51
|
Grover AR, Kimler BF, Duncan FE. Use of a Small Animal Radiation Research Platform (SARRP) facilitates analysis of systemic versus targeted radiation effects in the mouse ovary. J Ovarian Res 2018; 11:72. [PMID: 30165884 PMCID: PMC6116356 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-018-0442-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Radiation exposure is known to cause accelerated aging and damage to the ovary, but the contribution of indirect versus direct effects is not well understood. We used the Small Animal Radiation Research Platform (SARRP) (Xstrahl) to deliver radiation to precise fields equivalent to clinical practice, allowing us to investigate systemic versus targeted damage in a structure as small as the mouse ovary. The X-ray dose was kept constant at 1 Gy, but the field varied. Mice either received total body irradiation (TBI), radiation targeted to both ovaries (T2), or radiation targeted to one ovary (left) while the contralateral ovary (right) was spared (T1). Sham mice, handled similarly to the other cohorts but not exposed to radiation, served as controls. Two weeks post-exposure, ovaries were harvested and analyzed histologically to identify and count follicles within each ovary. RESULTS Radiation significantly reduced primordial follicles in the TBI and T2 cohorts compared to the Sham cohort. There were no significant differences between these two irradiated groups. These findings suggest that at 1 Gy, the extent of damage to the ovary caused by radiation is similar despite the different delivery methods. When investigating the T1 cohort, targeted ovaries showed a significant decrease in primordial and growing follicles compared to non-targeted contralateral ovaries. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that the SARRP is an effective strategy for delivering precise ionizing radiation to small organs such as mouse ovaries. Such tools will facilitate identifying the relative risks to ovarian function associated with different radiation fields as well as screening the efficacy of emerging fertoprotective agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Allison R Grover
- Center for Reproductive Science, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Bruce F Kimler
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Francesca E Duncan
- Center for Reproductive Science, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA. .,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 E. Superior Street, Lurie 7-117, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Exosome-packaged miR-1246 contributes to bystander DNA damage by targeting LIG4. Br J Cancer 2018; 119:492-502. [PMID: 30038324 PMCID: PMC6134031 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-018-0192-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background An increasing number of studies have recently reported that
microRNAs packaged in exosomes contribute to multiple biological processes such as
cancer progression; however, little is known about their role in the development
of radiation-induced bystander effects. Methods The exosomes were isolated from the culture medium of BEP2D cells
with or without γ-ray irradiation by ultracentrifugation. To monitor DNA damage
and repair efficiency, the DNA double-strand break biomarker 53BP1 foci, comet,
micronuclei, expression of DNA repair genes and NHEJ repair activity were
detected. The miR-1246 targeting sequence of the DNA ligase 4 (LIG4) mRNA 3′UTR was assessed by luciferase reporter
vectors. Results miR-1246 was increased in exosomes secreted from 2 Gy-irradiated
BEP2D cells and inhibited the proliferation of nonirradiated cells. The miR-1246
mimic, exosomes from irradiated cells, and radiation-conditioned cell culture
medium increased the yields of 53BP1 foci, comet tail and micronuclei in
nonirradiated cells, and decreased NHEJ efficiency. miR-1246 downregulated LIG4
expression by directly targeting its 3′UTR. Conclusions Our findings demonstrate that miR-1246 packaged in exosomes could
act as a transfer messenger and contribute to DNA damage by directly repressing
the LIG4 gene. Exosomal miR-1246 may be a
critical predictor of and player in radiation-induced bystander DNA damage.
Collapse
|
53
|
Intracellular and Intercellular Signalling Mechanisms following DNA Damage Are Modulated By PINK1. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:1391387. [PMID: 30116473 PMCID: PMC6079383 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1391387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Impaired mitochondrial function and accumulation of DNA damage have been recognized as hallmarks of age-related diseases. Mitochondrial dysfunction initiates protective signalling mechanisms coordinated at nuclear level particularly by modulating transcription of stress signalling factors. In turn, cellular response to DNA lesions comprises a series of interconnected complex protective pathways, which require the energetic and metabolic support of the mitochondria. These are involved in intracellular as well as in extracellular signalling of damage. Here, we have initiated a study that addresses how mitochondria-nucleus communication may occur in conditions of combined mitochondrial dysfunction and genotoxic stress and what are the consequences of this interaction on the cell system. In this work, we used cells deficient for PINK1, a mitochondrial kinase involved in mitochondrial quality control whose loss of function leads to the accumulation of dysfunctional mitochondria, challenged with inducers of DNA damage, namely, ionizing radiation and the radiomimetic bleomycin. Combined stress at the level of mitochondria and the nucleus impairs both mitochondrial and nuclear functions. Our findings revealed exacerbated sensibility to genotoxic stress in PINK1-deficient cells. The same cells showed an impaired induction of bystander phenomena following stress insults. However, these cells responded adaptively when a challenge dose was applied subsequently to a low-dose treatment to the cells. The data demonstrates that PINK1 modulates intracellular and intercellular signalling pathways, particularly adaptive responses and transmission of bystander signalling, two facets of the cell-protective mechanisms against detrimental agents.
