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Jiang Y, Yin L, Jing H, Zhang H. MicroRNA-219-5p exerts tumor suppressor function by targeting ROBO1 in glioblastoma. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:8943-51. [PMID: 26081620 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3651-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that miR-219-5p is dysregulated and exerts tumor-suppressive effects in cancer development and progression. However, the molecular function and mechanism of miR-219-5p in glioblastoma growth and invasion are still unclear. In the present study, we show that miR-219-5p was downregulated in a panel of glioma tissues with different grades and in all the human glioma cell lines examined. Ectopic expression of miR-219-5p inhibited proliferation and invasion and induced apoptosis in vitro, and xenograft formation in vivo. ROBO1 was found to be a direct target of miR-219-5p, and when overexpressed in miR-219-5p-expressing glioma cells, was able to restore proliferative and invasive ability. Finally, in vivo investigation confirmed that miR-219-5p was a tumor suppressor that regulated ROBO1 expression. Taken together, these studies demonstrate that miR-219-5p inhibited cancer cell growth and invasion by direct targeting ROBO1, implicating miR-219-5p as an attractive candidate for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongmei Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, No. 467 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, Liaoning, 116027, China.
| | - Lin Yin
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, No. 467 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, Liaoning, 116027, China.
| | - Huirong Jing
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, No. 467 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, Liaoning, 116027, China.
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, No. 467 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, Liaoning, 116027, China.
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Kouhkan F, Mobarra N, Soufi-Zomorrod M, Keramati F, Hosseini Rad SMA, Fathi-Roudsari M, Tavakoli R, Hajarizadeh A, Ziaei S, Lahmi R, Hanif H, Soleimani M. MicroRNA-129-1 acts as tumour suppressor and induces cell cycle arrest of GBM cancer cells through targeting IGF2BP3 and MAPK1. J Med Genet 2015; 53:24-33. [PMID: 26510428 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2015-103225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND MicroRNA-129-1 (miR-129-1) seems to behave as a tumour suppressor since its decreased expression is associated with different tumours such as glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). GBM is the most common form of brain tumours originating from glial cells. The impact of miR-129-1 downregulation on GBM pathogenesis has yet to be elucidated. METHODS MiR-129-1 was overexpressed in GBM cells, and its effect on proliferation was investigated by cell cycle assay. MiR-129-1 predicted targets (CDK6, IGF1, HDAC2, IGF2BP3 and MAPK1) were also evaluated by western blot and luciferase assay. RESULTS Restoration of miR-129-1 reduced cell proliferation and induced G1 accumulation, significantly. Several functional assays confirmed IGF2BP3, MAPK1 and CDK6 as targets of miR-129-1. Despite the fact that IGF1 expression can be suppressed by miR-129-1, through 3'-untranslated region complementary sequence, we could not find any association between IGF1 expression and GBM. MiR-129-1 expression inversely correlates with CDK6, IGF2BP3 and MAPK1 in primary clinical samples. CONCLUSION This is the first study to propose miR129-1 as a negative regulator of IGF2BP3 and MAPK1 and also a cell cycle arrest inducer in GBM cells. Our data suggests miR-129-1 as a potential tumour suppressor and presents a rationale for the use of miR-129-1 as a novel strategy to improve treatment response in GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Kouhkan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, Stem Cell Technology Research Center, Tehran, Iran
| | - Naser Mobarra
- Metabolic Disorders Research Center, School of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Mina Soufi-Zomorrod
- Department of Hematology, School of Medicine, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farid Keramati
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, Stem Cell Technology Research Center, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Rezvan Tavakoli
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, Stem Cell Technology Research Center, Tehran, Iran
| | - Athena Hajarizadeh
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, Stem Cell Technology Research Center, Tehran, Iran
| | - Said Ziaei
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, Stem Cell Technology Research Center, Tehran, Iran Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reyhaneh Lahmi
- Department of Neuroscience, Aging and Stem Cell Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Hamed Hanif
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Soleimani
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, Stem Cell Technology Research Center, Tehran, Iran Department of Hematology, School of Medicine, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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53
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Xu J, Liu Y, Guo S, Ma S, Xiao L, Wei N, Xue R. Expression Profile of MiR-128 in the Astrocytoma Patients and Cell Lines. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:4631-7. [PMID: 26307612 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9401-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Malignant astrocytomas are the most common primary brain tumors. The critical characterizes of astrocyomas are their aggressive and infiltrative in the brain, which leads to uncontrollable by conventional forms of therapy. MicroRNAs are small RNAs that had been found to regulate their targets by specific binding to the 3'-untranslated region (3'UTR) of mRNA. Recent advances in understanding the molecular biology of these tumors have revealed that microRNA (miRNA) disruption may play important roles in the pathogenesis of astrocytomas. And some of the miRNA alterations were found in the serum of astrocytoma patients. In this study, we studied the expression profile of miR-128, in the different stages of astrocytoma tissues and two human astrocytoma cell lines, A172 and T98G cells. We found that the levels of miR-128 are decreased in the A172 and T98G cells when compared to normal human astrocyte (NHA). Furthermore, the levels of miR-128 decreased gradually to the pathological stages of astrocytomas. We also identified that TROVE2 is a novel target of miR-128 by the luciferase reporter system. Furthermore, the expression levels of TROVE2 are dramatically increased with the pathological stages increasing. Finally, the levels of TROVE2 are negatively correlated with miR-128 in astrocytoma tissues. Our data provided novel evidence for the miR-128 and TROVE2 in the development of human astrocytomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Xu
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yuqiong Liu
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Si Guo
- Clinical Laboratory, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, 7 Wei Wu Road, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Shengli Ma
- Emergency Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lin Xiao
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Na Wei
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Rui Xue
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1 Jian She Dong Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450002, People's Republic of China.
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54
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Nie QM, Lin YY, Yang X, Shen L, Guo LM, Que SL, Li XX, Ge JW, Wang GS, Xiong WH, Guo P, Qiu YM. IDH1R¹³²H decreases the proliferation of U87 glioma cells through upregulation of microRNA-128a. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:6695-701. [PMID: 26324126 PMCID: PMC4626131 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) are found in >70% of secondary glioblastomas and lower-grade gliomas (grades II–III). Among the numerous phenotypic differences between IDH1 mutant and wild-type glioma patients, the most salient is an improved survival rate for patients with a mutation. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small, non-coding, single-stranded RNAs that can negatively regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level, predominantly by binding to the 3′-untranslated region of their target mRNAs. The dysregulated expression of several miRNAs has been reported to modulate glioma progression; however, it is unclear whether mutations in IDH1 regulate glioma cell proliferation through miRNA dysregulation. In the present study, stable overexpression of IDH1WT or IDH1R132H was established in the U87 glioma cell line. It was found that IDH1R132H decreased cell proliferation of U87 glioma cells by inducing the expression of the miRNA miR-128a. This process was dependent on the transcription factor hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), which binds to a hypoxia response element in the promoter of miR-128a. Furthermore, miR-128a negatively regulated the expression of B-cell-specific Moloney murine leukemia virus integration site 1 protein (Bmi-1), which is involved in suppressing cell proliferation. These findings suggest that the IDH1R132H-HIF-1α-miR-128a-Bmi-1 pathway is involved in glioma cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan-Min Nie
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, P.R. China
| | - Ying-Ying Lin
- Shanghai Institute of Head Trauma, Shanghai 200127, P.R. China
| | - Xi Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, P.R. China
| | - Lin Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, P.R. China
| | - Lie-Mei Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, P.R. China
| | - Shuang-Lin Que
- Department of Neurosurgery, Longyan First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Longyan, Fujian 364000, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Xiong Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Wei Ge
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, P.R. China
| | - Gui-Song Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Hao Xiong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, P.R. China
| | - Pin Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China
| | - Yong-Ming Qiu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, P.R. China
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Exploring miRNA-Associated Signatures with Diagnostic Relevance in Glioblastoma Multiforme and Breast Cancer Patients. J Clin Med 2015; 4:1612-30. [PMID: 26287251 PMCID: PMC4555080 DOI: 10.3390/jcm4081612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The growing attention that non-coding RNAs have attracted in the field of cancer research in recent years is undeniable. Whether investigated as prospective therapeutic targets or prognostic indicators or diagnostic biomarkers, the clinical relevance of these molecules is starting to emerge. In addition, identification of non-coding RNAs in a plethora of body fluids has further positioned these molecules as attractive non-invasive biomarkers. This review will first provide an overview of the synthetic cascade that leads to the production of the small non-coding RNAs microRNAs (miRNAs) and presents their strengths as biomarkers of disease. Our interest will next be directed at exploring the diagnostic utility of miRNAs in two types of cancer: the brain tumor glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) and breast cancer. Finally, we will discuss additional clinical implications associated with miRNA detection as well as introduce other non-coding RNAs that have generated recent interest in the cancer research community.
