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Buczkowska A, Swiezewska E, Lefeber DJ. Genetic defects in dolichol metabolism. J Inherit Metab Dis 2015; 38:157-69. [PMID: 25270028 PMCID: PMC4281381 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-014-9760-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Revised: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) comprise a group of inborn errors of metabolism with abnormal glycosylation of proteins and lipids. Patients with defective protein N-glycosylation are identified in routine metabolic screening via analysis of serum transferrin glycosylation. Defects in the assembly of the dolichol linked Glc(3)Man(9)GlcNAc(2) glycan and its transfer to proteins lead to the (partial) absence of complete glycans on proteins. These defects are called CDG-I and are located in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) or cytoplasm. Defects in the subsequent processing of protein bound glycans result in the presence of truncated glycans on proteins. These defects are called CDG-II and the enzymes involved are located mainly in the Golgi apparatus. In recent years, human defects have been identified in dolichol biosynthesis genes within the group of CDG-I patients. This has increased interest in dolichol metabolism, has resulted in specific recognizable clinical symptoms in CDG-I and has offered new mechanistic insights in dolichol biosynthesis. We here review its biosynthetic pathways, the clinical and biochemical phenotypes in dolichol-related CDG defects, up to the formation of dolichyl-P-mannose (Dol-P-Man), and discuss existing evidence of regulatory networks in dolichol metabolism to provide an outlook on therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Buczkowska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Swiezewska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Lipid Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dirk J. Lefeber
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Genetic, Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 10, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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52
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Park EJ, Grabińska KA, Guan Z, Stránecký V, Hartmannová H, Hodaňová K, Barešová V, Sovová J, Jozsef L, Ondrušková N, Hansíková H, Honzík T, Zeman J, Hůlková H, Wen R, Kmoch S, Sessa WC. Mutation of Nogo-B receptor, a subunit of cis-prenyltransferase, causes a congenital disorder of glycosylation. Cell Metab 2014; 20:448-57. [PMID: 25066056 PMCID: PMC4161961 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2014.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Dolichol is an obligate carrier of glycans for N-linked protein glycosylation, O-mannosylation, and GPI anchor biosynthesis. cis-prenyltransferase (cis-PTase) is the first enzyme committed to the synthesis of dolichol. However, the proteins responsible for mammalian cis-PTase activity have not been delineated. Here we show that Nogo-B receptor (NgBR) is a subunit required for dolichol synthesis in yeast, mice, and man. Moreover, we describe a family with a congenital disorder of glycosylation caused by a loss of function mutation in the conserved C terminus of NgBR-R290H and show that fibroblasts isolated from patients exhibit reduced dolichol profiles and enhanced accumulation of free cholesterol identically to fibroblasts from mice lacking NgBR. Mutation of NgBR-R290H in man and orthologs in yeast proves the importance of this evolutionarily conserved residue for mammalian cis-PTase activity and function. Thus, these data provide a genetic basis for the essential role of NgBR in dolichol synthesis and protein glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eon Joo Park
- Department of Pharmacology and Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, 10 Amistad Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Kariona A Grabińska
- Department of Pharmacology and Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, 10 Amistad Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Ziqiang Guan
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, DUMC 2927, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Viktor Stránecký
- Institute for Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Ke Karlovu 2, Prague 2, 128 08 Czech Republic
| | - Hana Hartmannová
- Institute for Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Ke Karlovu 2, Prague 2, 128 08 Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Hodaňová
- Institute for Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Ke Karlovu 2, Prague 2, 128 08 Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Barešová
- Institute for Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Ke Karlovu 2, Prague 2, 128 08 Czech Republic
| | - Jana Sovová
- Institute for Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Ke Karlovu 2, Prague 2, 128 08 Czech Republic
| | - Levente Jozsef
- Department of Pharmacology and Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, 10 Amistad Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Nina Ondrušková
- Department of Pediatrics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Ke Karlovu 2, Prague 2, 128 08 Czech Republic
| | - Hana Hansíková
- Department of Pediatrics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Ke Karlovu 2, Prague 2, 128 08 Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Honzík
- Department of Pediatrics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Ke Karlovu 2, Prague 2, 128 08 Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Zeman
- Department of Pediatrics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Ke Karlovu 2, Prague 2, 128 08 Czech Republic
| | - Helena Hůlková
- Institute for Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Ke Karlovu 2, Prague 2, 128 08 Czech Republic
| | - Rong Wen
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, 900 NW 17th Street, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Stanislav Kmoch
- Institute for Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Ke Karlovu 2, Prague 2, 128 08 Czech Republic.
