51
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Cao S, Peng Y, Du R, Wang S. Feasibility of enhancing the DEnitrifying AMmonium OXidation (DEAMOX) process for nitrogen removal by seeding partial denitrification sludge. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 148:403-7. [PMID: 26829308 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.09.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The recently proposed DEnitrifying AMmonium OXidation (DEAMOX) process combined anaerobic ammonia oxidation (ANAMMOX) with denitrification to convert nitrate to nitrite, which was a promising way for treating wastewater containing nitrate and ammonia. This study investigated the feasibility of establishing DEAMOX process by seeding partial denitrification sludge (NO3(-) → NO2(-)) using sodium acetate as an electron donor in a sequencing batch reactor. Results showed that the DEAMOX process was established successfully and operated stably in 114-days operation. The average effluent total nitrogen concentration was below 5 mg L(-1) and TN removal efficiency reached up to 97% at COD/NO3(-) ratio of 3.0 under initial NH4(+) concentration of 25 mg L(-1) and NO3(-) of 30 mg L(-1). It suggested that the presence of NO2(-) in the system supplied for ANAMMOX and the relatively long sludge retention time (SRT) for denitrifiers were attributed to commendable coexistence of ANAMMOX and denitrifying bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenbin Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China
| | - Yongzhen Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China; Key Laboratory of Beijing for Water Quality Science and Water Environment Recovery Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Beijing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, PR China.
| | - Rui Du
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Water Quality Science and Water Environment Recovery Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Beijing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, PR China
| | - Shuying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Water Quality Science and Water Environment Recovery Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Beijing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, PR China
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52
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Ma B, Wang S, Cao S, Miao Y, Jia F, Du R, Peng Y. Biological nitrogen removal from sewage via anammox: Recent advances. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2016; 200:981-990. [PMID: 26586538 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.10.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 358] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 10/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Biological nitrogen removal from sewage via anammox is a promising and feasible technology to make sewage treatment energy-neutral or energy-positive. Good retention of anammox bacteria is the premise of achieving sewage treatment via anammox. Therefore the anammox metabolism and its factors were critically reviewed so as to form biofilm/granules for retaining anammox bacteria. A stable supply of nitrite for anammox bacteria is a real bottleneck for applying anammox in sewage treatment. Nitritation and partial-denitrification are two promising methods of offering nitrite. As such, the strategies for achieving nitritation in sewage treatment were summarized by reviewing the factors affecting nitrite oxidation bacteria growth. Meanwhile, the methods of achieving partial-denitrification have been developed through understanding the microorganisms related with nitrite accumulation and their factors. Furthermore, two cases of applying anammox in the mainstream sewage treatment plants were documented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Ma
- Key Laboratory of Beijing Water Quality Science and Water Environment Recovery Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Shanyun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Shenbin Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Yuanyuan Miao
- Key Laboratory of Beijing Water Quality Science and Water Environment Recovery Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Fangxu Jia
- Key Laboratory of Beijing Water Quality Science and Water Environment Recovery Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Rui Du
- Key Laboratory of Beijing Water Quality Science and Water Environment Recovery Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Yongzhen Peng
- Key Laboratory of Beijing Water Quality Science and Water Environment Recovery Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
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53
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Han M, De Clippeleir H, Al-Omari A, Wett B, Vlaeminck SE, Bott C, Murthy S. Impact of carbon to nitrogen ratio and aeration regime on mainstream deammonification. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2016; 74:375-384. [PMID: 27438242 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2016.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
