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A highly selective near-infrared fluorescent probe for carboxylesterase 2 and its bioimaging applications in living cells and animals. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 83:193-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.04.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Shi J, Wang X, Eyler RF, Liang Y, Liu L, Mueller BA, Zhu HJ. Association of Oseltamivir Activation with Gender and Carboxylesterase 1 Genetic Polymorphisms. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2016; 119:555-561. [PMID: 27228223 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Oseltamivir, an inactive anti-influenza virus prodrug, is activated (hydrolysed) in vivo by carboxylesterase 1 (CES1) to its active metabolite oseltamivir carboxylate. CES1 functions are significantly associated with certain CES1 genetic variants and some non-genetic factors. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of gender and several CES1 genetic polymorphisms on oseltamivir activation using a large set of individual human liver samples. CES1-mediated oseltamivir hydrolysis and CES1 genotypes, including the G143E (rs71647871), rs2244613, rs8192935, the -816A>C (rs3785161) and the CES1P1/CES1P1VAR, were determined in 104 individual human livers. The results showed that hepatic CES1 protein expression in females was 17.3% higher than that in males (p = 0.039), while oseltamivir activation rate in the livers from female donors was 27.8% higher than that from males (p = 0.076). As for CES1 genetic polymorphisms, neither CES1 protein expression nor CES1 activity on oseltamivir activation was significantly associated with the rs2244613, rs8192935, -816A>C or CES1P1/CES1P1VAR genotypes. However, oseltamivir hydrolysis in the livers with the genotype 143G/E was approximately 40% of that with the 143G/G genotype (0.7 ± 0.2 versus 1.8 ± 1.1 nmole/mg protein/min, p = 0.005). In summary, the results suggest that hepatic oseltamivir activation appears to be more efficient in females than that in males, and the activation can be impaired by functional CES1 variants, such as the G143E. However, clinical implication of CES1 gender differences and pharmacogenetics in oseltamivir pharmacotherapy warrants further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Shi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Xinwen Wang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Rachel F Eyler
- School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Yan Liang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,The Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,The Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bruce A Mueller
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Hao-Jie Zhu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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53
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Wang X, Wang G, Shi J, Aa J, Comas R, Liang Y, Zhu HJ. CES1 genetic variation affects the activation of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2016; 16:220-30. [PMID: 26076923 PMCID: PMC6329299 DOI: 10.1038/tpj.2015.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to determine the effect of carboxylesterase 1 (CES1) genetic variation on the activation of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) prodrugs. In vitro incubation study of human liver, intestine and kidney s9 fractions demonstrated that the ACEI prodrugs enalapril, ramipril, perindopril, moexipril and fosinopril are selectively activated by CES1 in the liver. The impact of CES1/CES1VAR and CES1P1/CES1P1VAR genotypes and diplotypes on CES1 expression and activity on enalapril activation was investigated in 102 normal human liver samples. Neither the genotypes nor the diplotypes affected hepatic CES1 expression and activity. Moreover, among several CES1 nonsynonymous variants studied in transfected cell lines, the G143E (rs71647871) was a loss-of-function variant for the activation of all ACEIs tested. The CES1 activity on enalapril activation in human livers with the 143G/E genotype was approximately one-third of that carrying the 143G/G. Thus, some functional CES1 genetic variants (for example, G143E) may impair ACEI activation, and consequently affect therapeutic outcomes of ACEI prodrugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinwen Wang
- Department of clinical, social, and administrative
sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- The Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics,
China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guangji Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics,
China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jian Shi
- Department of clinical, social, and administrative
sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jiye Aa
- The Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics,
China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rinelly Comas
- Department of clinical, social, and administrative
sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Yan Liang
- Department of clinical, social, and administrative
sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- The Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics,
China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hao-Jie Zhu
- Department of clinical, social, and administrative
sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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54
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Esterase detoxication of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors using human liver samples in vitro. Toxicology 2016; 353-354:11-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2016.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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55
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Zhu HJ, Langaee TY, Gong Y, Wang X, Pepine CJ, Cooper-DeHoff RM, Johnson JA, Markowitz JS. CES1P1 variant -816A>C is not associated with hepatic carboxylesterase 1 expression and activity or antihypertensive effect of trandolapril. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2016; 72:681-7. [PMID: 26915813 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-016-2029-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The majority of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) are synthesized as ester prodrugs that must be converted to their active forms in vivo in order to exert therapeutic effects. Hepatic carboxylesterase 1 (CES1) is the primary enzyme responsible for the bioactivation of ACEI prodrugs in humans. The genetic variant -816A>C (rs3785161) is a common variant located in the promoter region of the CES1P1 gene. Previous studies report conflicting results with regard to the association of this variant and therapeutic outcomes of CES1 substrate drugs. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the variant -816A>C on the activation of the ACEI prodrug trandolapril in human livers and the blood pressure (BP)-lowering effect of trandolapril in hypertensive patients. METHODS The -816A>C genotypes and CES1 expression and activity on trandolapril activation were determined in 100 individual human liver samples. Furthermore, the association of the -816A>C variant and the BP lowering effect of trandolapril was evaluated in hypertensive patients who participated in the International Verapamil SR Trandolapril Study (INVEST). RESULTS Our in vitro study demonstrated that hepatic CES1 expression and activity did not differ among different -816A>C genotypes. Moreover, we were unable to identify a clinical association between the BP lowering effects of trandolapril and -816A>C genotypes. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that the -816A>C variant is not associated with interindividual variability in CES1 expression and activity or therapeutic response to ACEI prodrugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Jie Zhu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Taimour Y Langaee
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, University of Florida, 1600 SW Archer Road, RM PG-23, Gainesville, FL, 32610-0486, USA.,Center for Pharmacogenomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Yan Gong
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, University of Florida, 1600 SW Archer Road, RM PG-23, Gainesville, FL, 32610-0486, USA.,Center for Pharmacogenomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Xinwen Wang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Carl J Pepine
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Rhonda M Cooper-DeHoff
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, University of Florida, 1600 SW Archer Road, RM PG-23, Gainesville, FL, 32610-0486, USA.,Center for Pharmacogenomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Julie A Johnson
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, University of Florida, 1600 SW Archer Road, RM PG-23, Gainesville, FL, 32610-0486, USA.,Center for Pharmacogenomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - John S Markowitz
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, University of Florida, 1600 SW Archer Road, RM PG-23, Gainesville, FL, 32610-0486, USA. .,Center for Pharmacogenomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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56
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Yoon M, Clewell HJ. Addressing Early Life Sensitivity Using Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling and In Vitro to In Vivo Extrapolation. Toxicol Res 2016; 32:15-20. [PMID: 26977255 PMCID: PMC4780231 DOI: 10.5487/tr.2016.32.1.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling can provide an effective way to utilize in vitro and in silico based information in modern risk assessment for children and other potentially sensitive populations. In this review, we describe the process of in vitro to in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) to develop PBPK models for a chemical in different ages in order to predict the target tissue exposure at the age of concern in humans. We present our on-going studies on pyrethroids as a proof of concept to guide the readers through the IVIVE steps using the metabolism data collected either from age-specific liver donors or expressed enzymes in conjunction with enzyme ontogeny information to provide age-appropriate metabolism parameters in the PBPK model in the rat and human, respectively. The approach we present here is readily applicable to not just to other pyrethroids, but also to other environmental chemicals and drugs. Establishment of an in vitro and in silico-based evaluation strategy in conjunction with relevant exposure information in humans is of great importance in risk assessment for potentially vulnerable populations like early ages where the necessary information for decision making is limited.