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56
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XIN JUN, ZHANG XUEKUI, XIN DEYOU, LI XIANFENG, SUN DEKE, MA YUEYE, TIAN LIQIANG. FUS1 acts as a tumor-suppressor gene by upregulating miR-197 in human glioblastoma. Oncol Rep 2015; 34:868-76. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.4069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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57
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Khaksarian M, Mostafavi H, Soleimani M, Karimian SM, Ghahremani MH, Joghataee MT, Khorashadizadeh M, Aligholi H, Attari F, Hassanzadeh G. Regulation of connexin 43 and microRNA expression via β2-adrenoceptor signaling in 1321N1 astrocytoma cells. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:1941-50. [PMID: 25873300 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Connexin 43 (Cx43) is the main gap junction protein in astrocytes and exerts the same effects on growth inhibition in astrocytoma and glioma as microRNA-146a (miR-146a) in glioma. β2-adrenergic receptor (AR) signaling modulates Cx43 expression in myocytes via components downstream of protein kinase A (PKA) and exchange protein directly activated by cAMP (Epac). However, it remains to be elucidated how expression of Cx43 is modulated in astrocytes. In the present study, 1321N1 astrocytoma cells were treated with β2-AR signaling agents in order to evaluate the expression of Cx43 and miRNAs. RNA and protein were extracted from the cells for use in reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis, respectively. The results revealed that clenbuterol increased miR-146a level and upregulated Cx43 expression via cAMP/PKA at the mRNA and protein level. Pre-inhibition of adenyl cyclase decreased expression of Cx43 and miR-146a. PKA activation and overexpression of miR-146a in A-1321N1 cells increased the expression of Cx43. β2-AR stimulation and 6Bnz, a PKA activator, suppressed oncomiRs miR-155 and miR-27a, while 8-(4-chlorophenylthio)-2'-O-methyladenosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphate, an Epac activator, increased their levels. The current findings demonstrated that β2-AR signaling has growth inhibitory effects via modulation of the cAMP/PKA pathway in A-1321N1 cells through increasing the expression level of Cx43 and miR-146a as well as decreasing miR-155 and miR-27a levels. Thus, stimulation of the β2-AR and PKA signaling pathway may be a useful approach for astrocytoma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Khaksarian
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad 6814993165, Iran
| | - Hossein Mostafavi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, Stem Cell Technology Research Center, Tehran 1997775555, Iran
| | - Masoud Soleimani
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, Stem Cell Technology Research Center, Tehran 1997775555, Iran
| | - Seid Morteza Karimian
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417613151, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hassan Ghahremani
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Medical Technologies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417743371, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taghee Joghataee
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417755469, Iran
| | - Mohsen Khorashadizadeh
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, School of Advanced Medical Technologies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417743371, Iran
| | - Hadi Aligholi
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Medical Technologies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417743371, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Attari
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Medical Technologies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417743371, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Hassanzadeh
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Medical Technologies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417743371, Iran
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58
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Costa PM, Cardoso AL, Custódia C, Cunha P, Pereira de Almeida L, Pedroso de Lima MC. MiRNA-21 silencing mediated by tumor-targeted nanoparticles combined with sunitinib: A new multimodal gene therapy approach for glioblastoma. J Control Release 2015; 207:31-9. [PMID: 25861727 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Malignant brain tumors, including glioblastoma (GBM), are among the most lethal human cancers, due to their tremendous invasive capacity and limited therapeutic options. Despite remarkable advances in cancer theranostics, which resulted in significant improvement of clinical outcomes, GBM relapse is very frequent and patient survival remains under one year. The elucidation of the role of abnormally-expressed miRNAs in different steps of GBM pathogenesis and in tumor resistance to therapy paved the way for the development of new miRNA-based therapeutic approaches targeting this disease, aiming at increasing specific tumor cell killing and, ultimately, cancer eradication. Here, we demonstrate that intravenously-administered chlorotoxin (CTX)-coupled (targeted) stable nucleic acid lipid particle (SNALP)-formulated anti-miR-21 oligonucleotides accumulate preferentially within brain tumors and promote efficient miR-21 silencing, which results in increased mRNA and protein levels of its target RhoB, while showing no signs of systemic immunogenicity. Decreased tumor cell proliferation and tumor size, as well as enhanced apoptosis activation and, to a lesser extent, improvement of animal survival, were also observed in GBM-bearing mice upon systemic delivery of targeted nanoparticle-formulated anti-miR-21 oligonucleotides and exposure to the tyrosine kinase inhibitor sunitinib. Overall, our results provide evidence that CTX-coupled SNALPs are a reliable and efficient system for systemic delivery of anti-miRNA oligonucleotides. Moreover, although further studies are still necessary to demonstrate a therapeutic benefit in a clinical context, our findings suggest that miRNA modulation by the targeted nanoparticles combined with anti-angiogenic chemotherapy may hold promise as an attractive approach towards GBM treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro M Costa
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana L Cardoso
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Carlos Custódia
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Coimbra, 3001-401 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Pedro Cunha
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Coimbra, 3001-401 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Luís Pereira de Almeida
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria C Pedroso de Lima
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Coimbra, 3001-401 Coimbra, Portugal.
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Differential expression of microRNAs in postoperative radiotherapy sensitive and resistant patients with glioblastoma multiforme. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:4723-30. [PMID: 25758051 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3121-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most malignant primary brain tumor and more resistant to radiotherapy. However, hetero-radiosensitivity occurs in different patients. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play important roles in the initiation and progression of a multitude of tumors. The study aims to examine the different microRNAs expression profiles of postoperative radiotherapy sensitive and resistant patients with GBM, to make an inquiry about their potential role and discover a certain set of radio-sensitivity markers. Three paired samples from six GBM patients who had only been treated with postoperative radiotherapy were selected, and then, they were divided into radiotherapy sensitive group and resistant group according to their overall survivals, local recurrence rates, and Karnofsky Performance Scale scores. Expression profiles of miRNAs in these two groups were determined by the method of microarray assay. Comparing with resistant patients, 13 miRNAs were significantly upregulated and 10 miRNAs were greatly downregulated in sensitive group. Among them, four miRNAs were validated by quantitative RT-PCR. The differentially expressed miRNAs and their putative target genes were revealed by bioformatic analysis to play a role in cell signaling, proliferation, aging, and death. High-enrichment pathway analysis identified that some classical pathways participated in numerous metabolic processes, especially in cell cycle regulation, such as mTOR, MAPK, TGF-beta, and PI3K-Akt signaling pathways. Our research will contribute to identifying clinical diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets in the treatment of GBM by postoperative radiotherapy.
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60
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Mao J, Zhang M, Zhong M, Zhang Y, Lv K. MicroRNA-204, a direct negative regulator of ezrin gene expression, inhibits glioma cell migration and invasion. Mol Cell Biochem 2014; 396:117-28. [PMID: 25055875 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-014-2148-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ezrin is overexpressed in a variety of neoplastic cells and involved in the later stages of tumor progression and metastasis. Ezrin expression can be regulated at both the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. We used a combination of bioinformatics and experimental techniques to demonstrate that the miR-204 is a direct negative regulator of ezrin. Overexpression of miR-204 mimics decreased the activity of a luciferase reporter containing the ezrin 3' UTR and led to repression of ezrin protein. In contrast, ectopic expression of miR-204 inhibitor elevated ezrin expression. We also show that miR-204 is down-regulated in a panel of glioma tissues and in high invasive glioma cell lines we examined. Moreover, miR-204 mimics significantly reduced glioma cell migration and invasion, while miR-204 inhibitor generated the opposite results. Finally, overexpression of miR-204 and knockdown of ezrin reduced glioma cell invasion, and these effects could be rescued by re-expression of ezrin. These findings reveal that miR-204 could be partly due to its inhibitory effects on glioma cell migration and invasion through regulating ezrin expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Mao
- Department of Neurosurgery of The first affiliated Hospital, Wannan Medical College, 2 West Zheshan Road, Wuhu, 241001, Anhui, People's Republic of China
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Hamilton DE, Cooke CL, Carter BS, Akil H, Watson SJ, Thompson RC. Basal microRNA expression patterns in reward circuitry of selectively bred high-responder and low-responder rats vary by brain region and genotype. Physiol Genomics 2014; 46:290-301. [PMID: 24569673 PMCID: PMC4035657 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00152.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mental health disorders involving altered reward, emotionality, and anxiety are thought to result from the interaction of individual predisposition (genetic factors) and personal experience (environmental factors), although the mechanisms that contribute to an individual's vulnerability to these disorders remain poorly understood. We used an animal model of individual variation [inbred high-responder/low-responder (bHR-bLR) rodents] known to vary in reward, anxiety, and emotional processing to examine neuroanatomical expression patterns of microRNAs (miRNAs). Laser capture microdissection was used to dissect the prelimbic cortex and the nucleus accumbens core and shell prior to analysis of basal miRNA expression in bHR and bLR male rats. These studies identified 187 miRNAs differentially expressed by genotype in at least one brain region, 10 of which were validated by qPCR. Four of these 10 qPCR-validated miRNAs demonstrated differential expression across multiple brain regions, and all miRNAs with validated differential expression between genotypes had lower expression in bHR animals compared with bLR animals. microRNA (miR)-484 and miR-128a expression differences between the prelimbic cortex of bHR and bLR animals were validated by semiquantitative in situ hybridization. miRNA expression analysis independent of genotype identified 101 miRNAs differentially expressed by brain region, seven of which validated by qPCR. Dnmt3a mRNA, a validated target of miR-29b, varied in a direction opposite that of miR-29b's differential expression between bHR and bLR animals. These data provide evidence that basal central nervous system miRNA expression varies in the bHR-bLR model, implicating microRNAs as potential epigenetic regulators of key neural circuits and individual differences associated with mental health disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Hamilton
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Mostafavi H, Khaksarian M, Joghataei MT, Soleimani M, Hassanzadeh G, Eftekhari S, Soleimani M, Mousavizadeh K, Estiri H, Ahmadi S, Hadjighassem MR. Selective β2 adrenergic agonist increases Cx43 and miR-451 expression via cAMP-Epac. Mol Med Rep 2014; 9:2405-10. [PMID: 24714982 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that connexin 43 (Cx43) and microRNAs have significant roles in glioma. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is suggested to be a regulator of connexins and microRNAs. However, it remains elusive whether cAMP and exchange protein directly activated by cAMP (Epac2), have a regulatory effect on Cx43 and microRNA-451 (miR-451) in astrocytoma cells. We treated 1321N1 astrocytoma cells with a selective β2 adrenergic agonist and a selective Epac activator with and without adenyl cyclase and protein kinase A inhibition. Cx43 and miR-451 expression were measured. Next, we evaluated the effect of miR-451 overexpression on Cx43 expression. Cell proliferation was measured using a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The results demonstrated that cAMP-Epac2 increased Cx43 and miR-451 expression. However, the alteration of miR-451 expression required a higher dose of drugs. Overexpression of miR-451 had no significant effect on Cx43 expression. The MTT assay showed that cAMP-Epac stimulation and miR-451 overexpression had a synergic inhibitory effect on cell proliferation. These findings may expand our understanding of the molecular biology of glioma and provide new potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Mostafavi