While deammonification of high-strength wastewater in the sludge line of sewage treatment plants has become well established, the potential cost savings spur the development of this technology for mainstream applications. This study aimed at identifying the effect of aeration and organic carbon on the deammonification process. Two 10 L sequencing bath reactors with different aeration frequencies were operated at 25°C. Real wastewater effluents from chemically enhanced primary treatment and high-rate activated sludge process were fed into the reactors with biodegradable chemical oxygen demand/nitrogen (bCOD/N) of 2.0 and 0.6, respectively. It was found that shorter aerobic solids retention time (SRT) and higher aeration frequency gave more advantages for aerobic ammonium-oxidizing bacteria (AerAOB) than nitrite oxidizing bacteria (NOB) in the system. From the kinetics study, it is shown that the affinity for oxygen is higher for NOB than for AerAOB, and higher dissolved oxygen set-point could decrease the affinity of both AerAOB and NOB communities. After 514 days of operation, it was concluded that lower organic carbon levels enhanced the activity of anoxic ammonium-oxidizing bacteria (AnAOB) over denitrifiers. As a result, the contribution of AnAOB to nitrogen removal increased from 40 to 70%. Overall, a reasonably good total removal efficiency of 66% was reached under a low bCOD/N ratio of 2.0 after adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Han
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (LabMET), Ghent University, CoupureLinks 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; DC WATER, 500 Overlook Ave SW, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - A Al-Omari
- DC WATER, 500 Overlook Ave SW, Washington, DC, USA
| | - B Wett
- ARAconsult, Unterbergerstr. 1, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - S E Vlaeminck
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (LabMET), Ghent University, CoupureLinks 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Research Group of Sustainable Energy, Air and Water Technology, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerpen, Belgium E-mail:
| | - C Bott
- Hampton Road Sanitation District, 1436 Air Rail Ave, Virginia Beach, VA, USA
| | - S Murthy
- DC WATER, 500 Overlook Ave SW, Washington, DC, USA
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54
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Zhang L, Liu M, Zhang S, Yang Y, Peng Y. Integrated fixed-biofilm activated sludge reactor as a powerful tool to enrich anammox biofilm and granular sludge. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 140:114-118. [PMID: 25842299 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A pilot-scale activated sludge bioreactor was filled with immobile carrier to treat high ammonium wastewater. Autotrophic nitrogen elimination occurred rapidly by inoculating nitrifying activated sludge and anammox biofilm. As the ammonium loading rate increased, nitrogen removal rate of 1.2kgNm(-3)d(-1) was obtained with the removal efficiency of 80%. Activated sludge diameter distribution profiles presented two peak values, indicating simultaneous existence of flocculent and granular sludge. Red granular sludge was observed in the reactor. Furthermore, the results of morphological and molecular analysis showed that the characteristics of granular sludge were similar to that of biofilm, while much different from the flocculent sludge. It was assumed granular sludge was formed through the continuous growth and detachment of anammox biofilm. The mechanism of granular sludge formation was discussed and the procedure model was proposed. According to the experimental results, the integrated fixed-biofilm activated sludge reactor provided an alternative to nitrogen removal based on anammox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
| | - Miaomiao Liu
- School of Civil Engineering, Beijing JiaoTong University, Beijing 100122, China
| | - Shujun Zhang
- Beijing Drainage Group Co. Ltd (BDG), Beijing 100022, China
| | - Yandong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Yongzhen Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; Key Laboratory of Beijing Water Quality Science and Water Environment Recovery Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.
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55
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Liu C, Zhao D, Yan L, Wang A, Gu Y, Lee DJ. Elemental sulfur formation and nitrogen removal from wastewaters by autotrophic denitrifiers and anammox bacteria. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2015; 191:332-336. [PMID: 26022701 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Elemental sulfur (S(0)) formation from and nitrogen removal on sulfide, nitrate and ammonium-laden wastewaters were achieved by denitrifying ammonium oxidation (DEAMOX) reactor with autotrophic denitrifiers and anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) bacteria. The sulfide to nitrate ratio is a key process parameter for excess accumulation of S(0) and a ratio of 1.31:1 is a proposed optimum. The Alishewanella, Thauera and Candidatus Anammoximicrobium present respectively the autotrophic denitrifiers and anammox bacteria for the reactor. DEAMOX is demonstrated promising biological process for treating organics-deficient (S+N) wastewaters with excess S(0) production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunshuang Liu
- College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao 266580, China.
| | - Dongfeng Zhao
- College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Laihong Yan
- College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Aijie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology 150090, China
| | - Yingying Gu
- College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Duu-Jong Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan.
