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Marchi S, Retta SF, Pinton P. Detection of p62/SQSTM1 Aggregates in Cellular Models of CCM Disease by Immunofluorescence. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2152:417-426. [PMID: 32524569 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0640-7_30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral cavernous malformations (CCM) is a familial or sporadic rare disorder that is characterized by capillary vascular lesions with a mulberry-like appearance on MRI scans. Three distinct genes have been associated to CCM disease, known as CCM1/KRIT1, CCM2/MGC4607, and CCM3/PDCD10. Loss-of-functions mutations on these genes lead to deregulation in multiple signaling pathways, thereby resulting in disturbed vessel organization and function. Insufficient autophagy has been observed upon downregulation of all three CCM genes, both in cells and human patient tissues, revealed as aberrant accumulation of the autophagy receptor p62/SQSTM1. The autophagic process is conceived as an adaptive response to stress and is essential for the maintenance of cellular homeostasis. The aim of this review is to briefly summarize the current knowledge on the role of autophagy in CCM disease and to furnish a detailed protocol for detecting and measuring p62/SQSTM1 cytoplasmic aggregates through immunofluorescence technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saverio Marchi
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy.
| | - Saverio Francesco Retta
- Department of Clinical and Biological Science, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Torino, Orbassano (Torino), Torino, Italy
- CCM Italia Research Network, Torino, Italy
| | - Paolo Pinton
- Department of Medical Sciences, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
- Maria Cecilia Hospital, GVM Care & Research, Cotignola, Ravenna, Italy
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Benedetti V, Pellegrino E, Brusco A, Piva R, Retta SF. Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) Strategies for Genetic Testing of Cerebral Cavernous Malformation (CCM) Disease. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2152:59-75. [PMID: 32524544 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0640-7_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The application of next generation sequencing (NGS) technique has a great impact on complex disease studies. Indeed, genetic heterogeneity, phenotypic variability, and disease rarity are all factors that make the traditional diagnostic approach to genetic disorders, whereby a specific gene is selected for sequencing based on the clinical phenotype, very challenging and obsolete.Exome sequencing, which sequences the protein-coding region of the genome, has been rapidly applied to variant discovery in research settings. Recent coverage and accuracy improvements have accelerated the development of clinical exome sequencing (CES) platforms targeting disease-related genes and enabling variant identification in patients with suspected genetic diseases. Nowadays, CES is rapidly becoming the diagnostic test of choice in patients with suspected Mendelian diseases, especially for those with heterogeneous etiology and clinical presentation. Reporting large CES series can improve guidelines on best practices for test utilization, and a better variant interpretation through clinically oriented data sharing.Herein, we suggest a feasible CES procedure for the genetic testing of Cerebral Cavernous Malformation (CCM) disease, including proband identification, library preparation, data analysis, and variant interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerio Benedetti
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Orbassano (Torino), Italy.
- CCM Italia Research Network, Torino, Italy.
| | - Elisa Pellegrino
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Alfredo Brusco
- Departmentof Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
- Medical Genetics Unit, Città Della Salute e della Scienza University Hospital, Torino, Italy
| | - Roberto Piva
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
- Medical Genetics Unit, Città Della Salute e della Scienza University Hospital, Torino, Italy
| | - Saverio Francesco Retta
- CCM Italia Research Network, Torino, Italy.
- Department of Clinical and Biological Science, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Torino, Orbassano (Torino), Italy.
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Flemming KD, Kumar S, Brown RD, Lanzino G. Predictors of Initial Presentation with Hemorrhage in Patients with Cavernous Malformations. World Neurosurg 2020; 133:e767-e773. [DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2019.09.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abou-Fadel J, Vasquez M, Grajeda B, Ellis C, Zhang J. Systems-wide analysis unravels the new roles of CCM signal complex (CSC). Heliyon 2019; 5:e02899. [PMID: 31872111 PMCID: PMC6909108 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs) are characterized by abnormally dilated intracranial capillaries that result in increased susceptibility to stroke. Three genes have been identified as causes of CCMs; KRIT1 (CCM1), MGC4607 (CCM2) and PDCD10 (CCM3); one of them is disrupted in most CCM cases. It was demonstrated that both CCM1 and CCM3 bind to CCM2 to form a CCM signaling complex (CSC) to modulate angiogenesis. In this report, we deployed both RNA-seq and proteomic analysis of perturbed CSC after depletion of one of three CCM genes to generate interactomes for system-wide studies. Our results demonstrated a unique portrait detailing alterations in angiogenesis and vascular integrity. Interestingly, only in-direct overlapped alterations between RNA and protein levels were detected, supporting the existence of multiple layers of regulation in CSC cascades. Notably, this is the first report identifying that both β4 integrin and CAV1 signaling are downstream of CSC, conveying the angiogenic signaling. Our results provide a global view of signal transduction modulated by the CSC, identifies novel regulatory signaling networks and key cellular factors associated with CSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnathan Abou-Fadel
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine (MTM), Texas Tech University Health Science Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79905, USA
| | - Mariana Vasquez
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine (MTM), Texas Tech University Health Science Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79905, USA
| | - Brian Grajeda
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine (MTM), Texas Tech University Health Science Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79905, USA
| | - Cameron Ellis
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine (MTM), Texas Tech University Health Science Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79905, USA
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine (MTM), Texas Tech University Health Science Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79905, USA