| | - William C Sessa
- Department of Pharmacology and Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, 10 Amistad Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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53
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Manat G, Roure S, Auger R, Bouhss A, Barreteau H, Mengin-Lecreulx D, Touzé T. Deciphering the metabolism of undecaprenyl-phosphate: the bacterial cell-wall unit carrier at the membrane frontier. Microb Drug Resist 2014; 20:199-214. [PMID: 24799078 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2014.0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
During the biogenesis of bacterial cell-wall polysaccharides, such as peptidoglycan, cytoplasmic synthesized precursors should be trafficked across the plasma membrane. This essential process requires a dedicated lipid, undecaprenyl-phosphate that is used as a glycan lipid carrier. The sugar is linked to the lipid carrier at the inner face of the membrane and is translocated toward the periplasm, where the glycan moiety is transferred to the growing polymer. Undecaprenyl-phosphate originates from the dephosphorylation of its precursor undecaprenyl-diphosphate, with itself generated by de novo synthesis or by recycling after the final glycan transfer. Undecaprenyl-diphosphate is de novo synthesized by the cytosolic cis-prenyltransferase undecaprenyl-diphosphate synthase, which has been structurally and mechanistically characterized in great detail highlighting the condensation process. In contrast, the next step toward the formation of the lipid carrier, the dephosphorylation step, which has been overlooked for many years, has only started revealing surprising features. In contrast to the previous step, two unrelated families of integral membrane proteins exhibit undecaprenyl-diphosphate phosphatase activity: BacA and members of the phosphatidic acid phosphatase type 2 super-family, raising the question of the significance of this multiplicity. Moreover, these enzymes establish an unexpected link between the synthesis of bacterial cell-wall polymers and other biological processes. In the present review, the current knowledge in the field of the bacterial lipid carrier, its mechanism of action, biogenesis, recycling, regulation, and future perspective works are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Manat
- Laboratoire des Enveloppes Bactériennes et Antibiotiques, IBBMC, UMR 8619 CNRS, Université Paris Sud , Orsay Cedex, France
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Abstract
Polyisoprenoid alcohols are representatives of high-molecular terpenoids. Their hydrocarbon chains are built of 5 to more than 100 isoprene units giving rise to polymer molecules that differ in chain-length and/or geometrical configuration. Plants have been shown to accumulate diverse polyisoprenoid mixtures with tissue-specific composition. In this chapter, methods of analysis of polyisoprenoid alcohols in plant material are described, including isolation and purification of polyisoprenoids from plant tissue, fast semiquantitative analysis of the polyisoprenoid profile by thin-layer chromatography (straight phase adsorption and reversed phase partition techniques), and quantification of polyisoprenoids with the aid of high performance liquid chromatography. This approach results in full characterization of complex polyisoprenoid mixtures accumulated in various plant tissues and other matrixes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Gawarecka
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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55
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Kang JH, Gonzales-Vigil E, Matsuba Y, Pichersky E, Barry CS. Determination of residues responsible for substrate and product specificity of Solanum habrochaites short-chain cis-prenyltransferases. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 164:80-91. [PMID: 24254315 PMCID: PMC3875827 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.230466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Isoprenoids are diverse compounds that have their biosynthetic origin in the initial condensation of isopentenyl diphosphate and dimethylallyl diphosphate to form C10 prenyl diphosphates that can be elongated by the addition of subsequent isopentenyl diphosphate units. These reactions are catalyzed by either cis-prenyltransferases (CPTs) or trans-prenyltransferases. The synthesis of volatile terpenes in plants typically proceeds through either geranyl diphosphate (C10) or trans-farnesyl diphosphate (C15), to yield monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes, respectively. However, terpene biosynthesis in glandular trichomes of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and related wild relatives also occurs via the cis-substrates neryl diphosphate (NPP) and 2Z,6Z-farnesyl diphosphate (Z,Z-FPP). NPP and Z,Z-FPP are synthesized by neryl diphosphate synthase1 (NDPS1) and Z,Z-farnesyl diphosphate synthase (zFPS), which are encoded by the orthologous CPT1 locus in tomato and Solanum habrochaites, respectively. In this study, comparative sequence analysis of NDPS1 and zFPS enzymes from S. habrochaites accessions that synthesize either monoterpenes or sesquiterpenes was performed to identify amino acid residues that correlate with the ability to synthesize NPP or Z,Z-FPP. Subsequent structural modeling, coupled with site-directed mutagenesis, highlighted the importance of four amino acids located within conserved domain II of CPT enzymes that form part of the second α-helix, for determining substrate and product specificity of these enzymes. In particular, the relative positioning of aromatic amino acid residues at positions 100 and 107 determines the ability of these enzymes to synthesize NPP or Z,Z-FPP. This study provides insight into the biochemical evolution of terpene biosynthesis in the glandular trichomes of Solanum species.