Collapse
|
54
|
Frey B, Rückert M, Deloch L, Rühle PF, Derer A, Fietkau R, Gaipl US. Immunomodulation by ionizing radiation-impact for design of radio-immunotherapies and for treatment of inflammatory diseases. Immunol Rev 2018; 280:231-248. [PMID: 29027224 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ionizing radiation is often regarded as an element of danger. But, danger responses on the cellular and molecular level are often beneficial with regard to the induction of anti-tumor immunity and for amelioration of inflammation. We outline how in dependence of radiation dose and fraction, radiation itself-and especially in combination with immune modulators-impacts on the innate and adaptive immune system. Focus is set on radiation-induced changes of the tumor cell phenotype and the cellular microenvironment including immunogenic cancer cell death. Mechanisms how anti-tumor immune responses are triggered by radiotherapy in combination with hyperthermia, inhibition of apoptosis, the adjuvant AnnexinA5, or vaccination with high hydrostatic pressure-killed autologous tumor cells are discussed. Building on this, feasible multimodal radio-immunotherapy concepts are reviewed including overcoming immune suppression by immune checkpoint inhibitors and by targeting TGF-β. Since radiation-induced tissue damage, inflammation, and anti-tumor immune responses are interconnected, the impact of lower doses of radiation on amelioration of inflammation is outlined. Closely meshed immune monitoring concepts based on the liquid biopsy blood are suggested for prognosis and prediction of cancer and non-cancer inflammatory diseases. Finally, challenges and visions for the design of cancer radio-immunotherapies and for treatment of benign inflammatory diseases are given.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Frey
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Rückert
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lisa Deloch
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Paul F Rühle
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anja Derer
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Rainer Fietkau
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Udo S Gaipl
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Bai Y, Gao XS, Qin SB, Chen JY, Su MM, Liu Q, Qin XB, Ma MW, Zhao B, Gu XB, Xie M, Cui M, Qi X, Li XY. Partial stereotactic ablative boost radiotherapy in bulky non-small cell lung cancer: a retrospective study. Onco Targets Ther 2018; 11:2571-2579. [PMID: 29780250 PMCID: PMC5951217 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s159538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Bulky non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is difficult to achieve effective local control by conventionally fractionated radiotherapy (CRT). The present work aims to evaluate the safety and efficacy of partial stereotactic ablative boost radiotherapy (P-SABR) in bulky NSCLC. Patients and methods From December 2012 through August 2017, 30 patients with bulky NSCLC treated with P-SABR technique were analyzed. The P-SABR plan consisted of one partial SABR plan (5-9 Gy/f, 3-6 fractions) to gross tumor boost (GTVb), followed by one CRT plan to the planning target volume (PTV). GTVb was the max volume receiving SABR to guarantee the dose of organs-at-risks (OARs) falloff to about 3 Gy/f. The total dose of PTV margin was planned to above 60 Gy. The simply CRT plans were created using the same planning parameters as the original plan, with the goal to achieve comparable OARs doses and PTV margin dose to the P-SABR plan. Dosimetric variables were acquired in both P-SABR and compared CRT plans. Toxicity, local control, and survival were also evaluated. Results Median follow-up in survivors was 10.3 months (range=2.3-39.4 months). Eleven patients (36.7%) had partial response (PR) and ten patients (33.3%) had stable disease (SD). Two-year overall survival was 55.6%. Two-year local control rate was 85.7%. No severe acute side effects >CTCAE Grade III were observed. Compared to the simply CRT plan, P-SABR plans achieved similar doses to the OARs and Dmin, but increased dose at the isocenter, Dmean, Dmax, and biological equivalent dose (BED) significantly (P<0.05). BED in the tumor center could reach 107.3 Gy (93.2-132 Gy). Patients with B90≥65% achieved a higher local control rate than those with B90<65% (P=0.010). Conclusion This retrospective study suggests that P-SABR is feasible and well tolerated in bulky NSCLC. Local control rate is encouraging, especially for the B90≥65% group, which may due to the ability of P-SABR to optimize BED with equivalent toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Bai
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xian-Shu Gao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shang-Bin Qin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jia-Yan Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Meng-Meng Su
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Liu
- Department of Medical Imaging, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiu-Bo Qin
- Department of Medical Imaging, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ming-Wei Ma
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Zhao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Bin Gu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Mu Xie
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Cui
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Qi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Ying Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Mladenov E, Li F, Zhang L, Klammer H, Iliakis G. Intercellular communication of DNA damage and oxidative status underpin bystander effects. Int J Radiat Biol 2018; 94:719-726. [PMID: 29377786 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2018.1434323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE A well-known phenomenon in the field of radiation biology is that cells exposed to ionizing radiation (IR) (targeted cells) can induce in non-irradiated (non-targeted), bystander cells effects reminiscent of DNA damage responses (DDR) normally expected, exclusively in targeted cells. These phenomena are collectively referred to as radiation-induced bystander effects (RIBE) and have different manifestations depending on the endpoint studied. Although it is now recognized that RIBE reflects to a considerable extent communication by the targeted cells to undamaged cells of their damaged status, the molecular underpinnings of this communication and its significance for the organism are only partly understood. In particular, it remains unknown why and how targeted cells induce DNA damage in non-targeted, bystander cells threatening their genomic stability and risking thus their transformation to cancer cells. Here, we outline observations hinting to possible sources of artifacts in experiments designed to detect RIBE and summarize a model according to which targeted cells modulate their redox status as part of their overall response to IR and use this modified redox status as a source to generate signals that are transmitted to non-irradiated cells of the organism. MATERIAL AND METHODS A synthesis of published evidence is presented. RESULTS Depending on type, RIBE signals may be transmitted through various forms of direct intercellular contact, through molecules acting locally in a paracrine fashion, or through molecules acting remotely in an endocrine fashion. We reason that DNA damage generated in bystander cells is unlikely to manifest the clustered character exhibited in directly exposed cells and postulate that RIBE will depend on complications generated when simpler forms of damage encounter the DNA replication fork. CONCLUSIONS We suggest that RIBE result from intercellular communication mechanisms designed to spread within tissues, or the organism, alarm signals of DNA damage inflicted in subsets of the constituent cells. This response likely evolved to protect organisms by appropriately modulating stress response, repair or apoptosis, and may in some instances also cause adverse effects, e.g. as collateral damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emil Mladenov