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57
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Hines RN, Simpson PM, McCarver DG. Age-Dependent Human Hepatic Carboxylesterase 1 (CES1) and Carboxylesterase 2 (CES2) Postnatal Ontogeny. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 44:959-66. [PMID: 26825642 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.068957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Human hepatic carboxylesterase 1 and 2 (CES1 and CES2) are important for the disposition of ester- and amide-bond-containing pharmaceuticals and environmental chemicals. CES1 and CES2 ontogeny has not been well characterized, causing difficulty in addressing concerns regarding juvenile sensitivity to adverse outcomes associated with exposure to certain substrates. To characterize postnatal human hepatic CES1 and CES2 expression, microsomal and cytosolic fractions were prepared using liver samples from subjects without liver disease (N = 165, aged 1 day to 18 years). Proteins were fractionated, detected, and quantitated by Western blotting. Median microsomal CES1 was lower among samples from subjects younger than 3 weeks (n = 36) compared with the rest of the population (n = 126; 6.27 vs. 17.5 pmol/mg microsomal protein, respectively; P < 0.001; Kruskal-Wallis test). Median cytosolic CES1 expression was lowest among samples from individuals between birth and 3 weeks of age (n = 36), markedly greater among those aged 3 weeks to 6 years (n = 90), and modestly greater still among those older than 6 years (n = 36; median values = 4.7, 15.8, and 16.6 pmol/mg cytosolic protein, respectively; P values < 0.001 and 0.05, respectively; Kruskal-Wallis test). Median microsomal CES2 expression increased across the same three age groups with median values of 1.8, 2.9, and 4.2 pmol/mg microsomal protein, respectively (P < 0.001, both). For cytosolic CES2, only the youngest age group differed from the two older groups (P < 0.001; median values = 1.29, 1.93, 2.0, respectively). These data suggest that infants younger than 3 weeks of age would exhibit significantly lower CES1- and CES2-dependent metabolic clearance compared with older individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald N Hines
- Departments of Pediatrics (R.N.H., P.M.S., D.G.M.) and Pharmacology/Toxicology (R.N.H., D.G.M.), Medical College of Wisconsin and Children's Research Institute, Children's Hospital and Health System, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Pippa M Simpson
- Departments of Pediatrics (R.N.H., P.M.S., D.G.M.) and Pharmacology/Toxicology (R.N.H., D.G.M.), Medical College of Wisconsin and Children's Research Institute, Children's Hospital and Health System, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - D Gail McCarver
- Departments of Pediatrics (R.N.H., P.M.S., D.G.M.) and Pharmacology/Toxicology (R.N.H., D.G.M.), Medical College of Wisconsin and Children's Research Institute, Children's Hospital and Health System, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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58
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Shi J, Wang X, Nguyen J, Wu AH, Bleske BE, Zhu HJ. Sacubitril Is Selectively Activated by Carboxylesterase 1 (CES1) in the Liver and the Activation Is Affected by CES1 Genetic Variation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 44:554-9. [PMID: 26817948 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.068536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Sacubitril was recently approved by the Food and Drug Administration for use in combination with valsartan for the treatment of patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. As a prodrug, sacubitril must be metabolized (hydrolyzed) to its active metabolite sacubitrilat (LBQ657) to exert its intended therapeutic effects. Thus, understanding the determinants of sacubitril activation will lead to the improvement of sacubitril pharmacotherapy. The objective of this study was to identify the enzyme(s) responsible for the activation of sacubitril, and determine the impact of genetic variation on sacubitril activation. First, an incubation study of sacubitril with human plasma and the S9 fractions of human liver, intestine, and kidney was conducted. Sacubitril was found to be activated by human liver S9 fractions only. Moreover, sacubitril activation was significantly inhibited by the carboxylesterase 1 (CES1) inhibitor bis-(p-nitrophenyl) phosphate in human liver S9. Further incubation studies with recombinant human CES1 and carboxylesterase 2 confirmed that sacubitril is a selective CES1 substrate. The in vitro study of cell lines transfected with wild-type CES1 and the CES1 variant G143E (rs71647871) demonstrated that G143E is a loss-of-function variant for sacubitril activation. Importantly, sacubitril activation was significantly impaired in human livers carrying the G143E variant. In conclusion, sacubitril is selectively activated by CES1 in human liver. The CES1 genetic variant G143E can significantly impair sacubitril activation. Therefore, CES1 genetic variants appear to be an important contributing factor to interindividual variability in sacubitril activation, and have the potential to serve as biomarkers to optimize sacubitril pharmacotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Shi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy (J.S., X.W., H.-J.Z.), and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (J.N.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Health Systems, Ann Arbor, Michigan (A.H.W.); and Department of Pharmacy Practice and Administrative Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico (B.E.B.)
| | - Xinwen Wang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy (J.S., X.W., H.-J.Z.), and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (J.N.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Health Systems, Ann Arbor, Michigan (A.H.W.); and Department of Pharmacy Practice and Administrative Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico (B.E.B.)
| | - Jenny Nguyen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy (J.S., X.W., H.-J.Z.), and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (J.N.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Health Systems, Ann Arbor, Michigan (A.H.W.); and Department of Pharmacy Practice and Administrative Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico (B.E.B.)
| | - Audrey H Wu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy (J.S., X.W., H.-J.Z.), and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (J.N.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Health Systems, Ann Arbor, Michigan (A.H.W.); and Department of Pharmacy Practice and Administrative Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico (B.E.B.)
| | - Barry E Bleske
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy (J.S., X.W., H.-J.Z.), and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (J.N.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Health Systems, Ann Arbor, Michigan (A.H.W.); and Department of Pharmacy Practice and Administrative Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico (B.E.B.)
| | - Hao-Jie Zhu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy (J.S., X.W., H.-J.Z.), and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (J.N.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Health Systems, Ann Arbor, Michigan (A.H.W.); and Department of Pharmacy Practice and Administrative Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico (B.E.B.)
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Ning R, Wang XP, Zhan YR, Qi Q, Huang XF, Hu G, Guo QL, Liu W, Yang J. Gambogic acid potentiates clopidogrel-induced apoptosis and attenuates irinotecan-induced apoptosis through down-regulating human carboxylesterase 1 and -2. Xenobiotica 2016; 46:816-24. [PMID: 26750665 DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2015.1125560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
1. In this study, we report that gambogic acid (GA), a promising anticancer agent, potentiates clopidogrel-induced apoptosis and attenuates CPT-11-induced apoptosis by down-regulating human carboxylesterase (CES) 1 and -2 via ERK and p38 MAPK pathway activation, which provides a molecular explanation linking the effect of drug combination directly to the decreased capacity of hydrolytic biotransformation. 2. The expression levels of CES1 and CES2 decreased significantly in a concentration- and time-dependent manner in response to GA in Huh7 and HepG2 cells; hydrolytic activity was also reduced. 3. The results showed that pretreatment with GA potentiated clopidogrel-induced apoptosis by down-regulating CES1. Moreover, the GA-mediated repression of CES2 attenuated CPT-11-induced apoptosis. 4. Furthermore, the ERK and p38 MAPK pathways were involved in the GA-mediated down-regulation of CES1 and CES2. 5. Taken together, our data suggest that GA is a potent repressor of CES1 and CES2 and that combination with GA will affect the metabolism of drugs containing ester bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Ning
- a Department of Pharmacology , Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Ping Wang
- b Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , P.R. China
| | - Yun-Ran Zhan
- a Department of Pharmacology , Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , P.R. China
| | - Qi Qi
- c Department of Pharmacology , Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta , GA , USA , and
| | - Xue-Feng Huang
- d Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , P.R. China
| | - Gang Hu
- a Department of Pharmacology , Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , P.R. China
| | - Qing-Long Guo
- b Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , P.R. China
| | - Wei Liu
- a Department of Pharmacology , Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , P.R. China
| | - Jian Yang
- a Department of Pharmacology , Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , P.R. China
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60
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Wang DD, Jin Q, Hou J, Feng L, Li N, Li SY, Zhou Q, Zou LW, Ge GB, Wang JG, Yang L. Highly sensitive and selective detection of human carboxylesterase 1 activity by liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1008:212-218. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.11.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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61
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Wang DD, Jin Q, Zou LW, Hou J, Lv X, Lei W, Cheng HL, Ge GB, Yang L. A bioluminescent sensor for highly selective and sensitive detection of human carboxylesterase 1 in complex biological samples. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:3183-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc09874b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A highly selective and sensitive bioluminescent sensor (DME) for real-time monitoring of human carboxylesterase 1 (hCE1) activities in complex biological samples and bio-imaging of endogenous hCE1 in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Dan Wang