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56
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Hartley MD, Schneggenburger PE, Imperiali B. Lipid bilayer nanodisc platform for investigating polyprenol-dependent enzyme interactions and activities. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:20863-70. [PMID: 24302767 PMCID: PMC3876266 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1320852110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane-bound polyprenol-dependent pathways are important for the assembly of essential glycoconjugates in all domains of life. However, despite their prevalence, the functional significance of the extended linear polyprenyl groups in the interactions of the glycan substrates, the biosynthetic enzymes that act upon them, and the membrane bilayer in which they are embedded remains a mystery. These interactions are investigated simultaneously and uniquely through application of the nanodisc membrane technology. The Campylobacter jejuni N-linked glycosylation pathway has been chosen as a model pathway in which all of the enzymes and substrates are biochemically accessible. We present the functional reconstitution of two enzymes responsible for the early membrane-committed steps in glycan assembly. Protein stoichiometry analysis, fluorescence-based approaches, and biochemical activity assays are used to demonstrate the colocalization of the two enzymes in nanodiscs. Isotopic labeling of the substrates reveals that undecaprenyl-phosphate is coincorporated into discs with the two enzymes, and furthermore, that both enzymes are functionally reconstituted and can sequentially convert the coembedded undecaprenyl-phosphate into undecaprenyl-diphosphate-linked disaccharide. These studies provide a proof-of-concept demonstrating that the nanodisc model membrane system represents a promising experimental platform for analyzing the multifaceted interactions among the enzymes involved in polyprenol-dependent glycan assembly pathways, the membrane-associated substrates, and the lipid bilayer. The stage is now set for exploration of the roles of the conserved polyprenols in promoting protein-protein interactions among pathway enzymes and processing of substrates through sequential steps in membrane-associated glycan assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Barbara Imperiali
- Department of Biology and Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
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57
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Bickford JS, Nick HS. Conservation of the PTEN catalytic motif in the bacterial undecaprenyl pyrophosphate phosphatase, BacA/UppP. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2013; 159:2444-2455. [PMID: 24068241 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.070474-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Isoprenoid lipid carriers are essential in protein glycosylation and bacterial cell envelope biosynthesis. The enzymes involved in their metabolism (synthases, kinases and phosphatases) are therefore critical to cell viability. In this review, we focus on two broad groups of isoprenoid pyrophosphate phosphatases. One group, containing phosphatidic acid phosphatase motifs, includes the eukaryotic dolichyl pyrophosphate phosphatases and proposed recycling bacterial undecaprenol pyrophosphate phosphatases, PgpB, YbjB and YeiU/LpxT. The second group comprises the bacterial undecaprenol pyrophosphate phosphatase, BacA/UppP, responsible for initial formation of undecaprenyl phosphate, which we predict contains a tyrosine phosphate phosphatase motif resembling that of the tumour suppressor, phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN). Based on protein sequence alignments across species and 2D structure predictions, we propose catalytic and lipid recognition motifs unique to BacA/UppP enzymes. The verification of our proposed active-site residues would provide new strategies for the development of substrate-specific inhibitors which mimic both the lipid and pyrophosphate moieties, leading to the development of novel antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin S Bickford
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Harry S Nick
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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58
