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Guo X, Cao Y, He Q, Chen L, Wang Q, Zhang J, Lv W, Zhang B, Zhou X. Modulation of the RAC1/MAPK/ERK signalling pathway by farnesyl diphosphate synthase regulates granulosa cells proliferation in polycystic ovary syndrome. Hum Cell 2024; 37:689-703. [PMID: 38551774 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-024-01050-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a complex gynaecological endocrine disease that occurs in women of childbearing age. The pathogenesis of PCOS is still unclear and further exploration is needed. Here, proteomic analysis indicated that the expression of farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FDPS) protein in ovarian tissue of PCOS mice was significantly decreased. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between potential biomarkers of PCOS and granulosa cells (GCs) function. The mechanisms by which FDPS affected the proliferation of granulosa cells were also explored both in vitro and in vivo. We found that knockdown of FDPS inhibited the proliferation of KGN (human ovarian granulosa cell line), while overexpression of FDPS had the opposite effect. FDPS activated Rac1 (Rac Family Small GTPase 1) activity and regulated MAPK/ERK signalling pathway, which affecting the proliferation of KGN cells significantly. In addition, treatment with the adeno-associated virus (AAV)-FDPS reverses the dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)-induced PCOS-phenotype in mice. Our data indicated that FDPS could regulate the proliferation of ovarian GCs by modulating MAPK/ERK (mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular regulated protein kinases) pathway via activating Rac1 activity. These findings suggest that FDPS could be of great value for the regulation of ovarian granulosa cell function and the treatment of PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, 221004, China
| | - Yijuan Cao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou Clinical School of Xuzhou Medical University, 199 South Jiefang Road, Xuzhou, 221004, China
| | - Qing He
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou Clinical School of Xuzhou Medical University, 199 South Jiefang Road, Xuzhou, 221004, China
| | - Linna Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, 221004, China
| | - Qing Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou Clinical School of Xuzhou Medical University, 199 South Jiefang Road, Xuzhou, 221004, China
| | - Jingbo Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou Clinical School of Xuzhou Medical University, 199 South Jiefang Road, Xuzhou, 221004, China
| | - Wenqiang Lv
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, 221004, China
| | - Bei Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou Clinical School of Xuzhou Medical University, 199 South Jiefang Road, Xuzhou, 221004, China.
| | - Xueyan Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, 221004, China.
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Wen C, Zhang Z, Shi Q, Niu R, Duan X, Shen B, Li X. Transcription Factors ZjMYB39 and ZjMYB4 Regulate Farnesyl Diphosphate Synthase- and Squalene Synthase-Mediated Triterpenoid Biosynthesis in Jujube. J Agric Food Chem 2023; 71:4599-4614. [PMID: 36880571 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c08679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) is rich in valuable bioactive triterpenoids. However, the regulatory mechanism underlying triterpenoid biosynthesis in jujube remains poorly studied. Here, we characterized the triterpenoid content in wild jujube and cultivated jujube. The triterpenoid content was higher in wild jujube than in cultivated jujube, triterpenoids were most abundant in young leaves, buds, and later stages of development. The transcriptome analysis and correlation analysis showed that differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were enriched in the terpenoid synthesis pathways, and triterpenoids content was strongly correlated with farnesyl diphosphate synthase (ZjFPS), squalene synthase (ZjSQS), and transcription factors ZjMYB39 and ZjMYB4 expression. Gene overexpression and silencing analysis indicated that ZjFPS and ZjSQS were key genes in triterpenoid biosynthesis and transcription factors ZjMYB39 and ZjMYB4 regulated triterpenoid biosynthesis. Subcellular localization experiments showed that ZjFPS and ZjSQS were localized to the nucleus and endoplasmic reticulum and ZjMYB39 and ZjMYB4 were localized to the nucleus. Yeast one-hybrid, glucuronidase activity, and dual-luciferase activity assays suggested that ZjMYB39 and ZjMYB4 regulate triterpenoid biosynthesis by directly binding and activating the promoters of ZjFPS and ZjSQS. These findings provide insights into the underlying regulatory network of triterpenoids metabolism in jujube and lay theoretical and practical foundation for molecular breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuiping Wen
- College of Forestry, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhong Zhang
- College of Forestry, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518116, China
| | - Qianqian Shi
- College of Forestry, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Key Comprehensive Laboratory of Forestry of Shaanxi Province, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Runzi Niu
- College of Forestry, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaoshan Duan
- College of Forestry, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Key Comprehensive Laboratory of Forestry of Shaanxi Province, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Bingqi Shen
- College of Forestry, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xingang Li
- College of Forestry, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Key Comprehensive Laboratory of Forestry of Shaanxi Province, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
- College of Horticulture and Forestry, Tarim University, Alar 843300, China
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Chen J, Tan J, Duan X, Wang Y, Wen J, Li W, Li Z, Wang G, Xu H. Plastidial engineering with coupled farnesyl diphosphate pool reconstitution and enhancement for sesquiterpene biosynthesis in tomato fruit. Metab Eng 2023; 77:41-52. [PMID: 36893914 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2023.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
Sesquiterpenes represent a large class of terpene compounds found in plants with broad applications such as pharmaceuticals and biofuels. The plastidial MEP pathway in ripening tomato fruit is naturally optimized to provide the 5-carbon isoprene building blocks of all terpenes for production of the tetraterpene pigment lycopene and other carotenoids, making it an excellent plant system to be engineered for production of high-value terpenoids. We reconstituted and enhanced the pool of sesquiterpene precursor farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) in plastids of tomato fruit by overexpressing the fusion gene DXS-FPPS encoding a fusion protein of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase (DXS) linked with farnesyl diphosphate synthase (originally called farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase, and abbreviated as FPPS) under the control of fruit-ripening specific polygalacturonase (PG) promoter concomitant with substantial reduction in lycopene content and large production of FPP-derived squalene. The supply of precursors achieved by the fusion gene expression can be harnessed by an engineered sesquiterpene synthase that is retargeted to plastid to engineer high-yield sesquiterpene production in tomato fruit, offering an effective production system for high-value sesquiterpene ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, China.
| | - Jing Tan
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, China.
| | - Xinyu Duan
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, China.
| | - Ying Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, China.
| | - Jing Wen
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, China.
| | - Wei Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Agricultural Synthetic Biology, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, 518120, China; Kunpeng Institute of Modern Agriculture at Foshan, Foshan, 528200, China.
| | - Zhengguo Li
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, China.
| | - Guodong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Haiyang Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, China.
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Wang S, Shi L, Wang R, Liu C, Wang J, Shen Y, Tatsumi K, Navrot N, Liu T, Guo L. Characterization of Arnebia euchroma PGT homologs involved in the biosynthesis of shikonin. Plant Physiol Biochem 2023; 196:587-595. [PMID: 36780721 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Shikonin is a red naphthoquinone natural product from plants with high economical and medical values. The para-hydroxybenzoic acid geranyltransferase (PGT) catalyzes the key regulatory step of shikonin biosynthesis. PGTs from Lithospermum erythrorhizon have been well-characterized and used in industrial shikonin production. However, its perennial medicinal plant Arnebia euchroma accumulates much more pigment and the underlying mechanism remains obscure. Here, we discovered and characterized the different isoforms of AePGTs. Phylogenetic study and structure modeling suggested that the N-terminal of AePGT6 contributed to its highest activity among 7 AePGTs. Indeed, AePGT2 and AePGT3 fused with 60 amino acids from the N-terminal of AePGT6 showed even higher activity than AePGT6, while native AePGT2 and AePGT3 don't have catalytic activity. Our result not only provided a mechanistic explanation of high shikonin contents in Arnebia euchroma but also engineered a best-performing PGT to achieve the highest-to-date production of 3-geranyl-4-hydroxybenzoate acid, an intermedium of shikonin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China; Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, 67084, France
| | - Linyuan Shi
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Ruishan Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Changzheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Jinye Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Ye Shen
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Kanade Tatsumi
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, 67084, France
| | - Nicolas Navrot
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, 67084, France
| | - Tan Liu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Lanping Guo
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China.
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Liu X, Liu Y, Tang L, Du C. Inhibition of farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase alleviates cardiomyopathy in diabetic rat. Cell Cycle 2023; 22:666-679. [PMID: 36310380 PMCID: PMC9980694 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2022.2139126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of ibandronate (IBN) on cardiomyopathy remodeling in diabetic rats. A rat model of diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) was established by supplementing them with a high-calorie diet combined with a low dose of streptozotocin (STZ). The diabetic rats received IBN (5 µg/kg per day) or normal saline subcutaneously for 16 weeks. The hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and Masson's trichrome staining were performed for evaluating the myocardial morphologies of the rats. Echocardiography and cardiac catheter were performed to assess their cardiac functional parameters. The protein levels of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase (FPPS), and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) were determined using Western blot analysis. RhoA activation was detected using a small GTP protease-linked immunosorbent assay (GLISA). The diabetic rats showed the development of moderate hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, hyperlipidemia, myocardial fibrosis, FPPS overexpression, cardiac systolic, and diastolic dysfunction. Inhibiting the FPPS could ameliorate myocardial hypertrophy and fibrosis. These anatomical findings were accompanied by a significant improvement in heart function. Furthermore, the inhibition of FPPS, the increased activation of RhoA, and phosphorylation of p38 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 in DCM decreased significantly with the treatment of IBN. This study for the first time demonstrated that the upregulation of FPPS expression might be involved in diabetic myocardial remodeling in diabetes mellitus (DM). In addition, IBN might exert its inhibitory effects on myocardial tissue remodeling by suppressing the RhoA/ERK1/2 and RhoA/p38 MAPK pathways in DCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yajun Liu
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Lijiang Tang
- Department of Cardiology, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Changqing Du
- Department of Cardiology, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, P. R. China
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Ni W, Wang Z, Zheng A, Zhao Y. Preparation and self-cleavage of fusion soluble farnesyl diphosphate synthase in E. coli. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2023; 53:988-994. [PMID: 36639146 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2022.2164591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPPS) is a crucial protein in terpenoid production. However, its industrial application is limited owing to its low solubility in Escherichia coli. In this study, we focused on ispA encoding FPPS and designed a fusion expression system to reduce inclusion body (IB) formation. Among the chosen fusion tags, the GB1-domain (GB1) exhibited the highest ability to solubilize the recombinant protein. Increased rare tRNA abundance not only improved the GB1-FPPS yield but also increased its soluble level. A "one-step" method for the acquisition of soluble FPPS was also considered. By combining GB1-FPPS expression and Tobacco Etch Virus protease (TEVp) cleavage in vivo, a controllable GB1-FPPS "self-cleavage" system was constructed. Overall, this study provides an efficient approach for obtaining soluble forms of FPPS, which show great potential for use in the soluble expression of other homologous diphosphate synthase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfeng Ni
- The Province Key Laboratory of the Biodiversity Study and Ecology Conservation in Southwest Anhui Province, Research Center of Aquatic Organism Conservation and Water Ecosystem Restoration in Anhui Province, College of Life Sciences, Anqing Normal University, Anqing, Anhui, China
| | - Zixuan Wang
- The Province Key Laboratory of the Biodiversity Study and Ecology Conservation in Southwest Anhui Province, Research Center of Aquatic Organism Conservation and Water Ecosystem Restoration in Anhui Province, College of Life Sciences, Anqing Normal University, Anqing, Anhui, China
| | - Aifang Zheng
- The Province Key Laboratory of the Biodiversity Study and Ecology Conservation in Southwest Anhui Province, Research Center of Aquatic Organism Conservation and Water Ecosystem Restoration in Anhui Province, College of Life Sciences, Anqing Normal University, Anqing, Anhui, China
| | - Ying Zhao
- The Province Key Laboratory of the Biodiversity Study and Ecology Conservation in Southwest Anhui Province, Research Center of Aquatic Organism Conservation and Water Ecosystem Restoration in Anhui Province, College of Life Sciences, Anqing Normal University, Anqing, Anhui, China
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Tang HV, Berryman DL, Mendoza J, Yactayo-Chang JP, Li QB, Christensen SA, Hunter CT, Best N, Soubeyrand E, Akhtar TA, Basset GJ, Block AK. Dedicated farnesyl diphosphate synthases circumvent isoprenoid-derived growth-defense tradeoffs in Zea mays. Plant J 2022; 112:207-220. [PMID: 35960639 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Zea mays (maize) makes phytoalexins such as sesquiterpenoid zealexins, to combat invading pathogens. Zealexins are produced from farnesyl diphosphate in microgram per gram fresh weight quantities. As farnesyl diphosphate is also a precursor for many compounds essential for plant growth, the question arises as to how Z. mays produces high levels of zealexins without negatively affecting vital plant systems. To examine if specific pools of farnesyl diphosphate are made for zealexin synthesis we made CRISPR/Cas9 knockouts of each of the three farnesyl diphosphate synthases (FPS) in Z. mays and examined the resultant impacts on different farnesyl diphosphate-derived metabolites. We found that FPS3 (GRMZM2G098569) produced most of the farnesyl diphosphate for zealexins, while FPS1 (GRMZM2G168681) made most of the farnesyl diphosphate for the vital respiratory co-factor ubiquinone. Indeed, fps1 mutants had strong developmental phenotypes such as reduced stature and development of chlorosis. The replication and evolution of the fps gene family in Z. mays enabled it to produce dedicated FPSs for developmentally related ubiquinone production (FPS1) or defense-related zealexin production (FPS3). This partitioning of farnesyl diphosphate production between growth and defense could contribute to the ability of Z. mays to produce high levels of phytoalexins without negatively impacting its growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoang V Tang