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Dalian
- China
| | - Qiang Jin
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Dalian
- China
| | - Li-Wei Zou
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Dalian
- China
| | - Jie Hou
- Dalian Medical University
- Dalian
- China
| | - Xia Lv
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Dalian
- China
| | - Wei Lei
- Dalian Medical University
- Dalian
- China
| | - Hai-Ling Cheng
- Cancer Institute
- The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University
- Dalian
- China
| | - Guang-Bo Ge
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Dalian
- China
| | - Ling Yang
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Dalian
- China
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62
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Lv X, Wang DD, Feng L, Wang P, Zou LW, Hao DC, Hou J, Cui JN, Ge GB, Yang L. A highly selective marker reaction for measuring the activity of human carboxylesterase 1 in complex biological samples. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra23614b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
NMHN hydrolysis was found to be a highly selective marker reaction for sensing the activity of human carboxylesterase 1 (hCE1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Lv
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Resource Discovery
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Dalian 116023
- China
| | - Dan-Dan Wang
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Resource Discovery
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Dalian 116023
- China
| | - Lei Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian 116012
- China
| | - Ping Wang
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Resource Discovery
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Dalian 116023
- China
| | - Li-Wei Zou
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Resource Discovery
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Dalian 116023
- China
| | | | - Jie Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian 116012
- China
- Dalian Medical University
| | - Jing-Nan Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian 116012
- China
| | - Guang-Bo Ge
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Resource Discovery
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Dalian 116023
- China
| | - Ling Yang
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Resource Discovery
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Dalian 116023
- China
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Shapiro SG, Knapp DW, Breen M. A cultured approach to canine urothelial carcinoma: molecular characterization of five cell lines. Canine Genet Epidemiol 2015; 2:15. [PMID: 26401343 PMCID: PMC4579363 DOI: 10.1186/s40575-015-0028-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Urothelial carcinoma (UC), also known as transitional cell carcinoma (TCC), of the bladder is the most common neoplasm affecting the canine urogenital system. To facilitate study of the disease in vitro, cell line models have been established from primary tumor biopsies. Their resemblance to the primary disease, however, has not been well defined. In the present study, we evaluated five canine UC cell lines via oligonucleotide array comparative genomic hybridization (oaCGH), fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), and gene expression analysis. Results Comparison of genome wide DNA copy number profiles of the cell lines with primary biopsy specimens revealed redundancies in genomic aberrations, indicating that the cell lines retain the gross genomic architecture of primary tumors. As in the primary tumors, gain of canine chromosomes 13 and 36 and loss of chromosome 19 were among the most frequent aberrations evident in the cell lines. FISH analysis revealed chromosome structural aberrations, including tandem duplications, bi-armed chromosomes, and chromosome fusions, suggesting genome instability during neoplastic transformation. Gene expression profiling highlighted numerous differentially expressed genes, including many previously shown as dysregulated in primary canine UC and human bladder cancer. Pathway enrichment analysis emphasized pathways suspected to be at the crux of UC pathogenesis, including xenobiotic and lipid compound metabolism. Conclusions These data support valid use of the canine UC cell lines evaluated by confirming they provide an accurate and practical means to interrogate the UC at a molecular level. Moreover, the cell lines may provide a valuable model for furthering our understanding of aberrant metabolic pathways in UC development. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40575-015-0028-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Shapiro
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27607 USA
| | - D W Knapp
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University, College of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette, IN USA ; Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, West Lafayette, IN USA
| | - Matthew Breen
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27607 USA ; Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC USA ; Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC USA ; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC USA
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Shang W, Liu J, Chen R, Ning R, Xiong J, Liu W, Mao Z, Hu G, Yang J. Fluoxetine reduces CES1, CES2, and CYP3A4 expression through decreasing PXR and increasing DEC1 in HepG2 cells. Xenobiotica 2015; 46:393-405. [DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2015.1082209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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65
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Xiao D, Yang D, Guo L, Lu W, Charpentier M, Yan B. Regulation of carboxylesterase-2 expression by p53 family proteins and enhanced anti-cancer activities among 5-fluorouracil, irinotecan and doxazolidine prodrug. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 168:1989-99. [PMID: 23373735 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Revised: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE For four decades, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) has been a major anti-cancer medicine. This drug is increasingly used with other anti-cancer agents such as irinotecan. Irinotecan and many others such as PPD (pentyl carbamate of p-aminobenzyl carbamate of doxazolidine) require activation by carboxylesterase-2 (CES2). 5-FU, on the other hand, reportedly induces CES2 in colorectal tumour lines. The aims of this study were to determine the molecular basis for the induction and to ascertain interactive cell-killing activity between 5-FU and ester prodrugs. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Colorectal and non-colorectal lines and xenografts were treated with 5-FU and the expression of CES2 was determined. Cell-killing activity of irinotecan and PPD were determined in the presence or absence of CES2 inhibitor. Several molecular experiments were used to determine the molecular basis for the induction. KEY RESULTS Without exceptions, robust induction was detected in cell lines expressing functional p53. High-level induction was also detected in xenografts. 5-FU pretreatment significantly increased cell-killing activity of irinotecan and PPD. Molecular experiments established that the induction was achieved by both transactivation and increased mRNA stability through p53. Either p63 or p73, functionally related to p53, did not support the transactivation. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The results in this study suggest that FOLFIRI, a common regimen combining irinotecan and 5-FU, should switch the dosing sequence, namely from 5-FU to irinotecan, to enhance hydrolytic activation of irinotecan. This modified order likely reduces the dose of anti-cancer agents, thus minimizing overall toxicity. The results also conclude that p53 family members act differently in regulating gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Xiao
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Pharmacogenomics and Molecular Therapy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
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66
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Willemin ME, Kadar A, de Sousa G, Leclerc E, Rahmani R, Brochot C. In vitro human metabolism of permethrin isomers alone or as a mixture and the formation of the major metabolites in cryopreserved primary hepatocytes. Toxicol In Vitro 2015; 29:803-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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67
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Ontogenic expression of human carboxylesterase-2 and cytochrome P450 3A4 in liver and duodenum: postnatal surge and organ-dependent regulation. Toxicology 2015; 330:55-61. [PMID: 25724353 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2015.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Revised: 01/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Human carboxylesterase-2 (CES2) and cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) are two major drug metabolizing enzymes that play critical roles in hydrolytic and oxidative biotransformation, respectively. They share substrates but may have opposite effect on therapeutic potential such as the metabolism of the anticancer prodrug irinotecan. Both CES2 and CYP3A4 are expressed in the liver and the gastrointestinal tract. This study was conducted to determine whether CES2 and CYP3A4 are expressed under developmental regulation and whether the regulation occurs differentially between the liver and duodenum. A large number of tissues (112) were collected with majority of them from donors at 1-198 days of age. In addition, multi-sampling (liver, duodenum and jejunum) was performed in some donors. The expression was determined at mRNA and protein levels. In the liver, CES2 and CYP3A4 mRNA exhibited a postnatal surge (1 versus 2 months of age) by 2.7 and 29 fold, respectively. CYP3A4 but not CES2 mRNA in certain pediatric groups reached or even exceeded the adult level. The duodenal samples, on the other hand, showed a gene-specific expression pattern at mRNA level. CES2 mRNA increased with age but the opposite was true with CYP3A4 mRNA. The levels of CES2 and CYP3A4 protein, on the other hand, increased with age in both liver and duodenum. The multi-sampling study demonstrated significant correlation of CES2 expression between the duodenum and jejunum. However, neither duodenal nor jejunal expression correlated with hepatic expression of CES2. These findings establish that developmental regulation occurs in a gene and organ-dependent manner.
