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McGOUGH J, McCRACKEN J, Swanson J, Riddle M, Kollins S, Greenhill L, Abikoff H, Davies M, Chuang S, Wigal T, Wigal S, Posner K, Skrobala A, Kastelic E, Ghuman J, Cunningham C, Shigawa S, Moyzis R, Vitiello B. Pharmacogenetics of methylphenidate response in preschoolers with ADHD. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2006; 45:1314-1322. [PMID: 17023870 DOI: 10.1097/01.chi.0000235083.40285.08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The authors explored genetic moderators of symptom reduction and side effects in methylphenidate-treated preschool-age children diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). METHOD DNA was isolated from 81 subjects in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover methylphenidate titration. Parents and teachers completed ADHD symptom scales and side effect ratings for each of five randomly administered weekly conditions that included immediate-release methylphenidate 1.25, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 mg and placebo given three times daily. Candidate genes hypothesized to influence stimulant effects or individual risks for ADHD were genotyped. RESULTS Although the primary analysis did not indicate significant genetic effects, secondary analyses revealed associations between symptom response and variants at the dopamine receptor (DRD4) promoter (p=.05) and synaptosomal-associated protein 25 (SNAP25) allelesT1065G (p=.03) andT1069C (p=.05). SNAP25 variants were also associated with tics (p=.02), buccal-lingual movements (p=.01), and irritability (p=04). DRD4 variants were also associated with picking (p=.03). Increasing dose predicted irritability (p=.05) and social withdrawal (p=.03) with DRD4 variants. There were no significant effects for the dopamine transporter (DAT1). CONCLUSIONS Emerging evidence suggests the potential for understanding the individual variability of response to and side effects of ADHD medications from the study of genetics, although additional research is required before these findings are proven to have clinical utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- James McGOUGH
- Drs. McGough and McCracken and Ms. Shigawa are with the UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles; Drs. Swanson, T. Wigal, and S. Wigal are with the University of California, Irvine; Drs. Greenhill and Posner, Mr. Davies (retired), Ms. Chuang, and Ms. Skrobala are with New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York; Drs. Riddle and Kastelic are with Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Dr. Kollins is with Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Dr. Abikoff is with the New York University Child Study Center, New York; Dr. Ghuman is with the University of Arizona, Tucson; Dr. Cunningham is with the McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Dr. Moyzis is with the University of California, Irvine; and Dr. Vitiello is with the National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD..
| | - James McCRACKEN
- Drs. McGough and McCracken and Ms. Shigawa are with the UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles; Drs. Swanson, T. Wigal, and S. Wigal are with the University of California, Irvine; Drs. Greenhill and Posner, Mr. Davies (retired), Ms. Chuang, and Ms. Skrobala are with New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York; Drs. Riddle and Kastelic are with Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Dr. Kollins is with Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Dr. Abikoff is with the New York University Child Study Center, New York; Dr. Ghuman is with the University of Arizona, Tucson; Dr. Cunningham is with the McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Dr. Moyzis is with the University of California, Irvine; and Dr. Vitiello is with the National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - James Swanson
- Drs. McGough and McCracken and Ms. Shigawa are with the UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles; Drs. Swanson, T. Wigal, and S. Wigal are with the University of California, Irvine; Drs. Greenhill and Posner, Mr. Davies (retired), Ms. Chuang, and Ms. Skrobala are with New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York; Drs. Riddle and Kastelic are with Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Dr. Kollins is with Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Dr. Abikoff is with the New York University Child Study Center, New York; Dr. Ghuman is with the University of Arizona, Tucson; Dr. Cunningham is with the McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Dr. Moyzis is with the University of California, Irvine; and Dr. Vitiello is with the National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Mark Riddle
- Drs. McGough and McCracken and Ms. Shigawa are with the UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles; Drs. Swanson, T. Wigal, and S. Wigal are with the University of California, Irvine; Drs. Greenhill and Posner, Mr. Davies (retired), Ms. Chuang, and Ms. Skrobala are with New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York; Drs. Riddle and Kastelic are with Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Dr. Kollins is with Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Dr. Abikoff is with the New York University Child Study Center, New York; Dr. Ghuman is with the University of Arizona, Tucson; Dr. Cunningham is with the McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Dr. Moyzis is with the University of California, Irvine; and Dr. Vitiello is with the National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Scott Kollins
- Drs. McGough and McCracken and Ms. Shigawa are with the UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles; Drs. Swanson, T. Wigal, and S. Wigal are with the University of California, Irvine; Drs. Greenhill and Posner, Mr. Davies (retired), Ms. Chuang, and Ms. Skrobala are with New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York; Drs. Riddle and Kastelic are with Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Dr. Kollins is with Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Dr. Abikoff is with the New York University Child Study Center, New York; Dr. Ghuman is with the University of Arizona, Tucson; Dr. Cunningham is with the McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Dr. Moyzis is with the University of California, Irvine; and Dr. Vitiello is with the National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Laurence Greenhill