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Medical Technologies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417755469, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Khaksarian
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Medical Technologies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417755469, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taghi Joghataei
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Medical Technologies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417755469, Iran
| | - Masoud Soleimani
- Department of Hematology, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 1411713116, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Hassanzadeh
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Medical Technologies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417755469, Iran
| | - Sanaz Eftekhari
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Medical Technologies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417755469, Iran
| | - Mansooreh Soleimani
- Division of Neuroscience, Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 141775553, Iran
| | - Kazem Mousavizadeh
- Division of Neuroscience, Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 141775553, Iran
| | - Hajar Estiri
- Stem Cell Technology Research Center, Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering Department, Tehran 1585636473, Iran
| | - Sedighesadat Ahmadi
- Stem Cell Technology Research Center, Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering Department, Tehran 1585636473, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Reza Hadjighassem
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Medical Technologies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417755469, Iran
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Abstract
Despite extensive research, current glioma therapies are still unsatisfactory, and novel approaches are pressingly needed. In recent years, both nonreplicative viral vectors and replicating oncolytic viruses have been developed for brain cancer treatment, and the mechanistic background of their cytotoxicity has been unveiled. A growing number of clinical trials have convincingly established viral therapies to be safe in glioma patients, and maximum tolerated doses have generally not been reached. However, evidence for therapeutic benefit has been limited: new generations of therapeutic vectors need to be developed in order to target not only tumor cells but also the complex surrounding microenvironment. Such therapies could also direct long-lasting immune responses toward the tumor while reducing early antiviral reactions. Furthermore, viral delivery methods are to be improved and viral spread within the tumor will have to be enhanced. Here, we will review the outcome of completed glioma virus therapy trials as well as highlight the ongoing clinical activities. On this basis, we will give an overview of the numerous strategies to enhance therapeutic efficacy of new-generation viruses and novel treatment regimens. Finally, we will conclude with approaches that may be crucial to the development of successful glioma therapies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - E. Antonio Chiocca
- Harvey Cushing Neuro-Oncology Laboratories, Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Bradley BS, Loftus JC, Mielke CJ, Dinu V. Differential expression of microRNAs as predictors of glioblastoma phenotypes. BMC Bioinformatics 2014; 15:21. [PMID: 24438171 PMCID: PMC3901345 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2105-15-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glioblastoma is the most aggressive primary central nervous tumor and carries a very poor prognosis. Invasion precludes effective treatment and virtually assures tumor recurrence. In the current study, we applied analytical and bioinformatics approaches to identify a set of microRNAs (miRs) from several different human glioblastoma cell lines that exhibit significant differential expression between migratory (edge) and migration-restricted (core) cell populations. The hypothesis of the study is that differential expression of miRs provides an epigenetic mechanism to drive cell migration and invasion. Results Our research data comprise gene expression values for a set of 805 human miRs collected from matched pairs of migratory and migration-restricted cell populations from seven different glioblastoma cell lines. We identified 62 down-regulated and 2 up-regulated miRs that exhibit significant differential expression in the migratory (edge) cell population compared to matched migration-restricted (core) cells. We then conducted target prediction and pathway enrichment analysis with these miRs to investigate potential associated gene and pathway targets. Several miRs in the list appear to directly target apoptosis related genes. The analysis identifies a set of genes that are predicted by 3 different algorithms, further emphasizing the potential validity of these miRs to promote glioblastoma. Conclusions The results of this study identify a set of miRs with potential for decreased expression in invasive glioblastoma cells. The verification of these miRs and their associated targeted proteins provides new insights for further investigation into therapeutic interventions. The methodological approaches employed here could be applied to the study of other diseases to provide biomedical researchers and clinicians with increased opportunities for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barrie S Bradley
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Arizona State University, 13212 East Shea Boulevard, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA.
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65
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Gu W, Shou J, Gu S, Sun B, Che X. Identifying hedgehog signaling specific microRNAs in glioblastomas. Int J Med Sci 2014; 11:488-93. [PMID: 24688313 PMCID: PMC3970102 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.6764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant activation of hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway plays an important role in the development and proliferation of glioblastoma (GBM) cells. However, its mechanism remains unknown. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short non-coding RNA molecules which are involved in the post-transcriptional regulation of genes, and enrolled in signaling transduction network in tumors. This study was designed to investigate the role of miRNAs targeting the Hh signaling pathway in GBMs. According to the expression level of Gli1 mRNA measured by real time PCR, GBM samples were assigned to Gli1 high or low expression group. MiRNA microarray was applied to screen the dysregulated miRNA. As a result, 17 miRNAs were differentially expressed between Gli1 high expression and low expression groups (p < 0.005). Thirteen miRNAs including miR-125b-1 were downregulated, while only 4 miRNAs including miR-144 were upregulated in Gli1 high expression group. In summary, our study presents a subset of miRNAs which target the Hh signaling pathway in GBMs, and throws some light on the aberrant activation mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Gu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Jiajun Shou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Shixin Gu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Bin Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Xiaoming Che
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
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66
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MicroRNAs as Molecular Targets for Cancer Therapy: On the Modulation of MicroRNA Expression. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2013; 6:1195-220. [PMID: 24275848 PMCID: PMC3817605 DOI: 10.3390/ph6101195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery of small RNA molecules with the capacity to regulate messenger RNA (mRNA) stability and translation (and consequently protein synthesis) has revealed an additional level of post-transcriptional gene control. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), an evolutionarily conserved class of small noncoding RNAs that regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally by base pairing to complementary sequences in the 3' untranslated regions of target mRNAs, are part of this modulatory RNA network playing a pivotal role in cell fate. Functional studies indicate that miRNAs are involved in the regulation of almost every biological pathway, while changes in miRNA expression are associated with several human pathologies, including cancer. By targeting oncogenes and tumor suppressors, miRNAs have the ability to modulate key cellular processes that define the cell phenotype, making them highly promising therapeutic targets. Over the last few years, miRNA-based anti-cancer therapeutic approaches have been exploited, either alone or in combination with standard targeted therapies, aiming at enhancing tumor cell killing and, ideally, promoting tumor regression and disease remission. Here we provide an overview on the involvement of miRNAs in cancer pathology, emphasizing the mechanisms of miRNA regulation. Strategies for modulating miRNA expression are presented and illustrated with representative examples of their application in a therapeutic context.
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Tivnan A, Zhao J, Johns TG, Day BW, Stringer BW, Boyd AW, Tiwari S, Giles KM, Teo C, McDonald KL. The tumor suppressor microRNA, miR-124a, is regulated by epigenetic silencing and by the transcriptional factor, REST in glioblastoma. Tumour Biol 2013; 35:1459-65. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-013-1200-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
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Chaudhury A, Kulhari A, Sheorayan A. Targeted Chemotherapeutics: An Overview of the Recent Progress in Effectual Cancer Treatment. PHARMACOLOGIA 2013; 4:535-552. [DOI: 10.5567/pharmacologia.2013.535.552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/19/2023]
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69
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miR-128 and its target genes in tumorigenesis and metastasis. Exp Cell Res 2013; 319:3059-64. [PMID: 23958464 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2013.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Revised: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of endogenous, non-coding, 18-24 nucleotide length single-strand RNAs that could modulate gene expression at post-transcriptional level. Previous studies have shown that miR-128 enriched in the brain plays an important role in the development of nervous system and the maintenance of normal physical functions. Aberrant expression of miR-128 has been detected in many types of human tumors and its validated target genes are involved in cancer-related biological processes such as cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. In this review, we will summarize the roles of miR-128 and its target genes in tumorigenesis and metastasis.
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70
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microRNA-124 inhibits migration and invasion by down-regulating ROCK1 in glioma. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69478. [PMID: 23936026 PMCID: PMC3720724 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The extraordinary invasive capability is a major cause of treatment failure and tumor recurrence in glioma, however, the molecular and cellular mechanisms governing glioma invasion remain poorly understood. Evidence in other cell systems has implicated the regulatory role of microRNA in cell motility and invasion, which promotes us to investigate the biological functions of miR-124 in glioma in this regard. Results We have found that miR-124 is dramatically downregulated in clinical specimen of glioma and is negatively correlated with the tumor pathological grading in the current study. The cells transfected by miR-124 expression vector have demonstrated retarded cell mobility. Using a bioinformatics analysis approach, rho-associated coiled-coil containing protein kinase 1 (ROCK1), a well-known cell mobility-related gene, has been identified as the target of miR-124. A dual-luciferase reporter assay was used to confirm that miR-124 targeted directly the 3′UTR of ROCK1 gene and repressed the ROCK1 expression in U87MG human glioma cell line. Furthermore, experiments have shown that the decreased cell mobility was due to the actin cytoskeleton rearrangements and the reduced cell surface ruffle in U87MG glioma cells. These results are similar to the cellular responses of U87MG glioma cells to the treatment of Y-27632, an inhibitor of ROCK protein. Moreover, a constitutively active ROCK1 in miR-124 over-expressed glioma cells reversed the effects of miR-124. Our results revealed a novel mechanism that miR-124 inhibits glioma cells migration and invasion via ROCK1 downregulation. Conclusions These results suggest that miR-124 may function as anti-migration and anti-invasion influence in glioma and provides a potential approach for developing miR-124-based therapeutic strategies for malignant glioma therapy.