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68
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Rath BA, Brzostek J, Guillén S, Niranjan V, Chappey C, Rayner CR, Clinch B. Safety, virology and pharmacokinetics of oseltamivir in infants with laboratory-confirmed influenza: a Phase I/II, prospective, open-label, multi-centre clinical trial. Antivir Ther 2015; 20:815-25. [DOI: 10.3851/imp2967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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69
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An observational study of blood concentrations and kinetics of methyl- and propyl-parabens in neonates. Pharm Res 2014; 32:1084-93. [PMID: 25236342 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-014-1520-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Systemic exposure to parabens in the neonatal population, in particular propyl-parabens (PPB), remains a concern. Blood concentrations and kinetics of methyl-parabens (MPB) and PPB were therefore determined in neonates receiving medicines containing these excipients. METHODS A multi-centre, non-interventional, observational study of excipient-kinetics in neonates. 'Dried Blood Spot' samples were collected opportunistically at the same time as routine samples and the observations modelled using a non-linear mixed effects approach. RESULTS A total of 841 blood MPB and PPB concentration data were available for evaluation from 181 pre- and term-neonates. Quantifiable blood concentrations of MPB and PPB were observed in 99% and 49% of patients, and 55% and 25% of all concentrations were above limit of detection (10 ng/ml), respectively. Only MPB data was amenable to modelling. Oral bioavailability was influenced by type of formulation and disposition was best described by a two compartment model with clearance (CL) influenced by post natal age (PNA); CL PNA<21 days 0.57 versus CL PNA>21 days 0.88 L/h. CONCLUSIONS Daily repeated administration of parabens containing medicines can result in prolonged systemic exposure to the parent compound in neonates. Animal toxicology studies of PPB that specifically address the neonatal period are required before a permitted daily exposure for this age group can be established.
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A human life-stage physiologically based pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic model for chlorpyrifos: Development and validation. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2014; 69:580-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2013.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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71
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A highly selective ratiometric fluorescent probe for in vitro monitoring and cellular imaging of human carboxylesterase 1. Biosens Bioelectron 2014; 57:30-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2014.01.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Revised: 01/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Batchelor HK, Fotaki N, Klein S. Paediatric oral biopharmaceutics: key considerations and current challenges. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2014; 73:102-26. [PMID: 24189013 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2013.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2013] [Revised: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The complex process of oral drug absorption is influenced by a host of drug and formulation properties as well as their interaction with the gastrointestinal environment in terms of drug solubility, dissolution, permeability and pre-systemic metabolism. For adult dosage forms the use of biopharmaceutical tools to aid in the design and development of medicinal products is well documented. This review considers current literature evidence to guide development of bespoke paediatric biopharmaceutics tools and reviews current understanding surrounding extrapolation of adult methodology into a paediatric population. Clinical testing and the use of in silico models were also reviewed. The results demonstrate that further work is required to adequately characterise the paediatric gastrointestinal tract to ensure that biopharmaceutics tools are appropriate to predict performance within this population. The most vulnerable group was found to be neonates and infants up to 6 months where differences from adults were greatest.
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73
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The Posology of Oseltamivir in Infants With Influenza Infection Using a Population Pharmacokinetic Approach. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2014; 96:380-9. [DOI: 10.1038/clpt.2014.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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74
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Lavado R, Li J, Rimoldi JM, Schlenk D. Evaluation of the stereoselective biotransformation of permethrin in human liver microsomes: contributions of cytochrome P450 monooxygenases to the formation of estrogenic metabolites. Toxicol Lett 2014; 226:192-7. [PMID: 24548679 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Permethrin (PM) is a pyrethroid insecticide that exists as 4 enantiomers. Biotransformation of PM to estrogen receptor agonists (3-phenoxybenzyl alcohol (PBOH) and 3-(4'-hydroxyphenoxy)-benzyl alcohol (3,4 PBOH)) has been shown to be stereoselective in other vertebrate species. This study evaluated the biotransformation of PM enantiomers in human liver microsomes and with recombinant CYP3A4 and CYP2C19. PBOH and 3,4 PBOH were the only metabolites detected from in vitro incubations including each of the 4 enantiomers of PM with 1R-trans PM having the most efficient NADPH-catalyzed biotransformation to both metabolites. Coincubation with the CYP inhibitor ketoconazole and time course experiments with liver microsomes and recombinant CYP2C19 and CYP3A4 indicated CYP-catalyzed stereoselective cleavage of the ester followed by 4-hydoxylation to 3,4' PBOH. These data indicate potential dispositional differences may occur with PM enantiomers and a shift in putative molecular targets. While cleavage of pyrethroid esters lead to detoxification of the acute neurological effects, formation of the benzyl alcohol and hydroxylated metabolite may lead to estrogenic responses, since each of these metabolites are estrogen receptor ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramon Lavado
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, United States
| | - Jiwen Li
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, United States
| | - John M Rimoldi
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, United States
| | - Daniel Schlenk
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, United States.
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Rocca B, Dragani A, Pagliaccia F. Identifying determinants of variability to tailor aspirin therapy. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2014; 11:365-79. [DOI: 10.1586/erc.12.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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76
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Establishment of metabolism and transport pathways in the rodent and human fetal liver. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:23801-27. [PMID: 24322441 PMCID: PMC3876079 DOI: 10.3390/ijms141223801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The ultimate fate of drugs and chemicals in the body is largely regulated by hepatic uptake, metabolism, and excretion. The liver acquires the functional ability to metabolize and transport chemicals during the perinatal period of development. Research using livers from fetal and juvenile rodents and humans has begun to reveal the timing, key enzymes and transporters, and regulatory factors that are responsible for the establishment of hepatic phase I and II metabolism as well as transport. The majority of this research has been limited to relative mRNA and protein quantification. However, the recent utilization of novel technology, such as RNA-Sequencing, and the improved availability and refinement of functional activity assays, has begun to provide more definitive information regarding the extent of hepatic drug disposition in the developing fetus. The goals of this review are to provide an overview of the early regulation of the major phase I and II enzymes and transporters in rodent and human livers and to highlight potential mechanisms that control the ontogeny of chemical metabolism and excretion pathways.
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Ohura K, Tasaka K, Hashimoto M, Imai T. Distinct Patterns of Aging Effects on the Expression and Activity of Carboxylesterases in Rat Liver and Intestine. Drug Metab Dispos 2013; 42:264-73. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.113.054551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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78
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Laizure SC, Herring V, Hu Z, Witbrodt K, Parker RB. The role of human carboxylesterases in drug metabolism: have we overlooked their importance? Pharmacotherapy 2013; 33:210-22. [PMID: 23386599 DOI: 10.1002/phar.1194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Carboxylesterases are a multigene family of mammalian enzymes widely distributed throughout the body that catalyze the hydrolysis of esters, amides, thioesters, and carbamates. In humans, two carboxylesterases, hCE1 and hCE2, are important mediators of drug metabolism. Both are expressed in the liver, but hCE1 greatly exceeds hCE2. In the intestine, only hCE2 is present and highly expressed. The most common drug substrates of these enzymes are ester prodrugs specifically designed to enhance oral bioavailability by hydrolysis to the active carboxylic acid after absorption from the gastrointestinal tract. Carboxylesterases also play an important role in the hydrolysis of some drugs to inactive metabolites. It has been widely believed that drugs undergoing hydrolysis by hCE1 and hCE2 are not subject to clinically significant alterations in their disposition, but evidence exists that genetic polymorphisms, drug-drug interactions, drug-disease interactions and other factors are important determinants of the variability in the therapeutic response to carboxylesterase-substrate drugs. The implications for drug therapy are far-reaching, as substrate drugs include numerous examples from widely prescribed therapeutic classes. Representative drugs include angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, antiplatelet drugs, statins, antivirals, and central nervous system agents. As research interest increases in the carboxylesterases, evidence is accumulating of their important role in drug metabolism and, therefore, the outcomes of pharmacotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Casey Laizure
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, USA.