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56
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Isanta E, Reino C, Carrera J, Pérez J. Stable partial nitritation for low-strength wastewater at low temperature in an aerobic granular reactor. WATER RESEARCH 2015; 80:149-58. [PMID: 26001281 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2015.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Revised: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Partial nitritation for a low-strength wastewater at low temperature was stably achieved in an aerobic granular reactor. A bench-scale granular sludge bioreactor was operated in continuous mode treating an influent of 70 mg N-NH4(+) L(-1) to mimic pretreated municipal nitrogenous wastewater and the temperature was progressively decreased from 30 to 12.5 °C. A suitable effluent nitrite to ammonium concentrations ratio to a subsequent anammox reactor was maintained stable during 300 days at 12.5 °C. The average applied nitrogen loading rate at 12.5 °C was 0.7 ± 0.3 g N L(-1) d(-1), with an effluent nitrate concentration of only 2.5 ± 0.7 mg N-NO3(-) L(-1). The biomass fraction of nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB) in the granular sludge decreased from 19% to only 1% in 6 months of reactor operation at 12.5 °C. Nitrobacter spp. where found as the dominant NOB population, whereas Nitrospira spp. were not detected. Simulations indicated that: (i) NOB would only be effectively repressed when their oxygen half-saturation coefficient was higher than that of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria; and (ii) a lower specific growth rate of NOB was maintained at any point in the biofilm (even at 12.5 °C) due to the bulk ammonium concentration imposed through the control strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Isanta
- GENOCOV Research Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Ed. Q - Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Clara Reino
- GENOCOV Research Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Ed. Q - Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Julián Carrera
- GENOCOV Research Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Ed. Q - Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Julio Pérez
- GENOCOV Research Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Ed. Q - Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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57
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Gao DW, Huang XL, Tao Y, Cong Y, Wang XL. Sewage treatment by an UAFB-EGSB biosystem with energy recovery and autotrophic nitrogen removal under different temperatures. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2015; 181:26-31. [PMID: 25625463 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Revised: 01/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A system combined an upflow anaerobic fixed bed (UAFB) and an expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB) was designed and verified as a success for treating real sewage with simultaneous energy recovery and autotrophic nitrogen removal. The impact of temperature (stepwise decreased from 30 °C to 20 °C and 10 °C) was a primary focus, aiming to reveal the response of the anaerobic digestion (AD) and anammox efficiency to the temperature variation. As the temperature decreases, the soluble chemical oxygen demand (sCOD) removal rate was 90.6%, 90.0% and 84.7%, respectively; total nitrogen (TN) removal was 69.4%, 48.8%, 38.4%, respectively; NH4(+)-N removal was 91.3%, 74.9%, 65.1%, respectively. Methanogenic activity of UAFB was significantly influenced by low temperatures, while the unavoidable growth of heterotrophic organisms in EGSB also contributed to the sCOD removal, even at 10 °C. Lower working temperature (10/20 °C) limited the growth and activity of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and anaerobic ammonia oxidation bacteria (AnAOB), but improved the nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB) activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Wen Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
| | - Xiao-Li Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Yu Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Yan Cong
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Xiao-Long Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
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58
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Pérez J, Isanta E, Carrera J. Would a two-stage N-removal be a suitable technology to implement at full scale the use of anammox for sewage treatment? WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2015; 72:858-864. [PMID: 26360744 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2015.281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Sewage treatment with anammox could be implemented through a two-step reactor system, where the first reactor would be devoted to partial nitritation. A process design was sketched including control loops. The control strategy regulates the flow-rate of the rich ammonium sidestream produced after dewatering the digested sludge, to keep the ammonium concentration at a set point in the partial nitritation reactor by DOsing the SIde Stream (DOSIS). A second control loop manages the ammonium concentration set point based on the measurement of the total nitrogen in the partial nitritation reactor. A mathematical model was developed to assess the amount of sidestream required. Even in the case of a strong diurnal variability, simulations show how the control strategy is correctly performing, demonstrating the potential of the proposed technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Pérez
- GENOCOV Research Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Ed. Q - Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain E-mail: ; Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 67, 2628 BC Delft, The Netherlands
| | - E Isanta
- GENOCOV Research Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Ed. Q - Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain E-mail:
| | - J Carrera
- GENOCOV Research Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Ed. Q - Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain E-mail:
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59
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Rikmann E, Zekker I, Tomingas M, Vabamäe P, Kroon K, Saluste A, Tenno T, Menert A, Loorits L, dC Rubin SS, Tenno T. Comparison of sulfate-reducing and conventional Anammox upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactors. J Biosci Bioeng 2014; 118:426-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2014.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Revised: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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60
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Du R, Peng Y, Cao S, Wu C, Weng D, Wang S, He J. Advanced nitrogen removal with simultaneous Anammox and denitrification in sequencing batch reactor. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2014; 162:316-22. [PMID: 24762761 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/08/2014] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) was used to achieve advanced nitrogen removal by simultaneous Anammox and denitrification processes. During the entire experiment, the Anammox microorganisms aggregated in the reactor as wall growth. Nitrogen removal was improved due to the reduction of nitrate, and the maximum total nitrogen (TN, including ammonia, nitrite and nitrate nitrogen) removal efficiency of 97.47% was obtained at C/N of 2. However, the sequentially increased organic matter resulted in a poor TN removal performance due to the suppression of Anammox. Fortunately, the Anammox activity completely resumed quickly after stopping dosing organic matter. PCR analysis results revealed that the Anammox bacteria gene copy number was not significantly reduced during the inhibition, which might explain the quick recover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Du
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Water Quality Science and Water Environment Recovery Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Yongzhen Peng
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Water Quality Science and Water Environment Recovery Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.