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71
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He J, Deng Y, Yang G, Xie W. MicroRNA-203 down-regulation is associated with unfavorable prognosis in human glioma. J Surg Oncol 2013; 108:121-5. [PMID: 23813496 DOI: 10.1002/jso.23315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES MicroRNA-203 (miR-203) serves as a tumor suppressor or a tumor promoter in different human malignancies. However, its involvement in human gliomas is still unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical significance of miR-203 expression in gliomas. METHODS Real-time quantitative PCR was employed to measure the expression level of miR-203 in clinical glioma tissues. RESULTS The expression of miR-203 was reduced in high WHO grade glioma tissues compared with that in low WHO grade and normal brain tissues, and decreased with ascending tumor WHO grades (P < 0.001). The reduced miR-203 expression in gliomas was significantly associated with higher WHO grade (P < 0.001), lower KPS score (P = 0.008) and poorer disease-specific survival of patients (P = 0.001). More importantly, subgroup analyses according to tumor WHO grade revealed that the disease-specific survival of patients with low miR-203 expression in high WHO grades (III-IV) subgroup was significantly shorter than those with high miR-203 expression (P < 0.001), but no significant difference was found for patients in WHO grades I-II subgroup (P = 0.08). CONCLUSION Our data validate an important clinical significance of miR-203 in gliomas, and reveal that it might be an intrinsic regulator of tumor progression and a potential prognostic factor for this dismal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianguo He
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chongqing Red Cross Hospital, Chongqing City, China
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72
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Guo Y, Yan K, Fang J, Qu Q, Zhou M, Chen F. Let-7b expression determines response to chemotherapy through the regulation of cyclin D1 in glioblastoma. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2013; 32:41. [PMID: 23806108 PMCID: PMC3716992 DOI: 10.1186/1756-9966-32-41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Background Glioblastoma is the most common type of primary brain tumors. Cisplatin is a commonly used chemotherapeutic agent for Glioblastoma patients. Despite a consistent rate of initial responses, cisplatin treatment often develops chemoresistance, leading to therapeutic failure. Cellular resistance to cisplatin is of great concern and understanding the molecular mechanisms is an utter need. Methods Glioblastoma cell line U251 cells were exposed to increasing doses of cisplatin for 6 months to establish cisplatin-resistant cell line U251R. The differential miRNA expression profiles in U251 and U251R cell lines were identified by microarray analysis and confirmed by Q-PCR. MiRNA mimics were transfected into U251R cells, and cellular response to cisplatin-induced apoptosis and cell cycle distribution were examined by FACS analysis. Results U251R cells showed 3.1-fold increase in cisplatin resistance compared to its parental U251 cells. Microarray analysis identified Let-7b and other miRNAs significantly down-regulated in U251R cells compared to U251 cells. Transfection of Let-7b mimics greatly re-sensitized U251R cells to cisplatin, while transfection of other miRNAs has no effect or slightly effect. Cyclin D1 is predicted as a target of Let-7b through bioinformatics analysis. Over-expression of Let-7b mimics suppressed cyclin D1 protein expression and inhibited cyclin D1-3’-UTR luciferase activity. Knockdown of cyclin D1 expression significantly increased cisplatin-induced G1 arrest and apoptosis. Conclusions Collectively, our results indicated that cisplatin treatment leads to Let-7b suppression, which in turn up-regulates cyclin D1 expression. Let-7b may serve as a marker of cisplatin resistance, and can enhance the therapeutic benefit of cisplatin in glioblastoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, China
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Tumor-targeted Chlorotoxin-coupled Nanoparticles for Nucleic Acid Delivery to Glioblastoma Cells: A Promising System for Glioblastoma Treatment. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2013; 2:e100. [PMID: 23778499 PMCID: PMC3696908 DOI: 10.1038/mtna.2013.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The present work aimed at the development and application of a lipid-based nanocarrier for targeted delivery of nucleic acids to glioblastoma (GBM). For this purpose, chlorotoxin (CTX), a peptide reported to bind selectively to glioma cells while showing no affinity for non-neoplastic cells, was covalently coupled to liposomes encapsulating antisense oligonucleotides (asOs) or small interfering RNAs (siRNAs). The resulting targeted nanoparticles, designated CTX-coupled stable nucleic acid lipid particles (SNALPs), exhibited excellent features for in vivo application, namely small size (<180 nm) and neutral surface charge. Cellular association and internalization studies revealed that attachment of CTX onto the liposomal surface enhanced particle internalization into glioma cells, whereas no significant internalization was observed in noncancer cells. Moreover, nanoparticle-mediated miR-21 silencing in U87 human GBM and GL261 mouse glioma cells resulted in increased levels of the tumor suppressors PTEN and PDCD4, caspase 3/7 activation and decreased tumor cell proliferation. Preliminary in vivo studies revealed that CTX enhances particle internalization into established intracranial tumors. Overall, our results indicate that the developed targeted nanoparticles represent a valuable tool for targeted nucleic acid delivery to cancer cells. Combined with a drug-based therapy, nanoparticle-mediated miR-21 silencing constitutes a promising multimodal therapeutic approach towards GBM.
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Griveau A, Bejaud J, Anthiya S, Avril S, Autret D, Garcion E. Silencing of miR-21 by locked nucleic acid-lipid nanocapsule complexes sensitize human glioblastoma cells to radiation-induced cell death. Int J Pharm 2013; 454:765-74. [PMID: 23732394 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.05.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2013] [Revised: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The recent discovery of microRNA (miRNA) as major post-transcriptional repressors prompt the interest of developing novel approaches to target miRNA pathways to improve therapy. In this context, although the most significant barrier to their widespread clinical use remains delivery, nuclease-resistant locked nucleic acid (LNA) that bind specifically and irreversibly to miRNA represent interesting weapons. Thus, by focusing on oncongenic miR-21 miRNA, which participate to cancer cell resistance to apoptotic signals, the aim of the present study was to investigate the possibility of silencing miRNA by LNA conjugated to lipid nanocapsules (LNCs) as miRNA-targeted nanomedicines in U87MG glioblastoma (GBM) cells. After synthesis of an amphiphilic lipopeptide affine for nucleic acids, a post-insertion procedure during the LNC phase inversion formulation process allowed to construct peptide-conjugated LNCs. Peptide-conjugated LNCs were then incubated with LNAs to allow the formation of complexes characterized in gel retardation assays and by their physicochemical properties. U87MG cell treatment by LNA-LNC complexes resulted in a marked reduction of miR-21 expression as assessed by RTqPCR. In addition, exposure of U87MG cells to LNA-LNC complexes followed by external beam radiation demonstrated a significant improvement of cell sensitivity to treatment and emphasizes the interest to investigate further this miRNA-targeted strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Griveau
- Inserm U1066, Micro et nanomédecines biomimétiques, F-49933 Angers, France
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75
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Current progress for the use of miRNAs in glioblastoma treatment. Mol Neurobiol 2013; 48:757-68. [PMID: 23625340 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-013-8464-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a highly aggressive brain cancer with the worst prognosis of any central nervous system disease despite intensive multimodal therapy. Inevitably, glioblastoma is fatal, with recurrence of treatment-resistant tumour growth at distal sites leading to an extremely low median survival rate of 12-15 months from the time of initial diagnosis. With the advent of microarray and gene profiling technology, researchers have investigated trends in genetic alterations and, in this regard, the role of dysregulated microRNAs (highly conserved endogenous small RNA molecules) in glioblastoma has been studied with a view to identifying novel mechanisms of acquired drug resistance and allow for development of microRNA (miRNA)-based therapeutics for GBM patients. Considering the development of miRNA research from initial association to GBM to commercial development of miR-based therapeutics in less than a decade, it is not beyond reasonable doubt to anticipate significant advancements in this field of study, hopefully with the ultimate conclusion of improved patient outcome. This review discusses the recent advancements in miRNA-based therapeutic development for use in glioblastoma treatment and the challenges faced with respect to in vivo and clinical application.