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79
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Peng L, Cui JY, Yoo B, Gunewardena SS, Lu H, Klaassen CD, Zhong XB. RNA-sequencing quantification of hepatic ontogeny of phase-I enzymes in mice. Drug Metab Dispos 2013; 41:2175-86. [PMID: 24080161 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.113.054635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Phase-I drug metabolizing enzymes catalyze reactions of hydrolysis, reduction, and oxidation of drugs and play a critical role in drug metabolism. However, the functions of most phase-I enzymes are not mature at birth, which markedly affects drug metabolism in newborns. Therefore, characterization of the expression profiles of phase-I enzymes and the underlying regulatory mechanisms during liver maturation is needed for better estimation of using drugs in pediatric patients. The mouse is an animal model widely used for studying the mechanisms in the regulation of developmental expression of phase-I genes. Therefore, we applied RNA sequencing to provide a "true quantification" of the mRNA expression of phase-I genes in the mouse liver during development. Liver samples of male C57BL/6 mice at 12 different ages from prenatal to adulthood were used for defining the ontogenic mRNA profiles of phase-I families, including hydrolysis: carboxylesterase (Ces), paraoxonase (Pon), and epoxide hydrolase (Ephx); reduction: aldo-keto reductase (Akr), quinone oxidoreductase (Nqo), and dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (Dpyd); and oxidation: alcohol dehydrogenase (Adh), aldehyde dehydrogenase (Aldh), flavin monooxygenases (Fmo), molybdenum hydroxylase (Aox and Xdh), cytochrome P450 (P450), and cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (Por). Two rapidly increasing stages of total phase-I gene expression after birth reflect functional transition of the liver during development. Diverse expression patterns were identified, and some large gene families contained the mRNA of genes that are enriched at different stages of development. Our study reveals the mRNA abundance of phase-I genes in the mouse liver during development and provides a valuable foundation for mechanistic studies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lai Peng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut (L.P., X.B.Z.); Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas (J.Y.C., C.D.K.); Kansas Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Kansas City, Kansas (B.Y., S.S.G.); Department of Pharmacology, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse, New York (H.L.)
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80
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Developmental expression of drug metabolizing enzymes: Impact on disposition in neonates and young children. Int J Pharm 2013; 452:3-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.05.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2012] [Revised: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 05/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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81
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Population pharmacokinetics of oseltamivir: pediatrics through geriatrics. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013; 57:3470-7. [PMID: 23669384 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02438-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Oseltamivir is a potent inhibitor of influenza virus neuraminidase enzymes essential for viral replication. This study aimed to investigate the impact of covariates on pharmacokinetic (PK) variability of oseltamivir and its active metabolite form, oseltamivir carboxylate (OC). Dosing history, plasma drug concentrations, and demographic information were pooled from 13 clinical trials providing data for 390 healthy and infected subjects ranging in age from 1 to 78 years and given oseltamivir doses of 20 to 1,000 mg. Candidate population PK models simultaneously characterizing the time course of oseltamivir and OC in plasma were evaluated by using the NONMEM software program, and subject covariates were assessed using stepwise forward selection (α = 0.01) and backward elimination (α = 0.001). A two-compartment model with first-order absorption of oseltamivir and first-order conversion of oseltamivir to OC and a one-compartment model with first-order elimination of OC were utilized. Body weight when evaluated using a power function was a significant predictor of the apparent oseltamivir clearance and both apparent OC clearance (CL(m)/F) and central volume of distribution (Vc(m)/F). Creatinine clearance was a significant predictor of CL(m)/F, while Vc(m)/F also decreased linearly with age. A visual predictive check indicated that the final model described oseltamivir and OC concentrations in plasma adequately across dose regimens and subject covariate ranges. Concordance of population mean and individual post hoc predictions of maximum concentration of drug at steady state (C(max)) and area under the plasma drug concentration-time curve from 0 to 24 h at steady state (AUC(0-24)) was high (r(2) = 0.81 and 0.71, respectively). In conclusion, a comprehensive population PK model was constructed to bridge the adult to pediatric oseltamivir PK data, allowing for reasonable estimation of the PK of OC using subject demographic data alone.
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82
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Eyler RF, Heung M, Pleva M, Sowinski KM, Park PK, Napolitano LM, Mueller BA. Pharmacokinetics of oseltamivir and oseltamivir carboxylate in critically ill patients receiving continuous venovenous hemodialysis and/or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Pharmacotherapy 2013. [PMID: 23208833 DOI: 10.1002/phar.1151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE To investigate oseltamivir and oseltamivir carboxylate pharmacokinetics in critically ill patients who were receiving continuous venovenous hemodialysis (CVVHD) and/or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). DESIGN Prospective, open-label, pharmacokinetic study. SETTING Intensive care units of an academic medical center. PATIENTS Thirteen critically ill patients aged 13 years or older with suspected or confirmed H1N1 influenza who had a prescription for oseltamivir and were concurrently receiving CVVHD and/or ECMO between October 2009 and January 2010. INTERVENTION Oseltamivir 150 mg was administered nasogastrically or nasoenterically every 12 hours. Blood samples were collected at baseline and at 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 hours after administration of the fourth oseltamivir dose or subsequent doses. In patients receiving CVVHD, effluent also was collected at the same time points. Urine was collected throughout the 12-hour dosing interval. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Eight patients received CVVHD only, four patients received both CVVHD and ECMO, and one patient received ECMO only. Pharmacokinetic parameters for the patient who received only ECMO were not reported. The median maximum plasma concentration and area under the plasma concentration-time curve for the 12-hour dosing interval (AUC(0-12) ) for the remaining 12 patients were 83.4 ng/ml and 216 ng•hour/ml, respectively, for oseltamivir and 2000 ng/ml and 21,500 ng•hour/ml, respectively, for oseltamivir carboxylate. Mean clearance due to CVVHD was 33.8 ml/minute for oseltamivir and 50.2 ml/minute for oseltamivir carboxylate. For patients who received ECMO, no substantial differences between pre- and post-ECMO oxygenator plasma concentrations were found for oseltamivir or oseltamivir carboxylate. CONCLUSION Although the optimal pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic targets for oseltamivir carboxylate remain unclear, in the patients receiving CVVHD with or without ECMO, a regimen of oseltamivir 150 mg every 12 hours yielded a median oseltamivir carboxylate AUC(0-12) considerably higher than would be expected in non-critically ill patients receiving the same dosage regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel F Eyler
- College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
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83
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Nkya TE, Akhouayri I, Kisinza W, David JP. Impact of environment on mosquito response to pyrethroid insecticides: facts, evidences and prospects. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 43:407-16. [PMID: 23123179 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2012.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Revised: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
By transmitting major human diseases such as malaria, dengue fever and filariasis, mosquito species represent a serious threat worldwide in terms of public health, and pose a significant economic burden for the African continent and developing tropical regions. Most vector control programmes aiming at controlling life-threatening mosquitoes rely on the use of chemical insecticides, mainly belonging to the pyrethroid class. However, resistance of mosquito populations to pyrethroids is increasing at a dramatic rate, threatening the efficacy of control programmes throughout insecticide-treated areas, where mosquito-borne diseases are still prevalent. In the absence of new insecticides and efficient alternative vector control methods, resistance management strategies are therefore critical, but these require a deep understanding of adaptive mechanisms underlying resistance. Although insecticide resistance mechanisms are intensively studied in mosquitoes, such adaptation is often considered as the unique result of the selection pressure caused by insecticides used for vector control. Indeed, additional environmental parameters, such as insecticides/pesticides usage in agriculture, the presence of anthropogenic or natural xenobiotics, and biotic interactions between vectors and other organisms, may affect both the overall mosquito responses to pyrethroids and the selection of resistance mechanisms. In this context, the present work aims at updating current knowledge on pyrethroid resistance mechanisms in mosquitoes and compiling available data, often from different research fields, on the impact of the environment on mosquito response to pyrethroids. Key environmental factors, such as the presence of urban or agricultural pollutants and biotic interactions between mosquitoes and their microbiome are discussed, and research perspectives to fill in knowledge gaps are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresia Estomih Nkya
- National Institute of Medical Research of Tanzania, Amani Medical Research Centre, Muheza, Tanga, Tanzania
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84
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Ishizuka T, Rozehnal V, Fischer T, Kato A, Endo S, Yoshigae Y, Kurihara A, Izumi T. Interindividual variability of carboxymethylenebutenolidase homolog, a novel olmesartan medoxomil hydrolase, in the human liver and intestine. Drug Metab Dispos 2013; 41:1156-62. [PMID: 23471504 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.113.051482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Olmesartan medoxomil (OM) is a prodrug-type angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. OM is rapidly converted into its active metabolite olmesartan by multiple hydrolases in humans, and we recently identified carboxymethylenebutenolidase homolog (CMBL) as one of the OM bioactivating hydrolases. In the present study, we further investigated the interindividual variability of mRNA and protein expression of CMBL and OM-hydrolase activity using 40 individual human liver and 30 intestinal specimens. In the intestinal samples, OM-hydrolase activity strongly correlated with the CMBL protein expression, clearly indicating that CMBL is a major contributor to the prodrug bioactivation in human intestine. The protein and activity were highly distributed in the proximal region (duodenum and jejunum) and decreased to the distal region of the intestine. Although there was high interindividual variability (16-fold) in both the protein and activity in the intestinal segments from the duodenum to colon, the interindividual variability in the duodenum and jejunum was relatively small (3.0- and 2.4-fold, respectively). In the liver samples, the interindividual variability in the protein and activity was 4.1- and 6.8-fold, respectively. No sex differences in the protein and activity were shown in the human liver or intestine. A genetically engineered Y155C mutant of CMBL, which was caused by a single nucleotide polymorphism rs35489000, showed significantly lower OM-hydrolase activity than the wild-type protein although no minor allele was genotyped in the 40 individual liver specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Ishizuka
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan.