| | - Shenbin Cao
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Water Quality Science and Water Environment Recovery Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Chengcheng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Water Quality Science and Water Environment Recovery Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Dongchen Weng
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Water Quality Science and Water Environment Recovery Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Shuying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Water Quality Science and Water Environment Recovery Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Jianzhong He
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Water Quality Science and Water Environment Recovery Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
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61
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Gao H, Scherson YD, Wells GF. Towards energy neutral wastewater treatment: methodology and state of the art. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2014; 16:1223-46. [PMID: 24777396 DOI: 10.1039/c4em00069b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Conventional biological wastewater treatment processes are energy-intensive endeavors that yield little or no recovered resources and often require significant external chemical inputs. However, with embedded energy in both organic carbon and nutrients (N, P), wastewater has the potential for substantial energy recovery from a low-value (or no-value) feedstock. A paradigm shift is thus now underway that is transforming our understanding of necessary energy inputs, and potential energy or resource outputs, from wastewater treatment, and energy neutral or even energy positive treatment is increasingly emphasized in practice. As two energy sources in domestic wastewater, we argue that the most suitable way to maximize energy recovery from wastewater treatment is to separate carbon and nutrient (particularly N) removal processes. Innovative anaerobic treatment technologies and bioelectrochemical processes are now being developed as high efficiency methods for energy recovery from waste COD. Recently, energy savings or even generation from N removal has become a hotspot of research and development activity, and nitritation-anammox, the newly developed CANDO process, and microalgae cultivation are considered promising techniques. In this paper, we critically review these five emerging low energy or energy positive bioprocesses for sustainable wastewater treatment, with a particular focus on energy optimization in management of nitrogenous oxygen demand. Taken together, these technologies are now charting a path towards to a new paradigm of resource and energy recovery from wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Gao
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
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62
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Huang YT, Chen SS, Lee PH, Bae J. Microbial community and population dynamics of single-stage autotrophic nitrogen removal for dilute wastewater at the benchmark oxygen rate supply. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2013; 147:649-653. [PMID: 24011603 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.08.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Revised: 08/10/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Microbial communities and their kinetic performance in a single-stage autotrophic nitrogen-removal filter at an optimal oxygen supply were examined to determine the presence and activity of denitrifiers, anaerobic ammonia-oxidizing (anammox), ammonia-oxidizing, and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria. To this end, different molecular biology techniques such as real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and biomarkers such as 16S rRNA revealed a diverse microbial community along the filter. It was important to survey the specific species of anammox bacteria using a newly designed Candidatus Brocadiafulgida (BF) specific primer, as well as Candidatus Brocadia anammoxidans (BA) and Candidatus Kuenenia stuttgartiensis (KS) specific primers. An unexpected finding was that the predominant anammox species switched from KS in concentrated wastewater to BA in dilute wastewaters. The Eckenfelder model of the NH3-N transformation along the filter was Se=S0 exp(-0.192D/L(2.3217)). These results provide a foundational understanding of the microbial structure and reaction kinetics in such systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Tzu Huang
- Dept. of Bioenviron. Eng., Research Center for Analysis and Identification, Chung Yuan Christian University, Jhong-Li City 32023, Taiwan.