- Chemistry Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - David L Berryman
- Chemistry Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jorrel Mendoza
- Chemistry Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jessica P Yactayo-Chang
- Chemistry Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Qin-Bao Li
- Chemistry Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Shawn A Christensen
- Chemistry Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Charles T Hunter
- Chemistry Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Norman Best
- Plant Genetics Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Eric Soubeyrand
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Department, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Tariq A Akhtar
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Department, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Gilles J Basset
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Anna K Block
- Chemistry Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Kabeche S, Aida J, Akther T, Ichikawa T, Ochida A, Pulkoski-Gross MJ, Smith M, Humphries PS, Yeh E. Nonbisphosphonate inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum FPPS/GGPPS. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 41:127978. [PMID: 33766764 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.127978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel thiazole-containing amides were synthesized. A structure-activity relationship study of these compounds led to the identification of potent and selective PfFPPS/GGPPS inhibitors with good in vitro ADME profiles. The most promising candidate molecules were progressed to mouse in vivo PK studies and demonstrated adequate free drug exposure to warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Kabeche
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford Medical School, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jumpei Aida
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd, 26-1, Muraokahigashi 2-chome Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Thamina Akther
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd, 26-1, Muraokahigashi 2-chome Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Takashi Ichikawa
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd, 26-1, Muraokahigashi 2-chome Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Atsuko Ochida
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd, 26-1, Muraokahigashi 2-chome Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Michael J Pulkoski-Gross
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford Medical School, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Mark Smith
- Department of ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Paul S Humphries
- Department of ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ellen Yeh
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford Medical School, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Zhou P, Du Y, Fang X, Xu N, Yue C, Ye L. Combinatorial Modulation of Linalool Synthase and Farnesyl Diphosphate Synthase for Linalool Overproduction in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Agric Food Chem 2021; 69:1003-1010. [PMID: 33427461 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c06384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Linalool, as a fragrant monoterpene, is an important feedstock for food, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics industries. Although our previous study had significantly increased linalool production by the directed evolution of linalool synthase and overexpression of the whole mevalonate pathway genes, the engineered yeast strain suffered from dramatically reduced biomass. Herein, a stress-free linalool-producing yeast cell factory was constructed by the combinational regulation of linalool synthase and farnesyl diphosphate synthase instead of multienzyme overexpression. First, the expression level of linalool synthase was successfully enhanced by introducing a N-terminal SKIK tag, which improved linalool production by 3.3-fold. Subsequently, the modular assembly of linalool synthase and dominant negative farnesyl diphosphate synthase via short peptide tags efficiently converted geranyl pyrophosphate to linalool. Additional downregulation of the native farnesyl diphosphate synthase led to the highest reported linalool production (80.9 mg/L) in yeast. This combinatorial modulation strategy may also be applied to the production of other high-value monoterpenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingping Zhou
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China
| | - Yi Du
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China
| | - Xin Fang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China
| | - Nannan Xu
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China
| | - Chunlei Yue
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China
| | - Lidan Ye
- Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, PR China
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Abdelmagid WM, Mahmoodi N, Tanner ME. A guanidinium-based inhibitor of a type I isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:127577. [PMID: 32979487 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
An inhibitor bearing a phosphinylphosphonate group appended to a guanidinium functionality was designed to inhibit enzymes that generate carbocations from dimethylallyl diphosphate. When tested against human farnesyl diphosphate synthase the inhibitor bound with high micromolar affinity and did not bind more tightly than an isosteric inhibitor lacking the guanidinium functionality. When tested against the Type I isopentenyl diphosphate:dimethylallyl diphosphate isomerase from Escherichia coli, the inhibitor bound with a Ki value of 120 nM, which was 400 times greater than its isosteric counterpart. This strategy of inhibition was much more effective with an enzyme that generates a carbocation that is not stabilized by both resonance and ion pairing, presumably because there is more evolutionary pressure on the enzyme to stabilize the cation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walid M Abdelmagid
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Niusha Mahmoodi
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Martin E Tanner
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada.
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11
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Maheshwari S, Kim YS, Aripirala S, Murphy M, Amzel LM, Gabelli SB. Identifying Structural Determinants of Product Specificity in Leishmania major Farnesyl Diphosphate Synthase. Biochemistry 2020; 59:2751-2759. [PMID: 32584028 PMCID: PMC8049779 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.0c00432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPPS) is an isoprenoid chain elongation enzyme that catalyzes the sequential condensation of dimethylallyl diphosphate (C5) with isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP; C5) and the resulting geranyl diphosphate (GPP; C10) with another molecule of IPP, eventually producing farnesyl diphosphate (FPP; C15), which is a precursor for the biosynthesis of a vast majority of isoprenoids. Previous studies of FPPS have highlighted the importance of the structure around the hydrophobic chain elongation path in determining product specificity. To investigate what structural features define the final chain length of the product in FPPS from Leishmania major, we designed and expressed six mutants of LmFPPS by replacing small amino acids around the binding pocket with bulky residues. Using enzymatic assays, binding kinetics, and crystallographic studies, we analyzed the effects of these mutations on the activity and product specificity of FPPS. Our results revealed that replacement of Thr-164 with tryptophan and phenylalanine completely abolished the activity of FPPS. Intriguingly, the T164Y substitution displayed dual product specificity and produced a mixture GPP and FPP as final products, with an activity for FPP synthesis that was lower than that of the wild-type enzyme. These data indicate that Thr-164 is a potential regulator of product specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sweta Maheshwari
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Yu Seon Kim
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Srinivas Aripirala
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | | | - L. Mario Amzel
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Sandra B. Gabelli
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
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12
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Ueoka H, Sasaki K, Miyawaki T, Ichino T, Tatsumi K, Suzuki S, Yamamoto H, Sakurai N, Suzuki H, Shibata D, Yazaki K. A Cytosol-Localized Geranyl Diphosphate Synthase from Lithospermum erythrorhizon and Its Molecular Evolution. Plant Physiol 2020; 182:1933-1945. [PMID: 31974127 PMCID: PMC7140919 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.00999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Geranyl diphosphate (GPP) is the direct precursor of all monoterpenoids and is the prenyl source of many meroterpenoids, such as geranylated coumarins. GPP synthase (GPPS) localized in plastids is responsible for providing the substrate for monoterpene synthases and prenyltransferases for synthesis of aromatic substances that are also present in plastids, but GPPS activity in Lithospermum erythrorhizon localizes to the cytosol, in which GPP is utilized for the biosynthesis of naphthoquinone pigments, which are shikonin derivatives. This study describes the identification of the cytosol-localized GPPS gene, LeGPPS, through EST- and homology-based approaches followed by functional analyses. The deduced amino acid sequence of the unique LeGPPS showed greater similarity to that of farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPPS), which generally localizes to the cytosol, than to plastid-localized conventional GPPS. Biochemical characterization revealed that recombinant LeGPPS predominantly produces GPP along with a trace amount of FPP. LeGPPS expression was mainly detected in root bark, in which shikonin derivatives are produced, and in shikonin-producing cultured cells. The GFP fusion protein in onion (Allium cepa) cells localized to the cytosol. Site-directed mutagenesis of LeGPPS and another FPPS homolog identified in this study, LeFPPS1, showed that the His residue at position 100 of LeGPPS, adjacent to the first Asp-rich motif, contributes to substrate preference and product specificity, leading to GPP formation. These results suggest that LeGPPS, which is involved in shikonin biosynthesis, is recruited from cytosolic FPPS and that point mutation(s) result in the acquisition of GPPS activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayato Ueoka
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji 611-0011, Japan
| | - Kanako Sasaki
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji 611-0011, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Miyawaki
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji 611-0011, Japan
| | - Takuji Ichino
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji 611-0011, Japan
| | - Kanade Tatsumi
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji 611-0011, Japan
| | - Shiro Suzuki
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji 611-0011, Japan
| | | | - Nozomu Sakurai
- Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Suzuki
- Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818, Japan
| | - Daisuke Shibata
- Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818, Japan
| | - Kazufumi Yazaki
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji 611-0011, Japan
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13
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Xia P, Zheng Y, Liang Z. Structure and Location Studies on Key Enzymes in Saponins Biosynthesis of Panax notoginseng. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20246121. [PMID: 31817263 PMCID: PMC6940827 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20246121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Panax notoginseng is one of the most widely used traditional herbs for the treatment of various diseases, in which saponins were the main active components. At present, the research of P. notoginseng mainly focused on the discovery of new compounds and pharmacology. However, there were few studies on the molecular mechanism of the synthesis of secondary metabolites of P. notoginseng. In our study, four coding sequences (CDS) encoding the key enzymes involved in saponin biosynthesis were cloned, namely farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPS), squalene synthase (SS), squalene epoxidase (SE), and dammarenediol-II synthase (DS), which contained open reading frame (ORF) of 1029 bp, 1248 bp, 1614 bp, and 2310 bp, and coded 342, 415, 537, and 769 amino acids, respectively. At the same time, their domains, secondary structures, three-dimensional structures, and phylogenetics trees were analyzed by kinds of bioinformatics tools. Their phylogenetics relationships were also analyzed. In addition, GFP (Green fluorescent protein) fusion genes were constructed by the plasmid transformation system to determine the subcellular localization. The results of subcellular localization showed that FPS, SE, and DS were mainly located in cytomembrane and its surrounding, while SS was located both in cytoplasm and cytomembrane. Our findings provided data demonstrating the expression patterns of genes involved in saponin biosynthesis and would facilitate efforts to further elucidate the biosynthesis of the bioactive components in P. notoginseng.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengguo Xia
- Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China;
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Innovation Center for Structural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Correspondence: (P.X.); (Z.L.); Tel./Fax: +86-571-86843301 (Z.L.)
| | - Yujie Zheng
- Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China;
| | - Zongsuo Liang
- Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China;
- Correspondence: (P.X.); (Z.L.); Tel./Fax: +86-571-86843301 (Z.L.)
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14
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Mukherjee S, Basu S, Zhang K. Farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase is essential for the promastigote and amastigote stages in Leishmania major. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2019; 230:8-15. [PMID: 30926449 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Isoprenoid synthesis provides a diverse class of biomolecules including sterols, dolichols, ubiquinones and prenyl groups. The enzyme farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase (FPPS) catalyzes the formation of farnesyl pyrophosphate, a key intermediate for the biosynthesis of all isoprenoids. In Leishmania, FPPS is considered the main target of nitrogen containing bisphosphonates, yet the essentiality of this enzyme remains untested. Using a facilitated knockout approach, we carried out the genetic analysis of FPPS in Leishmania major. Our data indicated that chromosomal null mutants for FPPS could only be generated in presence of an episomally expressed FPPS. Long-term retention of the episome by the chromosomal FPPS-null mutants in culture and in infected BALB/c mice suggests that FPPS is indispensable. In addition, applying negative selection pressure failed to induce the loss of ectopic FPPS in the chromosomal FPPS-null mutants, although it led to significant growth delay in culture and in mice. Together, our findings have confirmed the essentiality of FPPS in both promastigotes and amastigotes in L. major and thus validate its potential as a drug target for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Mukherjee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Somrita Basu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA.