- a Institute of Medical Radiation Biology , University of Duisburg-Essen Medical School , Essen , Germany
| | - Fanghua Li
- a Institute of Medical Radiation Biology , University of Duisburg-Essen Medical School , Essen , Germany
| | - Lihua Zhang
- a Institute of Medical Radiation Biology , University of Duisburg-Essen Medical School , Essen , Germany
| | - Holger Klammer
- a Institute of Medical Radiation Biology , University of Duisburg-Essen Medical School , Essen , Germany
| | - George Iliakis
- a Institute of Medical Radiation Biology , University of Duisburg-Essen Medical School , Essen , Germany
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Ma D, Wang Z, Yang L, Mu X, Wang Y, Zhao X, Li J, Lin D. Responses to crizotinib in patients with ALK-positive lung adenocarcinoma who tested immunohistochemistry (IHC)-positive and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH)-negative. Oncotarget 2018; 7:64410-64420. [PMID: 27418132 PMCID: PMC5325453 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the Ventana immunohistochemistry (IHC) platform for detecting anaplastic lymphoma kinase gene (ALK) (D5F3) expression was recently approved by the US Food and Drugs Administration (FDA), fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is still the "gold-standard" method recommended by the US National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guideline for NSCLC. We evaluated 6 ALK-positive lung adenocarcinoma patients who tested Ventana IHC-positive and FISH-negative and assessed their clinical responses to the ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) crizotinib. Histologic and cytologic specimens from the 6 patients were stained with Ventana anti-ALK(D5F3) rabbit monoclonal primary antibody using the OptiView™ DAB IHC detection kit and OptiView™ amplification kit on a Ventana BenchMark XT processor. In addition, they were also tested by FISH, qRT-PCR, next-generation sequencing (NGS), and RNAscope ISH analysis. All patients received crizotinib treatment and their follow-up clinical data were recorded. The objective response rate achieved with crizotinib therapy was 66.7% (4/6 partial responses and 2/6 stable disease). One patient in whom a new fusion type (EML4->EXOC6B->ALK fusion) was identified obtained a partial response. These findings indicate that patients with ALK-positive lung adenocarcinoma who test Ventana IHC-positive and FISH-negative may still respond to crizotinib therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Di Ma
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Institute & Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Department of Pathology, Beijing Hospital of the Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Yang
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Institute & Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xinlin Mu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Institute & Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xinming Zhao
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Cancer Institute & Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Junling Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Institute & Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dongmei Lin
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Pathology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Li L, Xiao R, Wang Q, Rong Z, Zhang X, Zhou P, Fu H, Wang S, Wang Z. SERS detection of radiation injury biomarkers in mouse serum. RSC Adv 2018; 8:5119-5126. [PMID: 35542392 PMCID: PMC9078126 DOI: 10.1039/c7ra12238a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In a large-scale radiological catastrophe, it is expected that hundreds and thousands of people could be exposed to radiation. A rapid method is required for triage of casualties to determine proper medical treatment. In this article, mice were exposed to different radiation doses and sera of mice were investigated by surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) and orthogonal projections to latent structure discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) after total body irradiation (TBI). The results of the present study indicated that differences have widened over time. The different radiation groups showed a slight overlap at 24 h and 72 h but were completely distinct at the 10th day after TBI. The SERS spectrum between the normal group and the irradiated group showed a significant difference at 24 hours. The same trend was depicted in scatting score plots. Significant differences in Raman peaks were found, such as 744 and 1495 cm−1 corresponding to riboflavin and 593 and 1204 cm−1 corresponding to l-tryptophan. The lack of riboflavin and l-tryptophan will influence metabolism levels. Above all, these results bear potential in the development of label-free and rapid tools for on-site detection and screening of irradiation injuries. A rapid and on-site detection method would be needed to triage of casualties and proper medical treatment in a large scale radiological catastrophe. The detection method of SERS would be a effective approach.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liansheng Li
- Anhui Medical University
- P R China
- Department of Radiation Toxicology and Oncology
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine
| | - Rui Xiao
- Key Laboratory of New Molecular Diagnosis Techniques for Infectious Diseases
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine
- Beijing 100850
- P R China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Radiation Toxicology and Oncology
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine
- Beijing 100850
- P R China
| | - Zhen Rong
- Key Laboratory of New Molecular Diagnosis Techniques for Infectious Diseases
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine
- Beijing 100850
- P R China
| | - Xueqing Zhang
- Department of Radiation Toxicology and Oncology
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine
- Beijing 100850
- P R China
| | - Pingkun Zhou
- Anhui Medical University
- P R China
- Department of Radiation Toxicology and Oncology
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine
| | - Hanjiang Fu
- Anhui Medical University
- P R China
- Department of Radiation Toxicology and Oncology
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine
| | - Shengqi Wang
- Anhui Medical University
- P R China
- Key Laboratory of New Molecular Diagnosis Techniques for Infectious Diseases
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine
- Beijing 100850
| | - Zhidong Wang
- Anhui Medical University
- P R China
- Department of Radiation Toxicology and Oncology
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Dainiak N, Feinendegen LE, Hyer RN, Locke PA, Waltar AE. Synergies resulting from a systems biology approach: integrating radiation epidemiology and radiobiology to optimize protection of the public after exposure to low doses of ionizing radiation. Int J Radiat Biol 2017; 94:2-7. [DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2018.1407461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Dainiak