| | - Shiou-Shiou Chen
- Dept. of Bioenviron. Eng., Research Center for Analysis and Identification, Chung Yuan Christian University, Jhong-Li City 32023, Taiwan
| | - Po-Heng Lee
- Dept. of Civil & Environ. Eng. and Research Institute for Sustainable Urban Development, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Jaeho Bae
- Dept. of Environ. Eng., Inha University, Namgu, Yonghhyun dong 253, Incheon, Republic of Korea
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63
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Gao DW, Lu JC, Liang H. Simultaneous energy recovery and autotrophic nitrogen removal from sewage at moderately low temperatures. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 98:2637-45. [PMID: 24052053 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5237-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study assessed the technical feasibility of treating sewage with a combination of direct anaerobic treatment and autotrophic nitrogen removal, while simultaneously achieving energy recovery and nitrogen removal under moderately low temperatures. The concentrations of ammonia, nitrite, and COD in effluent were below 1, 0.1, and 30 mg/L, respectively. In the up-flow, anaerobic sludge fixed-bed, there was no obvious change observed in the total methane production at temperatures of 35 ± 1 °C, 28 ± 1 °C, 24 ± 3 °C, and 17 ± 3 °C, with the accumulation of volatile fatty acids occurring with decreasing temperatures. The control strategy employed in this study achieved a stable effluent with equimolar concentrations of nitrite and ammonium, coupled with high nitrite accumulation (>97 %) in the partial nitrification sequencing batch reactor system at moderately low temperatures. In the anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) reactor, a short hydraulic retention time of 0.96 h, with a nitrogen removal rate of 0.83 kgN/(m(3)/day) was achieved at 12-15 °C. At low temperatures, the corresponding fluorescence in situ hybridization image revealed a high amount of anammox bacteria. This study demonstrates that efficient nitrogen removal and energy recovery from sewage at moderately low temperatures can be achieved by utilizing a combined system. Additionally, this system has the potential to become energy-neutral or even energy-producing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Wen Gao
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China,
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64
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Ma B, Wang S, Zhang S, Li X, Bao P, Peng Y. Achieving nitritation and phosphorus removal in a continuous-flow anaerobic/oxic reactor through bio-augmentation. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2013; 139:375-378. [PMID: 23659761 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.02.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Revised: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The feasibility of achieving nitritation and phosphorus removal using bio-augmentation was investigated in a continuous-flow anaerobic/oxic (A/O) reactor treating sewage. The results indicated that nitritation could be quickly start-up, and reconstructed with an increase in the nitrite accumulation rate (NAR) from 1% to 89% within 15 days by using bio-augmentation and controlling DO at 0.96 mg/L. Biological phosphorus removal could be achieved with the average phosphorus removal efficiency of 96.43% when the NAR was maintained above 78.60%. Meanwhile, sludge settleablity was good with a sludge volume index (SVI) of between 62 and 102 mL/g even under high NAR. After nitritation and biological phosphorus removal were achieved, this A/O reactor has the potential to supply appropriate influent for the anammox UASB reactor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Ma
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Water Quality Science and Water Environment Recovery Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.
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Gong L, Huo M, Yang Q, Li J, Ma B, Zhu R, Wang S, Peng Y. Performance of heterotrophic partial denitrification under feast-famine condition of electron donor: a case study using acetate as external carbon source. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2013; 133:263-269. [PMID: 23428813 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.12.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Revised: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Recently, the combination of anammox and post heterotrophic partial denitrification (nitrate to nitrite) was increasingly popular to treat anammox effluent with excessive nitrate, whereas achieving nitrite accumulation stably was a major bottleneck for post-denitrification. This work focused on the performance of heterotrophic partial denitrification under acetate feast-famine condition. The results showed that readily biodegradable COD to nitrate (RBCOD/NO3(-)) ratio of 2.5 facilitated an ideal nitrite accumulation ratio (NAR) of 71.7% under complete nitrate reduction. When RBCOD/NO3(-) ratio was below 3.5, in terms of efficiency and nitrite accumulation, higher NAR obtained during exogenous denitrification identified that the external acetate depletion was the optimal ending point of denitrification, which could be indicated by pH accurately. The indication of pH realized NAR of 60% ideally under batch-flow mode with RBCOD/NO3(-) ratio of 2.7, which might promote the scale-up of partial denitrification. Furthemore, alkaline environment (pH 9.0-9.6) repressed N2O emission even during endogenous denitrification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingxiao Gong