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15
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Cheng YJ, Li ZX. Both farnesyl diphosphate synthase genes are involved in the production of alarm pheromone in the green peach aphid Myzus persicae. Arch Insect Biochem Physiol 2019; 100:e21530. [PMID: 30569472 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPPS) catalyzes the formation of FPP, providing the precursor for the biosynthesis of (E)-β-farnesene (EβF) in plants, but it is unknown if FPPS supplies the precursor for the biosynthesis of EβF, the major component of aphid alarm pheromone, though our previous studies support the hypothesis that EβF is synthesized by the aphid itself. Here, we used two cohorts of the green peach aphid Myzus persicae separately, reared on pepper plant and artificial diet to test the correlations among droplet emission, EβF quantity, and FPPS gene expression. It was found that the proportion of aphids emitting cornicle droplets and the quantity of EβF per milligram of aphid were both significantly different between the two cohorts, which were positively correlated with the expression of the two FPPS genes ( MpFPPS1/ 2) in M. persicae. These results were further confirmed by RNAi-mediated knockdown of MpFPPS1/ 2. Specifically, knockdown of MpFPPS1/ 2 imposed no significant cost on the survival of aphid but remarkably increased the number of offspring per aphid; most importantly, knockdown of MpFPPS1/ 2 significantly reduced the proportion of aphids emitting droplets and the quantity of EβF calculated as per the weight of aphid. Our results suggest that both FPPS genes are involved in the production of EβF in M. persicae and cornicle droplet emission is closely associated with the EβF release in the aphid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Jie Cheng
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Environment-Friendly Control of Crop Pests, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng-Xi Li
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Environment-Friendly Control of Crop Pests, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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16
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Kempinski C, Chappell J. Engineering triterpene metabolism in the oilseed of Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Biotechnol J 2019; 17:386-396. [PMID: 29979486 PMCID: PMC6335079 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Squalene and botryococcene are linear, hydrocarbon triterpenes that have industrial and medicinal values. While natural sources for these compounds exist, there is a pressing need for robust, renewable production platforms. Oilseeds are an excellent target for heterologous production because of their roles as natural storage repositories and their capacity to produce precursors from photosynthetically-derived carbon. We generated transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plants using a variety of engineering strategies (subcellular targeting and gene stacking) to assess the potential for oilseeds to produce these two compounds. Constructs used seed-specific promoters and evaluated expression of a triterpene synthase alone and in conjunction with a farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPS) plus 1-deoxyxylulose 5-phosphate synthase (DXS). Constructs directing biosynthesis to the cytosol to harness isoprenoid precursors from the mevalonic acid (MVA) pathway were compared to those directing biosynthesis to the plastid compartment diverting precursors from the methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway. On average, the highest accumulation for both compounds was achieved by targeting the triterpene synthase, FPS and DXS to the plastid (526.84 μg/g seed for botryococcene and 227.30 μg/g seed for squalene). Interestingly, a higher level accumulation of botryococcene (a non-native compound) was observed when the biosynthetic enzymes were targeted to the cytosol (>1000 μg/g seed in one line), but not squalene (natively produced in the cytosol). Not only do these results indicate the potential of engineering triterpene accumulation in oilseeds, but they also uncover some the unique regulatory mechanisms controlling triterpene metabolism in different cellular compartments of seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chase Kempinski
- Plant Biology ProgramUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKYUSA
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKYUSA
| | - Joe Chappell
- Plant Biology ProgramUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKYUSA
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKYUSA
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17
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Kempinski C, Jiang Z, Zinck G, Sato SJ, Ge Z, Clemente TE, Chappell J. Engineering linear, branched-chain triterpene metabolism in monocots. Plant Biotechnol J 2019; 17:373-385. [PMID: 29979490 PMCID: PMC6335073 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Triterpenes are thirty-carbon compounds derived from the universal five-carbon prenyl precursors isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP). Normally, triterpenes are synthesized via the mevalonate (MVA) pathway operating in the cytoplasm of eukaryotes where DMAPP is condensed with two IPPs to yield farnesyl diphosphate (FPP), catalyzed by FPP synthase (FPS). Squalene synthase (SQS) condenses two molecules of FPP to generate the symmetrical product squalene, the first committed precursor to sterols and most other triterpenes. In the green algae Botryococcus braunii, two FPP molecules can also be condensed in an asymmetric manner yielding the more highly branched triterpene, botryococcene. Botryococcene is an attractive molecule because of its potential as a biofuel and petrochemical feedstock. Because B. braunii, the only native host for botryococcene biosynthesis, is difficult to grow, there have been efforts to move botryococcene biosynthesis into organisms more amenable to large-scale production. Here, we report the genetic engineering of the model monocot, Brachypodium distachyon, for botryococcene biosynthesis and accumulation. A subcellular targeting strategy was used, directing the enzymes (botryococcene synthase [BS] and FPS) to either the cytosol or the plastid. High titres of botryococcene (>1 mg/g FW in T0 mature plants) were obtained using the cytosolic-targeting strategy. Plastid-targeted BS + FPS lines accumulated botryococcene (albeit in lesser amounts than the cytosolic BS + FPS lines), but they showed a detrimental phenotype dependent on plastid-targeted FPS, and could not proliferate and survive to set seed under phototrophic conditions. These results highlight intriguing differences in isoprenoid metabolism between dicots and monocots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chase Kempinski
- Plant Biology ProgramUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKYUSA
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKYUSA
| | - Zuodong Jiang
- Plant Biology ProgramUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKYUSA
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKYUSA
- Present address:
Department of Soil and Crop SciencesTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTX77843USA
| | - Garrett Zinck
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKYUSA
| | - Shirley J. Sato
- Center for BiotechnologyUniversity of Nebraska‐LincolnLincolnNEUSA
| | - Zhengxiang Ge
- Center for BiotechnologyUniversity of Nebraska‐LincolnLincolnNEUSA
| | | | - Joe Chappell
- Plant Biology ProgramUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKYUSA
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKYUSA
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18
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Morita M, Hao Y, Jokela JK, Sardar D, Lin Z, Sivonen K, Nair SK, Schmidt EW. Post-Translational Tyrosine Geranylation in Cyanobactin Biosynthesis. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:6044-6048. [PMID: 29701961 PMCID: PMC6242345 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b03137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Prenylation is a widespread modification that improves the biological activities of secondary metabolites. This reaction also represents a key modification step in biosyntheses of cyanobactins, a family of ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides (RiPPs) produced by cyanobacteria. In cyanobactins, amino acids are commonly isoprenylated by ABBA prenyltransferases that use C5 donors. Notably, mass spectral analysis of piricyclamides from a fresh-water cyanobacterium suggested that they may instead have a C10 geranyl group. Here we characterize a novel geranyltransferase involved in piricyclamide biosynthesis. Using the purified enzyme, we show that the enzyme PirF catalyzes Tyr O-geranylation, which is an unprecedented post-translational modification. In addition, the combination of enzymology and analytical chemistry revealed the structure of the final natural product, piricyclamide 7005E1, and the regioselectivity of PirF, which has potential as a synthetic biological tool providing drug-like properties to diverse small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maho Morita
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , University of Utah , Salt Lake City , Utah 84112 , United States
| | - Yue Hao
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Genomic Biology, and Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, Department of Biochemistry , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
| | - Jouni K Jokela
- Department of Microbiology , University of Helsinki , Helsinki 00014 , Finland
| | - Debosmita Sardar
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , University of Utah , Salt Lake City , Utah 84112 , United States
| | - Zhenjian Lin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , University of Utah , Salt Lake City , Utah 84112 , United States
| | - Kaarina Sivonen
- Department of Microbiology , University of Helsinki , Helsinki 00014 , Finland
| | - Satish K Nair
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Genomic Biology, and Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, Department of Biochemistry , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
| | - Eric W Schmidt
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , University of Utah , Salt Lake City , Utah 84112 , United States
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19
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Zhao C, Kim Y, Zeng Y, Li M, Wang X, Hu C, Gorman C, Dai SY, Ding SY, Yuan JS. Co-Compartmentation of Terpene Biosynthesis and Storage via Synthetic Droplet. ACS Synth Biol 2018; 7:774-781. [PMID: 29439563 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.7b00368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Traditional bioproduct engineering focuses on pathway optimization, yet is often complicated by product inhibition, downstream consumption, and the toxicity of certain products. Here, we present the co-compartmentation of biosynthesis and storage via a synthetic droplet as an effective new strategy to improve the bioproduct yield, with squalene as a model compound. A hydrophobic protein was designed and introduced into the tobacco chloroplast to generate a synthetic droplet for terpene storage. Simultaneously, squalene biosynthesis enzymes were introduced to chloroplasts together with the droplet-forming protein to co-compartmentalize the biosynthesis and storage of squalene. The strategy has enabled a record yield of squalene at 2.6 mg/g fresh weight without compromising plant growth. Confocal fluorescent microscopy imaging, stimulated Raman scattering microscopy, and droplet composition analysis confirmed the formation of synthetic storage droplet in chloroplast. The co-compartmentation of synthetic storage droplet with a targeted metabolic pathway engineering represents a new strategy for enhancing bioproduct yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhao
- Texas A&M Agrilife Synthetic and Systems Biology Innovation Hub , Texas A&M University , College Station , Texas 77843 , United States
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology , Texas A&M University , College Station , Texas 77843 , United States
- Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology , Texas A&M University , College Station , Texas 77843 , United States
| | - YongKyoung Kim
- Texas A&M Agrilife Synthetic and Systems Biology Innovation Hub , Texas A&M University , College Station , Texas 77843 , United States
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology , Texas A&M University , College Station , Texas 77843 , United States
- Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology , Texas A&M University , College Station , Texas 77843 , United States
| | - Yining Zeng
- Biosciences Center , National Renewable Energy Laboratory , Golden , Colorado 80401 , United States
| | - Man Li
- Texas A&M Agrilife Synthetic and Systems Biology Innovation Hub , Texas A&M University , College Station , Texas 77843 , United States
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology , Texas A&M University , College Station , Texas 77843 , United States
- Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology , Texas A&M University , College Station , Texas 77843 , United States
| | - Xin Wang
- Texas A&M Agrilife Synthetic and Systems Biology Innovation Hub , Texas A&M University , College Station , Texas 77843 , United States
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology , Texas A&M University , College Station , Texas 77843 , United States
- Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology , Texas A&M University , College Station , Texas 77843 , United States
| | - Cheng Hu
- Texas A&M Agrilife Synthetic and Systems Biology Innovation Hub , Texas A&M University , College Station , Texas 77843 , United States
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology , Texas A&M University , College Station , Texas 77843 , United States
- Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology , Texas A&M University , College Station , Texas 77843 , United States
| | - Connor Gorman
- Texas A&M Agrilife Synthetic and Systems Biology Innovation Hub , Texas A&M University , College Station , Texas 77843 , United States
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology , Texas A&M University , College Station , Texas 77843 , United States
- Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology , Texas A&M University , College Station , Texas 77843 , United States
| | - Susie Y Dai
- State Hygienic Lab , University of Iowa , Coralville , Iowa 52241 , United States
| | - Shi-You Ding
- Department of Plant Biology , Michigan State University , East Lansing , Michigan 48824 , United States
| | - Joshua S Yuan
- Texas A&M Agrilife Synthetic and Systems Biology Innovation Hub , Texas A&M University , College Station , Texas 77843 , United States
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology , Texas A&M University , College Station , Texas 77843 , United States
- Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology , Texas A&M University , College Station , Texas 77843 , United States
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20
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Qin X, Li W, Liu Y, Tan M, Ganal M, Chetelat RT. A farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase gene expressed in pollen functions in S-RNase-independent unilateral incompatibility. Plant J 2018; 93:417-430. [PMID: 29206320 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Multiple independent and overlapping pollen rejection pathways contribute to unilateral interspecific incompatibility (UI). In crosses between tomato species, pollen rejection usually occurs when the female parent is self-incompatible (SI) and the male parent self-compatible (SC) (the 'SI × SC rule'). Additional, as yet unknown, UI mechanisms are independent of self-incompatibility and contribute to UI between SC species or populations. We identified a major quantitative trait locus on chromosome 10 (ui10.1) which affects pollen-side UI responses in crosses between cultivated tomato, Solanum lycopersicum, and Solanum pennelliiLA0716, both of which are SC and lack S-RNase, the pistil determinant of S-specificity in Solanaceae. Here we show that ui10.1 is a farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase gene (FPS2) expressed in pollen. Expression is about 18-fold higher in pollen of S. pennellii than in S. lycopersicum. Pollen with the hypomorphic S. lycopersicum allele is selectively eliminated on pistils of the F1 hybrid, leading to transmission ratio distortion in the F2 progeny. CRISPR/Cas9-generated knockout mutants (fps2) in S. pennelliiLA0716 are self-sterile due to pollen rejection, but mutant pollen is fully functional on pistils of S. lycopersicum. F2 progeny of S. lycopersicum × S. pennellii (fps2) show reversed transmission ratio distortion due to selective elimination of pollen bearing the knockout allele. Overexpression of FPS2 in S. lycopersicum pollen rescues the pollen elimination phenotype. FPS2-based pollen selectivity does not involve S-RNase and has not been previously linked to UI. Our results point to an entirely new mechanism of interspecific pollen rejection in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqiong Qin