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Gewiss C, Hagel C, Krajewski K. Cerebral cavernomas in adults and children express relaxin. J Neurosurg Pediatr 2019; 25:144-150. [PMID: 31756710 DOI: 10.3171/2019.9.peds19333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To shed light on the role of relaxin in cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs) in adults and children, the authors investigated endothelial cell (EC) expression of relaxin 1, 2, and 3; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 and -2 (VEGFR-1 and -2); Ki-67; vascular geometry; and hemorrhage, as well as the clinical presentation of 32 patients with surgically resected lesions. METHODS Paraffin-embedded sections of 32 CCMs and 5 normal nonvascular lesion control (NVLC) brain tissue samples were immunohistochemically stained with antibodies to relaxin 1, 2, and 3; angiogenesis growth factor receptors Flt-1 (VEGFR-1) and Flk-1 (VEGFR-2); and proliferation marker Ki-67. For morphometric analysis, Elastica van Gieson stain was used, and for hemorrhage demonstration, Turnbull stain was used. Data from the pediatric and adult CCMs were compared with each other and with those obtained from the NVLCs. Statistical analyses were performed with Fisher's exact test, the chi-square test, the phi correlation coefficient, and the Student t-test. A p value < 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS Pediatric and adult cavernoma vessels did not significantly differ in diameter. Hemorrhage was observed in CCMs but not in NVLC samples (p < 0.05). There was no difference in expression of Ki-67, VEGFR-1 and -2, and relaxin 1, 2, and 3 in the ECs of pediatric and adult CCMs. The ECs of CCMs were largely negative for relaxin 3 compared to NVLCs (p < 0.05), whereas CCMs, compared to control brain tissue samples, more frequently expressed Flt-1 and relaxin 2 (p < 0.05). Ki-67 was not expressed in the NVLCs, but the difference was not statistically significant. Relaxin 1 and 2 expression and increased expression of VEGFR-1 were associated with a supra- versus infratentorial location (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Relaxin 1 and 2 and VEGFR-1 play a role in supratentorial cavernomas. Relaxin 3 may play a physiological role in normal brain vasculature. Relaxin 1 and 3 are also found in normal cerebral vasculature. Relaxin 1, 2, and 3 are associated with increased VEGFR-1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Gewiss
- 1Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; and
| | - Christian Hagel
- 1Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; and
| | - Kara Krajewski
- 2Department of Neurosurgery, University of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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Li J, Zhao Y, Coleman P, Chen J, Ting KK, Choi JP, Zheng X, Vadas MA, Gamble JR. Low fluid shear stress conditions contribute to activation of cerebral cavernous malformation signalling pathways. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2019; 1865:165519. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2019.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Rödel CJ, Otten C, Donat S, Lourenço M, Fischer D, Kuropka B, Paolini A, Freund C, Abdelilah-Seyfried S. Blood Flow Suppresses Vascular Anomalies in a Zebrafish Model of Cerebral Cavernous Malformations. Circ Res 2019; 125:e43-e54. [DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.119.315076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Rationale:
Pathological biomechanical signaling induces vascular anomalies including cerebral cavernous malformations (CCM), which are caused by a clonal loss of CCM1/KRIT1 (Krev interaction trapped protein 1), CCM2/MGC4607, or CCM3/PDCD10. Why patients typically experience lesions only in lowly perfused venous capillaries of the cerebrovasculature is completely unknown.
Objective:
In contrast, animal models with a complete loss of CCM proteins lack a functional heart and blood flow and exhibit vascular anomalies within major blood vessels as well. This finding raises the possibility that hemodynamics may play a role in the context of this vascular pathology.
Methods and Results:
Here, we used a genetic approach to restore cardiac function and blood flow in a zebrafish model of CCM1. We find that blood flow prevents cardiovascular anomalies including a hyperplastic expansion within a large Ccm1-deficient vascular bed, the lateral dorsal aorta.
Conclusions:
This study identifies blood flow as an important physiological factor that is protective in the cause of this devastating vascular pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Jasmin Rödel
- From the Department for Animal Physiology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Potsdam University, Germany (C.J.R., C.O., S.D., M.L., D.F., A.P., S.A.-S.)
| | - Cécile Otten
- From the Department for Animal Physiology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Potsdam University, Germany (C.J.R., C.O., S.D., M.L., D.F., A.P., S.A.-S.)
| | - Stefan Donat
- From the Department for Animal Physiology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Potsdam University, Germany (C.J.R., C.O., S.D., M.L., D.F., A.P., S.A.-S.)
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Hannover Medical School, Germany (S.D., S.A.-S.)
| | - Marta Lourenço
- From the Department for Animal Physiology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Potsdam University, Germany (C.J.R., C.O., S.D., M.L., D.F., A.P., S.A.-S.)
| | - Dorothea Fischer
- From the Department for Animal Physiology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Potsdam University, Germany (C.J.R., C.O., S.D., M.L., D.F., A.P., S.A.-S.)
| | - Benno Kuropka
- Institute of Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany (B.K., C.F.)
| | - Alessio Paolini
- From the Department for Animal Physiology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Potsdam University, Germany (C.J.R., C.O., S.D., M.L., D.F., A.P., S.A.-S.)
| | - Christian Freund
- Institute of Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany (B.K., C.F.)
| | - Salim Abdelilah-Seyfried
- From the Department for Animal Physiology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Potsdam University, Germany (C.J.R., C.O., S.D., M.L., D.F., A.P., S.A.-S.)
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Hannover Medical School, Germany (S.D., S.A.-S.)
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58
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KRIT1 Deficiency Promotes Aortic Endothelial Dysfunction. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20194930. [PMID: 31590384 PMCID: PMC6801783 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss-of-function mutations of the gene encoding Krev interaction trapped protein 1 (KRIT1) are associated with the pathogenesis of Cerebral Cavernous Malformation (CCM), a major cerebrovascular disease characterized by abnormally enlarged and leaky capillaries and affecting 0.5% of the human population. However, growing evidence demonstrates that KRIT1 is implicated in the modulation of major redox-sensitive signaling pathways and mechanisms involved in adaptive responses to oxidative stress and inflammation, suggesting that its loss-of-function mutations may have pathological effects not limited to CCM disease. The aim of this study was to address whether KRIT1 loss-of-function predisposes to the development of pathological conditions associated with enhanced endothelial cell susceptibility to oxidative stress and inflammation, such as arterial endothelial dysfunction (ED) and atherosclerosis. Silencing of KRIT1 in human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs), coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAECs), and umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) resulted in increased expression of endothelial proinflammatory adhesion molecules vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) and in enhanced susceptibility to tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)-induced apoptosis. These effects were associated with a downregulation of Notch1 activation that could be rescued by antioxidant treatment, suggesting that they are consequent to altered intracellular redox homeostasis induced by KRIT1 loss-of-function. Furthermore, analysis of the aorta of heterozygous KRIT1+/- mice fed a high-fructose diet to induce systemic oxidative stress and inflammation demonstrated a 1.6-fold increased expression of VCAM-1 and an approximately 2-fold enhanced fat accumulation (7.5% vs 3.6%) in atherosclerosis-prone regions, including the aortic arch and aortic root, as compared to corresponding wild-type littermates. In conclusion, we found that KRIT1 deficiency promotes ED, suggesting that, besides CCM, KRIT1 may be implicated in genetic susceptibility to the development of atherosclerotic lesions.