- Radiation Emergency Assistance Center/Training Site (REAC/TS), Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ludwig E. Feinendegen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Heinrich-Heine University, Dusseldorf, Germany
- Medical Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - Randall N. Hyer
- CrisisCommunication.net and Center for Risk Communication, New York, NY, USA
- Dynavax Europe GmbH, Dynavax Technologies Corporation, Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Paul A. Locke
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alan E. Waltar
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Fast Reactor Safety and Fuels Organizations, Westinghouse Hanford Company, Richland, WA, USA
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Mothersill C, Rusin A, Seymour C. Low doses and non-targeted effects in environmental radiation protection; where are we now and where should we go? ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2017; 159:484-490. [PMID: 28863303 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 08/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The field of low dose radiobiology has advanced considerably in the last 30 years from small indications in the 1980's that all was not simple, to a paradigm shift which occurred during the 1990's, which severely dented the dose-driven models and DNA centric theories which had dominated until then. However while the science has evolved, the application of that science in environmental health protection has not. A reason for this appears to be the uncertainties regarding the shape of the low dose response curve, which lead regulators to adopt a precautionary approach to radiation protection. Radiation protection models assume a linear relationship between dose (i.e. energy deposition) and effect (in this case probability of an adverse DNA interaction leading to a mutation). This model does not consider non-targeted effects (NTE) such as bystander effects or delayed effects, which occur in progeny cells or offspring not directly receiving energy deposition from the dose. There is huge controversy concerning the role of NTE with some saying they reflect "biology" and that repair and homeostatic mechanisms sort out the apparent damage while others consider them to be a class of damage which increases the size of the target. One thing which has recently become apparent is that NTE may be very critical for modelling long-term effects at the level of the population rather than the individual. The issue is that NTE resulting from an acute high dose such as occurred after the A-bomb or Chernobyl occur in parallel with chronic effects induced by the continuing residual effects due to radiation dose decay. This means that if ambient radiation doses are measured for example 25 years after the Chernobyl accident, they only represent a portion of the dose effect because the contribution of NTE is not included.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carmel Mothersill
- Medical Physics and Applied Radiation Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada.
| | - Andrej Rusin
- Medical Physics and Applied Radiation Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Colin Seymour
- Medical Physics and Applied Radiation Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Mohye El-Din AA, Abdelrazzak AB, Ahmed MT, El-Missiry MA. Radiation induced bystander effects in the spleen of cranially-irradiated rats. Br J Radiol 2017; 90:20170278. [PMID: 28937261 DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20170278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the radiation-induced abscopal effect in terms of oxidative stress, apoptosis and DNA damage in the spleen cells following cranial X-rays irradiation of rats. METHODS Rats were cranially irradiated using 2 Gy X-rays. Another group was whole-body irradiated with 2 Gy X-rays and a third group was exposed to scattered radiation (measured to be 3 mGy). 24 hours following irradiation, sections from the spleen of the rats were dissected as well as plasma samples. The samples were examined for the desired endpoints. RESULTS The cranially irradiated animals showed a significant increase in the levels of glutathione, superoxide dismutase and catalase with no significant change in the lipid peroxidation product in the spleen cells with a significant increase in the C-reactive protein level the plasma. Apoptotic cell death in the spleen cells was demonstrated as indicated by the decrease of Bcl-2; the increase of p53, Bax, caspase-3 and caspase-8 and induction of DNA damage in the spleen in both of the cranially irradiated rats and whole body exposed rats. The exposure to 3 mGy scattered radiation increased the plasma level of C-RP and also induced apoptosis in the spleen cells. CONCLUSION Cranial irradiation-induced abscopal effect in distant spleen cells. Very low doses of radiation can induce apoptosis in the spleen cells. Advances in knowledge: This paper provides an evidence on the incidence of radiation abscopal effect. Also, the results shed light of the effect very low doses of radiation as low as 3 mGy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amal A Mohye El-Din
- 1 Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University , Mansoura , Egypt
| | | | - Moustafa T Ahmed
- 1 Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University , Mansoura , Egypt
| | - Mohamed A El-Missiry
- 3 Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University , Mansoura , Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Graves DB. Mechanisms of Plasma Medicine: Coupling Plasma Physics, Biochemistry, and Biology. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON RADIATION AND PLASMA MEDICAL SCIENCES 2017. [DOI: 10.1109/trpms.2017.2710880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
63
|
Significance and nature of bystander responses induced by various agents. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2017; 773:104-121. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
64
|
Mignon C, Uzunbajakava NE, Raafs B, Botchkareva NV, Tobin DJ. Photobiomodulation of human dermal fibroblasts in vitro: decisive role of cell culture conditions and treatment protocols on experimental outcome. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2797. [PMID: 28584230 PMCID: PMC5459822 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02802-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Photobiomodulation-based (LLLT) therapies show tantalizing promise for treatment of skin diseases. Confidence in this approach is blighted however by lamentable inconsistency in published experimental designs, and so complicates interpretation. Here we interrogate the appropriateness of a range of previously-reported treatment parameters, including light wavelength, irradiance and radiant exposure, as well as cell culture conditions (e.g., serum concentration, cell confluency, medium refreshment, direct/indirect treatment, oxygen concentration, etc.), in primary cultures of normal human dermal fibroblasts exposed to visible and near infra-red (NIR) light. Apart from irradiance, all study parameters impacted significantly on fibroblast metabolic activity. Moreover, when cells were grown at atmospheric O2 levels (i.e. 20%) short wavelength light inhibited cell metabolism, while negligible effects were seen with long visible and NIR wavelength. By contrast, NIR stimulated cells when exposed to dermal tissue oxygen levels (approx. 2%). The impact of culture conditions was further seen when inhibitory effects of short wavelength light were reduced with increasing serum concentration and cell confluency. We conclude that a significant source of problematic interpretations in photobiomodulation reports derives from poor optimization of study design. Further development of this field using in vitro/ex vivo models should embrace significant standardization of study design, ideally within a design-of-experiment setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Mignon