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76
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Park EC, Kim G, Jung J, Wang K, Lee S, Jeon SS, Lee ZW, Kim SI, Kim S, Oh YT, Shin JH, Jang HS, Choi BO, Kim GH. Differential expression of MicroRNAs in patients with glioblastoma after concomitant chemoradiotherapy. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2013; 17:259-68. [PMID: 23586679 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2012.0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most aggressive primary brain tumor, and notorious for resistance to chemoradiotherapy. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are significantly involved in the initiation and progression of numerous cancers; however, the role of miRNAs in recurrence of tumors remains unknown. Here we tried to identify novel miRNAs that are differentially expressed in recurrent GBM. Tissue samples were obtained from patients with primary and recurrent GBM treated with chemoradiotherapy, and the expression changes of miRNAs were measured by microarray. A total of 318 miRNAs were expressed in the GBM patients. The expression of 43 miRNAs were significantly altered at least 2-fold in primary and recurrent GBMs. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that the differentially expressed miRNAs and their putative target genes were mainly involved in cell death, cellular development, and cellular growth and proliferation, which are the key regulators for stem cells. Pathway analysis supported that the miRNAs may regulate signaling associated with induction and maintenance of cancer and stem cell, such as p53, ErbB1, Notch, Wnt, and TGF-β signaling pathways. These data suggest that, in recurrent GBM, growth factor and anti-apoptotic signalings for cancer cell growth and proliferation are regulated by miRNAs. Our findings will aid future research in understanding the pathophysiology of recurrent GBM and identifying diagnostic markers and/or therapeutic targets for recurrence of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmond Changkyun Park
- Division of Life Science, Pioneer Research Center for Protein Network Exploration, Korea Basic Science Institute, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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Liu X, Li G, Su Z, Jiang Z, Chen L, Wang J, Yu S, Liu Z. Poly(amido amine) is an ideal carrier of miR-7 for enhancing gene silencing effects on the EGFR pathway in U251 glioma cells. Oncol Rep 2013; 29:1387-94. [PMID: 23404538 DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
microRNAs are regarded as promising drugs for glioma gene therapy. However, conventional administration routes, such as oral administration and intravenous infusion, present low efficiency due to the blood-brain barrier and intercellular retention, thereby limiting their application. Recent studies showed poly(amido amine) (PAMAM) was a candidate carrier due to its high solubilization, delayed release and low toxicity. In the present study, U251 human brain glioma cells were transfected with the miR-7 gene using PAMAM as the vector to determine the transfection efficiency and therapeutic effects in vivo and in vitro. We found that PAMAM exhibited higher transfection efficiency and longer duration of action compared with liposome delivery, and miR-7 efficiently silenced some genes involved in the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) pathway and achieved favorable effects in treating glioma in vivo and in vitro. These investigations provide a basis for developing high-efficiency micromolecular drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhi Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Fifth Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin, PR China
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MicroRNA-183 upregulates HIF-1α by targeting isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 (IDH2) in glioma cells. J Neurooncol 2012; 111:273-83. [PMID: 23263745 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-012-1027-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2012] [Accepted: 12/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRs) are small, non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression and contribute to cell proliferation, differentiation and metabolism. Our previous study revealed the extensive modulation of a set of miRs in malignant glioma. In that study, miR microarray analysis demonstrated the upregulation of microRNA-183 (miR-183) in glioblastomas. Therefore, we examined the expression levels of miR-183 in various types of gliomas and the association of miR-183 with isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 (IDH2), which has complementary sequences to miR-183 in its 3'-untranslated region (3'UTR). In present study, we used real-time PCR analysis to demonstrate that miR-183 is upregulated in the majority of high-grade gliomas and glioma cell lines compared with peripheral, non-tumorous brain tissue. The mRNA and protein expression levels of IDH2 are downregulated via the overexpression of miR-183 mimic RNA in glioma cells. Additionally, IDH2 mRNA expression is upregulated in glioma cells expressing anti-miR-183. We verified that miR-183 directly affects IDH2 mRNA levels in glioma cells using luciferase assays. In malignant glioma specimens, the expression levels of IDH2 were lower in tumors than in the peripheral, non-tumorous brain tissues. HIF-1α levels were upregulated in glioma cells following transfection with miR-183 mimic RNA or IDH2 siRNA. Moreover, vascular endothelial growth factor and glucose transporter 1, which are downstream molecules of HIF-1α, were upregulated in cells transfected with miR-183 mimic RNA. These results suggest that miR-183 upregulation in malignant gliomas induces HIF-1α expression by targeting IDH2 and may play a role in glioma biology.
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Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) regulate the expression of approximately 30% of protein-coding genes. Functions of miRNAs are essential to maintain a steady state of cellular machinery. Dysregulations of miRNAs play pivotal roles in the initiation and progression of malignancies. Abnormal miRNA expressions have been found in a variety of human solid tumors. Furthermore, extracellular miRNAs could circulate in body fluids, and hence show great promise for refining diagnosis and prognosis of cancer. Here we review the progress of analysis of microRNAs as a potential approach for diagnosis and prognosis of solid cancer. We will also discuss obstacles in developing miRNAs as circulating biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Shen
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 10 South Pine Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Zheng X, Chopp M, Lu Y, Buller B, Jiang F. MiR-15b and miR-152 reduce glioma cell invasion and angiogenesis via NRP-2 and MMP-3. Cancer Lett 2012; 329:146-54. [PMID: 23142217 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2012.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Revised: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 10/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We tested invasion and angiogenesis related mRNA expression and miRNA profiles of glioma. Genes with mRNA expression that changed significantly were selected to predict possible miRNAs that regulate mRNA expression, and were then matched with miRNA results. NRP-2 with the matching miRNA miR-15b, and MMP-3 with the matching miRNA miR-152 were selected for further study. Luciferase activity assay confirmed that miR-15b and miR-152 attenuate expression of NRP-2 and MMP-3 protein by binding to NRP-2 and MMP-3 transcript, respectively. In vitro invasion assay data showed that miR-15b and miR-152 significantly decreased 9L cell invasiveness. In vitro tube formation assay data showed that miR-15b reduced tube formation. A preliminary pathway study indicated that miR-15b and miR-152 deactivated the MEK-ERK pathway via NRP-2 and MMP-3 in 9L cells, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuguang Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
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81
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Costa PM, Cardoso AL, Pereira de Almeida LF, Bruce JN, Canoll P, Pedroso de Lima MC. PDGF-B-mediated downregulation of miR-21: new insights into PDGF signaling in glioblastoma. Hum Mol Genet 2012; 21:5118-30. [PMID: 22922228 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/dds358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a highly heterogeneous type of tumor characterized by genomic and signaling abnormalities affecting pathways involved in control of cell fate, including tumor-suppressor- and growth factor-regulated pathways. An aberrant miRNA expression has been observed in GBM, being associated with impaired cellular functions resulting in malignant transformation, proliferation and invasion. Here, we demonstrate for the first time that platelet-derived growth factor-B (PDGF-B), a potent angiogenic growth factor involved in GBM development and progression, promotes downregulation of pro-oncogenic (miR-21) and anti-oncogenic (miR-128) miRNAs, as well as upregulation/downregulation of several miRNAs involved in GBM pathology. Retrovirally mediated overexpression of PDGF-B in U87 human GBM cells or their prolonged exposure, as well as that of F98 rat glioma cells to this ligand, resulted in decreased miR-21 and miR-128 levels, which was associated with increased cell proliferation. Furthermore, siRNA-mediated PDGF-B silencing led to increased levels of miR-21 and miR-128, while miRNA modulation through overexpression of miR-21 did not alter the levels of PDGF-B. Finally, we demonstrate that modulation of tumor suppressors PTEN and p53 in U87 cells does not affect the decrease in miR-21 levels associated with PDGF-B overexpression. Overall, our findings suggest that, besides its role in inducing GBM tumorigenesis, PDGF-B may enhance tumor proliferation by modulating the expression of oncomiRs and tumor suppressor miRNAs in U87 human GBM cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro M Costa
- CNC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3004-517, Portugal
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82
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Sun J, Gong X, Purow B, Zhao Z. Uncovering MicroRNA and Transcription Factor Mediated Regulatory Networks in Glioblastoma. PLoS Comput Biol 2012; 8:e1002488. [PMID: 22829753 PMCID: PMC3400583 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2011] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and lethal brain tumor in humans. Recent studies revealed that patterns of microRNA (miRNA) expression in GBM tissue samples are different from those in normal brain tissues, suggesting that a number of miRNAs play critical roles in the pathogenesis of GBM. However, little is yet known about which miRNAs play central roles in the pathology of GBM and their regulatory mechanisms of action. To address this issue, in this study, we systematically explored the main regulation format (feed-forward loops, FFLs) consisting of miRNAs, transcription factors (TFs) and their impacting GBM-related genes, and developed a computational approach to construct a miRNA-TF regulatory network. First, we compiled GBM-related miRNAs, GBM-related genes, and known human TFs. We then identified 1,128 3-node FFLs and 805 4-node FFLs with statistical significance. By merging these FFLs together, we constructed a comprehensive GBM-specific miRNA-TF mediated regulatory network. Then, from the network, we extracted a composite GBM-specific regulatory network. To illustrate the GBM-specific regulatory network is promising for identification of critical miRNA components, we specifically examined a Notch signaling pathway subnetwork. Our follow up topological and functional analyses of the subnetwork revealed that six miRNAs (miR-124, miR-137, miR-219-5p, miR-34a, miR-9, and miR-92b) might play important roles in GBM, including some results that are supported by previous studies. In this study, we have developed a computational framework to construct a miRNA-TF regulatory network and generated the first miRNA-TF regulatory network for GBM, providing a valuable resource for further understanding the complex regulatory mechanisms in GBM. The observation of critical miRNAs in the Notch signaling pathway, with partial verification from previous studies, demonstrates that our network-based approach is promising for the identification of new and important miRNAs in GBM and, potentially, other cancers. Several recent studies have implicated the critical role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in the pathogenesis of glioblastoma (GBM), the most common and lethal brain tumor in humans, suggesting that miRNAs may be clinically useful as biomarkers for brain tumors and other cancers. However, to date, the regulatory mechanisms of miRNAs in GBM are unclear. In this study, we have systematically constructed miRNA and transcription factor (TF) mediated regulatory networks specific to GBM. To demonstrate that the GBM-specific regulatory network contains functional modules that may composite of critical miRNA components, we extracted a subnetwork including GBM-related genes involved in the Notch signaling pathway. Through network topological and functional analyses of the Notch signaling pathway subnetwork, several critical miRNAs have been identified, some of which have been reinforced by previous studies. This study not only provides novel miRNAs for further experimental design but also develops a novel computational framework to construct a miRNA-TF combinatory regulatory network for a specific disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingchun Sun