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59
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Agosti E, Flemming KD, Lanzino G. Symptomatic Cavernous Malformation Presenting with Seizure without Hemorrhage: Analysis of Factors Influencing Clinical Presentation. World Neurosurg 2019; 129:e387-e392. [DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2019.05.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Koskimäki J, Zhang D, Li Y, Saadat L, Moore T, Lightle R, Polster SP, Carrión-Penagos J, Lyne SB, Zeineddine HA, Shi C, Shenkar R, Romanos S, Avner K, Srinath A, Shen L, Detter MR, Snellings D, Cao Y, Lopez-Ramirez MA, Fonseca G, Tang AT, Faber P, Andrade J, Ginsberg M, Kahn ML, Marchuk DA, Girard R, Awad IA. Transcriptome clarifies mechanisms of lesion genesis versus progression in models of Ccm3 cerebral cavernous malformations. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2019; 7:132. [PMID: 31426861 PMCID: PMC6699077 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-019-0789-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs) are dilated capillaries causing epilepsy and stroke. Inheritance of a heterozygous mutation in CCM3/PDCD10 is responsible for the most aggressive familial form of the disease. Here we studied the differences and commonalities between the transcriptomes of microdissected lesional neurovascular units (NVUs) from acute and chronic in vivo Ccm3/Pdcd10ECKO mice, and cultured brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) Ccm3/Pdcd10ECKO.We identified 2409 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in acute and 2962 in chronic in vivo NVUs compared to microdissected brain capillaries, as well as 121 in in vitro BMECs with and without Ccm3/Pdcd10 loss (fold change ≥ |2.0|; p < 0.05, false discovery rate corrected). A functional clustered dendrogram generated using the Euclidean distance showed that the DEGs identified only in acute in vivo NVUs were clustered in cellular proliferation gene ontology functions. The DEGs only identified in chronic in vivo NVUs were clustered in inflammation and immune response, permeability, and adhesion functions. In addition, 1225 DEGs were only identified in the in vivo NVUs but not in vitro BMECs, and these clustered within neuronal and glial functions. One miRNA mmu-miR-3472a was differentially expressed (FC = - 5.98; p = 0.07, FDR corrected) in the serum of Ccm3/Pdcd10+/- when compared to wild type mice, and this was functionally related as a putative target to Cand2 (cullin associated and neddylation dissociated 2), a DEG in acute and chronic lesional NVUs and in vitro BMECs. Our results suggest that the acute model is characterized by cell proliferation, while the chronic model showed inflammatory, adhesion and permeability processes. In addition, we highlight the importance of extra-endothelial structures in CCM disease, and potential role of circulating miRNAs as biomarkers of disease, interacting with DEGs. The extensive DEGs library of each model will serve as a validation tool for potential mechanistic, biomarker, and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janne Koskimäki
- Neurovascular Surgery Program, Section of Neurosurgery, The University of Chicago Medicine and Biological Sciences, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Dongdong Zhang
- Neurovascular Surgery Program, Section of Neurosurgery, The University of Chicago Medicine and Biological Sciences, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Yan Li
- Center for Research Informatics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Laleh Saadat
- Neurovascular Surgery Program, Section of Neurosurgery, The University of Chicago Medicine and Biological Sciences, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Thomas Moore
- Neurovascular Surgery Program, Section of Neurosurgery, The University of Chicago Medicine and Biological Sciences, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Rhonda Lightle
- Neurovascular Surgery Program, Section of Neurosurgery, The University of Chicago Medicine and Biological Sciences, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sean P Polster
- Neurovascular Surgery Program, Section of Neurosurgery, The University of Chicago Medicine and Biological Sciences, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Julián Carrión-Penagos
- Neurovascular Surgery Program, Section of Neurosurgery, The University of Chicago Medicine and Biological Sciences, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Seán B Lyne
- Neurovascular Surgery Program, Section of Neurosurgery, The University of Chicago Medicine and Biological Sciences, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Hussein A Zeineddine
- Neurovascular Surgery Program, Section of Neurosurgery, The University of Chicago Medicine and Biological Sciences, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Changbin Shi
- Neurovascular Surgery Program, Section of Neurosurgery, The University of Chicago Medicine and Biological Sciences, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Robert Shenkar
- Neurovascular Surgery Program, Section of Neurosurgery, The University of Chicago Medicine and Biological Sciences, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sharbel Romanos
- Neurovascular Surgery Program, Section of Neurosurgery, The University of Chicago Medicine and Biological Sciences, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kenneth Avner
- Neurovascular Surgery Program, Section of Neurosurgery, The University of Chicago Medicine and Biological Sciences, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Abhinav Srinath
- Neurovascular Surgery Program, Section of Neurosurgery, The University of Chicago Medicine and Biological Sciences, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Le Shen
- Neurovascular Surgery Program, Section of Neurosurgery, The University of Chicago Medicine and Biological Sciences, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Matthew R Detter
- The Molecular Genetics and Microbiology Department, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Daniel Snellings
- The Molecular Genetics and Microbiology Department, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ying Cao
- Neurovascular Surgery Program, Section of Neurosurgery, The University of Chicago Medicine and Biological Sciences, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Gregory Fonseca
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Alan T Tang
- Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Pieter Faber
- University of Chicago Genomics Facility, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jorge Andrade
- Center for Research Informatics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mark Ginsberg
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mark L Kahn
- Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Douglas A Marchuk
- The Molecular Genetics and Microbiology Department, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Romuald Girard
- Neurovascular Surgery Program, Section of Neurosurgery, The University of Chicago Medicine and Biological Sciences, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Issam A Awad
- Neurovascular Surgery Program, Section of Neurosurgery, The University of Chicago Medicine and Biological Sciences, Chicago, IL, USA.