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85
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Friedrichsen M, Poulsen P, Wojtaszewski J, Hansen PR, Vaag A, Rasmussen HB. Carboxylesterase 1 gene duplication and mRNA expression in adipose tissue are linked to obesity and metabolic function. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56861. [PMID: 23468884 PMCID: PMC3585247 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT AND AIMS Carboxylesterase 1 (CES1) appears to play an important role in the control of the metabolism of triglycerides and cholesterol in adipocytes and other cell types including hepatocytes. Therefore, it is relevant to gain insights into the genetic versus non-genetic mechanisms involved in the control of CES1 mRNA expression. Here, we investigated CES1 mRNA expression level in adipose tissue and its association with measures of adiposity and metabolic function in a population of elderly twins. Furthermore, the heritability of CES1 mRNA expression level in adipose tissue and the effect of CES1 gene duplication were assessed. METHODOLOGY A total of 295 monozygotic and dizygotic twin subjects (62-83 years) with (n = 48) or without (n = 247) type 2 diabetes mellitus were enrolled in the study. They were subjected to a standard oral glucose tolerance test and excision of abdominal subcutaneous fat biopsies during the fasting state. Levels of CES1 mRNA and copy number of the gene were assessed by quantitative PCR. RESULTS CES1 mRNA expression level in adipose tissue was positively associated with body-mass index (P<0.001), homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (P = 0.003) and level of fasting glucose (P = 0.002), insulin (P = 0.006), and triglycerides (P = 0.003). The heritability for the expression of CES1 mRNA in adipose tissue was high. CES1 gene duplication was positively associated with insulin sensitivity (P = 0.05) as well as glucose tolerance (P = 0.03) and negatively associated with homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (P = 0.02). Duplication of CES1 was not linked to mRNA level of this gene (P = 0.63). CONCLUSION CES1 mRNA in adipose tissue appears to be under strong genetic control and was associated with measures of metabolic function raising the possibility of a potential role of this enzyme in the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Further studies are needed to understand the potential effect of CES1 gene duplication on adipocyte and whole-body metabolic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Friedrichsen
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolism, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Jørgen Wojtaszewski
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Riis Hansen
- Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Allan Vaag
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolism, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik Berg Rasmussen
- Research Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Centre Sct. Hans, Copenhagen University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
- * E-mail:
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86
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Fareed J, Jeske W, Thethi I. Metabolic differences of current thienopyridine antiplatelet agents. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2013; 9:307-17. [DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2013.749238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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87
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Zhu HJ, Wang X, Gawronski BE, Brinda BJ, Angiolillo DJ, Markowitz JS. Carboxylesterase 1 as a Determinant of Clopidogrel Metabolism and Activation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2012; 344:665-72. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.112.201640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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88
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Kimberlin DW, Acosta EP, Prichard MN, Sánchez PJ, Ampofo K, Lang D, Ashouri N, Vanchiere JA, Abzug MJ, Abughali N, Caserta MT, Englund JA, Sood SK, Spigarelli MG, Bradley JS, Lew J, Michaels MG, Wan W, Cloud G, Jester P, Lakeman FD, Whitley RJ. Oseltamivir pharmacokinetics, dosing, and resistance among children aged <2 years with influenza. J Infect Dis 2012; 207:709-20. [PMID: 23230059 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jis765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children <2 years of age are at high risk of influenza-related mortality and morbidity. However, the appropriate dose of oseltamivir for children <2 years of age is unknown. METHODS The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Collaborative Antiviral Study Group evaluated oseltamivir in infants aged <2 years in an age-de-escalation, adaptive design with a targeted systemic exposure. RESULTS From 2006 to 2010, 87 subjects enrolled. An oseltamivir dose of 3.0 mg/kg produced drug exposures within the target range in subjects 0-8 months of age, although there was a greater degree of variability in infants <3 months of age. In subjects 9-11 months of age, a dose of 3.5 mg/kg produced drug exposures within the target range. Six of 10 subjects aged 12-23 months receiving the Food and Drug Administration-approved unit dose for this age group (ie, 30 mg) had oseltamivir carboxylate exposures below the target range. Virus from 3 subjects developed oseltamivir resistance during antiviral treatment. CONCLUSIONS The appropriate twice-daily oral oseltamivir dose for infants ≤8 months of age is 3.0 mg/kg, while the dose for infants 9-11 months old is 3.5 mg/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Kimberlin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL 35233, USA.
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89
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Gross G, Tardio J, Kuhlmann O. Solubility and stability of dalcetrapib in vehicles and biological media. Int J Pharm 2012; 437:103-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.07.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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90
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Post-marketing assessment of neuropsychiatric adverse events in influenza patients treated with oseltamivir: an updated review. Adv Ther 2012; 29:826-48. [PMID: 23054689 DOI: 10.1007/s12325-012-0050-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A 2008 review by our group concluded that the risk of neuropsychiatric adverse events (NPAEs) in influenza patients was not increased by oseltamivir exposure, and did not identify any mechanism by which oseltamivir or its metabolites could cause or worsen such events. The current article reviews new information on this topic. Between September 16, 2007 and May 15, 2010, 1,805 spontaneously-reported NPAEs were identified in 1,330 patients receiving oseltamivir: 767 (42.5%) from Japan, 296 (16.4%) from the USA, and 742 (41.1%) from other countries. NPAEs were more common in children: 1,072 (59.4%) events were in those aged ≤16 years. NPAEs often occurred within 48 h of treatment initiation (953 events; 52.8%). Nearly half of the events were serious in nature (838; 46.4%). The three largest categories of events were abnormal behavior (457 events, 25.3%), miscellaneous psychiatric events (370; 20.5%), and delusions/perceptual disturbances (316 events, 17.5%). A total of 1,545 events (85.6%) in eight different categories were considered to be delirium or delirium-like. Twenty-eight suicide-related events were reported. A US healthcare claims database analysis showed that the risk of NPAEs in 7,798 oseltamivir-treated patients was no higher than that in 10,411 patients not on antivirals, but a study on oseltamivir and abnormal behavior in Japan was less conclusive. NPAE frequency in oseltamivir-exposed Japanese and Taiwanese children with influenza was the same as in unexposed children. New analysis of the UK General Practice Research Database showed that the relative adjusted risk of NPAEs in influenza patients was 2.18-times higher than in the general population. Other epidemiology studies report frequent occurrence of encephalitis and similar disorders in influenza patients independently of oseltamivir exposure. The new data support the findings of the original assessment. Evidence suggests that influenza-related encephalopathies are caused by influenza-induced inflammatory responses, but more work is needed to confirm the underlying mechanisms.