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Pronin AV, Danilov LL, Narovlyansky AN, Sanin AV. Plant polyisoprenoids and control of cholesterol level. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2013; 62:31-9. [PMID: 23995915 PMCID: PMC3898360 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-013-0253-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The ability of plant polyisoprenoids (polyprenols and polyprenyl phosphates) to diminish the levels of serum cholesterol affecting its biosynthetic pathway are highlighted here. Possible mechanism of such process is discussed. It is also noted that polyisoprenoids can prevent toxic injuries of the liver and restore disturbed hepatic functions. The possibility of polyprenyl phosphates to reveal at the same time anti-inflammatory action suppressing lipoxygenase activity and lowering the levels of proinflammatory cytokines will be illustrated. Attention will be focused on the potential usefulness of plant polyisoprenoids in the course of prevention and treatment of hypercholesterolemia. High efficiency for combined use of polyprenyl phosphate and β-sitosterol, which leads to substantial enhancement of the ability to overcome hypercholesterolemia versus the individual constituents will be demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V Pronin
- N. F. Gamaleya Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow, Russia,
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59
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Akhtar TA, Matsuba Y, Schauvinhold I, Yu G, Lees HA, Klein SE, Pichersky E. The tomato cis-prenyltransferase gene family. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 73:640-52. [PMID: 23134568 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Revised: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
cis-prenyltransferases (CPTs) are predicted to be involved in the synthesis of long-chain polyisoprenoids, all with five or more isoprene (C5) units. Recently, we identified a short-chain CPT, neryl diphosphate synthase (NDPS1), in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). Here, we searched the tomato genome and identified and characterized its entire CPT gene family, which comprises seven members (SlCPT1-7, with NDPS1 designated as SlCPT1). Six of the SlCPT genes encode proteins with N-terminal targeting sequences, which, when fused to GFP, mediated GFP transport to the plastids of Arabidopsis protoplasts. The SlCPT3-GFP fusion protein was localized to the cytosol. Enzymatic characterization of recombinant SlCPT proteins demonstrated that SlCPT6 produces Z,Z-FPP, and SlCPT2 catalyzes the formation of nerylneryl diphosphate while SlCPT4, SlCPT5 and SlCPT7 synthesize longer-chain products (C25-C55). Although no in vitro activity was demonstrated for SlCPT3, its expression in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae dolichol biosynthesis mutant (rer2) complemented the temperature-sensitive growth defect. Transcripts of SlCPT2, SlCPT4, SlCPT5 and SlCPT7 are present at low levels in multiple tissues, SlCPT6 is exclusively expressed in red fruit and roots, and SlCPT1, SlCPT3 and SlCPT7 are highly expressed in trichomes. RNAi-mediated suppression of NDPS1 led to a large decrease in β-phellandrene (which is produced from neryl diphosphate), with greater reductions achieved with the general 35S promoter compared to the trichome-specific MKS1 promoter. Phylogenetic analysis revealed CPT gene families in both eudicots and monocots, and showed that all the short-chain CPT genes from tomato (SlCPT1, SlCPT2 and SlCPT6) are closely linked to terpene synthase gene clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tariq A Akhtar
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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60
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Jozwiak A, Ples M, Skorupinska-Tudek K, Kania M, Dydak M, Danikiewicz W, Swiezewska E. Sugar availability modulates polyisoprenoid and phytosterol profiles in Arabidopsis thaliana hairy root culture. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2012. [PMID: 23178167 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2012.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Sugars are recognized as signaling molecules regulating the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites in plants. Here, a modulatory effect of sugars on dolichol and phytosterol profiles was noted in the hairy roots of Arabidopsis thaliana. Arabidopsis roots contain a complex dolichol mixture comprising three groups ('families') of dolichols differing in the chain-length. These dolichols, especially the longest ones are accompanied by considerable amounts of polyprenols of the same length. The spectrum of polyisoprenoid alcohols, i.e. dolichols and polyprenols, was dependent on sugar type (glucose or sucrose) and its concentration in the medium. Among the long-chain dolichols Dol/Pren-20 (dolichol or prenol molecule composed of 20 isoprene residues) and Dol/Pren-23 were the main components at 0.5% and 2% glucose, respectively. Moreover, the ratio of polyprenols versus respective dolichols was also modulated by sugar in this group of polyisoprenoids, with polyprenols dominating at 3% sucrose and dolichols at 2% glucose. Glucose concentration affected the expression level of genes encoding cis-prenyltransferases, enzymes responsible for elongation of the polyisoprenoid chain. The most abundant phytosterols of the A. thaliana roots, β-sitosterol, stigmasterol and campesterol, were accompanied by corresponding stanols and traces of brassicasterol, stigmast-4,22-dien-3-one and stigmast-4-en-3-one. Similar to the polyisoprenoids, sterol profile responded to the sugar present in the medium, β-sitosterol dominating in roots grown on 3% or lower glucose concentrations and stigmasterol in 3% sucrose. These results indicate an involvement of sugar signaling in the regulation of cis-prenyltransferases and phytosterol pathway enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Jozwiak