- Department of Plant Sciences (ms #3), One Shields Ave., University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Wentao Li
- Department of Plant Sciences (ms #3), One Shields Ave., University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Plant Sciences (ms #3), One Shields Ave., University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Meilian Tan
- Department of Plant Sciences (ms #3), One Shields Ave., University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Martin Ganal
- Trait Genetics GmbH, Am Schwabeplan 1B, 06466, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Roger T Chetelat
- Department of Plant Sciences (ms #3), One Shields Ave., University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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21
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Park J, Rodionov D, De Schutter JW, Lin YS, Tsantrizos YS, Berghuis AM. Crystallographic and thermodynamic characterization of phenylaminopyridine bisphosphonates binding to human farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186447. [PMID: 29036218 PMCID: PMC5643135 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase (hFPPS) catalyzes the production of the 15-carbon isoprenoid farnesyl pyrophosphate. The enzyme is a key regulator of the mevalonate pathway and a well-established drug target. Notably, it was elucidated as the molecular target of nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates, a class of drugs that have been widely successful against bone resorption disorders. More recently, research has focused on the anticancer effects of these inhibitors. In order to achieve increased non-skeletal tissue exposure, we created phenylaminopyridine bisphosphonates (PNP-BPs) that have bulky hydrophobic side chains through a structure-based approach. Some of these compounds have proven to be more potent than the current clinical drugs in a number of antiproliferation assays using multiple myeloma cell lines. In the present work, we characterized the binding of our most potent PNP-BPs to the target enzyme, hFPPS. Co-crystal structures demonstrate that the molecular interactions designed to elicit tighter binding are indeed established. We carried out thermodynamic studies as well; the newly introduced protein-ligand interactions are clearly reflected in the enthalpy of binding measured, which is more favorable for the new PNP-BPs than for the lead compound. These studies also indicate that the affinity of the PNP-BPs to hFPPS is comparable to that of the current drug risedronate. Risedronate forms additional polar interactions via its hydroxyl functional group and thus exhibits more favorable binding enthalpy; however, the entropy of binding is more favorable for the PNP-BPs, owing to the greater desolvation effects resulting from their large hydrophobic side chains. These results therefore confirm the overall validity of our drug design strategy. With a distinctly different molecular scaffold, the PNP-BPs described in this report represent an interesting new group of future drug candidates. Further investigation should follow to characterize the tissue distribution profile and assess the potential clinical benefits of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaeok Park
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Dmitry Rodionov
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Yih-Shyan Lin
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Youla S. Tsantrizos
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Albert M. Berghuis
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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22
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Reddy VA, Wang Q, Dhar N, Kumar N, Venkatesh PN, Rajan C, Panicker D, Sridhar V, Mao HZ, Sarojam R. Spearmint R2R3-MYB transcription factor MsMYB negatively regulates monoterpene production and suppresses the expression of geranyl diphosphate synthase large subunit (MsGPPS.LSU). Plant Biotechnol J 2017; 15:1105-1119. [PMID: 28160379 PMCID: PMC5552485 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2016] [Revised: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Many aromatic plants, such as spearmint, produce valuable essential oils in specialized structures called peltate glandular trichomes (PGTs). Understanding the regulatory mechanisms behind the production of these important secondary metabolites will help design new approaches to engineer them. Here, we identified a PGT-specific R2R3-MYB gene, MsMYB, from comparative RNA-Seq data of spearmint and functionally characterized it. Analysis of MsMYB-RNAi transgenic lines showed increased levels of monoterpenes, and MsMYB-overexpressing lines exhibited decreased levels of monoterpenes. These results suggest that MsMYB is a novel negative regulator of monoterpene biosynthesis. Ectopic expression of MsMYB, in sweet basil and tobacco, perturbed sesquiterpene- and diterpene-derived metabolite production. In addition, we found that MsMYB binds to cis-elements of MsGPPS.LSU and suppresses its expression. Phylogenetic analysis placed MsMYB in subgroup 7 of R2R3-MYBs whose members govern phenylpropanoid pathway and are regulated by miR858. Analysis of transgenic lines showed that MsMYB is more specific to terpene biosynthesis as it did not affect metabolites derived from phenylpropanoid pathway. Further, our results indicate that MsMYB is probably not regulated by miR858, like other members of subgroup 7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishnavi Amarr Reddy
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Qian Wang
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Niha Dhar
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nadimuthu Kumar
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Chakravarthy Rajan
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Deepa Panicker
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Vishweshwaran Sridhar
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hui-Zhu Mao
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Rajani Sarojam
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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23
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Hu Y, Zhou YJ, Bao J, Huang L, Nielsen J, Krivoruchko A. Metabolic engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for production of germacrene A, a precursor of beta-elemene. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 44:1065-1072. [PMID: 28547322 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-017-1934-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Beta-elemene, a sesquiterpene and the major component of the medicinal herb Curcuma wenyujin, has antitumor activity against various types of cancer and could potentially serve as a potent antineoplastic drug. However, its current mode of production through extraction from plants has been inefficient and suffers from limited natural resources. Here, we engineered a yeast cell factory for the sustainable production of germacrene A, which can be transformed to beta-elemene by a one-step chemical reaction in vitro. Two heterologous germacrene A synthases (GASs) converting farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) to germacrene A were evaluated in yeast for their ability to produce germacrene A. Thereafter, several metabolic engineering strategies were used to improve the production level. Overexpression of truncated 3-hydroxyl-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase and fusion of FPP synthase with GAS, led to a sixfold increase in germacrene A production in shake-flask culture. Finally, 190.7 mg/l of germacrene A was achieved. The results reported in this study represent the highest titer of germacrene A reported to date. These results provide a basis for creating an efficient route for further industrial application re-placing the traditional extraction of beta-elemene from plant sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yating Hu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijng, 100700, People's Republic of China
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, SE-412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Yongjin J Zhou
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, SE-412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jichen Bao
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, SE-412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Luqi Huang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijng, 100700, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jens Nielsen
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, SE-412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden.
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, SE-412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden.
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, 2970, Hørsholm, Denmark.
| | - Anastasia Krivoruchko
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, SE-412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, SE-412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
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24
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Manzano D, Andrade P, Caudepón D, Altabella T, Arró M, Ferrer A. Suppressing Farnesyl Diphosphate Synthase Alters Chloroplast Development and Triggers Sterol-Dependent Induction of Jasmonate- and Fe-Related Responses. Plant Physiol 2016; 172:93-117. [PMID: 27382138 PMCID: PMC5074618 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.00431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPS) catalyzes the synthesis of farnesyl diphosphate from isopentenyl diphosphate and dimethylallyl diphosphate. Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) contains two genes (FPS1 and FPS2) encoding FPS. Single fps1 and fps2 knockout mutants are phenotypically indistinguishable from wild-type plants, while fps1/fps2 double mutants are embryo lethal. To assess the effect of FPS down-regulation at postembryonic developmental stages, we generated Arabidopsis conditional knockdown mutants expressing artificial microRNAs devised to simultaneously silence both FPS genes. Induction of silencing from germination rapidly caused chlorosis and a strong developmental phenotype that led to seedling lethality. However, silencing of FPS after seed germination resulted in a slight developmental delay only, although leaves and cotyledons continued to show chlorosis and altered chloroplasts. Metabolomic analyses also revealed drastic changes in the profile of sterols, ubiquinones, and plastidial isoprenoids. RNA sequencing and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction transcriptomic analysis showed that a reduction in FPS activity levels triggers the misregulation of genes involved in biotic and abiotic stress responses, the most prominent one being the rapid induction of a set of genes related to the jasmonic acid pathway. Down-regulation of FPS also triggered an iron-deficiency transcriptional response that is consistent with the iron-deficient phenotype observed in FPS-silenced plants. The specific inhibition of the sterol biosynthesis pathway by chemical and genetic blockage mimicked these transcriptional responses, indicating that sterol depletion is the primary cause of the observed alterations. Our results highlight the importance of sterol homeostasis for normal chloroplast development and function and reveal important clues about how isoprenoid and sterol metabolism is integrated within plant physiology and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Manzano
- Plant Metabolism and Metabolic Engineering Program, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics, CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Barcelona, Spain (D.M., P.A., D.C., T.A., M.A., A.F.); andDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (D.M., P.A., D.C., M.A., A.F.) and Plant Physiology Unit (T.A.), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paola Andrade
- Plant Metabolism and Metabolic Engineering Program, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics, CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Barcelona, Spain (D.M., P.A., D.C., T.A., M.A., A.F.); andDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (D.M., P.A., D.C., M.A., A.F.) and Plant Physiology Unit (T.A.), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Caudepón
- Plant Metabolism and Metabolic Engineering Program, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics, CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Barcelona, Spain (D.M., P.A., D.C., T.A., M.A., A.F.); andDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (D.M., P.A., D.C., M.A., A.F.) and Plant Physiology Unit (T.A.), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Teresa Altabella
- Plant Metabolism and Metabolic Engineering Program, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics, CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Barcelona, Spain (D.M., P.A., D.C., T.A., M.A., A.F.); andDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (D.M., P.A., D.C., M.A., A.F.) and Plant Physiology Unit (T.A.), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Arró
- Plant Metabolism and Metabolic Engineering Program, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics, CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Barcelona, Spain (D.M., P.A., D.C., T.A., M.A., A.F.); andDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (D.M., P.A., D.C., M.A., A.F.) and Plant Physiology Unit (T.A.), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Ferrer
- Plant Metabolism and Metabolic Engineering Program, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics, CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Barcelona, Spain (D.M., P.A., D.C., T.A., M.A., A.F.); andDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (D.M., P.A., D.C., M.A., A.F.) and Plant Physiology Unit (T.A.), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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25
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Kortbeek RWJ, Xu J, Ramirez A, Spyropoulou E, Diergaarde P, Otten-Bruggeman I, de Both M, Nagel R, Schmidt A, Schuurink RC, Bleeker PM. Engineering of Tomato Glandular Trichomes for the Production of Specialized Metabolites. Methods Enzymol 2016; 576:305-31. [PMID: 27480691 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2016.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Glandular trichomes are specialized tissues on the epidermis of many plant species. On tomato they synthesize, store, and emit a variety of metabolites such as terpenoids, which play a role in the interaction with insects. Glandular trichomes are excellent tissues for studying the biosynthesis of specialized plant metabolites and are especially suitable targets for metabolic engineering. Here we describe the strategy for engineering tomato glandular trichomes, first with a transient expression system to provide proof of trichome specificity of selected promoters. Using microparticle bombardment, the trichome specificity of a terpene-synthase promoter could be validated in a relatively fast way. Second, we describe a method for stable expression of genes of interest in trichomes. Trichome-specific expression of another terpene-synthase promoter driving the yellow-fluorescence protein-gene is presented. Finally, we describe a case of the overexpression of farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPS), specifically in tomato glandular trichomes, providing an important precursor in the biosynthetic pathway of sesquiterpenoids. FPS was targeted to the plastid aiming to engineer sesquiterpenoid production, but interestingly leading to a loss of monoterpenoid production in the transgenic tomato trichomes. With this example we show that trichomes are amenable to engineering though, even with knowledge of a biochemical pathway, the result of such engineering can be unexpected.