- Drs. McGough and McCracken and Ms. Shigawa are with the UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles; Drs. Swanson, T. Wigal, and S. Wigal are with the University of California, Irvine; Drs. Greenhill and Posner, Mr. Davies (retired), Ms. Chuang, and Ms. Skrobala are with New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York; Drs. Riddle and Kastelic are with Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Dr. Kollins is with Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Dr. Abikoff is with the New York University Child Study Center, New York; Dr. Ghuman is with the University of Arizona, Tucson; Dr. Cunningham is with the McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Dr. Moyzis is with the University of California, Irvine; and Dr. Vitiello is with the National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Howard Abikoff
- Drs. McGough and McCracken and Ms. Shigawa are with the UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles; Drs. Swanson, T. Wigal, and S. Wigal are with the University of California, Irvine; Drs. Greenhill and Posner, Mr. Davies (retired), Ms. Chuang, and Ms. Skrobala are with New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York; Drs. Riddle and Kastelic are with Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Dr. Kollins is with Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Dr. Abikoff is with the New York University Child Study Center, New York; Dr. Ghuman is with the University of Arizona, Tucson; Dr. Cunningham is with the McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Dr. Moyzis is with the University of California, Irvine; and Dr. Vitiello is with the National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Mark Davies
- Drs. McGough and McCracken and Ms. Shigawa are with the UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles; Drs. Swanson, T. Wigal, and S. Wigal are with the University of California, Irvine; Drs. Greenhill and Posner, Mr. Davies (retired), Ms. Chuang, and Ms. Skrobala are with New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York; Drs. Riddle and Kastelic are with Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Dr. Kollins is with Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Dr. Abikoff is with the New York University Child Study Center, New York; Dr. Ghuman is with the University of Arizona, Tucson; Dr. Cunningham is with the McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Dr. Moyzis is with the University of California, Irvine; and Dr. Vitiello is with the National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Shirley Chuang
- Drs. McGough and McCracken and Ms. Shigawa are with the UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles; Drs. Swanson, T. Wigal, and S. Wigal are with the University of California, Irvine; Drs. Greenhill and Posner, Mr. Davies (retired), Ms. Chuang, and Ms. Skrobala are with New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York; Drs. Riddle and Kastelic are with Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Dr. Kollins is with Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Dr. Abikoff is with the New York University Child Study Center, New York; Dr. Ghuman is with the University of Arizona, Tucson; Dr. Cunningham is with the McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Dr. Moyzis is with the University of California, Irvine; and Dr. Vitiello is with the National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Tim Wigal
- Drs. McGough and McCracken and Ms. Shigawa are with the UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles; Drs. Swanson, T. Wigal, and S. Wigal are with the University of California, Irvine; Drs. Greenhill and Posner, Mr. Davies (retired), Ms. Chuang, and Ms. Skrobala are with New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York; Drs. Riddle and Kastelic are with Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Dr. Kollins is with Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Dr. Abikoff is with the New York University Child Study Center, New York; Dr. Ghuman is with the University of Arizona, Tucson; Dr. Cunningham is with the McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Dr. Moyzis is with the University of California, Irvine; and Dr. Vitiello is with the National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Sharon Wigal
- Drs. McGough and McCracken and Ms. Shigawa are with the UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles; Drs. Swanson, T. Wigal, and S. Wigal are with the University of California, Irvine; Drs. Greenhill and Posner, Mr. Davies (retired), Ms. Chuang, and Ms. Skrobala are with New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York; Drs. Riddle and Kastelic are with Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Dr. Kollins is with Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Dr. Abikoff is with the New York University Child Study Center, New York; Dr. Ghuman is with the University of Arizona, Tucson; Dr. Cunningham is with the McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Dr. Moyzis is with the University of California, Irvine; and Dr. Vitiello is with the National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Kelly Posner
- Drs. McGough and McCracken and Ms. Shigawa are with the UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles; Drs. Swanson, T. Wigal, and S. Wigal are with the University of California, Irvine; Drs. Greenhill and Posner, Mr. Davies (retired), Ms. Chuang, and Ms. Skrobala are with New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York; Drs. Riddle and Kastelic are with Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Dr. Kollins is with Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Dr. Abikoff is with the New York University Child Study Center, New York; Dr. Ghuman is with the University of Arizona, Tucson; Dr. Cunningham is with the McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Dr. Moyzis is with the University of California, Irvine; and Dr. Vitiello is with the National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Anne Skrobala