- Philips Research, High Tech Campus 11, 5656 AE, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Centre for Skin Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Richmond Road, BD7 1DP, Bradford, West Yorkshire, UK
| | - N E Uzunbajakava
- Philips Research, High Tech Campus 11, 5656 AE, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
| | - B Raafs
- Philips Research, High Tech Campus 11, 5656 AE, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - N V Botchkareva
- Centre for Skin Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Richmond Road, BD7 1DP, Bradford, West Yorkshire, UK
| | - D J Tobin
- Centre for Skin Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Richmond Road, BD7 1DP, Bradford, West Yorkshire, UK
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Li Q, Shi J, Chen L, Zhan F, Yuan H, Wang J, Xu A, Wu L. Spatial function of the oxidative DNA damage response in radiation induced bystander effects in intra- and inter-system of Caenorhabditis elegans. Oncotarget 2017; 8:51253-51263. [PMID: 28881645 PMCID: PMC5584246 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Though the signaling events involved in radiation induced bystander effects (RIBE) have been investigated both in vitro and in vivo, the spatial function of these communications, especially the related signaling pathways, is not fully elucidated. In the current study, significant increases of DNA damage were clearly observed in C. elegans germline upon irradiation to both intra-system of posterior pharynx and inter-system of vulva, in which more severe damage, even to F1 generation worms, was shown for vulva irradiation. Spatial function assay indicated the DDR key components of mrt-2/hus-1/cep-1/ced-4 were indispensable in germ cells for both sites irradiation, while those components in somatic cells were either not (cep-1/ced-4) or partially (mrt-2/hus-1) required to promote apoptosis. Moreover, production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) indicated by the superoxide dismutase expression and the unfolded protein response of the mitochondria was found systemically involved in the initiation of these processes for both two site irradiation. These results will give a better understanding of the RIBE mechanisms in vivo, and invaluable to assess the clinical relevance to radiotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Li
- Key Laboratory of Ion Beam Bioengineering, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, P. R. China.,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Jue Shi
- Key Laboratory of Ion Beam Bioengineering, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, P. R. China.,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Lianyun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Ion Beam Bioengineering, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, P. R. China
| | - Furu Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Ion Beam Bioengineering, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, P. R. China
| | - Hang Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Ion Beam Bioengineering, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, P. R. China
| | - Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ion Beam Bioengineering, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, P. R. China
| | - An Xu
- Key Laboratory of Ion Beam Bioengineering, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, P. R. China
| | - Lijun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Ion Beam Bioengineering, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, P. R. China.,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Pollution Control Technology of Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui 230031, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
66
|
Huang JL, Zeng J, Wang F, Huang QT, Lu JB, Li XM, Chen WQ, Zhu CM, Jin JT, Lin SX. Responses to Crizotinib therapy in five patients with non-small-cell lung cancer who tested FISH negative and Ventana immunohistochemistry positive for ALK fusions. Per Med 2017; 14:99-107. [PMID: 29754556 DOI: 10.2217/pme-2016-0080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIM Although immunohistochemistry (IHC) and reverse transcription-PCR can detect ALK rearrangements, the ALK break-apart FISH assay is currently considered the standard method. MATERIALS & METHODS Five patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer, who had an ALK-negative FISH result that was later confirmed as positive by the Ventana IHC assay, were studied. Four had previously received chemotherapy or radiotherapy. All five were subsequently treated with Crizoitinib 250 mg twice daily. RESULTS & CONCLUSION Four patients had a partial response to Crizotinib and one had stable disease. IHC is an efficient technique for diagnosing ALK rearrangements in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer, and may serve as an alternative to FISH in clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Lin Huang
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Zeng
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi-Tao Huang
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jia-Bin Lu
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Mei Li
- Department of Pathology, Shenzhen Baoan Maternal & Child Health Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wei-Qiang Chen
- Department of Imaging, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chong-Mei Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie-Tian Jin
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Su-Xia Lin
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
de Araújo Farias V, O'Valle F, Lerma BA, Ruiz de Almodóvar C, López-Peñalver JJ, Nieto A, Santos A, Fernández BI, Guerra-Librero A, Ruiz-Ruiz MC, Guirado D, Schmidt T, Oliver FJ, Ruiz de Almodóvar JM. Human mesenchymal stem cells enhance the systemic effects of radiotherapy. Oncotarget 2016; 6:31164-80. [PMID: 26378036 PMCID: PMC4741595 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The outcome of radiotherapy treatment might be further improved by a better understanding of individual variations in tumor radiosensitivity and normal tissue reactions, including the bystander effect. For many tumors, however, a definitive cure cannot be achieved, despite the availablity of more and more effective cancer treatments. Therefore, any improvement in the efficacy of radiotherapy will undoubtedly benefit a significant number of patients. Many experimental studies measure a bystander component of tumor cell death after radiotherapy, which highlights the importance of confirming these observations in a preclinical situation. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been investigated for use in the treatment of cancers as they are able to both preferentially home onto tumors and become incorporated into their stroma. This process increases after radiation therapy. In our study we show that in vitro MSCs, when activated with a low dose of radiation, are a source of anti-tumor cytokines that decrease the proliferative activity of tumor cells, producing a potent cytotoxic synergistic effect on tumor cells. In vivo administration of unirradiated mesenchymal cells together with radiation leads to an increased efficacy of radiotherapy, thus leading to an enhancement of short and long range bystander effects on primary-irradiated tumors and distant-non-irradiated tumors. Our experiments indicate an increased cell loss rate and the decrease in the tumor cell proliferation activity as the major mechanisms underlying the delayed tumor growth and are a strong indicator of the synergistic effect between RT and MSC when they are applied together for tumor treatment in this model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Virgínea de Araújo Farias