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91
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Saghir SA, Khan SA, McCoy AT. Ontogeny of mammalian metabolizing enzymes in humans and animals used in toxicological studies. Crit Rev Toxicol 2012; 42:323-57. [PMID: 22512665 DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2012.674100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
It is well recognized that expression of enzymes varies during development and growth. However, an in-depth review of this acquired knowledge is needed to translate the understanding of enzyme expression and activity into the prediction of change in effects (e.g. kinetics and toxicity) of xenobiotics with age. Age-related changes in metabolic capacity are critical for understanding and predicting the potential differences resulting from exposure. Such information may be especially useful in the evaluation of the risk of exposure to very low (µg/kg/day or ng/kg/day) levels of environmental chemicals. This review is to better understand the ontogeny of metabolizing enzymes in converting chemicals to either less-toxic metabolite(s) or more toxic products (e.g. reactive intermediate[s]) during stages before birth and during early development (neonate/infant/child). In this review, we evaluated the ontogeny of major "phase I" and "phase II" metabolizing enzymes in humans and commonly used experimental animals (e.g. mouse, rat, and others) in order to fill the information gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakil Ahmed Saghir
- Toxicology & Environmental Research & Consulting, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan, USA.
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92
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Wang D, Kamijima M, Okamura A, Ito Y, Yanagiba Y, Jia XF, Naito H, Ueyama J, Nakajima T. Evidence for diazinon-mediated inhibition of cis-permethrin metabolism and its effects on reproductive toxicity in adult male mice. Reprod Toxicol 2012; 34:489-97. [PMID: 22944209 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2012.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2011] [Revised: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The potential toxicity resulting from combinatorial effects of organophosphorus and pyrethroid insecticides are not completely known. We evaluated male reproductive toxicity in mice co-exposed to diazinon and cis-permethrin. Nine-week-old male Sv/129 mice were exposed to diazinon (10 μmol/kg/day) or cis-permethrin (90 μmol/kg/day) alone or in combination (100 μmol/kg/day), or vehicle (corn oil), for 6 weeks. Diazinon and the diazinon-permethrin mixture inhibited plasma and liver carboxylesterase activities. In the mixture group, urinary excretion of cis-permethrin metabolite 3-phenoxybenzoic acid decreased along with increased plasma and testicular concentrations of cis-permethrin, while excretion of diazinon metabolites, diethylphosphate and diethylthiophosphate, did not change, versus mice exposed to each chemical alone, which suggested that inhibition of carboxylesterase decreased the metabolic capacity to cis-permethrin. Though the co-exposure decreased testosterone biosynthesis, increased degenerate germ cells in seminiferous tubule and sperm morphological abnormalities versus controls more clearly than exposure to cis-permethrin alone, the expected potentiation of toxicity was not evident.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
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93
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Ross MK, Borazjani A, Wang R, Crow JA, Xie S. Examination of the carboxylesterase phenotype in human liver. Arch Biochem Biophys 2012; 522:44-56. [PMID: 22525521 PMCID: PMC3569858 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2012.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Revised: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Carboxylesterases (CES) metabolize esters. Two CES isoforms are expressed in human liver (CES1 and CES2) and liver extracts are used in reaction phenotyping studies to discern interindividual metabolic variation. We tested the hypothesis that an individual's CES phenotype can be characterized by reporter substrates/probes that interrogate native CES1 and CES2 activities in liver and immunoblotting methods. We obtained 25 livers and found that CES1 is the main hydrolytic enzyme. Moreover, although CES1 protein levels were similar, we observed large interindividual variation in bioresmethrin hydrolysis rates (17-fold), a pyrethroid metabolized by CES1 but not CES2. Bioresmethrin hydrolysis rates did not correlate with CES1 protein levels. In contrast, procaine hydrolysis rates, a drug metabolized by CES2 but not CES1, were much less variant (3-fold). Using activity-based fluorophosphonate probes (FP-biotin), which covalently reacts with active serine hydrolases, CES1 protein was the most active enzyme in the livers. Finally, using bioorthogonal probes and click chemistry methodology, the half-life of CES 1 and 2 in cultured HepG2 cells was estimated at 96 h. The cause of the differential CES1 activities is unknown, but the underlying factors will be important to understand because several carboxylic acid ester drugs and environmental toxicants are metabolized by this enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew K Ross
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, P.O. Box 6100, Mississippi State, MS 39762, United States.
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94
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Oseltamivir pharmacokinetics and clinical experience in neonates and infants during an outbreak of H1N1 influenza A virus infection in a neonatal intensive care unit. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012; 56:3833-40. [PMID: 22564835 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00290-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Detailed oseltamivir pharmacokinetics have yet to be reported in neonates and infants; this group is at high risk of serious influenza-associated complications. Extrapolation of doses from older patients is complicated by rapid organ and drug-metabolizing enzyme maturation. A pharmacokinetic study has been conducted during an influenza A(H1N1) outbreak in a neonatal intensive care unit. Each included patient provided 4 samples for oseltamivir and 4 samples for its active metabolite oseltamivir carboxylate. A population pharmacokinetic model was developed with NONMEM. Allometric weight scaling and maturation functions were added a priori to scale for size and age based on literature values. Nine neonates and infants were recruited. A physiologically parameterized pharmacokinetic model predicted typical day 1 area under the curve (AUC(0-12)) values of 1,966 and 2,484 μg · h/liter for neonates and infants of ≤ 37 weeks of postmenstrual age (PMA) and >37 weeks of PMA treated with 1 mg/kg of body weight and 2 mg/kg, respectively. The corresponding steady-state AUC(0-12) values were 3,670 and 4,559 μg · h/liter. Premature neonates treated with 1 mg/kg and term babies treated with 2 mg/kg should have average oseltamivir carboxylate concentrations in a range similar to that for adults treated with 75 mg, corresponding to >200-fold above the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC(50)) value for influenza A(H1N1) from the start of therapy.