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Xue Gong
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Benjamin Purow
- Division of Neuro-Oncology, Neurology Department, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Zhongming Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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83
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Nikaki A, Piperi C, Papavassiliou AG. Role of microRNAs in gliomagenesis: targeting miRNAs in glioblastoma multiforme therapy. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2012; 21:1475-88. [PMID: 22809292 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2012.710199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Gliomas consist of a very heterogeneous group of malignant tumors, accounting for 50 - 60% of primary brain tumors. Despite all the efforts of cytoreductive surgery in combination with intense chemoradiotherapy, glioblastoma multiforme (GBM, glioma grade IV) still has a dismal prognosis. Current research is focused on molecular targeting to overcome resistance to conventional therapy. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), small non-coding RNAs, represent endogenous agents of RNA interference, dramatically changing expression of target proteins. Their role in brain physiology as well as GBM development has attracted intense research efforts pointing toward therapeutic potential and immediate targeting for sensitization of glioma cells to chemo and/or radiotherapy. AREAS COVERED This review is focused on the variable role of miRNAs in gliomagenesis and their possible clinical relevance in patient's survival and prognosis. It further addresses the potential application of selected miRNAs as therapeutic targets or agents in GMB, including data from clinical studies in other central nervous system tumors. EXPERT OPINION Although miRNA-targeted therapy is still in its initial stage and clinical trials with glioma/brain tumor patients are under recruitment or currently running, several miRNAs have been selected as promising tumor biomarkers, with increased potential to reduce disease progression in combination to conventional first-line therapy for gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Nikaki
- University of Athens, Medical School, Department of Biological Chemistry, Athens, Greece
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84
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Loftus JC, Ross JTD, Paquette KM, Paulino VM, Nasser S, Yang Z, Kloss J, Kim S, Berens ME, Tran NL. miRNA expression profiling in migrating glioblastoma cells: regulation of cell migration and invasion by miR-23b via targeting of Pyk2. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39818. [PMID: 22745829 PMCID: PMC3382150 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glioblastoma (GB) is the most common and lethal type of primary brain tumor. Clinical outcome remains poor and is essentially palliative due to the highly invasive nature of the disease. A more thorough understanding of the molecular mechanisms that drive glioma invasion is required to limit dispersion of malignant glioma cells. Methodology/Principal Findings We investigated the potential role of differential expression of microRNAs (miRNA) in glioma invasion by comparing the matched large-scale, genome-wide miRNA expression profiles of migrating and migration-restricted human glioma cells. Migratory and migration-restricted cell populations from seven glioma cell lines were isolated and profiled for miRNA expression. Statistical analyses revealed a set of miRNAs common to all seven glioma cell lines that were significantly down regulated in the migrating cell population relative to cells in the migration-restricted population. Among the down-regulated miRNAs, miR-23b has been reported to target potential drivers of cell migration and invasion in other cell types. Over-expression of miR-23b significantly inhibited glioma cell migration and invasion. A bioinformatics search revealed a conserved target site within the 3′ untranslated region (UTR) of Pyk2, a non-receptor tyrosine kinase previously implicated in the regulation of glioma cell migration and invasion. Increased expression of miR-23b reduced the protein expression level of Pyk2 in glioma cells but did not significantly alter the protein expression level of the related focal adhesion kinase FAK. Expression of Pyk2 via a transcript variant missing the 3′UTR in miR-23b-expressing cells partially rescued cell migration, whereas expression of Pyk2 via a transcript containing an intact 3′UTR failed to rescue cell migration. Conclusions/Significance Reduced expression of miR-23b enhances glioma cell migration in vitro and invasion ex vivo via modulation of Pyk2 protein expression. The data suggest that specific miRNAs may regulate glioma migration and invasion to influence the progression of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph C. Loftus
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, Arizona, United States of America
- * E-mail: (NLT); (JCL)
| | - Julianna T. D. Ross
- Cancer and Cell Biology Division, The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Kimberly M. Paquette
- Cancer and Cell Biology Division, The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Vincent M. Paulino
- Cancer and Cell Biology Division, The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Sara Nasser
- Computational Biology Division, The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Zhongbo Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Jean Kloss
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Seungchan Kim
- Computational Biology Division, The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Michael E. Berens
- Cancer and Cell Biology Division, The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Nhan L. Tran
- Cancer and Cell Biology Division, The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
- * E-mail: (NLT); (JCL)
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85
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Tunca B, Tezcan G, Cecener G, Egeli U, Ak S, Malyer H, Tumen G, Bilir A. Olea europaea leaf extract alters microRNA expression in human glioblastoma cells. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2012; 138:1831-44. [PMID: 22722712 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-012-1261-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and the most lethal form of primary malignant tumors in the central nervous system. There is an increasing need for the development of more efficient therapeutic approaches for the treatment of these patients. One of the most attractive cancer therapy methods to date is the induction of tumor cell death by certain phytochemicals. Interestingly, bioactive compounds have been shown to alter micro RNA (miRNA) expression involved in several biological processes at the posttranscriptional level. The present study aimed to evaluate whether Olea europaea leaf extract (OLE) has an anticancer effect and modulates miRNA expression in GBM. MATERIALS AND METHODS Firstly, the anti-proliferative activity of OLE and the nature of the interaction with temozolomide (TMZ) of OLE were tested in human glioblastoma cell line T98G cells by trypan blue and WST-1 assays and than realized miRNA PCR array analysis. Potential mRNA targets were analyzed bioinformatically. RESULTS OLE exhibited anti-proliferative effects on T98G cell lines. Cells were treated with temozolomide (TMZ) in the presence OLE, and changes to miRNA expression levels were identified by PCR array analysis. miRNA target genes are involved in cell cycle and apoptotic pathways. Specifically, miR-181b, miR-153, miR-145, miR-137, and let-7d were significantly upregulated after treatment with both TMZ and OLE. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that OLE modulates the expression of some miRNAs related to anticancer activity in GBM and the response to TMZ. Further studies and validations are needed, but we suggest that OLE might be used for in vivo studies and future medical drug studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berrin Tunca
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical Faculty, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey.
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86
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Slaby O, Bienertova-Vasku J, Svoboda M, Vyzula R. Genetic polymorphisms and microRNAs: new direction in molecular epidemiology of solid cancer. J Cell Mol Med 2012; 16:8-21. [PMID: 21692980 PMCID: PMC3823089 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2011.01359.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs, which regulate gene expression. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) may occur in miRNA biogenesis pathway genes, primary miRNA, pre-miRNA or a mature miRNA sequence. Such polymorphisms may be functional with respect to biogenesis and actions of mature miRNA. Specific SNPs were identified in predicted miRNA target sites within 3′ untranslated regions of mRNAs. These SNPs have a potential to affect the efficiency of miRNA binding to the target sites or can create or disrupt binding sites. Resulting gene dysregulation may involve changes in phenotype and may eventually prove critical for the susceptibility to cancer and its onset as well as for estimates of prognosis and therapy response. In this review, we provide a comprehensive list of potentially functional miRNA-related SNPs and summarize their importance as candidate cancer biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondrej Slaby
- Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Department of Comprehensive Cancer Care, Brno, Czech Republic.
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87
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Koo S, Martin GS, Schulz KJ, Ronck M, Toussaint LG. Serial selection for invasiveness increases expression of miR-143/miR-145 in glioblastoma cell lines. BMC Cancer 2012; 12:143. [PMID: 22490015 PMCID: PMC3378456 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-12-143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common primary central nervous system malignancy and its unique invasiveness renders it difficult to treat. This invasive phenotype, like other cellular processes, may be controlled in part by microRNAs - a class of small non-coding RNAs that act by altering the expression of targeted messenger RNAs. In this report, we demonstrate a straightforward method for creating invasive subpopulations of glioblastoma cells (IM3 cells). To understand the correlation between the expression of miRNAs and the invasion, we fully profiled 1263 miRNAs on six different cell lines and two miRNAs, miR-143 and miR-145, were selected for validation of their biological properties contributing to invasion. Further, we investigated an ensemble effect of both miR-143 and miR-145 in promoting invasion. Methods By repeated serial invasion through Matrigel®-coated membranes, we isolated highly invasive subpopulations of glioma cell lines. Phenotypic characterization of these cells included in vitro assays for proliferation, attachment, and invasion. Micro-RNA expression was compared using miRCURY arrays (Exiqon). In situ hybridization allowed visualization of the regional expression of miR-143 and miR-145 in tumor samples, and antisense probes were used investigate in vitro phenotypic changes seen with knockdown in their expression. Results The phenotype we created in these selected cells proved stable over multiple passages, and their microRNA expression profiles were measurably different. We found that two specific microRNAs expressed from the same genetic locus, miR-143 and miR-145, were over-expressed in our invasive subpopulations. Further, we also found that combinatorial treatment of these cells with both antisense-miRNAs (antimiR-143 and -145) will abrogated their invasion without decreasing cell attachment or proliferation. Conclusions To best of our knowledge, these data demonstrate for the first time that miR-143 and miR-145 regulate the invasion of glioblastoma and that miR-143 and -145 could be potential therapeutic target for anti-invasion therapies of glioblastoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunwoo Koo
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, Bryan, TX 77843, USA.