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Biopatología y Medicina Regenerativa, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain.,Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina "López Neyra", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco O'Valle
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Biopatología y Medicina Regenerativa, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Borja Alonso Lerma
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Biopatología y Medicina Regenerativa, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Jesús J López-Peñalver
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Biopatología y Medicina Regenerativa, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain.,Unidad de Radiología Experimental, Centro de Instrumentación Científica, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Ana Nieto
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Biopatología y Medicina Regenerativa, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain.,Unidad de Experimentación Animal, Centro de Instrumentación Científica, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Ana Santos
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Biopatología y Medicina Regenerativa, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain.,Unidad de Microscopia, Centro de Instrumentación Científica, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Beatriz Irene Fernández
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Biopatología y Medicina Regenerativa, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Ana Guerra-Librero
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Biopatología y Medicina Regenerativa, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - María Carmen Ruiz-Ruiz
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Biopatología y Medicina Regenerativa, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Thomas Schmidt
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Francisco Javier Oliver
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina "López Neyra", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Granada, Spain
| | - José Mariano Ruiz de Almodóvar
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Biopatología y Medicina Regenerativa, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain.,Hospital Universitario San Cecilio, Granada, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
68
|
Song M, Wang Y, Shang ZF, Liu XD, Xie DF, Wang Q, Guan H, Zhou PK. Bystander autophagy mediated by radiation-induced exosomal miR-7-5p in non-targeted human bronchial epithelial cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30165. [PMID: 27417393 PMCID: PMC4945935 DOI: 10.1038/srep30165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation-induced bystander effect (RIBE) describes a set of biological effects in non-targeted cells that receive bystander signals from the irradiated cells. RIBE brings potential hazards to adjacent normal tissues in radiotherapy, and imparts a higher risk than previously thought. Excessive release of some substances from irradiated cells into extracellular microenvironment has a deleterious effect. For example, cytokines and reactive oxygen species have been confirmed to be involved in RIBE process via extracellular medium or gap junctions. However, RIBE-mediating signals and intercellular communication pathways are incompletely characterized. Here, we first identified a set of differentially expressed miRNAs in the exosomes collected from 2 Gy irradiated human bronchial epithelial BEP2D cells, from which miR-7-5p was found to induce autophagy in recipient cells. This exosome-mediated autophagy was significantly attenuated by miR-7-5p inhibitor. Moreover, our data demonstrated that autophagy induced by exosomal miR-7-5p was associated with EGFR/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. Together, our results support the involvement of secretive exosomes in propagation of RIBE signals to bystander cells. The exosomes-containing miR-7-5p is a crucial mediator of bystander autophagy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Man Song
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P R China.,Department of Radiation Toxicology and Oncology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, P R China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Radiation Toxicology and Oncology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, P R China
| | - Zeng-Fu Shang
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P R China
| | - Xiao-Dan Liu
- Department of Radiation Toxicology and Oncology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, P R China
| | - Da-Fei Xie
- Department of Radiation Toxicology and Oncology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, P R China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Radiation Toxicology and Oncology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, P R China
| | - Hua Guan
- Department of Radiation Toxicology and Oncology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, P R China
| | - Ping-Kun Zhou
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P R China.,Department of Radiation Toxicology and Oncology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, P R China
| |
Collapse
|
69
|
Prevc A, Bedina Zavec A, Cemazar M, Kloboves-Prevodnik V, Stimac M, Todorovic V, Strojan P, Sersa G. Bystander Effect Induced by Electroporation is Possibly Mediated by Microvesicles and Dependent on Pulse Amplitude, Repetition Frequency and Cell Type. J Membr Biol 2016; 249:703-711. [PMID: 27371159 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-016-9915-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Bystander effect, a known phenomenon in radiation biology, where irradiated cells release signals which cause damage to nearby, unirradiated cells, has not been explored in electroporated cells yet. Therefore, our aim was to determine whether bystander effect is present in electroporated melanoma cells in vitro, by determining viability of non-electroporated cells exposed to medium from electroporated cells and by the release of microvesicles as potential indicators of the bystander effect. Here, we demonstrated that electroporation of cells induces bystander effect: Cells exposed to electric pulses mediated their damage to the non-electroporated cells, thus decreasing cell viability. We have shown that shedding microvesicles may be one of the ways used by the cells to mediate the death signals to the neighboring cells. The murine melanoma B16F1 cell line was found to be more electrosensitive and thus more prone to bystander effect than the canine melanoma CMeC-1 cell line. In B16F1 cell line, bystander effect was present above the level of electropermeabilization of the cells, with the threshold at 800 V/cm. Furthermore, with increasing electric field intensities and the number of pulses, the bystander effect also increased. In conclusion, electroporation can induce bystander effect which may be mediated by microvesicles, and depends on pulse amplitude, repetition frequency and cell type.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ajda Prevc