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Awad IA, Polster SP. Cavernous angiomas: deconstructing a neurosurgical disease. J Neurosurg 2019; 131:1-13. [PMID: 31261134 PMCID: PMC6778695 DOI: 10.3171/2019.3.jns181724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cavernous angioma (CA) is also known as cavernoma, cavernous hemangioma, and cerebral cavernous malformation (CCM) (National Library of Medicine Medical Subject heading unique ID D006392). In its sporadic form, CA occurs as a solitary hemorrhagic vascular lesion or as clustered lesions associated with a developmental venous anomaly. In its autosomal dominant familial form (Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man #116860), CA is caused by a heterozygous germline loss-of-function mutation in one of three genes-CCM1/KRIT1, CCM2/Malcavernin, and CCM3/PDCD10-causing multifocal lesions throughout the brain and spinal cord.In this paper, the authors review the cardinal features of CA's disease pathology and clinical radiological features. They summarize key aspects of CA's natural history and broad elements of evidence-based management guidelines, including surgery. The authors also discuss evidence of similar genetic defects in sporadic and familial lesions, consequences of CCM gene loss in different tissues at various stages of development, and implications regarding the pathobiology of CAs.The concept of CA with symptomatic hemorrhage (CASH) is presented as well as its relevance to clinical care and research in the field. Pathobiological mechanisms related to CA include inflammation and immune-mediated processes, angiogenesis and vascular permeability, microbiome driven factors, and lesional anticoagulant domains. These mechanisms have motivated the development of imaging and plasma biomarkers of relevant disease behavior and promising therapeutic targets.The spectrum of discoveries about CA and their implications endorse CA as a paradigm for deconstructing a neurosurgical disease.
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62
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Otten C, Knox J, Boulday G, Eymery M, Haniszewski M, Neuenschwander M, Radetzki S, Vogt I, Hähn K, De Luca C, Cardoso C, Hamad S, Igual Gil C, Roy P, Albiges-Rizo C, Faurobert E, von Kries JP, Campillos M, Tournier-Lasserve E, Derry WB, Abdelilah-Seyfried S. Systematic pharmacological screens uncover novel pathways involved in cerebral cavernous malformations. EMBO Mol Med 2019; 10:emmm.201809155. [PMID: 30181117 PMCID: PMC6180302 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201809155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs) are vascular lesions in the central nervous system causing strokes and seizures which currently can only be treated through neurosurgery. The disease arises through changes in the regulatory networks of endothelial cells that must be comprehensively understood to develop alternative, non-invasive pharmacological therapies. Here, we present the results of several unbiased small-molecule suppression screens in which we applied a total of 5,268 unique substances to CCM mutant worm, zebrafish, mouse, or human endothelial cells. We used a systems biology-based target prediction tool to integrate the results with the whole-transcriptome profile of zebrafish CCM2 mutants, revealing signaling pathways relevant to the disease and potential targets for small-molecule-based therapies. We found indirubin-3-monoxime to alleviate the lesion burden in murine preclinical models of CCM2 and CCM3 and suppress the loss-of-CCM phenotypes in human endothelial cells. Our multi-organism-based approach reveals new components of the CCM regulatory network and foreshadows novel small-molecule-based therapeutic applications for suppressing this devastating disease in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Otten
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Potsdam University, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Jessica Knox
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,The Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Gwénola Boulday
- INSERM UMR-1161, Génétique et physiopathologie des maladies cérébro-vasculaires, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Mathias Eymery
- INSERM U1209, Grenoble, France.,Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France.,CNRS UMR 5309, Grenoble, France
| | - Marta Haniszewski
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Developmental and Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Silke Radetzki
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ingo Vogt
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Kristina Hähn
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Potsdam University, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Coralie De Luca
- INSERM UMR-1161, Génétique et physiopathologie des maladies cérébro-vasculaires, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Cécile Cardoso
- INSERM UMR-1161, Génétique et physiopathologie des maladies cérébro-vasculaires, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Sabri Hamad
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Carla Igual Gil
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Potsdam University, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Peter Roy
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,The Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Corinne Albiges-Rizo
- INSERM U1209, Grenoble, France.,Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France.,CNRS UMR 5309, Grenoble, France
| | - Eva Faurobert
- INSERM U1209, Grenoble, France.,Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France.,CNRS UMR 5309, Grenoble, France
| | - Jens P von Kries
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mónica Campillos
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Tournier-Lasserve
- INSERM UMR-1161, Génétique et physiopathologie des maladies cérébro-vasculaires, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France.,AP-HP, Groupe hospitalier Saint-Louis, Lariboisière, Fernand-Widal, Service de génétique moléculaire neuro-vasculaire, Paris, France
| | - W Brent Derry
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Developmental and Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Salim Abdelilah-Seyfried
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Potsdam University, Potsdam, Germany .,Institute of Molecular Biology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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63
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Kumar S, Lanzino G, Brinjikji W, Hocquard KW, Flemming KD. Infratentorial Developmental Venous Abnormalities and Inflammation Increase Odds of Sporadic Cavernous Malformation. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2019; 28:1662-1667. [PMID: 30878367 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2019.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
GOAL Sporadic brain cavernous malformations commonly correlate with developmental venous anomalies; however, developmental venous anomalies may exist without cavernous malformations. Infratentorial location and specific angioarchitectural features of the developmental venous anomaly increase the odds of a concomitant malformation. Animal data also suggest chronic inflammatory disease, oxidative stress, and angiogenesis promote cavernous malformation development. We sought to determine potential clinical and radiologic factors promoting development of sporadic cavernous malformations. METHODS One hundred and forty-five patients with sporadic, nonradiation-induced brain cavernous malformations (63 with radiologic-apparent and 82 with radiologic-occult developmental venous anomalies) were compared to developmental venous anomaly controls without associated malformation. Data collection included demographic information, comorbidities, medications at diagnosis, and location of the developmental venous anomaly and/or malformation. Logistic regression with likelihood ratios, odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated comparing malformation cases with controls. A similar analysis compared malformations with radiologic-apparent anomalies to controls. RESULTS Compared to controls, cases were more likely to have had a major infectious illness (10.3% versus 2.3%; P = .0003 and/or chronic inflammatory disease (31.7% versus 21.3%; P = .0184) prior to diagnostic magnetic resonance imaging. Infratentorial location was more common in cavernous malformation cases (31.7% versus 15.7% controls; P ≤ .0001) with similar findings in cavernous malformation with radiologic-apparent developmental venous anomalies versus controls. CONCLUSIONS Infratentorial developmental venous anomalies location, major infectious illness, and chronic inflammatory disorders increase the odds of sporadic cavernous malformation formation. Inflammation may promote local thrombosis of developmental venous anomalies, trigger angiogenic response through increased vascular permeability, or promote cavernous malformation through Toll-like receptor 4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivram Kumar
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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64
