRI, the untreated AD group presented progressive increased activation in the left middle temporal gyrus and bilateral precuneus at the 3-month examination compared to baseline, whereas the treated group exhibited stable patterns of brain activity. Donepezil treatment is associated with stabilization of connectivity of medial temporal regions during resting state and of brain efficiency during a cognitive demand, on the whole reducing progressive dysfunctional reorganizations observed during the natural course of the disease.
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96
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Brayda-Bruno L, Mons N, Yee BK, Micheau J, Abrous DN, Nogues X, Marighetto A. Partial loss in septo-hippocampal cholinergic neurons alters memory-dependent measures of brain connectivity without overt memory deficits. Neurobiol Dis 2013; 54:372-81. [PMID: 23376311 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2013.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Revised: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The functional relevance of septo-hippocampal cholinergic (SHC) degeneration to the degradation of hippocampus-dependent declarative memory (DM) in aging and Alzheimer's disease (AD) remains ill-defined. Specifically, selective SHC lesions often fail to induce overt memory impairments in animal models. In spite of apparent normal performance, however, neuronal activity within relevant brain structures might be altered by SHC disruption. We hypothesized that partial SHC degeneration may contribute to functional alterations within memory circuits occurring in aging before DM decline. In young adult mice, we studied the effects of behaviorally ineffective (saporin-induced) SHC lesions - similar in extent to that seen in aged animals - on activity patterns and functional connectivity between three main neural memory systems: the septo-hippocampal system, the striatum and the amygdala that sustain declarative, procedural and emotional memory, respectively. Animals were trained in a radial maze procedure dissociating the human equivalents of relational/DM and non-R/DM expressions in animals. Test-induced Fos activation pattern revealed that the partial SHC lesion significantly altered the brain's functional activities and connectivity (co-activation pattern) despite the absence of overt behavioral deficit. Specifically, hippocampal CA3 hyperactivity and abnormal septo-hippocampo-amygdalar inter-connectivity resemble those observed in aging and prodromal AD. Hence, SHC neurons critically coordinate hippocampal function in concert with extra-hippocampal structures in accordance with specific mnemonic demand. Although partial SHC degeneration is not sufficient to impact DM performance by itself, the connectivity change might predispose the emergence of subsequent DM loss when, due to additional age-related insults, the brain can no longer compensate the holistic imbalance caused by cholinergic loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Brayda-Bruno
- INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, U862, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
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97
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Bucur MP, Bucur B, Radu GL. Critical evaluation of acetylthiocholine iodide and acetylthiocholine chloride as substrates for amperometric biosensors based on acetylcholinesterase. SENSORS 2013; 13:1603-13. [PMID: 23353142 PMCID: PMC3649391 DOI: 10.3390/s130201603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Revised: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Numerous amperometric biosensors have been developed for the fast analysis of neurotoxic insecticides based on inhibition of cholinesterase (AChE). The analytical signal is quantified by the oxidation of the thiocholine that is produced enzymatically by the hydrolysis of the acetylthiocholine pseudosubstrate. The pseudosubstrate is a cation and it is associated with chloride or iodide as corresponding anion to form a salt. The iodide salt is cheaper, but it is electrochemically active and consequently more difficult to use in electrochemical analytical devices. We investigate the possibility of using acetylthiocholine iodide as pseudosubstrate for amperometric detection. Our investigation demonstrates that operational conditions for any amperometric biosensor that use acetylthiocholine iodide must be thoroughly optimized to avoid false analytical signals or a reduced sensitivity. The working overpotential determined for different screen-printed electrodes was: carbon-nanotubes (360 mV), platinum (560 mV), gold (370 mV, based on a catalytic effect of iodide) or cobalt phthalocyanine (110 mV, but with a significant reduced sensitivity in the presence of iodide anions).
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Affiliation(s)
- Madalina-Petruta Bucur
- National Institute of Research and Development for Biological Sciences, Bioanalysis Center, Bucharest 060031, Romania.
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98
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Graves AR, Moore SJ, Bloss EB, Mensh BD, Kath WL, Spruston N. Hippocampal pyramidal neurons comprise two distinct cell types that are countermodulated by metabotropic receptors. Neuron 2013. [PMID: 23177962 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2012.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Relating the function of neuronal cell types to information processing and behavior is a central goal of neuroscience. In the hippocampus, pyramidal cells in CA1 and the subiculum process sensory and motor cues to form a cognitive map encoding spatial, contextual, and emotional information, which they transmit throughout the brain. Do these cells constitute a single class or are there multiple cell types with specialized functions? Using unbiased cluster analysis, we show that there are two morphologically and electrophysiologically distinct principal cell types that carry hippocampal output. We show further that these two cell types are inversely modulated by the synergistic action of glutamate and acetylcholine acting on metabotropic receptors that are central to hippocampal function. Combined with prior connectivity studies, our results support a model of hippocampal processing in which the two pyramidal cell types are predominantly segregated into two parallel pathways that process distinct modalities of information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin R Graves
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
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99
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Hardenacke K, Kuhn J, Lenartz D, Maarouf M, Mai JK, Bartsch C, Freund HJ, Sturm V. Stimulate or degenerate: deep brain stimulation of the nucleus basalis Meynert in Alzheimer dementia. World Neurosurg 2012; 80:S27.e35-43. [PMID: 23246738 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2012.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Revised: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a therapeutically effective neurosurgical method originally applied in movement disorders. Over time, the application of DBS has increasingly been considered as a therapeutic option for several neuropsychiatric disorders, including Gilles de la Tourette syndrome, obsessive compulsive disorder, major depression and addiction. Latest research suggests beneficial effects of DBS in Alzheimer dementia (AD). Because of the high prevalence and the considerable burden of the disease, we endeavored to discuss and reveal the challenges of DBS in AD. METHODS Recent literature on the pathophysiology of AD, including translational data and human studies, has been studied to generate a fundamental hypothesis regarding the effects of electrical stimulation on cognition and to facilitate our ongoing pilot study regarding DBS of the nucleus basalis Meynert (NBM) in patients with AD. RESULTS It is hypothesized that DBS in the nucleus basalis Meynert could probably improve or at least stabilize memory and cognitive functioning in patients with AD by facilitating neural oscillations and by enhancing the synthesis of nerve growth factors. CONCLUSIONS Considering the large number of patients suffering from AD, there is a great need for novel and effective treatment methods. Our research provides insights into the theoretical background of DBS in AD. Providing that our hypothesis will be validated by our ongoing pilot study, DBS could be an opportunity in the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Hardenacke
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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100
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De Jaeger X, Cammarota M, Prado MAM, Izquierdo I, Prado VF, Pereira GS. Decreased acetylcholine release delays the consolidation of object recognition memory. Behav Brain Res 2012; 238:62-8. [PMID: 23089649 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2012.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Revised: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Acetylcholine (ACh) is important for different cognitive functions such as learning, memory and attention. The release of ACh depends on its vesicular loading by the vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT). It has been demonstrated that VAChT expression can modulate object recognition memory. However, the role of VAChT expression on object recognition memory persistence still remains to be understood. To address this question we used distinct mouse lines with reduced expression of VAChT, as well as pharmacological manipulations of the cholinergic system. We showed that reduction of cholinergic tone impairs object recognition memory measured at 24h. Surprisingly, object recognition memory, measured at 4 days after training, was impaired by substantial, but not moderate, reduction in VAChT expression. Our results suggest that levels of acetylcholine release strongly modulate object recognition memory consolidation and appear to be of particular importance for memory persistence 4 days after training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier De Jaeger
- Molecular Brain Research Group, Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5K8 Canada.
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