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88
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Xia H, Cheung WKC, Ng SS, Jiang X, Jiang S, Sze J, Leung GKK, Lu G, Chan DTM, Bian XW, Kung HF, Poon WS, Lin MC. Loss of brain-enriched miR-124 microRNA enhances stem-like traits and invasiveness of glioma cells. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:9962-9971. [PMID: 22253443 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.332627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
miR-124 is a brain-enriched microRNA that plays a crucial role in neural development and has been shown to be down-regulated in glioma and medulloblastoma, suggesting its possible involvement in brain tumor progression. Here, we show that miR-124 is down-regulated in a panel of different grades of glioma tissues and in all of the human glioma cell lines we examined. By integrated bioinformatics analysis and experimental confirmation, we identified SNAI2, which is often up-regulated in glioma, as a direct functional target of miR-124. Because SNAI2 has been shown to regulate stem cell functions, we examined the roles of miR-124 and SNAI2 in glioma cell stem-like traits. The results showed that overexpression of miR-124 and knockdown of SNAI2 reduced neurosphere formation, CD133(+) cell subpopulation, and stem cell marker (BMI1, Nanog, and Nestin) expression, and these effects could be rescued by re-expression of SNAI2. Furthermore, enhanced miR-124 expression significantly inhibited glioma cell invasion in vitro. Finally, stable overexpression of miR-124 and knockdown of SNAI2 inhibited the tumorigenicity and invasion of glioma cells in vivo. These findings reveal, for the first time, that the tumor suppressor activity of miR-124 could be partly due to its inhibitory effects on glioma stem-like traits and invasiveness through SNAI2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongping Xia
- Brain Tumour Centre and Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong,; Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong,; Department of Surgery, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou
| | | | - Samuel S Ng
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Xiaochun Jiang
- Department of Surgery, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou
| | - Songshan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou
| | - Johnny Sze
- Brain Tumour Centre and Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong,; Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Gilberto K K Leung
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong
| | - Gang Lu
- Brain Tumour Centre and Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong
| | - Danny T M Chan
- Brain Tumour Centre and Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong
| | - Xiu-Wu Bian
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Chongqing, China, and
| | - Hsiang-Fu Kung
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Chongqing, China, and; Stanley Ho Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases and State Key Laboratory in Oncology in South China and the School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wai Sang Poon
- Brain Tumour Centre and Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong,.
| | - Marie C Lin
- Brain Tumour Centre and Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong,; Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong,; Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Chongqing, China, and.
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89
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Sana J, Hajduch M, Michalek J, Vyzula R, Slaby O. MicroRNAs and glioblastoma: roles in core signalling pathways and potential clinical implications. J Cell Mol Med 2012; 15:1636-44. [PMID: 21435175 PMCID: PMC4373357 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2011.01317.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenously expressed small non-coding RNAs that act as post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression. Dysregulation of these molecules has been indicated in the development of many cancers. Altered expression levels of several miRNAs were identified also in glioblastoma. It was repeatedly found that miRNAs are involved in important signalling pathways, which play roles in crucial cellular processes, such as proliferation, apoptosis, cell cycle regulation, invasion, angiogenesis and stem cell behaviour. Therefore, miRNAs represent promising therapeutic targets in glioblastoma. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about miRNAs significance in glioblastoma, with special focus on their involvement in core signalling pathways, their roles in drug resistance and potential clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Sana
- Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Department of Comprehensive Cancer Care, Brno, Czech Republic
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90
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Lakomy R, Sana J, Hankeova S, Fadrus P, Kren L, Lzicarova E, Svoboda M, Dolezelova H, Smrcka M, Vyzula R, Michalek J, Hajduch M, Slaby O. MiR-195, miR-196b, miR-181c, miR-21 expression levels and O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase methylation status are associated with clinical outcome in glioblastoma patients. Cancer Sci 2011; 102:2186-90. [PMID: 21895872 PMCID: PMC11158343 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2011.02092.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most frequently occurring primary malignant brain tumor; patients with GBM often have a very poor prognosis and differing responses to treatment. Therefore, it is very important to find new biomarkers that can predict clinical outcomes and help in treatment decisions. MicroRNAs are small, non-coding RNAs that function as post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression and play a key role in the pathogenesis of GBM. In a group of 38 patients with primary GBM, we analyzed the expression of eight microRNAs (miR-21, miR-128a, miR-181c, miR-195, miR-196a, miR-196b, miR-221, and miR-222). In addition, we examined the methylation status of O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) promoter by high-resolution melting analysis, as this has been shown to be a predictive marker in GBM. MGMT methylation status correlated with progression-free survival (P = 0.0201; log-rank test) as well as with overall survival (P = 0.0054; log-rank test). MiR-195 (P = 0.0124; log-rank test) and miR-196b (P = 0.0492; log-rank test) positively correlated with overall survival. Evaluation of miR-181c in combination with miR-21 predicted time to progression within 6 months of diagnosis with 92% sensitivity and 81% specificity (P < 0.0001). Our data confirmed that the methylation status of MGMT but also miR-21, miR-181c, miR-195, and miR-196b to be associated with survival of GBM patients. Above all, we suggest that the combination of miR-181c and miR-21 could be a very sensitive and specific test to identify patients at high risk of early progression after surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radek Lakomy
- Department of Comprehensive Cancer Care, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
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91
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Niyazi M, Zehentmayr F, Niemöller OM, Eigenbrod S, Kretzschmar H, Schulze-Osthoff K, Tonn JC, Atkinson M, Mörtl S, Belka C. MiRNA expression patterns predict survival in glioblastoma. Radiat Oncol 2011; 6:153. [PMID: 22074483 PMCID: PMC3235977 DOI: 10.1186/1748-717x-6-153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2011] [Accepted: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In order to define new prognostic subgroups in patients with glioblastoma a miRNA screen (> 1000 miRNAs) from paraffin tissues followed by a bio-mathematical analysis was performed. Methods 35 glioblastoma patients treated between 7/2005 - 8/2008 at a single institution with surgery and postoperative radio(chemo)therapy were included in this retrospective analysis. For microarray analysis the febit biochip "Geniom® Biochip MPEA homo-sapiens" was used. Total RNA was isolated from FFPE tissue sections and 1100 different miRNAs were analyzed. Results It was possible to define a distinct miRNA expression pattern allowing for a separation of distinct prognostic subgroups. The defined miRNA pattern was significantly associated with early death versus long-term survival (split at 450 days) (p = 0.01). The pattern and the prognostic power were both independent of the MGMT status. Conclusions At present, this is the first dataset defining a prognostic role of miRNA expression patterns in patients with glioblastoma. Having defined such a pattern, a prospective validation of this observation is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Niyazi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Marchioninistr, 15, 81377 Munich, Germany
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93
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Yan W, Zhang W, Sun L, Liu Y, You G, Wang Y, Kang C, You Y, Jiang T. Identification of MMP-9 specific microRNA expression profile as potential targets of anti-invasion therapy in glioblastoma multiforme. Brain Res 2011; 1411:108-15. [PMID: 21831363 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Revised: 06/13/2011] [Accepted: 07/05/2011] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
The poor prognosis of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is largely attributed to their highly invasive nature and MMP-9 plays a pivotal role in regulating invasiveness of malignant glioma cells. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that have been shown to regulate a wide range of biological processes via targeting messenger RNA. Previous reports have shown many oncogenes regulate survival and invasion via targeting MMP-9 in GBM. But no literature indicates that miRNAs regulate glioma cell invasion through targeting MMP-9. Here, we show MMP-9 overexpression conferred a poor prognosis in 163 GBM patients. Furthermore, MMP-9 specific miRNA expression profile (14 positively and 31 negatively correlated miRNAs with MMP-9) was established via miRNA microarrays in 60 GBM samples. Among them, two miRNAs: miR-885-5p and miR-491-5p, were chosen for functional validation for their high positive correlation with MMP-9 expression. And upregulation of miR-885-5p and miR-491-5p were demonstrated to reduce the levels of MMP-9 expression and inhibit cellular invasion in U251 and U87 glioma cells. Furthermore, we found that miR-491-5p suppressed glioma cell invasion via targeting MMP-9 directly. To our knowledge, this is the first study to identify the MMP-9 specific microRNA signature which may provide potential targets for anti-invasion therapy in GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, No.6 Tiantan Xili, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100050, China
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94
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Hummel R, Maurer J, Haier J. MicroRNAs in brain tumors : a new diagnostic and therapeutic perspective? Mol Neurobiol 2011; 44:223-34. [PMID: 21739238 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-011-8197-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2011] [Accepted: 06/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs, miRs) are small, non-coding RNA molecules that regulate gene expression posttranscriptionally. Although discovered only recently in the early 1990s, this relatively new group of molecules has already been proven to play an essential role in the regulation of many physiological and, most importantly, pathological processes such as cancer. A large number of miRNAs has been found to be involved in the pathogenesis of various human malignancies, and expression of miRNAs has been demonstrated to correlate with clinic and outcome. In tumors of the brain, however, the investigations on the role of miRNAs are still in its infancy, and most publications refer to the most common primary brain tumor, the glioma (mostly glioblastoma). But despite the fact that there is only limited data available so far, these first results are very promising and implicate that miRNAs might open a new perspective for diagnostics and treatment of this disease. With this review article, we aim to provide a short overview of miRNA biogenesis, function and regulation in general. Thereafter, the clinical relevant data about miRNAs in the two most common primary malignant brain tumors in adults (glioblastomas) and children (medulloblastomas) will be summarized, and their potential impact on diagnostics and treatment will be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Hummel
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, University of Muenster, Waldeyerstrasse 1, Muenster, Germany.