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Zeineddine HA, Girard R, Saadat L, Shen L, Lightle R, Moore T, Cao Y, Hobson N, Shenkar R, Avner K, Chaudager K, Koskimäki J, Polster SP, Fam MD, Shi C, Lopez-Ramirez MA, Tang AT, Gallione C, Kahn ML, Ginsberg M, Marchuk DA, Awad IA. Phenotypic characterization of murine models of cerebral cavernous malformations. J Transl Med 2019; 99:319-330. [PMID: 29946133 PMCID: PMC6309944 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-018-0030-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs) are clusters of dilated capillaries that affect around 0.5% of the population. CCMs exist in two forms, sporadic and familial. Mutations in three documented genes, KRIT1(CCM1), CCM2, and PDCD10(CCM3), cause the autosomal dominant form of the disease, and somatic mutations in these same genes underlie lesion development in the brain. Murine models with constitutive or induced loss of respective genes have been applied to study disease pathobiology and therapeutic manipulations. We aimed to analyze the phenotypic characteristic of two main groups of models, the chronic heterozygous models with sensitizers promoting genetic instability, and the acute neonatal induced homozygous knockout model. Acute model mice harbored a higher lesion burden than chronic models, more localized in the hindbrain, and largely lacking iron deposition and inflammatory cell infiltrate. The chronic model mice showed a lower lesion burden localized throughout the brain, with significantly greater perilesional iron deposition, immune B- and T-cell infiltration, and less frequent junctional protein immunopositive endothelial cells. Lesional endothelial cells in both models expressed similar phosphorylated myosin light chain immunopositivity indicating Rho-associated protein kinase activity. These data suggest that acute models are better suited to study the initial formation of the lesion, while the chronic models better reflect lesion maturation, hemorrhage, and inflammatory response, relevant pathobiologic features of the human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussein A. Zeineddine
- Neurovascular Surgery Program, Section of Neurosurgery, The University of Chicago Medicine and Biological Sciences, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Romuald Girard
- Neurovascular Surgery Program, Section of Neurosurgery, The University of Chicago Medicine and Biological Sciences, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Laleh Saadat
- Neurovascular Surgery Program, Section of Neurosurgery, The University of Chicago Medicine and Biological Sciences, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Le Shen
- Neurovascular Surgery Program, Section of Neurosurgery, The University of Chicago Medicine and Biological Sciences, Chicago, IL USA,Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago Medicine and Biological Sciences, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Rhonda Lightle
- Neurovascular Surgery Program, Section of Neurosurgery, The University of Chicago Medicine and Biological Sciences, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Thomas Moore
- Neurovascular Surgery Program, Section of Neurosurgery, The University of Chicago Medicine and Biological Sciences, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Ying Cao
- Neurovascular Surgery Program, Section of Neurosurgery, The University of Chicago Medicine and Biological Sciences, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Nick Hobson
- Neurovascular Surgery Program, Section of Neurosurgery, The University of Chicago Medicine and Biological Sciences, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Robert Shenkar
- Neurovascular Surgery Program, Section of Neurosurgery, The University of Chicago Medicine and Biological Sciences, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Kenneth Avner
- Neurovascular Surgery Program, Section of Neurosurgery, The University of Chicago Medicine and Biological Sciences, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Kiranj Chaudager
- Neurovascular Surgery Program, Section of Neurosurgery, The University of Chicago Medicine and Biological Sciences, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Janne Koskimäki
- Neurovascular Surgery Program, Section of Neurosurgery, The University of Chicago Medicine and Biological Sciences, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Sean P. Polster
- Neurovascular Surgery Program, Section of Neurosurgery, The University of Chicago Medicine and Biological Sciences, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Maged D. Fam
- Neurovascular Surgery Program, Section of Neurosurgery, The University of Chicago Medicine and Biological Sciences, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Changbin Shi
- Neurovascular Surgery Program, Section of Neurosurgery, The University of Chicago Medicine and Biological Sciences, Chicago, IL USA
| | | | - Alan T. Tang
- Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Carol Gallione
- Molecular Genetics and Microbiology Department, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC USA
| | - Mark L. Kahn
- Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Mark Ginsberg
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
| | - Douglas A. Marchuk
- Molecular Genetics and Microbiology Department, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC USA
| | - Issam A. Awad
- Neurovascular Surgery Program, Section of Neurosurgery, The University of Chicago Medicine and Biological Sciences, Chicago, IL USA
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65
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Ali AT, Boehme L, Carbajosa G, Seitan VC, Small KS, Hodgkinson A. Nuclear genetic regulation of the human mitochondrial transcriptome. eLife 2019; 8:e41927. [PMID: 30775970 PMCID: PMC6420317 DOI: 10.7554/elife.41927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria play important roles in cellular processes and disease, yet little is known about how the transcriptional regime of the mitochondrial genome varies across individuals and tissues. By analyzing >11,000 RNA-sequencing libraries across 36 tissue/cell types, we find considerable variation in mitochondrial-encoded gene expression along the mitochondrial transcriptome, across tissues and between individuals, highlighting the importance of cell-type specific and post-transcriptional processes in shaping mitochondrial-encoded RNA levels. Using whole-genome genetic data we identify 64 nuclear loci associated with expression levels of 14 genes encoded in the mitochondrial genome, including missense variants within genes involved in mitochondrial function (TBRG4, MTPAP and LONP1), implicating genetic mechanisms that act in trans across the two genomes. We replicate ~21% of associations with independent tissue-matched datasets and find genetic variants linked to these nuclear loci that are associated with cardio-metabolic phenotypes and Vitiligo, supporting a potential role for variable mitochondrial-encoded gene expression in complex disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aminah T Ali
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, School of Basic and Medical BiosciencesKing’s College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Lena Boehme
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, School of Basic and Medical BiosciencesKing’s College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Guillermo Carbajosa
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, School of Basic and Medical BiosciencesKing’s College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Vlad C Seitan
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, School of Basic and Medical BiosciencesKing’s College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Kerrin S Small
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, School of Life Course SciencesKing’s College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Alan Hodgkinson
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, School of Basic and Medical BiosciencesKing’s College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
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KRIT1 Loss-Of-Function Associated with Cerebral Cavernous Malformation Disease Leads to Enhanced S-Glutathionylation of Distinct Structural and Regulatory Proteins. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8010027. [PMID: 30658464 PMCID: PMC6356485 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8010027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss-of-function mutations in the KRIT1 gene are associated with the pathogenesis of cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs), a major cerebrovascular disease still awaiting therapies. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that KRIT1 plays an important role in major redox-sensitive mechanisms, including transcriptional pathways and autophagy, which play major roles in cellular homeostasis and defense against oxidative stress, raising the possibility that KRIT1 loss has pleiotropic effects on multiple redox-sensitive systems. Using previously established cellular models, we found that KRIT1 loss-of-function affects the glutathione (GSH) redox system, causing a significant decrease in total GSH levels and increase in oxidized glutathione disulfide (GSSG), with a consequent deficit in the GSH/GSSG redox ratio and GSH-mediated antioxidant capacity. Redox proteomic analyses showed that these effects are associated with increased S-glutathionylation of distinct proteins involved in adaptive responses to oxidative stress, including redox-sensitive chaperonins, metabolic enzymes, and cytoskeletal proteins, suggesting a novel molecular signature of KRIT1 loss-of-function. Besides providing further insights into the emerging pleiotropic functions of KRIT1, these findings point definitively to KRIT1 as a major player in redox biology, shedding new light on the mechanistic relationship between KRIT1 loss-of-function and enhanced cell sensitivity to oxidative stress, which may eventually lead to cellular dysfunctions and CCM disease pathogenesis.