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Affiliation(s)
- R W J Kortbeek
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J Xu
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A Ramirez
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - E Spyropoulou
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - M de Both
- Keygene N.V., Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - R Nagel
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - A Schmidt
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - R C Schuurink
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - P M Bleeker
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Zhu J, Khalil SM, Mitchell RD, Bissinger BW, Egekwu N, Sonenshine DE, Roe RM. Mevalonate-Farnesal Biosynthesis in Ticks: Comparative Synganglion Transcriptomics and a New Perspective. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0141084. [PMID: 26959814 PMCID: PMC4785029 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Juvenile hormone (JH) controls the growth, development, metamorphosis, and reproduction of insects. For many years, the general assumption has been that JH regulates tick and other acarine development and reproduction the same as in insects. Although researchers have not been able to find the common insect JHs in hard and soft tick species and JH applications appear to have no effect on tick development, it is difficult to prove the negative or to determine whether precursors to JH are made in ticks. The tick synganglion contains regions which are homologous to the corpora allata, the biosynthetic source for JH in insects. Next-gen sequencing of the tick synganglion transcriptome was conducted separately in adults of the American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis, the deer tick, Ixodes scapularis, and the relapsing fever tick, Ornithodoros turicata as a new approach to determine whether ticks can make JH or a JH precursor. All of the enzymes that make up the mevalonate pathway from acetyl-CoA to farnesyl diphosphate (acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase, HMG-S, HMG-R, mevalonate kinase, phosphomevalonate kinase, diphosphomevalonate decarboxylase, and farnesyl diphosphate synthase) were found in at least one of the ticks studied but most were found in all three species. Sequence analysis of the last enzyme in the mevalonate pathway, farnesyl diphosphate synthase, demonstrated conservation of the seven prenyltransferase regions and the aspartate rich motifs within those regions typical of this enzyme. In the JH branch from farnesyl diphosphate to JH III, we found a putative farnesol oxidase used for the conversion of farnesol to farnesal in the synganglion transcriptome of I. scapularis and D. variabilis. Methyltransferases (MTs) that add a methyl group to farnesoic acid to make methyl farnesoate were present in all of the ticks studied with similarities as high as 36% at the amino acid level to insect JH acid methyltransferase (JHAMT). However, when the tick MTs were compared to the known insect JHAMTs from several insect species at the amino acid level, the former lacked the farnesoic acid binding motif typical in insects. The P450s shown in insects to add the C10,11 epoxide to methyl farnesoate, are in the CYP15 family; this family was absent in our tick transcriptomes and in the I. scapularis genome, the only tick genome available. These data suggest that ticks do not synthesize JH III but have the mevalonate pathway and may produce a JH III precursor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwei Zhu
- Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27695, United States of America
| | - Sayed M. Khalil
- Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27695, United States of America
| | - Robert D. Mitchell
- Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27695, United States of America
| | - Brooke W. Bissinger
- Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27695, United States of America
| | - Noble Egekwu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia, 23529, United States of America
| | - Daniel E. Sonenshine
- Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia, 23529, United States of America
| | - R. Michael Roe
- Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27695, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Binnington B, Nguyen L, Kamani M, Hossain D, Marks DL, Budani M, Lingwood CA. Inhibition of Rab prenylation by statins induces cellular glycosphingolipid remodeling. Glycobiology 2016; 26:166-80. [PMID: 26405105 PMCID: PMC4691287 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwv084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Statins, which specifically inhibit HMG Co-A reductase, the rate-limiting step of cholesterol biosynthesis, are widely prescribed to reduce serum cholesterol and cardiac risk, but many other effects are seen. We now show an effect of these drugs to induce profound changes in the step-wise synthesis of glycosphingolipids (GSLs) in the Golgi. Glucosylceramide (GlcCer) was increased several-fold in all cell lines tested, demonstrating a widespread effect. Additionally, de novo or elevated lactotriaosylceramide (Lc3Cer; GlcNAcβ1-3Galβ1-4GlcCer) synthesis was observed in 70%. Western blot showed that GlcCer synthase (GCS) was elevated by statins, and GCS and Lc3Cer synthase (Lc3S) activities were increased; however, transcript was elevated for Lc3S only. Supplementation with the isoprenoid precursor, geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP), a downstream product of HMG Co-A reductase, reversed statin-induced glycosyltransferase and GSL elevation. The Rab geranylgeranyl transferase inhibitor 3-PEHPC, but not specific inhibitors of farnesyl transferase, or geranylgeranyl transferase I, was sufficient to replicate statin-induced GlcCer and Lc3Cer synthesis, supporting a Rab prenylation-dependent mechanism. While total cholesterol was unaffected, the trans-Golgi network (TGN) cholesterol pool was dissipated and medial Golgi GCS partially relocated by statins. GSL-dependent vesicular retrograde transport of Verotoxin and cholera toxin to the Golgi/endoplasmic reticulum were blocked after statin or 3-PEHPC treatment, suggesting aberrant, prenylation-dependent vesicular traffic as a basis of glycosyltransferase increase and GSL remodeling. These in vitro studies indicate a previously unreported link between Rab prenylation and regulation of GCS activity and GlcCer metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth Binnington
- Research Institute, Program in Molecular Structure and Function, The Hospital for Sick Children, 686 Bay St., Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Long Nguyen
- Research Institute, Program in Molecular Structure and Function, The Hospital for Sick Children, 686 Bay St., Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Mustafa Kamani
- Research Institute, Program in Molecular Structure and Function, The Hospital for Sick Children, 686 Bay St., Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada Department of Biochemistry
| | - Delowar Hossain
- Research Institute, Program in Molecular Structure and Function, The Hospital for Sick Children, 686 Bay St., Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - David L Marks
- Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Division of Oncology Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Monique Budani
- Research Institute, Program in Molecular Structure and Function, The Hospital for Sick Children, 686 Bay St., Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Clifford A Lingwood
- Research Institute, Program in Molecular Structure and Function, The Hospital for Sick Children, 686 Bay St., Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada Department of Biochemistry Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
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28
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Jiang Z, Kempinski C, Bush CJ, Nybo SE, Chappell J. Engineering Triterpene and Methylated Triterpene Production in Plants Provides Biochemical and Physiological Insights into Terpene Metabolism. Plant Physiol 2016; 170:702-16. [PMID: 26603654 PMCID: PMC4734568 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.01548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Linear, branch-chained triterpenes, including squalene (C30), botryococcene (C30), and their methylated derivatives (C31-C37), generated by the green alga Botryococcus braunii race B have received significant attention because of their utility as chemical and biofuel feedstocks. However, the slow growth habit of B. braunii makes it impractical as a production system. In this study, we evaluated the potential of generating high levels of botryococcene in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plants by diverting carbon flux from the cytosolic mevalonate pathway or the plastidic methylerythritol phosphate pathway by the targeted overexpression of an avian farnesyl diphosphate synthase along with two versions of botryococcene synthases. Up to 544 µg g(-1) fresh weight of botryococcene was achieved when this metabolism was directed to the chloroplasts, which is approximately 90 times greater than that accumulating in plants engineered for cytosolic production. To test if methylated triterpenes could be produced in tobacco, we also engineered triterpene methyltransferases (TMTs) from B. braunii into wild-type plants and transgenic lines selected for high-level triterpene accumulation. Up to 91% of the total triterpene contents could be converted to methylated forms (C31 and C32) by cotargeting the TMTs and triterpene biosynthesis to the chloroplasts, whereas only 4% to 14% of total triterpenes were methylated when this metabolism was directed to the cytoplasm. When the TMTs were overexpressed in the cytoplasm of wild-type plants, up to 72% of the total squalene was methylated, and total triterpene (C30+C31+C32) content was elevated 7-fold. Altogether, these results point to innate mechanisms controlling metabolite fluxes, including a homeostatic role for squalene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuodong Jiang
- Plant Biology Program (Z.J., C.K., J.C.) and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (C.J.B., S.E.N., J.C.), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0596
| | - Chase Kempinski
- Plant Biology Program (Z.J., C.K., J.C.) and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (C.J.B., S.E.N., J.C.), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0596
| | - Caroline J Bush
- Plant Biology Program (Z.J., C.K., J.C.) and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (C.J.B., S.E.N., J.C.), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0596
| | - S Eric Nybo
- Plant Biology Program (Z.J., C.K., J.C.) and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (C.J.B., S.E.N., J.C.), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0596
| | - Joe Chappell
- Plant Biology Program (Z.J., C.K., J.C.) and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (C.J.B., S.E.N., J.C.), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0596
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Dong L, Jongedijk E, Bouwmeester H, Van Der Krol A. Monoterpene biosynthesis potential of plant subcellular compartments. New Phytol 2016; 209:679-90. [PMID: 26356766 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Subcellular monoterpene biosynthesis capacity based on local geranyl diphosphate (GDP) availability or locally boosted GDP production was determined for plastids, cytosol and mitochondria. A geraniol synthase (GES) was targeted to plastids, cytosol, or mitochondria. Transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana indicated local GDP availability for each compartment but resulted in different product levels. A GDP synthase from Picea abies (PaGDPS1) was shown to boost GDP production. PaGDPS1 was also targeted to plastids, cytosol or mitochondria and PaGDPS1 and GES were coexpressed in all possible combinations. Geraniol and geraniol-derived products were analyzed by GC-MS and LC-MS, respectively. GES product levels were highest for plastid-targeted GES, followed by mitochondrial- and then cytosolic-targeted GES. For each compartment local boosting of GDP biosynthesis increased GES product levels. GDP exchange between compartments is not equal: while no GDP is exchanged from the cytosol to the plastids, 100% of GDP in mitochondria can be exchanged to plastids, while only 7% of GDP from plastids is available for mitochondria. This suggests a direct exchange mechanism for GDP between plastids and mitochondria. Cytosolic PaGDPS1 competes with plastidial GES activity, suggesting an effective drain of isopentenyl diphosphate from the plastids to the cytosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lemeng Dong
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Esmer Jongedijk
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Harro Bouwmeester
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Alexander Van Der Krol
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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Guo D, Li HL, Peng SQ. Structure Conservation and Differential Expression of Farnesyl Diphosphate Synthase Genes in Euphorbiaceous Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:22402-14. [PMID: 26389894 PMCID: PMC4613314 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160922402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPS) is a key enzyme of isoprenoids biosynthesis. However, knowledge of the FPSs of euphorbiaceous species is limited. In this study, ten FPSs were identified in four euphorbiaceous plants. These FPSs exhibited similar exon/intron structure. The deduced FPS proteins showed close identities and exhibited the typical structure of plant FPS. The members of the FPS family exhibit tissue expression patterns that vary among several euphorbiaceous plant species under normal growth conditions. The expression profiles reveal spatial and temporal variations in the expression of FPSs of different tissues from Euphorbiaceous plants. Our results revealed wide conservation of FPSs and diverse expression in euphorbiaceous plants during growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China.
| | - Hui-Liang Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China.
| | - Shi-Qing Peng
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China.
