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Yamashita S, Yamaguchi H, Waki T, Aoki Y, Mizuno M, Yanbe F, Ishii T, Funaki A, Tozawa Y, Miyagi-Inoue Y, Fushihara K, Nakayama T, Takahashi S. Identification and reconstitution of the rubber biosynthetic machinery on rubber particles from Hevea brasiliensis. eLife 2016; 5:e19022. [PMID: 27790974 DOI: 10.7554/elife.19022.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural rubber (NR) is stored in latex as rubber particles (RPs), rubber molecules surrounded by a lipid monolayer. Rubber transferase (RTase), the enzyme responsible for NR biosynthesis, is believed to be a member of the cis-prenyltransferase (cPT) family. However, none of the recombinant cPTs have shown RTase activity independently. We show that HRT1, a cPT from Heveabrasiliensis, exhibits distinct RTase activity in vitro only when it is introduced on detergent-washed HeveaRPs (WRPs) by a cell-free translation-coupled system. Using this system, a heterologous cPT from Lactucasativa also exhibited RTase activity, indicating proper introduction of cPT on RP is the key to reconstitute active RTase. RP proteomics and interaction network analyses revealed the formation of the protein complex consisting of HRT1, rubber elongation factor (REF) and HRT1-REF BRIDGING PROTEIN. The RTase activity enhancement observed for the complex assembled on WRPs indicates the HRT1-containing complex functions as the NR biosynthetic machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Toshiyuki Waki
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yuichi Aoki
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Makie Mizuno
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Fumihiro Yanbe
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tomoki Ishii
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Ayuta Funaki
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yuzuru Tozawa
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, Japan
| | | | | | - Toru Nakayama
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Seiji Takahashi
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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52
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Wang D, Sun Y, Tong Z, Yang Q, Chang L, Meng X, Wang L, Tian W, Wang X. A protein extraction method for low protein concentration solutions compatible with the proteomic analysis of rubber particles. Electrophoresis 2016; 37:2930-2939. [PMID: 27699805 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201600172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2015] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The extraction of high-purity proteins from the washing solution (WS) of rubber particles (also termed latex-producing organelles) from laticifer cells in rubber tree for proteomic analysis is challenging due to the low concentration of proteins in the WS. Recent studies have revealed that proteins in the WS might play crucial roles in natural rubber biosynthesis. To further examine the involvement of these proteins in natural rubber biosynthesis, we designed an efficiency method to extract high-purity WS proteins. We improved our current borax and phenol-based method by adding reextraction steps with phenol (REP) to improve the yield from low protein concentration samples. With this new method, we extracted WS proteins that were suitable for proteomics. Indeed, compared to the original borax and phenol-based method, the REP method improved both the quality and quantity of isolated proteins. By repeatedly extracting from low protein concentration solutions using the same small amount of phenol, the REP method yielded enough protein of sufficiently high-quality from starting samples containing less than 0.02 mg of proteins per milliliter. This method was successfully applied to extract the rubber particle proteins from the WS of natural rubber latex samples. The REP-extracted WS proteins were resolved by 2DE, and 28 proteins were positively identified by MS. This method has the potential to become widely used for the extraction of proteins from low protein concentration solutions for proteomic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree, Ministry of Agriculture, Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou Hainan, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou Hainan, P. R. China
| | - Yong Sun
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree, Ministry of Agriculture, Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou Hainan, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou Hainan, P. R. China
| | - Zheng Tong
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou Hainan, P. R. China
| | - Qian Yang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou Hainan, P. R. China
| | - Lili Chang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou Hainan, P. R. China
| | - Xueru Meng
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou Hainan, P. R. China
| | - Limin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou Hainan, P. R. China
| | - Weimin Tian
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree, Ministry of Agriculture, Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou Hainan, P. R. China
| | - Xuchu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree, Ministry of Agriculture, Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou Hainan, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou Hainan, P. R. China
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53
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Highlights on Hevea brasiliensis (pro)hevein proteins. Biochimie 2016; 127:258-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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54
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Liu M, Qiu W, He X, Zheng L, Song X, Han X, Jiang J, Qiao G, Sang J, Liu M, Zhuo R. Functional Characterization of a Gene in Sedum alfredii Hance Resembling Rubber Elongation Factor Endowed with Functions Associated with Cadmium Tolerance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:965. [PMID: 27446189 PMCID: PMC4925709 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium is a major toxic heavy-metal pollutant considering their bioaccumulation potential and persistence in the environment. The hyperaccumulating ecotype of Sedum alfredii Hance is a Zn/Cd co-hyperaccumulator inhabiting in a region of China with soils rich in Pb/Zn. Investigations into the underlying molecular regulatory mechanisms of Cd tolerance are of substantial interest. Here, library screening for genes related to cadmium tolerance identified a gene resembling the rubber elongation factor gene designated as SaREFl. The heterologous expression of SaREFl rescued the growth of a transformed Cd-sensitive strain (ycf1). Furthermore, SaREFl-expressing Arabidopsis plants were more tolerant to cadmium stress compared with wild type by measuring parameters of root length, fresh weight and physiological indexes. When under four different heavy metal treatments, we found that SaREFl responded most strongly to Cd and the root was the plant organ most sensitive to this heavy metal. Yeast two-hybrid screening of SaREFl as a bait led to the identification of five possible interacting targets in Sedum alfredii Hance. Among them, a gene annotated as prenylated Rab acceptor 1 (PRA1) domain protein was detected with a high frequency. Moreover, subcellular localization of SaREF1-GFP fusion protein revealed some patchy spots in cytosol suggesting potential association with organelles for its cellular functions. Our findings would further enrich the connotation of REF-like genes and provide theoretical assistance for the application in breeding heavy metal-tolerant plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, BeijingChina
- Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding of Zhejiang Province, The Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, HangzhouChina
| | - Wenming Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, BeijingChina
- Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding of Zhejiang Province, The Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, HangzhouChina
| | - Xuelian He
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, BeijingChina
- Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding of Zhejiang Province, The Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, HangzhouChina
- Biotechnology Research Center of China Three Gorges University, YichangChina
| | - Liu Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, BeijingChina
- Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding of Zhejiang Province, The Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, HangzhouChina
- Biotechnology Research Center of China Three Gorges University, YichangChina
| | - Xixi Song
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, BeijingChina
- Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding of Zhejiang Province, The Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, HangzhouChina
| | - Xiaojiao Han
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, BeijingChina
- Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding of Zhejiang Province, The Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, HangzhouChina
| | - Jing Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, BeijingChina
- Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding of Zhejiang Province, The Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, HangzhouChina
| | - Guirong Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, BeijingChina
- Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding of Zhejiang Province, The Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, HangzhouChina
| | - Jian Sang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, BeijingChina
- Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding of Zhejiang Province, The Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, HangzhouChina
| | - Mingqing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, BeijingChina
- Vocational Secondary Specialized School of Hedong District, LinyiChina
| | - Renying Zhuo
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, BeijingChina
- Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding of Zhejiang Province, The Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, HangzhouChina
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55
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AtSRP1, SMALL RUBBER PARTICLE PROTEIN HOMOLOG, functions in pollen growth and development in Arabidopsis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 475:223-9. [PMID: 27208780 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.05.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
To identify novel roles of SMALL RUBBER PARTICLE PROTEIN Homolog in the non-rubber-producing plant Arabidopsis (AtSRP1), we isolated a T-DNA-insertion knock-out mutant (FLAG_543A05) and investigated its functional characteristics. AtSRP1 is predominantly expressed in reproductive organs and is localized to lipid droplets and ER. Compared to wild-type (WT) Arabidopsis, atsrp1 plants contain small siliques with a reduced number of heterogeneously shaped seeds. The size of anther and pollen grains in atsrp1 is highly irregular, with a lower grain number than WT. Therefore, AtSRP1 plays a novel role related to pollen growth and development in a non-rubber-producing plant.
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56
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Berthelot K, Lecomte S, Coulary-Salin B, Bentaleb A, Peruch F. Hevea brasiliensis prohevein possesses a conserved C-terminal domain with amyloid-like properties in vitro. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2016; 1864:388-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2016.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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57
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Kim EY, Park KY, Seo YS, Kim WT. Arabidopsis Small Rubber Particle Protein Homolog SRPs Play Dual Roles as Positive Factors for Tissue Growth and Development and in Drought Stress Responses. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 170:2494-510. [PMID: 26903535 PMCID: PMC4825120 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.00165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) act as repositories for fatty acids and sterols, which are used for various cellular processes such as energy production and membrane and hormone synthesis. LD-associated proteins play important roles in seed development and germination, but their functions in postgermination growth are not well understood. Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) contains three SRP homologs (SRP1, SRP2, and SRP3) that share sequence identities with small rubber particle proteins of the rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis). In this report, the possible cellular roles of SRPs in postgermination growth and the drought tolerance response were investigated. Arabidopsis SRPs appeared to be LD-associated proteins and displayed polymerization properties in vivo and in vitro. SRP-overexpressing transgenic Arabidopsis plants (35S:SRP1, 35S:SRP2, and 35S:SRP3) exhibited higher vegetative and reproductive growth and markedly better tolerance to drought stress than wild-type Arabidopsis. In addition, constitutive over-expression of SRPs resulted in increased numbers of large LDs in postgermination seedlings. In contrast, single (srp1, 35S:SRP2-RNAi, and srp3) and triple (35S:SRP2-RNAi/srp1srp3) loss-of-function mutant lines exhibited the opposite phenotypes. Our results suggest that Arabidopsis SRPs play dual roles as positive factors in postgermination growth and the drought stress tolerance response. The possible relationships between LD-associated proteins and the drought stress response are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Yu Kim
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
| | - Ki Youl Park
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
| | - Young Sam Seo
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
| | - Woo Taek Kim
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
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58