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
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61
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Wolfe LA, Morava E, He M, Vockley J, Gibson KM. Heritable disorders in the metabolism of the dolichols: A bridge from sterol biosynthesis to molecular glycosylation. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS PART C-SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2012; 160C:322-8. [PMID: 23059969 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.31345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Dolichols, polyisoprene alcohols derived from the mevalonate pathway of cholesterol synthesis, serve as carriers of glycan precursors for the formation of oligosaccharides important in protein glycosylation. Seven autosomal-recessively inherited disorders in the metabolism (synthesis, utilization, recycling) of the dolichols have recently been described, and all are associated with decreased lipid-linked oligosaccharides leading to underglycosylated proteins or lipids which facilitate their detection in the diagnostic laboratory. Multisystem pathology encompasses developmental delays and eye, heart, skin and muscle abnormalities; outcomes range from death in infancy to mild, late-onset disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynne A Wolfe
- Undiagnosed Diseases Program, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center DR, MSC 1205, RM# 3-2551, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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62
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Kera K, Takahashi S, Sutoh T, Koyama T, Nakayama T. Identification and characterization of a cis,trans-mixed heptaprenyl diphosphate synthase from Arabidopsis thaliana. FEBS J 2012; 279:3813-27. [PMID: 22883514 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2012.08742.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2011] [Revised: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In eukaryotes, dolichols (C(70-120)) play indispensable roles as glycosyl carrier lipids in the biosynthesis of glycoproteins on endoplasmic reticulum. In addition to dolichols, seed plants have other types of Z,E-mixed polyisoprenoids termed ficaprenol (tri-trans,poly-cis-polyprenol, C(45-75)) and betulaprenol (di-trans,poly-cis-polyprenol, C(30-45) and C(≥70)) in abundance. However, the physiological significance of these polyprenols has not been elucidated because of limited information regarding cis-prenyltransferases (cPTs) which catalyze the formation of the structural backbone of Z,E-mixed polyisoprenoids. In the comprehensive identification and characterization of cPT homologues from Arabidopsis thaliana, AtHEPS was identified as a novel cis,trans-mixed heptaprenyl diphosphate synthase. AtHEPS heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli catalyzed the formation of C(35) polyisoprenoid as a major product, independent of the chain lengths of all-trans allylic primer substrates. Kinetic analyses revealed that farnesyl diphosphate was the most favorable for AtHEPS among the allylic substrates tested suggesting that AtHEPS was responsible for the formation of C(35) betulaprenol. AtHEPS partially suppressed the phenotypes of a yeast cPT mutant deficient in the biosynthesis of dolichols. Moreover, in A. thaliana cells, subcellular localization of AtHEPS on the endoplasmic reticulum was shown by using green fluorescent protein fused proteins. However, a cold-stress-inducible expression of AtHEPS suggested that AtHEPS and its product might function in response to abiotic stresses rather than in cell maintenance as a glycosyl carrier lipid on the endoplasmic reticulum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kota Kera
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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63