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67
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De Luca E, Pedone D, Moglianetti M, Pulcini D, Perrelli A, Retta SF, Pompa PP. Multifunctional Platinum@BSA-Rapamycin Nanocarriers for the Combinatorial Therapy of Cerebral Cavernous Malformation. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:15389-15398. [PMID: 30556006 PMCID: PMC6288776 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b01653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Platinum nanoparticles (PtNPs) are antioxidant enzyme-mimetic nanomaterials with significant potential for the treatment of complex diseases related to oxidative stress. Among such diseases, Cerebral Cavernous Malformation (CCM) is a major cerebrovascular disorder of genetic origin, which affects at least 0.5% of the general population. Accumulated evidence indicates that loss-of-function mutations of the three known CCM genes predispose endothelial cells to oxidative stress-mediated dysfunctions by affecting distinct redox-sensitive signaling pathways and mechanisms, including pro-oxidant and antioxidant pathways and autophagy. A multitargeted combinatorial therapy might thereby represent a promising strategy for the effective treatment of this disease. Herein, we developed a multifunctional nanocarrier by combining the radical scavenging activity of PtNPs with the autophagy-stimulating activity of rapamycin (Rapa). Our results show that the combinatorial targeting of redox signaling and autophagy dysfunctions is effective in rescuing major molecular and cellular hallmarks of CCM disease, suggesting its potential for the treatment of this and other oxidative stress-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa De Luca
- Nanobiointeractions
& Nanodiagnostics, Center for Biomolecular Nanotechnologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Barsanti 14, Arnesano Lecce 73010, Italy
| | - Deborah Pedone
- Nanobiointeractions
& Nanodiagnostics, Center for Biomolecular Nanotechnologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Barsanti 14, Arnesano Lecce 73010, Italy
- Department
of Engineering for Innovation, University
of Salento, Via per Monteroni, Lecce 73100, Italy
| | - Mauro Moglianetti
- Nanobiointeractions
& Nanodiagnostics, Center for Biomolecular Nanotechnologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Barsanti 14, Arnesano Lecce 73010, Italy
| | - Daniele Pulcini
- Nanobiointeractions
& Nanodiagnostics, Center for Biomolecular Nanotechnologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Barsanti 14, Arnesano Lecce 73010, Italy
| | - Andrea Perrelli
- Department
of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University
of Torino, Regione Gonzole
10, Orbassano (Torino) 10043, Italy
- CCM
Italia Research NetworkUniversity of Torino, Regione Gonzole 10, Orbassano (Torino) 10043, Italy
| | - Saverio Francesco Retta
- Department
of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University
of Torino, Regione Gonzole
10, Orbassano (Torino) 10043, Italy
- CCM
Italia Research NetworkUniversity of Torino, Regione Gonzole 10, Orbassano (Torino) 10043, Italy
- E-mail: . Web: www.ccmitalia.unito.it (S.F.R.)
| | - Pier Paolo Pompa
- Nanobiointeractions
& Nanodiagnostics, Center for Biomolecular Nanotechnologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Barsanti 14, Arnesano Lecce 73010, Italy
- Nanobiointeractions
& Nanodiagnostics, Istituto Italiano
di Tecnologia, Via Morego
30, Genova 16163, Italy
- E-mail: (P.P.P.)
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68
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Abstract
Cerebral cavernous malformations (CCM) are manifested by microvascular lesions characterized by leaky endothelial cells with minimal intervening parenchyma predominantly in the central nervous system predisposed to hemorrhagic stroke, resulting in focal neurological defects. Till date, three proteins are implicated in this condition: CCM1 (KRIT1), CCM2 (MGC4607), and CCM3 (PDCD10). These multi-domain proteins form a protein complex via CCM2 that function as a docking site for the CCM signaling complex, which modulates many signaling pathways. Defects in the formation of this signaling complex have been shown to affect a wide range of cellular processes including cell-cell contact stability, vascular angiogenesis, oxidative damage protection and multiple biogenic events. In this review we provide an update on recent advances in structure and function of these CCM proteins, especially focusing on the signaling cascades involved in CCM pathogenesis and the resultant CCM cellular phenotypes in the past decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhil Padarti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Science Center El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905, USA
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Science Center El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905, USA
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Biological Activities, Health Benefits, and Therapeutic Properties of Avenanthramides: From Skin Protection to Prevention and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Diseases. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:6015351. [PMID: 30245775 PMCID: PMC6126071 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6015351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Oat (Avena sativa) is a cereal known since antiquity as a useful grain with abundant nutritional and health benefits. It contains distinct molecular components with high antioxidant activity, such as tocopherols, tocotrienols, and flavanoids. In addition, it is a unique source of avenanthramides, phenolic amides containing anthranilic acid and hydroxycinnamic acid moieties, and endowed with major beneficial health properties because of their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiproliferative effects. In this review, we report on the biological activities of avenanthramides and their derivatives, including analogs produced in recombinant yeast, with a major focus on the therapeutic potential of these secondary metabolites in the treatment of aging-related human diseases. Moreover, we also present recent advances pointing to avenanthramides as interesting therapeutic candidates for the treatment of cerebral cavernous malformation (CCM) disease, a major cerebrovascular disorder affecting up to 0.5% of the human population. Finally, we highlight the potential of foodomics and redox proteomics approaches in outlining distinctive molecular pathways and redox protein modifications associated with avenanthramide bioactivities in promoting human health and contrasting the onset and progression of various pathologies. The paper is dedicated to the memory of Adelia Frison.