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95
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Kimura S, Niwa Y, Iwajima Y, Nagano Y, Yamamoto S, Ohi Y, Maeda Y, Kurono Y, Ono H, Haji A. High doses of oseltamivir phosphate induce acute respiratory arrest in anaesthetized rats. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2012; 111:232-9. [PMID: 22524333 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2012.00889.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
It has been reported that one of the serious adverse events after the treatment of oseltamivir phosphate (OP) for influenza patients is sudden death resulting from cardiorespiratory arrest. To investigate the aetiology of such an adverse consequence, we examined effects of OP (expressed as free base) on blood pressure and ventilation in anaesthetized rats with vagotomy. Intravenous OP (30-200 mg/kg) caused dose-dependent hypotension and bradycardia in spontaneously breathing animals. Concomitantly with changes in blood pressure, the tracheal airflow increased. The ventilatory rate hastened during the injection and then transiently slowed around 1 min. after the administration (transient hypopnea). Thereafter, it gradually returned to control. The hypopnea increased with increasing dose and ventilatory arrest occurred at 200 mg/kg. Intraduodenal OP (500-1000 mg/kg) provoked cardioventilatory arrest 72-218 min. after the injection. Oseltamivir carboxylate (100-200 mg/kg, i.v.), an active metabolite of OP, had no significant effect on ventilation and blood pressure. In artificially ventilated animals, intravenous OP caused slowing of the respiratory rate around 1 min. after the injection in a dose-dependent manner. This effect of OP waned in 5 min. after the administration. The amplitude of phrenic nerve discharge was not changed at lower doses (30-100 mg/kg). The phrenic nerve stopped to discharge immediately after higher doses (150-200 mg/kg). We demonstrated that OP causes central suppression of the respiratory function in rats and suggest a relationship between the OP-induced cardiorespiratory arrest and sudden death observed in influenza patients after taking OP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoko Kimura
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
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96
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Xiao D, Chen YT, Yang D, Yan B. Age-related inducibility of carboxylesterases by the antiepileptic agent phenobarbital and implications in drug metabolism and lipid accumulation. Biochem Pharmacol 2012; 84:232-9. [PMID: 22513142 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2012.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Revised: 04/01/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Carboxylesterases (CES) constitute a class of hydrolytic enzymes that play critical roles in drug metabolism and lipid mobilization. Previous studies with a large number of human liver samples have suggested that the inducibility of carboxylesterases is inversely related with age. To directly test this possibility, neonatal (10 days of age) and adult mice were treated with the antiepileptic agent phenobarbital. The expression and hydrolytic activity were determined on six major carboxylesterases including ces1d, the ortholog of human CES1. Without exception, all carboxylesterases tested were induced to a greater extent in neonatal than adult mice. The induction was detected at mRNA, protein and catalytic levels. Ces1d was greatly induced and found to rapidly hydrolyze the antiplatelet agent clopidogrel and support the accumulation of neutral lipids. Phenobarbital represents a large number of therapeutic agents that induce drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters in a species-conserved manner. The higher inducibility of carboxylesterases in the developmental age likely represents a general phenomenon cross species including human. Consequently, individuals in the developmental age may experience greater drug-drug interactions. The greater induction of ces1d also provides a molecular explanation to the clinical observation that children on antiepileptic drugs increase plasma lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Xiao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Pharmacogenomics and Molecular Therapy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
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97
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Yang D, Yang J, Shi D, Xiao D, Chen YT, Black C, Deng R, Yan B. Hypolipidemic agent Z-guggulsterone: metabolism interplays with induction of carboxylesterase and bile salt export pump. J Lipid Res 2012; 53:529-539. [PMID: 22246918 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m014688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Z-Guggulsterone is a major ingredient in the Indian traditional hypolipidemic remedy guggul. A study in mice has established that its hypolipidemic effect involves the farnesoid X receptor (FXR), presumably by acting as an antagonist of this receptor. It is generally assumed that the antagonism leads to induction of cytochrome P450 7A1 (CYP7A1), the rate-limiting enzyme converting free cholesterol to bile acids. In this study, we tested whether Z-guggulsterone indeed induces human CYP7A1. In addition, the expression of cholesteryl ester hydrolase CES1 and bile salt export pump (BSEP) was monitored. Contrary to the general assumption, Z-guggulsterone did not induce CYP7A1. Instead, this phytosterol significantly induced CES1 and BSEP through transactivation. Z-Guggulsterone underwent metabolism by CYP3A4, and the metabolites greatly increased the induction potency on BSEP but not on CES1. BSEP induction favors cholesterol elimination, whereas CES1 involves both elimination and retention (probably when excessively induced). Interestingly, clinical trials reported the hypolipidemic response rates from 18% to 80% and showed that higher dosages actually increased VLDL cholesterol. Our findings predict that better hypolipidemic outcomes likely occur in individuals who have a relatively higher capacity of metabolizing Z-guggulsterone with moderate CES1 induction, a scenario possibly achieved by lowering the dosing regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongfang Yang
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Pharmacogenomics and Molecular Therapy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881; and
| | - Jian Yang
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Pharmacogenomics and Molecular Therapy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881; and
| | - Deshi Shi
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Pharmacogenomics and Molecular Therapy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881; and
| | - Da Xiao
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Pharmacogenomics and Molecular Therapy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881; and
| | - Yi-Tzai Chen
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Pharmacogenomics and Molecular Therapy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881; and
| | - Chris Black
- IntelliCyt Corporation, Albuquerque, NM 87102
| | - Ruitang Deng
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Pharmacogenomics and Molecular Therapy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881; and
| | - Bingfang Yan
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Pharmacogenomics and Molecular Therapy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881; and.
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98
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Variability in the responsiveness to low-dose aspirin: pharmacological and disease-related mechanisms. THROMBOSIS 2012; 2012:376721. [PMID: 22288010 PMCID: PMC3263649 DOI: 10.1155/2012/376721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2011] [Accepted: 10/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The main pharmacological aspects of pharmacodynamics (PD) and pharmacokinetics (PK) of aspirin as antiplatelet agent were unravelled between the late sixties and the eighties, and low-dose aspirin given once daily has been shown to be a mainstay in the current treatment and prevention of cardiovascular disorders. Nevertheless, several PD and PK aspects of aspirin in selected clinical conditions have recently emerged and deserve future clinical attention. In 1994, the term "aspirin resistance" was used for the first time, but, until now, no consensus exists on definition, standardized assay, underlying mechanisms, clinical impact, and possible efficacy of alternative therapeutic interventions. At variance with an undefined aspirin-resistant status, in the last 5 years, the concept of variability in response to aspirin due to specific pathophysiological mechanisms and based on PK and/or PD of the drug has emerged. This growing evidence highlights the existence and possible clinical relevance of an interindividual variability of pharmacological aspirin response and calls for new, large studies to test new low-dose aspirin-based regimens which may ameliorate platelet acetylation, reduce variability in drug responsiveness, and improve clinical efficacy on selected populations.
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99
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Crow JA, Bittles V, Herring KL, Borazjani A, Potter PM, Ross MK. Inhibition of recombinant human carboxylesterase 1 and 2 and monoacylglycerol lipase by chlorpyrifos oxon, paraoxon and methyl paraoxon. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2011; 258:145-50. [PMID: 22100607 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2011.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2011] [Revised: 10/22/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Oxons are the bioactivated metabolites of organophosphorus insecticides formed via cytochrome P450 monooxygenase-catalyzed desulfuration of the parent compound. Oxons react covalently with the active site serine residue of serine hydrolases, thereby inactivating the enzyme. A number of serine hydrolases other than acetylcholinesterase, the canonical target of oxons, have been reported to react with and be inhibited by oxons. These off-target serine hydrolases include carboxylesterase 1 (CES1), CES2, and monoacylglycerol lipase. Carboxylesterases (CES, EC 3.1.1.1) metabolize a number of xenobiotic and endobiotic compounds containing ester, amide, and thioester bonds and are important in the metabolism of many pharmaceuticals. Monoglyceride lipase (MGL, EC 3.1.1.23) hydrolyzes monoglycerides including the endocannabinoid, 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG). The physiological consequences and toxicity related to the inhibition of off-target serine hydrolases by oxons due to chronic, low level environmental exposures are poorly understood. Here, we determined the potency of inhibition (IC(50) values; 15 min preincubation, enzyme and inhibitor) of recombinant CES1, CES2, and MGL by chlorpyrifos oxon, paraoxon and methyl paraoxon. The order of potency for these three oxons with CES1, CES2, and MGL was chlorpyrifos oxon>paraoxon>methyl paraoxon, although the difference in potency for chlorpyrifos oxon with CES1 and CES2 did not reach statistical significance. We also determined the bimolecular rate constants (k(inact)/K(I)) for the covalent reaction of chlorpyrifos oxon, paraoxon and methyl paraoxon with CES1 and CES2. Consistent with the results for the IC(50) values, the order of reactivity for each of the three oxons with CES1 and CES2 was chlorpyrifos oxon>paraoxon>methyl paraoxon. The bimolecular rate constant for the reaction of chlorpyrifos oxon with MGL was also determined and was less than the values determined for chlorpyrifos oxon with CES1 and CES2 respectively. Together, the results define the kinetics of inhibition of three important hydrolytic enzymes by activated metabolites of widely used agrochemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Allen Crow
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
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100
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Morimoto K, Kishimura K, Nagami T, Kodama N, Ogama Y, Yokoyama M, Toda S, Chiyoda T, Shimada R, Inano A, Kano T, Tamai I, Ogihara T. Effect of Milk on the Pharmacokinetics of Oseltamivir in Healthy Volunteers. J Pharm Sci 2011; 100:3854-61. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.22627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2011] [Revised: 04/11/2011] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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