- Laboratory of Beijing Water Quality Science and Water Environment Recovery Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Beijing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
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66
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Ma B, Peng Y, Zhang S, Wang J, Gan Y, Chang J, Wang S, Wang S, Zhu G. Performance of anammox UASB reactor treating low strength wastewater under moderate and low temperatures. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2013; 129:606-611. [PMID: 23313946 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2012] [Revised: 10/28/2012] [Accepted: 11/04/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
An integrated approach to enhance and maintain high anammox activity and abundance in an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) treating low strength wastewater under moderate and low temperatures was developed. A quantitative PCR assay showed the abandance of anammox bacteria to be 1.68±0.08×10(9) copies/ml in mixed liquor when the temperature was 30 °C and was maintained at the level of 1.93±0.41×10(9) copies/ml in mixed liquor at 16 °C. A nitrogen removal rate (NRR) of up to 5.72 kg N/m3/d was achieved with a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 0.12 h at 30 °C, while nitrite and ammonium removal efficiencies were 94.35% and 92.81%, respectively. NRR decreased with a decrease in temperature and was maintained at 2.28 kg N/m3/d with an HRT of 0.28 h when at 16 °C, while nitrite and ammonium removal efficiencies were 92.31% and 78.45%, respectively. The emission rate of the greenhouse gas N2O was below 0.006% of the NRR in the anammox UASB reactor treating low strength wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Ma
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Water Quality Science and Water Environment Recovery Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.
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67
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Kwak W, McCarty PL, Bae J, Huang YT, Lee PH. Efficient single-stage autotrophic nitrogen removal with dilute wastewater through oxygen supply control. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2012; 123:400-405. [PMID: 22940348 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.07.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Revised: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/22/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Autotrophic nitrogen removal via ammonia oxidizing (AOB) and anaerobic ammonium oxidizing (anammox) bacteria was evaluated for treatment of a dilute 50mg/L ammonia-containing solution in a single-stage nitrogen-removal filter at 25°C. Important was an external oxygenation system that permitted close control and measurement of oxygen supply, a difficulty with the generally used diffused air systems. Hydraulic retention time (HRT) was reduced in steps from 15 to 1h. At 1h HRT, total nitrogen (TN) removals varied between 73% and 94%, the maximum being obtained with a benchmark oxygenation ratio of 0.75mol O(2)/mol ammonia fed. At higher ratios, nitrate was formed causing TN removal efficiency to decrease. With lower ratios, TN and ammonia removals decreased in proportion to the decrease in BOR. When operating at or below the BOR, nitrate formation equaled no more than 2% of the ammonia removed, a value much less than has previously been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonji Kwak
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Inha University, Namgu, Yonghhyun dong 253, Incheon, Republic of Korea
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68
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Zhang L, Zhang S, Gan Y, Peng Y. Bio-augmentation to rapid realize partial nitrification of real sewage. CHEMOSPHERE 2012; 88:1097-1102. [PMID: 22673398 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Revised: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The feasibility of bio-augmentation processes in promoting start-up of partial nitrification of sewage was investigated in this study. Initially, partial nitrification was well-established in an anoxic/oxic reactor treating high-strength ammonia wastewater. Then the influent was replaced by real sewage instantly or gradually. In both cases, nitrite pathway could be maintained for 5-7d. However, it was eventually destroyed due to the inevitable over-aeration. In another strategy, sewage was treated in the adsorption/biodegradation reactor. The nitrite pathway was obviously promoted by addition of the previous activated sludge from high ammonia wastewater treatment. Nitrite accumulation efficiency of sewage was quickly increased from 26% to 86% and maintained at a high level for 2 months. Moreover, the effluent has a favorable ratio of NH(4)(+)/NO(2)(-) for feeding anammox process. The experimental results indicated that appropriate bio-augmentation strategies could significantly improve the build-up partial nitrification of sewage in the pretreatment of anammox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
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69