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70
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Genome-Wide Sequencing Reveals Small Nucleolar RNAs Downregulated in Cerebral Cavernous Malformations. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2018; 38:1369-1382. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-018-0602-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Antognelli C, Trapani E, Delle Monache S, Perrelli A, Daga M, Pizzimenti S, Barrera G, Cassoni P, Angelucci A, Trabalzini L, Talesa VN, Goitre L, Retta SF. KRIT1 loss-of-function induces a chronic Nrf2-mediated adaptive homeostasis that sensitizes cells to oxidative stress: Implication for Cerebral Cavernous Malformation disease. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 115:202-218. [PMID: 29170092 PMCID: PMC5806631 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
KRIT1 (CCM1) is a disease gene responsible for Cerebral Cavernous Malformations (CCM), a major cerebrovascular disease of proven genetic origin affecting 0.3-0.5% of the population. Previously, we demonstrated that KRIT1 loss-of-function is associated with altered redox homeostasis and abnormal activation of the redox-sensitive transcription factor c-Jun, which collectively result in pro-oxidative, pro-inflammatory and pro-angiogenic effects, suggesting a novel pathogenic mechanism for CCM disease and raising the possibility that KRIT1 loss-of-function exerts pleiotropic effects on multiple redox-sensitive mechanisms. To address this possibility, we investigated major redox-sensitive pathways and enzymatic systems that play critical roles in fundamental cytoprotective mechanisms of adaptive responses to oxidative stress, including the master Nrf2 antioxidant defense pathway and its downstream target Glyoxalase 1 (Glo1), a pivotal stress-responsive defense enzyme involved in cellular protection against glycative and oxidative stress through the metabolism of methylglyoxal (MG). This is a potent post-translational protein modifier that may either contribute to increased oxidative molecular damage and cellular susceptibility to apoptosis, or enhance the activity of major apoptosis-protective proteins, including heat shock proteins (Hsps), promoting cell survival. Experimental outcomes showed that KRIT1 loss-of-function induces a redox-sensitive sustained upregulation of Nrf2 and Glo1, and a drop in intracellular levels of MG-modified Hsp70 and Hsp27 proteins, leading to a chronic adaptive redox homeostasis that counteracts intrinsic oxidative stress but increases susceptibility to oxidative DNA damage and apoptosis, sensitizing cells to further oxidative challenges. While supporting and extending the pleiotropic functions of KRIT1, these findings shed new light on the mechanistic relationship between KRIT1 loss-of-function and enhanced cell predisposition to oxidative damage, thus providing valuable new insights into CCM pathogenesis and novel options for the development of preventive and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eliana Trapani
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Regione Gonzole 10, Orbassano, 10043 Torino, Italy
| | - Simona Delle Monache
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Science, University of L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Andrea Perrelli
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Regione Gonzole 10, Orbassano, 10043 Torino, Italy
| | - Martina Daga
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Regione Gonzole 10, Orbassano, 10043 Torino, Italy
| | - Stefania Pizzimenti
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Regione Gonzole 10, Orbassano, 10043 Torino, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Barrera
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Regione Gonzole 10, Orbassano, 10043 Torino, Italy
| | - Paola Cassoni
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Italy
| | - Adriano Angelucci
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Science, University of L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Lorenza Trabalzini
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Italy
| | | | - Luca Goitre
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Regione Gonzole 10, Orbassano, 10043 Torino, Italy
| | - Saverio Francesco Retta
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Regione Gonzole 10, Orbassano, 10043 Torino, Italy.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Endothelial cells dysfunctions are crucial determinants of several human diseases. We review here the most recent reports on endothelial cell defects in cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs), particularly focusing on adherens junctions. CCM is a vascular disease that affects specifically the venous microvessels of the central nervous system and which is caused by loss-of-function mutation in any one of the three CCM genes (CCM1, 2 or 3) in endothelial cells. The phenotypic result of these mutations are focal vascular malformations that are permeable and fragile causing neurological symptoms and occasionally haemorrhagic stroke. RECENT FINDINGS CCM is still an incurable disease, as no pharmacological treatment is available, besides surgery. The definition of the molecular alterations ensuing loss of function mutation of CCM genes is contributing to orientate the testing of targeted pharmacological tools.Several signalling pathways are altered in the three genotypes in a similar way and concur in the acquisition of mesenchymal markers in endothelial cells. However, also genotype-specific defects are reported, in particular for the CCM1 and CCM3 mutation. SUMMARY Besides the specific CCM disease, the characterization of endothelial alterations in CCM has the potentiality to shed light on basic molecular regulations as the acquisition and maintenance of organ and vascular site specificity of endothelial cells.
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73
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This study aims to review the current epidemiology and clinical management of patients with cavernous malformations (CM). RECENT FINDINGS Hemorrhage is the most feared complication and leads to morbidity in patients with CM. Multiple studies including three meta-analyses have provided useful estimates of hemorrhage risk, but have failed to identify a modifiable risk factor for prevention of cavernous malformation related hemorrhage. In treating the CM itself, surgical risk is weighed against the natural history. However, accumulating knowledge regarding the roles of CCM 1, 2, and 3 genes has led to the discovery of potential therapeutic targets. The risk of future hemorrhage in patients with CM is highest in those who have had previously clinical hemorrhages. Estimated risks are helpful in counseling patients and comparing to the risk of surgery. Future clinical trials of candidate medications are likely to target those patients with prior clinical hemorrhage in whom the surgical risk is deemed high.