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Hesek D, Lee M, Zajíček J, Fisher JF, Mobashery S. Synthesis and NMR characterization of (Z,Z,Z,Z,E,E,ω)-heptaprenol. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:13881-8. [PMID: 22861066 DOI: 10.1021/ja306184m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We describe a practical, multigram synthesis of (2Z,6Z,10Z,14Z,18E,22E)-3,7,11,15,19,23,27-heptamethyl-2,6,10,14,18,22,26-octacosaheptaen-1-ol [(Z(4),E(2),ω)-heptaprenol, 4] using the nerol-derived sulfone 8 as the key intermediate. Sulfone 8 is prepared by the literature route and is converted in five additional steps (18% yield from 8) to (Z(4),E(2),ω)-heptaprenol 4. The use of Eu(hfc)(3) as an NMR shift reagent not only enabled confirmation of the structure and stereochemistry of 4, but further enabled the structural assignment to a major side product from a failed synthetic connection. The availability by this synthesis of (Z(4),E(2),ω)-heptaprenol 4 in gram quantities will enable preparative access to key reagents for the study of the biosynthesis of the bacterial cell envelope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dusan Hesek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
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64
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Willer T, Lee H, Lommel M, Yoshida-Moriguchi T, de Bernabe DBV, Venzke D, Cirak S, Schachter H, Vajsar J, Voit T, Muntoni F, Loder AS, Dobyns WB, Winder TL, Strahl S, Mathews KD, Nelson SF, Moore SA, Campbell KP. ISPD loss-of-function mutations disrupt dystroglycan O-mannosylation and cause Walker-Warburg syndrome. Nat Genet 2012; 44:575-80. [PMID: 22522420 PMCID: PMC3371168 DOI: 10.1038/ng.2252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Accepted: 03/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Walker-Warburg syndrome (WWS) is clinically defined as congenital muscular dystrophy accompanied by a variety of brain and eye malformations. It represents the most severe clinical phenotype in a spectrum of alpha-dystroglycan posttranslational processing abnormalities, which share a defect in laminin binding glycan synthesis1. Although six WWS causing genes have been described, only half of all patients can currently be diagnosed genetically2. A cell fusion complementation assay using fibroblasts from undiagnosed WWS individuals identified five novel complementation groups. Further evaluation of one group by linkage analysis and targeted sequencing identified recessive mutations in the isoprenoid synthase domain containing (ISPD) gene. Confirmation of the pathogenicity of the identified ISPD mutations was demonstrated by complementation of fibroblasts with wild-type ISPD. Finally, we show that recessive mutations in ISPD abolish the initial step in laminin binding glycan synthesis by disrupting dystroglycan O-mannosylation. This establishes a novel mechanism for WWS pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Willer
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa Roy J and Lucille A Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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Yu J, Wang Y, Qian H, Zhao Y, Liu B, Fu C. Polyprenols from Taxus chinensis var. mairei prevent the development of CCl₄-induced liver fibrosis in rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 142:151-160. [PMID: 22543175 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Revised: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-fibrotic effects and the possible underlying mechanisms of taxus polyprenols (TPs) isolated from the needles of Taxus chinensis var. mairei. MATERIALS AND METHODS The animals were randomly divided into normal control with vehicles only (olive oil), rat model given CCl₄ only, CCl₄+low TPs (48 mg/kg), CCl₄+medium TPs (120 mg/kg), CCl₄+high TPs (300 mg/kg), and CCl₄+Polyene phosphatidylcholine (PP, 120 mg/kg). The rat model of liver fibrosis was induced by subcutaneous injection of 40% (v/v) of CCl₄ diluted in olive oil (3 mL/kg body weight) twice per week for 8 weeks. Liver histopathological study was performed. Aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and albumin (ALB) of the serum were determined for evaluating the liver function. In order to reveal the possible mechanisms of the anti-fibrotic effects, oxidative stress level, hepatic collagen metabolism, and hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) activation were investigated. Furthermore, the mRNA expression of the fibrotic-related factors was measured by the quantitative real-time RT-PCR. RESULTS TPs successfully attenuated liver injury induced by CCl₄ shown by histopathological sections of livers and improved liver function as indicated by decreased ALT, AST and ALP levels and increased ALB levels in serum of the rats. TPs significantly increased the hepatic Cu/Zn SOD and GSH-Px activities along with GSH content while a remarkable decrease in MDA content. Both immunohistochemical staining and mRNA expression levels of α-SMA indicated a profound suppression of HSCs activation. Furthermore, it significantly inhibited the mRNA expression of the pro-fibrotic cytokines Col α1(I), Col α1(Ш), MMP-2, TIMP-1, TIMP-2, PDGF-β, TGF-β1, CTGF and TNF-α and restored the hepatoprotective factor HGF. CONCLUSION These results suggest that the protective effects of TPs in chronic CCl₄-induced liver fibrosis might be related with the reduction of oxidative damage, the inhibition of HSCs activation, the down-regulation of pro-fibrogenic stimuli and the protection of hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhui Yu