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Liu S, Horn H. Effects of biofilm geometry on deammonification biofilm performance: a simulation study. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2012; 116:252-258. [PMID: 22522021 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.12.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2011] [Revised: 12/25/2011] [Accepted: 12/26/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Three geometrically different biofilms were investigated for the start-up of deammonification reactor. The planar biofilm with 4 g/L biomass could achieve 0.47 kg N/(m(3)day) nitrogen removal, compared to only 3 and 2g/L biomass needed for cylindrical and granular biofilms, respectively. Planar biofilm was significantly affected by Dissolved Oxygen (DO) changes, whereas granular biofilm could effectively work in a wide range of DO. The maximum performance of 0.49, 0.83 and 1.27 kg N/(m(3)day) were obtained in planar, cylindrical and granular biofilms, respectively, reflecting that granular biofilm was the most capable due to its large surface area for mass transfer. Cylindrical biofilm was also effective as denitrifiers growth was intimately related to a large anaerobic zone. In addition, DO should be increased abruptly for each biofilm as the shortened HRT. This investigation indicates profound influence of biofilm geometry on deammonification process, which might serve as input for further experimental progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sitong Liu
- Institute of Water Quality Control, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall, D-85748 Garching, Germany
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70
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Hendrickx TLG, Wang Y, Kampman C, Zeeman G, Temmink H, Buisman CJN. Autotrophic nitrogen removal from low strength waste water at low temperature. WATER RESEARCH 2012; 46:2187-2193. [PMID: 22349000 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2012.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Revised: 01/25/2012] [Accepted: 01/27/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Direct anaerobic treatment of municipal waste waters allows for energy recovery in the form of biogas. A further decrease in the energy requirement for waste water treatment can be achieved by removing the ammonium in the anaerobic effluent with an autotrophic process, such as anammox. Until now, anammox has mainly been used for treating warm (>30 °C) and concentrated (>500 mg N/L) waste streams. Application in the water line of municipal waste water treatment poses the challenges of a lower nitrogen concentration (<100 mg N/L) and a lower temperature (≤ 20 °C). Good biomass retention and a short HRT are required to achieve a sufficiently high nitrogen loading rate. For this purpose a 4.5 L gaslift reactor was inoculated with a small amount of anammox granules and operated for 253 days at 20 °C. The synthetic influent contained (69 ± 5) mg (NH(4)(+) + NO(2)(-))/L and 20 vol.% of anaerobically stabilised effluent. Results showed a clear increase in nitrogen loading rate (NLR) up to 0.31 g (NH(4) + NO(2))-N/(L × d) at a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 5.3 h. A low effluent concentration of 0.03-0.17 mg (NH(4)(+)+NO(2)(-))-N/L could be achieved. Anammox biomass was retained as granules and as a biofilm on the reactor walls, which contributed 54 and 46%, respectively, towards total activity. The biomass was further characterised by an estimated net growth rate of 0.040 d(-1) and an apparent activation energy of 72 kJ/mol. The results presented in this paper showed that anammox bacteria can be applied for autotrophic nitrogen removal from the water line at a municipal waste water treatment plant. Combining direct anaerobic treatment with autotrophic nitrogen removal opens opportunities for energy-efficient treatment of municipal waste waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim L G Hendrickx
- Sub-department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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71
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Rajakumar R, Meenambal T, Saravanan PM, Ananthanarayanan P. Treatment of poultry slaughterhouse wastewater in hybrid upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor packed with pleated poly vinyl chloride rings. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2012; 103:116-122. [PMID: 22055104 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Revised: 10/05/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the performance of 5.4 L hybrid upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (HUASB) reactor for treating poultry slaughterhouse wastewater under mesophilic conditions (29-35 °C), was investigated. After starting-up, the reactor was loaded up to an OLR of 19 kg COD/m3 d and achieved varied TCOD and SCOD removal efficiencies of 70-86% and 80-92%, respectively. The biogas was varied between 1.1 and 5.2 m3/m3 d with the maximum methane content of 72%. The maximum methane yield was 0.32 m3/kg CODremoved at an OLR of 9.27 kg COD/m3 d. Black matured granules of size between 2.5 and 5 mm were observed at the end of 225 d operation. RTD study showed the flow behavior was in mixed regime at the end of performance study. Step wise polynomial regression analysis was fitted well. Methanobacterium and Methanosaeta bacteria were dominant at the end of start-up whereas Methanosarcina, Cocci and rods were predominant at the end of performance studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Rajakumar
- Department of Civil Engineering, Government College of Technology, Anna University, Coimbatore 641013, Tamilnadu, India.
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