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74
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Abstract
Correct organization of the vascular tree requires the balanced activities of several signaling pathways that regulate tubulogenesis and vascular branching, elongation, and pruning. When this balance is lost, the vessels can be malformed and fragile, and they can lose arteriovenous differentiation. In this review, we concentrate on the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β/bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) pathway, which is one of the most important and complex signaling systems in vascular development. Inactivation of these pathways can lead to altered vascular organization in the embryo. In addition, many vascular malformations are related to deregulation of TGF-β/BMP signaling. Here, we focus on two of the most studied vascular malformations that are induced by deregulation of TGF-β/BMP signaling: hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) and cerebral cavernous malformation (CCM). The first of these is related to loss-of-function mutation of the TGF-β/BMP receptor complex and the second to increased signaling sensitivity to TGF-β/BMP. In this review, we discuss the potential therapeutic targets against these vascular malformations identified so far, as well as their basis in general mechanisms of vascular development and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara I Cunha
- From the Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, Uppsala University, Sweden (S.I.C., P.U.M., E.D.); FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy (E.D., M.G.L.); and Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy (M.G.L.)
| | - Peetra U Magnusson
- From the Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, Uppsala University, Sweden (S.I.C., P.U.M., E.D.); FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy (E.D., M.G.L.); and Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy (M.G.L.)
| | - Elisabetta Dejana
- From the Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, Uppsala University, Sweden (S.I.C., P.U.M., E.D.); FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy (E.D., M.G.L.); and Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy (M.G.L.).
| | - Maria Grazia Lampugnani
- From the Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, Uppsala University, Sweden (S.I.C., P.U.M., E.D.); FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy (E.D., M.G.L.); and Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy (M.G.L.)
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75
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Goitre L, DiStefano PV, Moglia A, Nobiletti N, Baldini E, Trabalzini L, Keubel J, Trapani E, Shuvaev VV, Muzykantov VR, Sarelius IH, Retta SF, Glading AJ. Up-regulation of NADPH oxidase-mediated redox signaling contributes to the loss of barrier function in KRIT1 deficient endothelium. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8296. [PMID: 28811547 PMCID: PMC5558000 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08373-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The intracellular scaffold KRIT1/CCM1 is an established regulator of vascular barrier function. Loss of KRIT1 leads to decreased microvessel barrier function and to the development of the vascular disorder Cerebral Cavernous Malformation (CCM). However, how loss of KRIT1 causes the subsequent deficit in barrier function remains undefined. Previous studies have shown that loss of KRIT1 increases the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and exacerbates vascular permeability triggered by several inflammatory stimuli, but not TNF−α. We now show that endothelial ROS production directly contributes to the loss of barrier function in KRIT1 deficient animals and cells, as targeted antioxidant enzymes reversed the increase in permeability in KRIT1 heterozygous mice as shown by intravital microscopy. Rescue of the redox state restored responsiveness to TNF-α in KRIT1 deficient arterioles, but not venules. In vitro, KRIT1 depletion increased endothelial ROS production via NADPH oxidase signaling, up-regulated Nox4 expression, and promoted NF-κB dependent promoter activity. Recombinant yeast avenanthramide I, an antioxidant and inhibitor of NF-κB signaling, rescued barrier function in KRIT1 deficient cells. However, KRIT1 depletion blunted ROS production in response to TNF-α. Together, our data indicate that ROS signaling is critical for the loss of barrier function following genetic deletion of KRIT1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Goitre
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Peter V DiStefano
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Andrea Moglia
- Department of Agriculture, Forest and Food Sciences, Plant Genetics and Breeding, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Nicholas Nobiletti
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Eva Baldini
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester, New York, USA.,Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Lorenza Trabalzini
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Julie Keubel
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Eliana Trapani
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Vladimir V Shuvaev
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Ingrid H Sarelius
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester, New York, USA
| | | | - Angela J Glading
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester, New York, USA.
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Russo A, Neu MA, Theruvath J, Kron B, Wingerter A, Hey-Koch S, Tanyildizi Y, Faber J. Novel loss of function mutation in KRIT1/CCM1 is associated with distinctly progressive cerebral and spinal cavernous malformations after radiochemotherapy for intracranial malignant germ cell tumor. Childs Nerv Syst 2017; 33:1275-1283. [PMID: 28488085 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-017-3434-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cerebrospinal cavernous malformations (CCMs) are vascular lesions characterized by dilated and leaky capillary caverns. CCMs can cause seizures, focal neurological deficits or acute intracranial hemorrhage; however, most patients are asymptomatic. CCMs occur either sporadically or as a familial autosomal-dominant disorder. We present a clinical and molecular study of a patient with distinctive cerebral and spinal cavernous malformations following radiochemotherapy for a malignant brain tumor. METHODS The patient had multiple magnet resonance imaging (MRI) examinations of his brain and spine following radiochemotherapy for a primary intracranial germ cell tumor (GCT), as part of his oncologic follow-up. The MRI sequences included susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI). The coding exons and their flanking intronic regions of KRIT1/CCM1 gene were analyzed for mutations by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and direct sequencing. RESULTS MRI revealed numerous cerebral and spinal microhemorrhages and pronounced cavernous malformations that progressed with subsequent follow-up imaging. Genetic analysis demonstrated a novel heterozygous KRIT1/CCM1 two base pair deletion (c.1535_1536delTG) in exon 14. This deletion leads to a frameshift with a premature stop codon at nucleotide position 1553 and a highly likely loss of function of the KRIT1 protein. CONCLUSION We describe a patient with a novel heterozygous germ line loss of function mutation in KRIT1, which is associated with rapid-onset and highly progressive CCMs after radiochemotherapy for a malignant brain tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Russo
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology/Hemostaseology, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Marie Astrid Neu
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology/Hemostaseology, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Johanna Theruvath
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology/Hemostaseology, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Bettina Kron
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology/Hemostaseology, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Arthur Wingerter
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology/Hemostaseology, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Silla Hey-Koch
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Radiation Therapy, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Yasemin Tanyildizi
- Department of Neuroradiology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Joerg Faber
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology/Hemostaseology, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany.
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