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Zaloska ulica 2, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Maja Cemazar
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Zaloska ulica 2, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska, Polje 42, 6310, Izola, Slovenia
| | | | - Monika Stimac
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Zaloska ulica 2, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Vesna Todorovic
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Zaloska ulica 2, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Primoz Strojan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Zaloska 2, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gregor Sersa
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Zaloska ulica 2, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| |
Collapse
|
70
|
Testi S, Azzarà A, Giovannini C, Lombardi S, Piaggi S, Facioni MS, Scarpato R. Vincristine-induced bystander effect in human lymphocytes. Mutat Res 2016; 789:39-47. [PMID: 27050754 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Bystander effect is a known radiobiological effect, widely described using ionizing radiations and which, more recently, has also been related to chemical mutagens. In this study, we aimed to assess whether or not a bystander response can be induced in cultured human peripheral lymphocytes by vincristine, a chemotherapeutic mutagen acting as spindle poison, and by mitomycin-C, an alkylating agent already known to induce this response in human lymphoblastoid cells. Designing a modified ad hoc protocol for the cytokinesis blocked micronucleus (MN) assay, we detected the presence of a dose-dependent bystander response in untreated cultures receiving the conditioned medium (CM) from mitomycin-C (MMC) or vincristine (VCR) treated cultures. In the case of MMC, MN frequencies, expressed as micronucleated binucleates, were: 13.5±1.41 at 6μM, 22±2.12 at 12μM or 28.25±5.13 at 15μM vs. a control value of 4.75±1.59. MN levels for VCR, expressed as micronucleated mononucleates were: 2.75±0.88 at 0.0μM, 27.25±2.30 at 0.4μM, 46.25±1.94 at 0.8μM, 98.25±7.25 at 1.6μM. To verify that no mutagen residual was transferred to recipient cultures together with the CM, we evaluated MN levels in cultures receiving the medium immediately after three washings following the chemical treatment (unconditioned medium). We further confirmed these results using a cell-mixing approach where untreated lymphocytes were co-cultured with donor cells treated with an effect-inducing dose of MMC or VCR. A distinct production pattern of both reactive oxygen species and soluble mediator proteins by treated cells may account for the differences observed in the manifestation of the bystander effect induced by VCR. In fact, we observed an increased level of ROS, IL-32 and TGF-β in the CM from VCR treated cultures, not present in MMC treated cultures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Serena Testi
- Unità di Genetica, Dipartimento di Biologia, Pisa University, Via Derna 1, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessia Azzarà
- Unità di Genetica, Dipartimento di Biologia, Pisa University, Via Derna 1, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Caterina Giovannini
- Unità di Genetica, Dipartimento di Biologia, Pisa University, Via Derna 1, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Sara Lombardi
- Unità di Genetica, Dipartimento di Biologia, Pisa University, Via Derna 1, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Simona Piaggi
- Dipartimento di Ricerca Traslazionale e delle Nuove Tecnologie in Medicina e Chirurgia, Pisa University, Via Savi 10, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Maria Sole Facioni
- Unità di Genetica, Dipartimento di Biologia, Pisa University, Via Derna 1, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Roberto Scarpato
- Unità di Genetica, Dipartimento di Biologia, Pisa University, Via Derna 1, 56126 Pisa, Italy; Research Center of Nutraceuticals and Food for Health, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
Sridharan DM, Asaithamby A, Blattnig SR, Costes SV, Doetsch PW, Dynan WS, Hahnfeldt P, Hlatky L, Kidane Y, Kronenberg A, Naidu MD, Peterson LE, Plante I, Ponomarev AL, Saha J, Snijders AM, Srinivasan K, Tang J, Werner E, Pluth JM. Evaluating biomarkers to model cancer risk post cosmic ray exposure. LIFE SCIENCES IN SPACE RESEARCH 2016; 9:19-47. [PMID: 27345199 PMCID: PMC5613937 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2016.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Robust predictive models are essential to manage the risk of radiation-induced carcinogenesis. Chronic exposure to cosmic rays in the context of the complex deep space environment may place astronauts at high cancer risk. To estimate this risk, it is critical to understand how radiation-induced cellular stress impacts cell fate decisions and how this in turn alters the risk of carcinogenesis. Exposure to the heavy ion component of cosmic rays triggers a multitude of cellular changes, depending on the rate of exposure, the type of damage incurred and individual susceptibility. Heterogeneity in dose, dose rate, radiation quality, energy and particle flux contribute to the complexity of risk assessment. To unravel the impact of each of these factors, it is critical to identify sensitive biomarkers that can serve as inputs for robust modeling of individual risk of cancer or other long-term health consequences of exposure. Limitations in sensitivity of biomarkers to dose and dose rate, and the complexity of longitudinal monitoring, are some of the factors that increase uncertainties in the output from risk prediction models. Here, we critically evaluate candidate early and late biomarkers of radiation exposure and discuss their usefulness in predicting cell fate decisions. Some of the biomarkers we have reviewed include complex clustered DNA damage, persistent DNA repair foci, reactive oxygen species, chromosome aberrations and inflammation. Other biomarkers discussed, often assayed for at longer points post exposure, include mutations, chromosome aberrations, reactive oxygen species and telomere length changes. We discuss the relationship of biomarkers to different potential cell fates, including proliferation, apoptosis, senescence, and loss of stemness, which can propagate genomic instability and alter tissue composition and the underlying mRNA signatures that contribute to cell fate decisions. Our goal is to highlight factors that are important in choosing biomarkers and to evaluate the potential for biomarkers to inform models of post exposure cancer risk. Because cellular stress response pathways to space radiation and environmental carcinogens share common nodes, biomarker-driven risk models may be broadly applicable for estimating risks for other carcinogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Steve R Blattnig
- Langley Research Center, Langley Research Center (LaRC), VA, United States
| | - Sylvain V Costes
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | | | | | | | - Lynn Hlatky
- CCSB-Tufts School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Yared Kidane
- Wyle Science, Technology & Engineering Group, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Amy Kronenberg