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Zhou Y, Li M, Zhao F, Zha H, Yang L, Lu Y, Wang G, Shi J, Chen J. Floral Nectary Morphology and Proteomic Analysis of Nectar of Liriodendron tulipifera Linn. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:826. [PMID: 27379122 PMCID: PMC4905952 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Nectar is a primary nutrient reward for a variety of pollinators. Recent studies have demonstrated that nectar also has defensive functions against microbial invasion. In this study, the Liriodendron tulipifera nectary was first examined by scanning electron microscopy, and then the nectar was analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, which led to identification of 42 nectar proteins involved in various biological functions. Bioinformatic analysis was then performed on an identified novel rubber elongation factor (REF) protein in L. tulipifera nectar. The protein was particularly abundant, representing ∼60% of the major bands of 31 to 43 kDa, and showed high, stage-specific expression in nectary tissue. The REF family proteins are the major allergens in latex. We propose that REF in L. tulipifera nectar has defensive characteristics against microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanwei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Forestry UniversityNanjing, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Meiping Li
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Forestry UniversityNanjing, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Fangfang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Forestry UniversityNanjing, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Hongguang Zha
- College of Life and Environment Science, Huangshan UniversityHuangshan, China
| | - Liming Yang
- School of Life science, Huaiyin Normal UniversityHuai’an, China
| | - Ye Lu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Forestry UniversityNanjing, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Guangping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Forestry UniversityNanjing, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Jisen Shi
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Forestry UniversityNanjing, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry UniversityNanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Jinhui Chen, ; Jisen Shi,
| | - Jinhui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Forestry UniversityNanjing, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry UniversityNanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Jinhui Chen, ; Jisen Shi,
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59
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Laibach N, Hillebrand A, Twyman RM, Prüfer D, Schulze Gronover C. Identification of a Taraxacum brevicorniculatum rubber elongation factor protein that is localized on rubber particles and promotes rubber biosynthesis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 82:609-20. [PMID: 25809497 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Two protein families required for rubber biosynthesis in Taraxacum brevicorniculatum have recently been characterized, namely the cis-prenyltransferases (TbCPTs) and the small rubber particle proteins (TbSRPPs). The latter were shown to be the most abundant proteins on rubber particles, where rubber biosynthesis takes place. Here we identified a protein designated T. brevicorniculatum rubber elongation factor (TbREF) by using mass spectrometry to analyze rubber particle proteins. TbREF is homologous to the TbSRPPs but has a molecular mass that is atypical for the family. The promoter was shown to be active in laticifers, and the protein itself was localized on the rubber particle surface. In TbREF-silenced plants generated by RNA interference, the rubber content was significantly reduced, correlating with lower TbCPT protein levels and less TbCPT activity in the latex. However, the molecular mass of the rubber was not affected by TbREF silencing. The colloidal stability of rubber particles isolated from TbREF-silenced plants was also unchanged. This was not surprising because TbREF depletion did not affect the abundance of TbSRPPs, which are required for rubber particle stability. Our findings suggest that TbREF is an important component of the rubber biosynthesis machinery in T. brevicorniculatum, and may play a role in rubber particle biogenesis and influence rubber production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Laibach
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Schlossplatz 8, Münster, 48143, Germany
| | - Andrea Hillebrand
- Westphalian Wilhelms University of Münster, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Schlossplatz 8, Münster, 48143, Germany
| | | | - Dirk Prüfer
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Schlossplatz 8, Münster, 48143, Germany
- Westphalian Wilhelms University of Münster, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Schlossplatz 8, Münster, 48143, Germany
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60
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Laibach N, Post J, Twyman RM, Gronover CS, Prüfer D. The characteristics and potential applications of structural lipid droplet proteins in plants. J Biotechnol 2014; 201:15-27. [PMID: 25160916 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2014.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Plant cytosolic lipid droplets are storage organelles that accumulate hydrophobic molecules. They are found in many tissues and their general structure includes an outer lipid monolayer with integral and associated proteins surrounding a hydrophobic core. Two distinct types can be distinguished, which we define here as oleosin-based lipid droplets (OLDs) and non-oleosin-based lipid droplets (NOLDs). OLDs are the best characterized lipid droplets in plants. They are primarily restricted to seeds and other germinative tissues, their surface is covered with oleosin-family proteins to maintain stability, they store triacylglycerols (TAGs) and they are used as a source of energy (and possibly signaling molecules) during the germination of seeds and pollen. Less is known about NOLDs. They are more abundant than OLDs and are distributed in many tissues, they accumulate not only TAGs but also other hydrophobic molecules such as natural rubber, and the structural proteins that stabilize them are unrelated to oleosins. In many species these proteins are members of the rubber elongation factor superfamily. NOLDs are not typically used for energy storage but instead accumulate hydrophobic compounds required for environmental interactions such as pathogen defense. There are many potential applications of NOLDs including the engineering of lipid production in plants and the generation of artificial oil bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Laibach
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Münster, Germany.
| | - Janina Post
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Münster, Germany.
| | | | - Christian Schulze Gronover
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Münster, Germany.
| | - Dirk Prüfer
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Münster, Germany; Westphalian Wilhelms-University of Münster, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Münster, Germany.
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