- Drs. McGough and McCracken and Ms. Shigawa are with the UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles; Drs. Swanson, T. Wigal, and S. Wigal are with the University of California, Irvine; Drs. Greenhill and Posner, Mr. Davies (retired), Ms. Chuang, and Ms. Skrobala are with New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York; Drs. Riddle and Kastelic are with Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Dr. Kollins is with Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Dr. Abikoff is with the New York University Child Study Center, New York; Dr. Ghuman is with the University of Arizona, Tucson; Dr. Cunningham is with the McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Dr. Moyzis is with the University of California, Irvine; and Dr. Vitiello is with the National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Elizabeth Kastelic
- Drs. McGough and McCracken and Ms. Shigawa are with the UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles; Drs. Swanson, T. Wigal, and S. Wigal are with the University of California, Irvine; Drs. Greenhill and Posner, Mr. Davies (retired), Ms. Chuang, and Ms. Skrobala are with New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York; Drs. Riddle and Kastelic are with Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Dr. Kollins is with Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Dr. Abikoff is with the New York University Child Study Center, New York; Dr. Ghuman is with the University of Arizona, Tucson; Dr. Cunningham is with the McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Dr. Moyzis is with the University of California, Irvine; and Dr. Vitiello is with the National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Jaswinder Ghuman
- Drs. McGough and McCracken and Ms. Shigawa are with the UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles; Drs. Swanson, T. Wigal, and S. Wigal are with the University of California, Irvine; Drs. Greenhill and Posner, Mr. Davies (retired), Ms. Chuang, and Ms. Skrobala are with New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York; Drs. Riddle and Kastelic are with Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Dr. Kollins is with Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Dr. Abikoff is with the New York University Child Study Center, New York; Dr. Ghuman is with the University of Arizona, Tucson; Dr. Cunningham is with the McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Dr. Moyzis is with the University of California, Irvine; and Dr. Vitiello is with the National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Charles Cunningham
- Drs. McGough and McCracken and Ms. Shigawa are with the UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles; Drs. Swanson, T. Wigal, and S. Wigal are with the University of California, Irvine; Drs. Greenhill and Posner, Mr. Davies (retired), Ms. Chuang, and Ms. Skrobala are with New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York; Drs. Riddle and Kastelic are with Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Dr. Kollins is with Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Dr. Abikoff is with the New York University Child Study Center, New York; Dr. Ghuman is with the University of Arizona, Tucson; Dr. Cunningham is with the McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Dr. Moyzis is with the University of California, Irvine; and Dr. Vitiello is with the National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Sharon Shigawa
- Drs. McGough and McCracken and Ms. Shigawa are with the UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles; Drs. Swanson, T. Wigal, and S. Wigal are with the University of California, Irvine; Drs. Greenhill and Posner, Mr. Davies (retired), Ms. Chuang, and Ms. Skrobala are with New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York; Drs. Riddle and Kastelic are with Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Dr. Kollins is with Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Dr. Abikoff is with the New York University Child Study Center, New York; Dr. Ghuman is with the University of Arizona, Tucson; Dr. Cunningham is with the McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Dr. Moyzis is with the University of California, Irvine; and Dr. Vitiello is with the National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Robert Moyzis
- Drs. McGough and McCracken and Ms. Shigawa are with the UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles; Drs. Swanson, T. Wigal, and S. Wigal are with the University of California, Irvine; Drs. Greenhill and Posner, Mr. Davies (retired), Ms. Chuang, and Ms. Skrobala are with New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York; Drs. Riddle and Kastelic are with Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Dr. Kollins is with Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Dr. Abikoff is with the New York University Child Study Center, New York; Dr. Ghuman is with the University of Arizona, Tucson; Dr. Cunningham is with the McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Dr. Moyzis is with the University of California, Irvine; and Dr. Vitiello is with the National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Benedetto Vitiello
- Drs. McGough and McCracken and Ms. Shigawa are with the UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles; Drs. Swanson, T. Wigal, and S. Wigal are with the University of California, Irvine; Drs. Greenhill and Posner, Mr. Davies (retired), Ms. Chuang, and Ms. Skrobala are with New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York; Drs. Riddle and Kastelic are with Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Dr. Kollins is with Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Dr. Abikoff is with the New York University Child Study Center, New York; Dr. Ghuman is with the University of Arizona, Tucson; Dr. Cunningham is with the McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Dr. Moyzis is with the University of California, Irvine; and Dr. Vitiello is with the National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD
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