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95
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Serão NVL, Delfino KR, Southey BR, Beever JE, Rodriguez-Zas SL. Cell cycle and aging, morphogenesis, and response to stimuli genes are individualized biomarkers of glioblastoma progression and survival. BMC Med Genomics 2011; 4:49. [PMID: 21649900 PMCID: PMC3127972 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8794-4-49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastoma is a complex multifactorial disorder that has swift and devastating consequences. Few genes have been consistently identified as prognostic biomarkers of glioblastoma survival. The goal of this study was to identify general and clinical-dependent biomarker genes and biological processes of three complementary events: lifetime, overall and progression-free glioblastoma survival. METHODS A novel analytical strategy was developed to identify general associations between the biomarkers and glioblastoma, and associations that depend on cohort groups, such as race, gender, and therapy. Gene network inference, cross-validation and functional analyses further supported the identified biomarkers. RESULTS A total of 61, 47 and 60 gene expression profiles were significantly associated with lifetime, overall, and progression-free survival, respectively. The vast majority of these genes have been previously reported to be associated with glioblastoma (35, 24, and 35 genes, respectively) or with other cancers (10, 19, and 15 genes, respectively) and the rest (16, 4, and 10 genes, respectively) are novel associations. Pik3r1, E2f3, Akr1c3, Csf1, Jag2, Plcg1, Rpl37a, Sod2, Topors, Hras, Mdm2, Camk2g, Fstl1, Il13ra1, Mtap and Tp53 were associated with multiple survival events.Most genes (from 90 to 96%) were associated with survival in a general or cohort-independent manner and thus the same trend is observed across all clinical levels studied. The most extreme associations between profiles and survival were observed for Syne1, Pdcd4, Ighg1, Tgfa, Pla2g7, and Paics. Several genes were found to have a cohort-dependent association with survival and these associations are the basis for individualized prognostic and gene-based therapies. C2, Egfr, Prkcb, Igf2bp3, and Gdf10 had gender-dependent associations; Sox10, Rps20, Rab31, and Vav3 had race-dependent associations; Chi3l1, Prkcb, Polr2d, and Apool had therapy-dependent associations. Biological processes associated glioblastoma survival included morphogenesis, cell cycle, aging, response to stimuli, and programmed cell death. CONCLUSIONS Known biomarkers of glioblastoma survival were confirmed, and new general and clinical-dependent gene profiles were uncovered. The comparison of biomarkers across glioblastoma phases and functional analyses offered insights into the role of genes. These findings support the development of more accurate and personalized prognostic tools and gene-based therapies that improve the survival and quality of life of individuals afflicted by glioblastoma multiforme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola VL Serão
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Kristin R Delfino
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Bruce R Southey
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Jonathan E Beever
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Sandra L Rodriguez-Zas
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Department of Statistics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, USA
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
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96
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Abstract
Myelination of axons by oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells in the central and peripheral nervous system, respectively, is essential for normal neuronal functions, and its failure results in devastating demyelinating diseases. During development, both oligodendrocyte and Schwann cell precursors undergo a temporally well-defined series of molecular and structural changes, ultimately culminating in the cessation of proliferation and the elaboration of a highly complex myelin sheath. Recent studies have demonstrated a critical role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in the progression of oligodendrocyte and Schwann cell precursors to the myelinating state-depletion of miRNAs from either cell type results in an arrest in differentiation and lack of myelination. Furthermore, these studies have begun to elucidate the dynamic regulation of miRNA expression and the complexity of miRNA-mediated gene regulation during differentiation of myelinating cells. In this review, the authors highlight the recent understanding of functional links of miRNAs to regulatory networks for central and peripheral myelination, as well as perspectives on the role of miRNAs in demyelinating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuelian He
- Institute of Stem Cell & Developmental Biology, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
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97
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Ginsenoside Rh2 inhibits glioma cell proliferation by targeting microRNA-128. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2011; 32:345-53. [PMID: 21372826 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2010.220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To examine the influence of ginsenoside Rh2 (Rh2), a triterpene saponin extracted from the traditional medicinal plant ginseng, on the expression of miRNAs in human glioma cells. METHODS The expression profile of miRNA (miR) was analyzed in human U251, T98MG and A172 glioma cells using a miRNA array and quantitative real-time PCR. Cell viability was assessed using a colorimetric assay (cell counting kit-8). Transfection of miR-128 was performed using Lipofectamine 2000. Caspase 3 activity was determined using a caspase colorimetric assay kit. Apoptosis was assessed using annexin V and propidium iodide staining. Protein expression was determined with Western blot analysis. miRNA-128 targeting activity was measured using a luciferase reporter assay. RESULTS In U251 cells treated with Rh2 (12 μg/mL), 14 of 452 human miRNAs were up-regulated and 12 were down-regulated as detected with the miRNA array assay. The up-regulation of miR-128 by Rh2 was further verified in human U251, T98MG and A172 cells using quantitative real-time PCR. In U251 cells, transfection of a miR-128 inhibitor (50 nmol/L) prevented the overexpression of miR-128 by Rh2, and significantly blunted Rh2-induced cytotoxicity, apoptosis, caspase 3 activation, transcriptional activation of E2F3a, a miR-128 target gene, as well as E2F3a protein expression. CONCLUSION The anti-proliferative effect of Rh2 in human glioma cells was mediated in part through up-regulation of miRNA-128 expression.
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98
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MicroRNA as a Novel Modulator in Head and Neck Squamous Carcinoma. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2011; 2010:135632. [PMID: 21461395 PMCID: PMC3065009 DOI: 10.1155/2010/135632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2010] [Accepted: 12/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs have emerged as important regulators of cell proliferation, development, cancer formation, stress responses, cell death, and other physiological conditions in the past decade. On the other hand, head and neck cancer is one of the top ten most common cancers worldwide. Recent advances in microRNAs have revealed their prominent role in regulating gene expression and provided new aspects of applications in diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic strategies in head and neck squamous carcinoma. In the present paper, we focus on microRNAs showing significant differences between normal and tumor cells or between cells with differential ability of metastasis. We also emphasize specific microRNAs that could modulate tumor cell properties, such as apoptosis, metastasis, and proliferation. These microRNAs possess the potential to be applied on clinical therapy in the future.
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99
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Tumour microvesicles contain retrotransposon elements and amplified oncogene sequences. Nat Commun 2011; 2:180. [PMID: 21285958 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms1180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 868] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2010] [Accepted: 01/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumour cells release an abundance of microvesicles containing a selected set of proteins and RNAs. Here, we show that tumour microvesicles also carry DNA, which reflects the genetic status of the tumour, including amplification of the oncogene c-Myc. We also find amplified c-Myc in serum microvesicles from tumour-bearing mice. Further, we find remarkably high levels of retrotransposon RNA transcripts, especially for some human endogenous retroviruses, such as LINE-1 and Alu retrotransposon elements, in tumour microvesicles and these transposable elements could be transferred to normal cells. These findings expand the nucleic acid content of tumour microvesicles to include: elevated levels of specific coding and non-coding RNA and DNA, mutated and amplified oncogene sequences and transposable elements. Thus, tumour microvesicles contain a repertoire of genetic information available for horizontal gene transfer and potential use as blood biomarkers for cancer.
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100
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Chaudhry MA, Sachdeva H, Omaruddin RA. Radiation-induced micro-RNA modulation in glioblastoma cells differing in DNA-repair pathways. DNA Cell Biol 2010; 29:553-61. [PMID: 20380575 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2009.0978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human glioblastomas often develop resistance to radiation therapy. The molecular details of this phenomenon are not completely understood. Recent studies have suggested that deficiency in DNA repair pathways may alter the resistance to ionizing radiation in gliobastomas. The human glioma cell line M059J is deficient in DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK), whereas cell line M059K, isolated from the same malignant tumor, has normal DNA-PK activity. DNA-PK plays a central role in the repair of ionizing-radiation-induced double-strand break repair, and its deficiency has been correlated with ionizing radiation sensitivity in these glioblastoma cells. We argued that other cellular pathways could also play a role in the resistance to radiation therapy in gliomas. We hypothesized that micro-RNAs (miRNAs) are differentially modulated in M059J and M059K cells exposed to ionizing radiation and that the miRNA modulation contributes to the resistance to ionizing radiation. miRNAs are small nonprotein coding single-stranded RNA molecules, which are crucial posttranscriptional regulators of gene expression. Numerous studies have documented the participation of miRNAs in a wide range of biological processes. The contribution of miRNAs in mediating resistance of glioblastoma cell to ionizing radiation treatment has not been elucidated. To test this hypothesis, we examined the expression patterns of a number of miRNAs involved in carcinogenesis in irradiated M059J and M059K cells. The relative expression level as determined by real-time quantitative PCR for miRNAs belonging to the let-7 family indicated an upregulation in irradiated M059K cells. On the contrary, the analysis of irradiated M059J cells for the modulation of let-7 family of miRNAs revealed an overall downregulation. The miR-17-3p, miR-17-5p, miR-19a, miR-19b, miR-142-3p, and miR-142-5p were upregulated in both M059K and M059J cells. The miR-15a, miR-16, miR-143, miR-155, and miR-21 were upregulated in M059K, and the modulation of these miRNAs fluctuated in M059J cells in a time-dependent manner. These results indicate the involvement of miRNAs in the differential response of glioblastoma cells to ionizing radiation treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ahmad Chaudhry
- Department of Medical Laboratory and Radiation Sciences, University of Vermont , Burlington, Vermont, USA.
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