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Pandreka A, Dandekar DS, Haldar S, Uttara V, Vijayshree SG, Mulani FA, Aarthy T, Thulasiram HV. Triterpenoid profiling and functional characterization of the initial genes involved in isoprenoid biosynthesis in neem (Azadirachta indica). BMC Plant Biol 2015; 15:214. [PMID: 26335498 PMCID: PMC4559364 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-015-0593-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neem tree (Azadirachta indica) is one of the richest sources of skeletally diverse triterpenoids and they are well-known for their broad-spectrum pharmacological and insecticidal properties. However, the abundance of Neem triterpenoids varies among the tissues. Here, we delineate quantitative profiling of fifteen major triterpenoids across various tissues including developmental stages of kernel and pericarp, flower, leaf, stem and bark using UPLC-ESI(+)-HRMS based profiling. Transcriptome analysis was used to identify the initial genes involved in isoprenoid biosynthesis. Based on transcriptome analysis, two short-chain prenyltransferases and squalene synthase (AiSQS) were cloned and functionally characterized. RESULTS Quantitative profiling revealed differential abundance of both total and individual triterpenoid content across various tissues. RNA from tissues with high triterpenoid content (fruit, flower and leaf) were pooled to generate 79.08 million paired-end reads using Illumina GA ΙΙ platform. 41,140 transcripts were generated by d e novo assembly. Transcriptome annotation led to the identification of the putative genes involved in isoprenoid biosynthesis. Two short-chain prenyltransferases, geranyl diphosphate synthase (AiGDS) and farnesyl diphosphate synthase (AiFDS) and squalene synthase (AiSQS) were cloned and functionally characterized using transcriptome data. RT-PCR studies indicated five-fold and ten-fold higher relative expression level of AiSQS in fruits as compared to leaves and flowers, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Triterpenoid profiling indicated that there is tissue specific variation in their abundance. The mature seed kernel and initial stages of pericarp were found to contain the highest amount of limonoids. Furthermore, a wide diversity of triterpenoids, especially C-seco triterpenoids were observed in kernel as compared to the other tissues. Pericarp, flower and leaf contained mainly ring-intact triterpenoids. The initial genes such as AiGDS, AiFDS and AiSQS involved in the isoprenoids biosynthesis have been functionally characterized. The expression levels of AiFDS and AiSQS were found to be in correlation with the total triterpenoid content in individual tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash Pandreka
- Chemical Biology Unit, Division of Organic Chemistry, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, India.
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mall Road, New Delhi, 110007, India.
| | - Devdutta S Dandekar
- Chemical Biology Unit, Division of Organic Chemistry, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, India.
| | - Saikat Haldar
- Chemical Biology Unit, Division of Organic Chemistry, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, India.
| | - Vairagkar Uttara
- Chemical Biology Unit, Division of Organic Chemistry, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, India.
| | - Shinde G Vijayshree
- Chemical Biology Unit, Division of Organic Chemistry, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, India.
| | - Fayaj A Mulani
- Chemical Biology Unit, Division of Organic Chemistry, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, India.
| | - Thiagarayaselvam Aarthy
- Chemical Biology Unit, Division of Organic Chemistry, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, India.
| | - Hirekodathakallu V Thulasiram
- Chemical Biology Unit, Division of Organic Chemistry, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, India.
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mall Road, New Delhi, 110007, India.
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Rivera-Perez C, Nyati P, Noriega FG. A corpora allata farnesyl diphosphate synthase in mosquitoes displaying a metal ion dependent substrate specificity. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 64:44-50. [PMID: 26188328 PMCID: PMC4558305 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2015.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPPS) is a key enzyme in isoprenoid biosynthesis, it catalyzes the head-to-tail condensation of dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP) with two molecules of isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) to generate farnesyl diphosphate (FPP), a precursor of juvenile hormone (JH). In this study, we functionally characterized an Aedes aegypti FPPS (AaFPPS) expressed in the corpora allata. AaFPPS is the only FPPS gene present in the genome of the yellow fever mosquito, it encodes a 49.6 kDa protein exhibiting all the characteristic conserved sequence domains on prenyltransferases. AaFPPS displays its activity in the presence of metal cofactors; and the product condensation is dependent of the divalent cation. Mg(2+) ions lead to the production of FPP, while the presence of Co(2+) ions lead to geranyl diphosphate (GPP) production. In the presence of Mg(2+) the AaFPPS affinity for allylic substrates is GPP > DMAPP > IPP. These results suggest that AaFPPS displays "catalytic promiscuity", changing the type and ratio of products released (GPP or FPP) depending on allylic substrate concentrations and the presence of different metal cofactors. This metal ion-dependent regulatory mechanism allows a single enzyme to selectively control the metabolites it produces, thus potentially altering the flow of carbon into separate metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pratik Nyati
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Fernando G Noriega
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA.
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Sen SE, Wood L, Jacob R, Xhambazi A, Pease B, Jones A, Horsfield T, Lin A, Cusson M. Disruption of insect isoprenoid biosynthesis with pyridinium bisphosphonates. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 63:113-123. [PMID: 26073627 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2015.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPPS) catalyzes the condensation of the non-allylic diphosphate, isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP; C5), with the allylic diphosphate primer dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP; C5) to generate the C15 prenyl chain (FPP) used for protein prenylation as well as sterol and terpene biosynthesis. Here, we designed and prepared a series of pyridinium bisphosphonate (PyrBP) compounds, with the aim of selectively inhibiting FPPS of the lepidopteran insect order. FPPSs of Drosophila melanogaster and the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana, were inhibited by several PyrBPs, and as hypothesized, larger bisphosphonates were more selective for the lepidopteran protein and completely inactive towards dipteran and vertebrate FPPSs. Cell growth of a D. melanogaster cell line was adversely affected by exposure to PyrPBs that were strongly inhibitory to insect FPPS, although their effect was less pronounced than that observed upon exposure to the electron transport disrupter, chlorfenapyr. To assess the impact of PyrBPs on lepidopteran insect growth and development, we performed feeding and topical studies, using the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta, as our insect model. The free acid form of a PyrBP and a known bisphosphonate inhibitor of vertebrate FPPS, alendronate, had little to no effect on larval M. sexta; however, the topical application of more lipophilic ester PyrBPs caused decreased growth, incomplete larval molting, cuticle darkening at the site of application, and for those insects that survived, the formation of larval-pupal hybrids. To gain a better understanding of the structural differences that produce selective lepidopteran FPPS inhibition, homology models of C. fumiferana and D. melanogaster FPPS (CfFPPS2, and DmFPPS) were prepared. Docking of substrates and PyrBPs demonstrates that differences at the -3 and -4 positions relative to the first aspartate rich motif (FARM) are important factors in the ability of the lepidopteran enzyme to produce homologous isoprenoid structure and to be selectively inhibited by larger PyrBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie E Sen
- Department of Chemistry, The College of New Jersey, P.O. Box 7718, Ewing, NJ 08628, USA.
| | - Lyndsay Wood
- Department of Chemistry, The College of New Jersey, P.O. Box 7718, Ewing, NJ 08628, USA
| | - Reshma Jacob
- Department of Chemistry, The College of New Jersey, P.O. Box 7718, Ewing, NJ 08628, USA
| | - Alisa Xhambazi
- Department of Chemistry, The College of New Jersey, P.O. Box 7718, Ewing, NJ 08628, USA
| | - Britanny Pease
- Department of Chemistry, The College of New Jersey, P.O. Box 7718, Ewing, NJ 08628, USA
| | - Alexis Jones
- Department of Chemistry, The College of New Jersey, P.O. Box 7718, Ewing, NJ 08628, USA
| | - Taylor Horsfield
- Department of Chemistry, The College of New Jersey, P.O. Box 7718, Ewing, NJ 08628, USA
| | - Alice Lin
- Department of Chemistry, The College of New Jersey, P.O. Box 7718, Ewing, NJ 08628, USA
| | - Michel Cusson
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, 1055 du P.E.P.S., C.P. 10380, Stn. Sainte-Foy, Quebec City, QC G1V 4C7, Canada
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Sil B, Mukherjee C, Jha S, Mitra A. Metabolic shift from withasteroid formation to phenylpropanoid accumulation in cryptogein-cotransformed hairy roots of Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal. Protoplasma 2015; 252:1097-110. [PMID: 25534257 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-014-0743-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Cotransformed hairy roots containing a gene that encodes a fungal elicitor protein, β-cryptogein, were established in Withania somnifera, a medicinal plant widely used in Indian systems of medicine. To find out whether β-cryptogein protein endogenously elicits the pathway of withasteroid biosynthesis, withaferin A and withanolide A contents along with transcript accumulation of farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) synthase, 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGR), and sterol glycosyltransferase (SGT) were analyzed in both cryptogein-cotransformed and normal hairy roots of W. somnifera. It was observed that the withaferin A and withanolide A contents were drastically higher in normal hairy roots than cryptogein-cotransformed ones. Similar trends were also observed on the levels of transcript accumulation. Subsequently, the enzyme activity of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), one of the key enzymes of phenylpropanoid pathway, was measured in both cryptogein-cotransformed and normal hairy roots of W. somnifera along with the levels of PAL transcript accumulation. Upliftment of PAL activity was observed in cryptogein-cotransformed hairy roots as compared to the normal ones, and the PAL expression also reflected a similar trend, i.e., enhanced expression in the cryptogein-cotransformed lines. Upliftment of wall-bound ferulic acid accumulation was also observed in the cryptogein-cotransformed lines, as compared to normal hairy root lines. Thus, the outcome of the above studies suggests a metabolic shift from withanolide accumulation to phenylpropanoid biosynthesis in cryptogein-cotransformed hairy roots of W. somnifera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bipradut Sil
- Centre for Advanced Study, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, 700 019, India
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Richter A, Seidl-Adams I, Köllner TG, Schaff C, Tumlinson JH, Degenhardt J. A small, differentially regulated family of farnesyl diphosphate synthases in maize (Zea mays) provides farnesyl diphosphate for the biosynthesis of herbivore-induced sesquiterpenes. Planta 2015; 241:1351-61. [PMID: 25680349 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-015-2254-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Of the three functional FPPS identified in maize, fpps3 is induced by herbivory to produce FDP important for the formation of the volatile sesquiterpenes of plant defense. Sesquiterpenes are not only crucial for the growth and development of a plant but also for its interaction with the environment. The biosynthesis of sesquiterpenes proceeds over farnesyl diphosphate (FDP), which is either used as a substrate for protein prenylation, converted to squalene, or to volatile sesquiterpenes. To elucidate the regulation of sesquiterpene biosynthesis in maize, we identified and characterized the farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPPS) gene family which consists of three genes. Synteny analysis indicates that fpps2 and fpps3 originate from a genome duplication in an ancient tetraploid ancestor. The three FPPSs encode active enzymes that produce predominantly FDP from the isopentenyl diphosphate and dimethylallyl diphosphate substrates. Only fpps1 and fpps3 are induced by elicitor treatment, but induced fpps1 levels are much lower and only increased to the amounts of fpps3 levels in intact leaves. Elicitor-induced fpps3 levels in leaves increase to more than 15-fold of background levels. In undamaged roots, transcript levels of fpps1 are higher than those of fpps3, but only fpps3 transcripts are induced in response to herbivory by Diabrotica virgifera virgifera. A kinetic of transcript abundance in response to herbivory in leaves provided further evidence that the regulation of fpps3 corresponds to that of tps23, a terpene synthase, that converts FDP to the volatile (E)-ß-caryophyllene. Our study indicates that the differential expression of fpps1 and fpps3 provides maize with FDP for both primary metabolism and terpene-based defenses. The expression of fpps3 seems to coincide with the herbivore-induced emission of volatile sesquiterpenes that were demonstrated to be important defense signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annett Richter
- Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle, Hoher Weg 8, 06120, Halle, Germany
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Zhao YJ, Chen X, Zhang M, Su P, Liu YJ, Tong YR, Wang XJ, Huang LQ, Gao W. Molecular Cloning and Characterisation of Farnesyl Pyrophosphate Synthase from Tripterygium wilfordii. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125415. [PMID: 25938487 PMCID: PMC4418688 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Farnesylpyrophosphate synthase (FPS) catalyzes the biosynthesis of farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP), which is an important precursor of sesquiterpenoids such as artemisinin and wilfordine. In the present study, we report the molecular cloning and characterization of two full-length cDNAs encoding FPSs from Tripterygium wilfordii (TwFPSs). TwFPSs maintained their capability to synthesise FPP in vitro when purified as recombinant proteins from E. coli. Consistent with the endogenous role of FPS in FPP biosynthesis, TwFPSs were highly expressed in T. wilfordii roots, and were up-regulated upon methyl jasmonate (MeJA) treatment. The global gene expression profiles suggested that the TwFPSs might play an important regulatory role interpenoid biosynthesis in T. wilfordii, laying the groundwork for the future study of the synthetic biology of natural terpene products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jun Zhao