- The Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 388, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310023, PR China
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Gründahl J, Guan Z, Rust S, Reunert J, Müller B, Du Chesne I, Zerres K, Rudnik-Schöneborn S, Ortiz-Brüchle N, Häusler M, Siedlecka J, Swiezewska E, Raetz C, Marquardt T. Life with too much polyprenol: polyprenol reductase deficiency. Mol Genet Metab 2012; 105:642-51. [PMID: 22304929 PMCID: PMC3428379 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2011.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2011] [Revised: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) are caused by a dysfunction of glycosylation, an essential step in the manufacturing process of glycoproteins. This paper focuses on a 6-year-old patient with a new type of CDG-I caused by a defect of the steroid 5α reductase type 3 gene (SRD5A3). The clinical features were psychomotor retardation, pathological nystagmus, slight muscular hypotonia and microcephaly. SRD5A3 was recently identified encoding the polyprenol reductase, an enzyme catalyzing the final step of the biosynthesis of dolichol, which is required for the assembly of the glycans needed for N-glycosylation. Although an early homozygous stop-codon (c.57G>A [W19X]) with no functional protein was found in the patient, about 70% of transferrin (Tf) was correctly glycosylated. Quantification of dolichol and unreduced polyprenol in the patient's fibroblasts demonstrated a high polyprenol/dolichol ratio with normal amounts of dolichol, indicating that high polyprenol levels might compete with dolichol for the initiation of N-glycan assembly but without supporting normal glycosylation and that there must be an alternative pathway for dolichol biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J.E.H. Gründahl
- Universitätsklinikum Münster, Klinik und Poliklinik für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin—Allgemeine Pädiatrie, Münster, Germany
| | - Z. Guan
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - S. Rust
- Leibniz-Institut für Arterioskleroseforschung, Münster, Germany
| | - J. Reunert
- Universitätsklinikum Münster, Klinik und Poliklinik für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin—Allgemeine Pädiatrie, Münster, Germany
| | - B. Müller
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Germany
| | - I. Du Chesne
- Universitätsklinikum Münster, Klinik und Poliklinik für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin—Allgemeine Pädiatrie, Münster, Germany
| | - K. Zerres
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Germany
| | | | - N. Ortiz-Brüchle
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Germany
| | - M.G. Häusler
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Germany
| | - J. Siedlecka
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - E. Swiezewska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - C.R.H. Raetz
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - T. Marquardt
- Universitätsklinikum Münster, Klinik und Poliklinik für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin—Allgemeine Pädiatrie, Münster, Germany
- Corresponding author at: Klinik für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin, Albert-Schweitzer-Str. 33, 48149 Münster, Germany. Fax: +49 251 835 6085. (T. Marquardt)
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Post J, van Deenen N, Fricke J, Kowalski N, Wurbs D, Schaller H, Eisenreich W, Huber C, Twyman RM, Prüfer D, Gronover CS. Laticifer-specific cis-prenyltransferase silencing affects the rubber, triterpene, and inulin content of Taraxacum brevicorniculatum. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 158:1406-17. [PMID: 22238421 PMCID: PMC3291264 DOI: 10.1104/pp.111.187880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Certain Taraxacum species, such as Taraxacum koksaghyz and Taraxacum brevicorniculatum, produce large amounts of high-quality natural rubber in their latex, the milky cytoplasm of specialized cells known as laticifers. This high-molecular mass biopolymer consists mainly of poly(cis-1,4-isoprene) and is deposited in rubber particles by particle-bound enzymes that carry out the stereospecific condensation of isopentenyl diphosphate units. The polymer configuration suggests that the chain-elongating enzyme (rubber transferase; EC 2.5.1.20) is a cis-prenyltransferase (CPT). Here, we present a comprehensive analysis of transgenic T. brevicorniculatum plants in which the expression of three recently isolated CPTs known to be associated with rubber particles (TbCPT1 to -3) was heavily depleted by laticifer-specific RNA interference (RNAi). Analysis of the CPT-RNAi plants by nuclear magnetic resonance, size-exclusion chromatography, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry indicated a significant reduction in rubber biosynthesis and a corresponding 50% increase in the levels of triterpenes and the main storage carbohydrate, inulin. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that the laticifers in CPT-RNAi plants contained fewer and smaller rubber particles than wild-type laticifers. We also observed lower activity of hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase, the key enzyme in the mevalonate pathway, reflecting homeostatic control of the isopentenyl diphosphate pool. To our knowledge, this is the first in planta demonstration of latex-specific CPT activity in rubber biosynthesis.
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Hartley MD, Imperiali B. At the membrane frontier: a prospectus on the remarkable evolutionary conservation of polyprenols and polyprenyl-phosphates. Arch Biochem Biophys 2012; 517:83-97. [PMID: 22093697 PMCID: PMC3253937 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2011.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2011] [Revised: 10/28/2011] [Accepted: 10/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Long-chain polyprenols and polyprenyl-phosphates are ubiquitous and essential components of cellular membranes throughout all domains of life. Polyprenyl-phosphates, which include undecaprenyl-phosphate in bacteria and the dolichyl-phosphates in archaea and eukaryotes, serve as specific membrane-bound carriers in glycan biosynthetic pathways responsible for the production of cellular structures such as N-linked protein glycans and bacterial peptidoglycan. Polyprenyl-phosphates are the only form of polyprenols with a biochemically-defined role; however, unmodified or esterified polyprenols often comprise significant percentages of the cellular polyprenol pool. The strong evolutionary conservation of unmodified polyprenols as membrane constituents and polyprenyl-phosphates as preferred glycan carriers in biosynthetic pathways is poorly understood. This review surveys the available research to explore why unmodified polyprenols have been conserved in evolution and why polyprenyl-phosphates are universally and specifically utilized for membrane-bound glycan assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith D. Hartley
- Department of Biology and Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Barbara Imperiali
- Department of Biology and Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139
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Rauthan M, Pilon M. The mevalonate pathway in C. elegans. Lipids Health Dis 2011; 10:243. [PMID: 22204706 PMCID: PMC3274489 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-10-243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Accepted: 12/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The mevalonate pathway in human is responsible for the synthesis of cholesterol and other important biomolecules such as coenzyme Q, dolichols and isoprenoids. These molecules are required in the cell for functions ranging from signaling to membrane integrity, protein prenylation and glycosylation, and energy homeostasis. The pathway consists of a main trunk followed by sub-branches that synthesize the different biomolecules. The majority of our knowledge about the mevalonate pathway is currently focused on the cholesterol synthesis branch, which is the target of the cholesterol-lowering statins; less is known about the function and regulation of the non-cholesterol-related branches. To study them, we need a biological system where it is possible to specifically modulate these metabolic branches individually or in groups. The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) is a promising model to study these non-cholesterol branches since its mevalonate pathway seems very well conserved with that in human except that it has no cholesterol synthesis branch. The simple genetic makeup and tractability of C. elegans makes it relatively easy to identify and manipulate key genetic components of the mevalonate pathway, and to evaluate the consequences of tampering with their activity. This general experimental approach should lead to new insights into the physiological roles of the non-cholesterol part of the mevalonate pathway. This review will focus on the current knowledge related to the mevalonate pathway in C. elegans and its possible applications as a model organism to study the non-cholesterol functions of this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Rauthan
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, S-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
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