- Capital Medical University School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin Chen
- Capital Medical University School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (XC); (LH); (WG)
| | - Meng Zhang
- Capital Medical University School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ping Su
- Capital Medical University School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu-Jia Liu
- Capital Medical University School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu-Ru Tong
- Capital Medical University School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiu-Juan Wang
- Capital Medical University School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lu-Qi Huang
- National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (XC); (LH); (WG)
| | - Wei Gao
- Capital Medical University School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (XC); (LH); (WG)
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Bhatia V, Maisnam J, Jain A, Sharma KK, Bhattacharya R. Aphid-repellent pheromone E-β-farnesene is generated in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana over-expressing farnesyl diphosphate synthase2. Ann Bot 2015; 115:581-91. [PMID: 25538111 PMCID: PMC4343287 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcu250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Plant-synthesized sesquiterpenes play a pivotal role in chemotactic interactions with insects. Biosynthesis of functionally diverse sesquiterpenes is dependent on the availability of a pool of the precursor farnesyldiphosphate (FDP). In Arabidopsis thaliana, FPS2, encoding cytosolic farnesyldiphosphate synthase, is implicated in the synthesis of cytosolic FDP, but it is not known whether enhanced levels of FDP have a commensurate effect on sesquiterpene-mediated defence responses. This study examined transgenic arabidopsis plants generated to over-express FPS2 in order to determine if any effects could be observed in the response of aphids, Myzus persicae. METHODS Transgenic arabidopsis plants were generated to over-express FPS2 to produce FPS2 in either the cytosol or the chloroplasts. Morphochemical analyses of the transgenic plants were carried out to detremine growth responses of roots and shoots, and for GC-MS profiling of sesquiterpenes. Aphid response to hyrdo-distillate extracts and head-space volatiles from transgenic plants was assessed using a bioassay. KEY RESULTS Either over-expression of FPS2 in the cytosol or targetting of its translated product to chlorplasts resulted in stimulatory growth responses of transgenic arabidopsis at early and late developmental stages. GC-MS analysis of hydro-distillate extracts from aerial parts of the plants revealed biosynthesis of several novel sesquiterpenes, including E-β-farnesene, an alarm pheromone of aphids. Both entrapped volatiles and hydro-distillate extracts of the transgenic leaves triggered agitation in aphids, which was related to both time and dose of exposure. CONCLUSIONS Over-expression of FPS2 in the cytosol and targeting of its translated product to chloroplasts in arabidopsis led to synthesis of several novel sesquiterpenes, including E-β-farnesene, and induced alarm responses in M. persicae. The results suggest a potential for engineering aphid-resistant strains of arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varnika Bhatia
- National Research Center on Plant Biotechnology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute Campus, New Delhi-110012, India and All India Network Project on Pesticide Residues, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi-110012, India
| | - Jaya Maisnam
- National Research Center on Plant Biotechnology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute Campus, New Delhi-110012, India and All India Network Project on Pesticide Residues, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi-110012, India
| | - Ajay Jain
- National Research Center on Plant Biotechnology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute Campus, New Delhi-110012, India and All India Network Project on Pesticide Residues, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi-110012, India
| | - Krishan Kumar Sharma
- National Research Center on Plant Biotechnology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute Campus, New Delhi-110012, India and All India Network Project on Pesticide Residues, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi-110012, India
| | - Ramcharan Bhattacharya
- National Research Center on Plant Biotechnology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute Campus, New Delhi-110012, India and All India Network Project on Pesticide Residues, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi-110012, India
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Chen GP, Zhang XQ, Wu T, Li L, Han J, Du CQ. Alteration of mevalonate pathway in proliferated vascular smooth muscle from diabetic mice: possible role in high-glucose-induced atherogenic process. J Diabetes Res 2015; 2015:379287. [PMID: 25918730 PMCID: PMC4396976 DOI: 10.1155/2015/379287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) is one of the main features of atherosclerosis induced by high glucose. Mevalonate pathway is an important metabolic pathway that plays a key role in multiple cellular processes. The aim of this study was to define whether the enzyme expression in mevalonate pathway is changed in proliferated VSMCs during atherogenic process in diabetic mice. Diabetes was induced in BALB/c mice with streptozotocin (STZ, 50 mg/kg/day for 5 days). Induction of diabetes with STZ was associated with an increase of lesion area and media thickness after 8 and 16 weeks of diabetes. In aorta, there were overexpressions of some enzymes, including 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (HMGR), farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase (FPPS), geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase (GGPPS), farnesyltransferase (FNT), and geranylgeranyltransferase-1 (GGT-1), and unchanged expression of squalene synthase (SQS) and phosphor-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (P-HMGR) in 8 and 16 weeks of diabetes. In vitro, VSMCs were cultured and treated with different glucose concentrations for 48 h. High glucose (22.2 mM) induced VSMC proliferation and upregulation of HMGR, FPPS, GGPPS, FNT, and GGT-1 but did not change the expressions of SQS and P-HMGR. In conclusion, altered expression of several key enzymes in the mevalonate pathway may play a potential pathophysiological role in atherogenic process of diabetes macrovascular complication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Ping Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
- *Guo-Ping Chen:
| | - Xiao-Qin Zhang
- Department of Respirology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Tao Wu
- Institute of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Liang Li
- Institute of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Jie Han
- Institute of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Chang-Qing Du
- Department of Cardiology, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou 310003, China
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Cankar K, Jongedijk E, Klompmaker M, Majdic T, Mumm R, Bouwmeester H, Bosch D, Beekwilder J. (+)-Valencene production in Nicotiana benthamiana is increased by down-regulation of competing pathways. Biotechnol J 2015; 10:180-9. [PMID: 25159317 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201400288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Plant sesquiterpenes, such as (+)-valencene, artemisinin, and farnesene are valuable chemicals for use as aromatics, pharmaceuticals, and biofuels. Plant-based production systems for terpenoids critically depend on the availability of farnesyl diphosphate (FPP). Currently, these systems show insufficient yields, due to the competition for FPP of newly introduced pathways with endogenous ones. In this study, for the first time an RNAi strategy aiming at silencing of endogenous pathways for increased (+)-valencene production was employed. Firstly, a transient production system for (+)-valencene in Nicotiana benthamiana was set up using agroinfiltration. Secondly, silencing of the endogenous 5-epi-aristolochene synthase (EAS) and squalene synthase (SQS) that compete for the FPP pool was deployed. This resulted in a N. benthamiana plant that produces (+)-valencene as a prevalent volatile with a 2.8-fold increased yield. Finally, the size of the FPP pool was increased by overexpression of enzymes that are rate-limiting in FPP biosynthesis. Combined with silencing of EAS and SQS, no further increase of (+)-valencene production was observed, but emission of farnesol. Formation of farnesol, which is a breakdown product of FPP, indicates that overproducing sesquiterpenes is no longer limited by FPP availability in the cytosol. This study shows that metabolic engineering of plants can effectively be used for increased production of desired products in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Cankar
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands; Plant Research International, Business Unit Bioscience, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Lu X, Zhang F, Shen Q, Jiang W, Pan Q, Lv Z, Yan T, Fu X, Wang Y, Qian H, Tang K. Overexpression of allene oxide cyclase improves the biosynthesis of artemisinin in Artemisia annua L. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91741. [PMID: 24642483 PMCID: PMC3958394 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Jasmonates (JAs) are important signaling molecules in plants and play crucial roles in stress responses, secondary metabolites' regulation, plant growth and development. In this study, the promoter of AaAOC, which was the key gene of jasmonate biosynthetic pathway, had been cloned. GUS staining showed that AaAOC was expressed ubiquitiously in A. annua. AaAOC gene was overexpressed under control of 35S promoter. RT-Q-PCR showed that the expression levels of AaAOC were increased from 1.6- to 5.2-fold in AaAOC-overexpression transgenic A. annua. The results of GC-MS showed that the content of endogenous jasmonic acid (JA) was 2- to 4.7-fold of the control level in AaAOC-overexpression plants. HPLC showed that the contents of artemisinin, dihydroartemisinic acid and artemisinic acid were increased significantly in AaAOC-overexpression plants. RT-Q-PCR showed that the expression levels of FPS (farnesyl diphosphate synthase), CYP71AV1 (cytochrome P450 dependent hydroxylase) and DBR2 (double bond reductase 2) were increased significantly in AaAOC-overexpression plants. All data demonstrated that increased endogenous JA could significantly promote the biosynthesis of artemisinin in AaAOC-overexpression transgenic A.annua.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Lu
- Plant Biotechnology Research Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fangyuan Zhang
- Plant Biotechnology Research Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Shen
- Plant Biotechnology Research Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weimin Jiang
- Plant Biotechnology Research Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qifang Pan
- Plant Biotechnology Research Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zongyou Lv
- Plant Biotechnology Research Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tingxiang Yan
- Plant Biotechnology Research Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xueqing Fu
- Plant Biotechnology Research Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuliang Wang
- Plant Biotechnology Research Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongmei Qian
- Plant Biotechnology Research Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kexuan Tang
- Plant Biotechnology Research Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
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Karaket N, Wiyakrutta S, Lacaille-Dubois MA, Supaibulwatana K. T-DNA insertion alters the terpenoid content composition and bioactivity of transgenic Artemisia annua. Nat Prod Commun 2014; 9:363-366. [PMID: 24689216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, the interference of T-DNA insertion upon Agrobacterium-mediated transformation on the biochemical expression of the host genome is discussed. Plant extracts of transgenic Artemisia annua L. with or without an overexpressed famesyl pyrophosphate synthase gene have been investigated for their bioactivity and metabolic profile in comparison with wild type A. annua. The highest antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis and Candida albicans was observed in the T253 transgenic lines. Moreover, the crude extract from T253 showed higher antimalarial activity against the Plasmodium faciparum K1 strain than those of the others. The terpenoid constituents and antimicrobial properties of the plant samples were grouped by hierarchical clustering analysis. The clustering showed that squalene is a putative compound that might be involved in increasing the bioactivity of the transgenic line. In addition, T253 had a triterpene content that was about twice as great as that of the T253-2 line, which had a higher content of sesquiterpenes. However, both lines were transformed by the same FPS gene. These results suggested that the different bioactive properties observed in each transgenic line may be caused by variations in their terpenoid composition, which is affected by T-DNA insertion at different positions in the host plant.
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Abstract
Farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPS) catalyzes the sequential head-to-tail condensation of isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP, C5) with dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP, C5) and geranyl diphosphate (GPP, C10) to produce farnesyl diphosphate (FPP, C15). This short-chain prenyl diphosphate constitutes a key branch-point of the isoprenoid biosynthetic pathway from which a variety of bioactive isoprenoids that are vital for normal plant growth and survival are produced. Here we describe a protocol to obtain highly purified preparations of recombinant FPS and a radiochemical assay method for measuring FPS activity in purified enzyme preparations and plant tissue extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montserrat Arró
- Center for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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Vengerovskiĭ AI, Khlusov IA, Nechaev KA. [Molecular mechanisms of action of bisphosphonates and strontium ranelate]. Eksp Klin Farmakol 2014; 77:43-46. [PMID: 25365870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Bisphosphonates are chemical analogs of isoprene lipids, which competitively decrease the activity of farnesyl diphosphate synthase in osteoclasts and thus retard prenylation. The non-prenylated small GTPases cannot attach to the membrane of osteoclasts, which decreases their resorptive function and accelerates apoptosis. Strontium ranelate activates the Wnt signal pathway (with participation of calcium-sensitive receptor), increases the replication activity (by changing the function of RANKL/RANK/OPG system) thus suppressing the apoptosis of osteoblasts, and retards the resorptive function by accelerating the apoptosis of osteoclasts.
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Kang JH, Gonzales-Vigil E, Matsuba Y, Pichersky E, Barry CS. Determination of residues responsible for substrate and product specificity of Solanum habrochaites short-chain cis-prenyltransferases. Plant Physiol 2014; 164:80-91. [PMID: 24254315 PMCID: PMC3875827 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.230466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Isoprenoids are diverse compounds that have their biosynthetic origin in the initial condensation of isopentenyl diphosphate and dimethylallyl diphosphate to form C10 prenyl diphosphates that can be elongated by the addition of subsequent isopentenyl diphosphate units. These reactions are catalyzed by either cis-prenyltransferases (CPTs) or trans-prenyltransferases. The synthesis of volatile terpenes in plants typically proceeds through either geranyl diphosphate (C10) or trans-farnesyl diphosphate (C15), to yield monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes, respectively. However, terpene biosynthesis in glandular trichomes of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and related wild relatives also occurs via the cis-substrates neryl diphosphate (NPP) and 2Z,6Z-farnesyl diphosphate (Z,Z-FPP). NPP and Z,Z-FPP are synthesized by neryl diphosphate synthase1 (NDPS1) and Z,Z-farnesyl diphosphate synthase (zFPS), which are encoded by the orthologous CPT1 locus in tomato and Solanum habrochaites, respectively. In this study, comparative sequence analysis of NDPS1 and zFPS enzymes from S. habrochaites accessions that synthesize either monoterpenes or sesquiterpenes was performed to identify amino acid residues that correlate with the ability to synthesize NPP or Z,Z-FPP. Subsequent structural modeling, coupled with site-directed mutagenesis, highlighted the importance of four amino acids located within conserved domain II of CPT enzymes that form part of the second α-helix, for determining substrate and product specificity of these enzymes. In particular, the relative positioning of aromatic amino acid residues at positions 100 and 107 determines the ability of these enzymes to synthesize NPP or Z,Z-FPP. This study provides insight into the biochemical evolution of terpene biosynthesis in the glandular trichomes of Solanum species.
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Notarnicola M, Caruso MG, Tafaro A, Tutino V, Bianco G, Minoia M, Francavilla A. Dietary-suppression of hepatic lipogenic enzyme expression in intact male transgenic mice. World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19:8671-8677. [PMID: 24379585 PMCID: PMC3870513 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i46.8671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To study, in intact male transgenic mice, the effects of three diets based on olive oil and olive oil diet supplemented with lovastatin and orlistat on hepatic lipogenic enzymes expression, considered markers of cell proliferation.
METHODS: Forty ApcMin/+ mice were randomly divided into 4 groups and fed for 10 wk: olive oil (OO) group, n = 10 animals received a diet with olive oil 12%; olive oil plus lovastatin (LOVA) group, n = 10 animals received the same diet with olive oil supplemented with lovastatin 5 mg/kg; olive oil plus orlistat (OR) group, n = 10 animals fed the diet with olive oil supplemented with orlistat 50 mg/kg and SD group, n = 10 animals fed a standard diet. The activity of lipogenic enzymes and their gene expression were evaluated by radiometric and real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assay, respectively.
RESULTS: After 10 wk of dietary treatment, the body weight was no different among animal groups (21.3 ± 3.1 g for standard group, 22.1 ± 3.6 g for OO group, 22.0 ± 3.2 g for LOVA group and 20.7 ± 3.4 g for OR group, data expressed as mean ± SD), observing a generalized well-being in all animals. All the dietary managed treated groups presented significantly reduced hepatic levels of fatty acid synthase, farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase and 3-hydroxyl-3-methyl-glutaryl CoA reductase activity and gene expression when compared with the mice fed the standard diet. To evaluate cell proliferation in the liver of treated mice, the levels of cyclin E mRNA have been measured, demonstrating a significant reduction of cyclin E gene expression in all treated groups. Evidence of reduced hepatic cell proliferation was present overall in OO group mice.
CONCLUSION: We confirm the role of lipogenic enzymes as markers of cell proliferation, suggesting that appropriate dietary management alone or with drugs can be a feasible approach to counteract hepatic cell proliferation in mice.
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Uthup TK, Saha T, Ravindran M, Bini K. Impact of an intragenic retrotransposon on the structural integrity and evolution of a major isoprenoid biosynthesis pathway gene in Hevea brasiliensis. Plant Physiol Biochem 2013; 73:176-88. [PMID: 24128694 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2013.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Isoprenoids belong to a large family of structurally and functionally different natural compounds found universally from prokaryotes to higher animals and plants. In Hevea brasiliensis, the commercially important cis-polyisoprene (rubber) is synthesised as part of its defence mechanism in addition to other common isoprenoids like phytosterols, growth hormones etc. Farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FDPS) is a key enzyme in this process which catalyses the conversion of isoprene units into polyisoprene. Although prior sequence information is available, the structural variants of the FDPS gene presently existing in Hevea population are largely unknown. Since gene structure has a major role in gene regulation, extensive sequence analysis of this gene from different genotypes was carried out to identify the prevailing structural variants. We identified several SNPs and large indels which were associated with a partial transposable element (TE). Modification of key regulatory motifs and splice sites induced by the retroelement was also identified in the first intron. Screening of popular rubber clones, wild germplasm accessions and Hevea species revealed that the retroelement is responsible for the generation of new alleles with varying degrees of sequence homology. Segregation analysis of a progeny population confirmed that the alleles are not paralogs and are inherited in a Mendelian mode. Our findings suggest that the first intron of the FDPS gene has been subjected to various chromosomal rearrangements due to the interaction of a retrotransposon, resulting in novel alleles which may substantially contribute towards the evolution of this major gene in rubber. Moreover, the results indicate the possible existence of a retrotransposon-mediated epigenetic gene regulatory mechanism in Hevea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Kadampanattu Uthup
- Genome Analysis Laboratory, Rubber Research Institute of India, Rubber Board, P O, Kottayam, Kerala Pin-686009, India.
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Yang X, Wei JH, Liu J, Xu YH. [Cloning and expression analysis of farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase from Aquilaria sinensis]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2013; 38:3251-3255. [PMID: 24422386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPS) is one of the key rate-limiting enzymes in the sesquiterpene metabolic pathways. In this study, the open reading frame (ORF) of FPS was cloned by PCR based on the transcript sequence of AsFPS1 from the Aquilaria sinensis transcriptome database and sequenced. Total RNA was extracted from the root, stem and leaves of three-year-old A. sinensis, and from healthy and wounded A. sinensis calli, and then reverse-transcribed into single-stranded cDNA as a template for real-time PCR, to detect the expression specificity of AsFPSI in different tissues and its expression profile in responding to different treatments. The result showed that the full length of AsFPS1 was 1 342 bp with the ORF 1 029 bp, encoding 342 amino acids. Tissue expression analysis indicated that AsFPS1 was mainly expressed in root and stem, and was lower in leaves. Inducible-experiments showed that the genes was induced by mechanical wound as well as chemical liquid induction, and reached the highest expression level at 6 h and 12 h, respectively. The full-length cDNA clone of AsFPSI and its expression patterns analysis will provide a foundation for follow-up study on its biological function and agarwood sesquiterpene biosynthesis mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi 154007, China.
| | - Jian-He Wei
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Juan Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi 154007, China
| | - Yan-Hong Xu
- College of Pharmacy, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi 154007, China
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Gutensohn M, Orlova I, Nguyen TTH, Davidovich-Rikanati R, Ferruzzi MG, Sitrit Y, Lewinsohn E, Pichersky E, Dudareva N. Cytosolic monoterpene biosynthesis is supported by plastid-generated geranyl diphosphate substrate in transgenic tomato fruits. Plant J 2013; 75:351-63. [PMID: 23607888 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Revised: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Geranyl diphosphate (GPP), the precursor of most monoterpenes, is synthesized in plastids from dimethylallyl diphosphate and isopentenyl diphosphate by GPP synthases (GPPSs). In heterodimeric GPPSs, a non-catalytic small subunit (GPPS-SSU) interacts with a catalytic large subunit, such as geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase, and determines its product specificity. Here, snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus) GPPS-SSU was over-expressed in tomato fruits under the control of the fruit ripening-specific polygalacturonase promoter to divert the metabolic flux from carotenoid formation towards GPP and monoterpene biosynthesis. Transgenic tomato fruits produced monoterpenes, including geraniol, geranial, neral, citronellol and citronellal, while exhibiting reduced carotenoid content. Co-expression of the Ocimum basilicum geraniol synthase (GES) gene with snapdragon GPPS-SSU led to a more than threefold increase in monoterpene formation in tomato fruits relative to the parental GES line, indicating that the produced GPP can be used by plastidic monoterpene synthases. Co-expression of snapdragon GPPS-SSU with the O. basilicum α-zingiberene synthase (ZIS) gene encoding a cytosolic terpene synthase that has been shown to possess both sesqui- and monoterpene synthase activities resulted in increased levels of ZIS-derived monoterpene products compared to fruits expressing ZIS alone. These results suggest that re-direction of the metabolic flux towards GPP in plastids also increases the cytosolic pool of GPP available for monoterpene synthesis in this compartment via GPP export from plastids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Gutensohn
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Keim V, Manzano D, Fernández FJ, Closa M, Andrade P, Caudepón D, Bortolotti C, Vega MC, Arró M, Ferrer A. Characterization of Arabidopsis FPS isozymes and FPS gene expression analysis provide insight into the biosynthesis of isoprenoid precursors in seeds. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49109. [PMID: 23145086 PMCID: PMC3492304 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 10/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Arabidopsis thaliana contains two genes encoding farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) synthase (FPS), the prenyl diphoshate synthase that catalyzes the synthesis of FPP from isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP). In this study, we provide evidence that the two Arabidopsis short FPS isozymes FPS1S and FPS2 localize to the cytosol. Both enzymes were expressed in E. coli, purified and biochemically characterized. Despite FPS1S and FPS2 share more than 90% amino acid sequence identity, FPS2 was found to be more efficient as a catalyst, more sensitive to the inhibitory effect of NaCl, and more resistant to thermal inactivation than FPS1S. Homology modelling for FPS1S and FPS2 and analysis of the amino acid differences between the two enzymes revealed an increase in surface polarity and a greater capacity to form surface salt bridges of FPS2 compared to FPS1S. These factors most likely account for the enhanced thermostability of FPS2. Expression analysis of FPS::GUS genes in seeds showed that FPS1 and FPS2 display complementary patterns of expression particularly at late stages of seed development, which suggests that Arabidopsis seeds have two spatially segregated sources of FPP. Functional complementation studies of the Arabidopsis fps2 knockout mutant seed phenotypes demonstrated that under normal conditions FPS1S and FPS2 are functionally interchangeable. A putative role for FPS2 in maintaining seed germination capacity under adverse environmental conditions is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Keim
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Campus UAB, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Manzano
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Campus UAB, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Fernández
- Department of Structural and Quantitative Biology, Centre for Biological Research (CIB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Closa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paola Andrade
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Campus UAB, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Caudepón
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Campus UAB, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Bortolotti
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Campus UAB, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M. Cristina Vega
- Department of Structural and Quantitative Biology, Centre for Biological Research (CIB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Montserrat Arró
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Campus UAB, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Ferrer
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Campus UAB, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Xing Z, Long Y, He S, Liang N, Li B. [Molecular cloning of farnesyl diphosphate synthase from Eleutherococcus senticosus and its bioinformatics and expression analysis]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2012; 37:1725-1730. [PMID: 22997812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To clone farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPS) gene from Eleutherococcus senticosus and analyze the bioinformatics and expression of the gene. METHOD The FPS full length cDNA was cloned by rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). The data was analyzed by bioinformatics method, the structure and function of FPS was deduced. The expression of FPS in different organ of E. senticosus was detected by RT-PCR. RESULT The full length of FPS cDNA was 1 499 bp containing a 1 029 bp ORF that encoded 342 amino acids. The deduced protein sequence exhibited two Asp riches conserved motifs (DDXXD). Without transmembrane domain, FPS was located in cytoplasm. RT-PCR result showed that FPS gene expressed in different organs of E. senticosus. The expression amounts of FPS in different organs were different significantly (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION The FPS gene of E. senticosus was successfully cloned for the first time, and provided a stable foundation for studying on its effect and expression control on E. senticosus saponins biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaobin Xing
- College of Life Science, Hebei United University, Tangshan 063000, China.
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