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Mamta D Naidu
- CCSB-Tufts School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Leif E Peterson
- Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Ianik Plante
- Wyle Science, Technology & Engineering Group, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Artem L Ponomarev
- Wyle Science, Technology & Engineering Group, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Janapriya Saha
- UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | | | | | - Jonathan Tang
- Exogen Biotechnology, Inc., Berkeley, CA, United States
| | | | - Janice M Pluth
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
72
|
DNA double-strand-break repair in higher eukaryotes and its role in genomic instability and cancer: Cell cycle and proliferation-dependent regulation. Semin Cancer Biol 2016; 37-38:51-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
73
|
Moudra A, Hubackova S, Machalova V, Vancurova M, Bartek J, Reinis M, Hodny Z, Jonasova A. Dynamic alterations of bone marrow cytokine landscape of myelodysplastic syndromes patients treated with 5-azacytidine. Oncoimmunology 2016; 5:e1183860. [PMID: 27853634 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2016.1183860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) represent a heterogeneous group of clonal stem cell disorders characterized by ineffective hematopoiesis frequently progressing into acute myeloid leukemia (AML), with emerging evidence implicating aberrant bone marrow (BM) microenvironment and inflammation-related changes. 5-azacytidine (5-AC) represents standard MDS treatment. Besides inhibiting DNA/RNA methylation, 5-AC has been shown to induce DNA damage and apoptosis in vitro. To provide insights into in vivo effects, we assessed the proinflammatory cytokines alterations during MDS progression, cytokine changes after 5-AC, and contribution of inflammatory comorbidities to the cytokine changes in MDS patients. We found that IL8, IP10/CXCL10, MCP1/CCL2 and IL27 were significantly elevated and IL12p70 decreased in BM of MDS low-risk, high-risk and AML patients compared to healthy donors. Repeated sampling of the high-risk MDS patients undergoing 5-AC therapy revealed that the levels of IL8, IL27 and MCP1 in BM plasma were progressively increasing in agreement with in vitro experiments using several cancer cell lines. Moreover, the presence of inflammatory diseases correlated with higher levels of IL8 and MCP1 in low-risk but not in high-risk MDS. Overall, all forms of MDS feature a deregulated proinflammatory cytokine landscape in the BM and such alterations are further augmented by therapy of MDS patients with 5-AC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alena Moudra
- Department of Genome Integrity, Institute of Molecular Genetics, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Sona Hubackova
- Department of Genome Integrity, Institute of Molecular Genetics, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic; Laboratory of Molecular Therapy, Institute of Biotechnology, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Machalova
- Department of Genome Integrity, Institute of Molecular Genetics, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marketa Vancurova
- Department of Genome Integrity, Institute of Molecular Genetics, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Bartek
- Department of Genome Integrity, Institute of Molecular Genetics, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic; Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Science For Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden
| | - Milan Reinis
- Department of Transgenic Models of Diseases, Institute of Molecular Genetics, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic; Immunology Unit, Czech Center for Phenogenomics, Institute of Molecular Genetics, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zdenek Hodny
- Department of Genome Integrity, Institute of Molecular Genetics, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Jonasova
- 1st Department of Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital , Prague, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
74
|
Stress-induced bystander signaling as a possible factor contributing to neuronal excitability and seizure generation/epileptogenesis. Med Hypotheses 2016; 90:57-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2016.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
|
75
|
Hirst AM, Frame FM, Arya M, Maitland NJ, O'Connell D. Low temperature plasmas as emerging cancer therapeutics: the state of play and thoughts for the future. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:7021-31. [PMID: 26888782 PMCID: PMC4875936 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-4911-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The field of plasma medicine has seen substantial advances over the last decade, with applications developed for bacterial sterilisation, wound healing and cancer treatment. Low temperature plasmas (LTPs) are particularly suited for medical purposes since they are operated in the laboratory at atmospheric pressure and room temperature, providing a rich source of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS). A great deal of research has been conducted into the role of reactive species in both the growth and treatment of cancer, where long-established radio- and chemo-therapies exploit their ability to induce potent cytopathic effects. In addition to producing a plethora of RONS, LTPs can also create strong electroporative fields. From an application perspective, it has been shown that LTPs can be applied precisely to a small target area. On this basis, LTPs have been proposed as a promising future strategy to accurately and effectively control and eradicate tumours. This review aims to evaluate the current state of the literature in the field of plasma oncology and highlight the potential for the use of LTPs in combination therapy. We also present novel data on the effect of LTPs on cancer stem cells, and speculatively outline how LTPs could circumvent treatment resistance encountered with existing therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam M Hirst
- Department of Physics, York Plasma Institute, University of York, Heslington, UK
| | - Fiona M Frame
- YCR Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, UK
| | | | - Norman J Maitland
- YCR Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, UK
| | - Deborah O'Connell
- Department of Physics, York Plasma Institute, University of York, Heslington, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
76
|
Nikitaki Z, Mavragani IV, Laskaratou DA, Gika V, Moskvin VP, Theofilatos K, Vougas K, Stewart RD, Georgakilas AG. Systemic mechanisms and effects of ionizing radiation: A new 'old' paradigm of how the bystanders and distant can become the players. Semin Cancer Biol 2016; 37-38:77-95. [PMID: 26873647 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Exposure of cells to any form of ionizing radiation (IR) is expected to induce a variety of DNA lesions, including double strand breaks (DSBs), single strand breaks (SSBs) and oxidized bases, as well as loss of bases, i.e., abasic sites. The damaging potential of IR is primarily related to the generation of electrons, which through their interaction with water produce free radicals. In their turn, free radicals attack DNA, proteins and lipids. Damage is induced also through direct deposition of energy. These types of IR interactions with biological materials are collectively called 'targeted effects', since they refer only to the irradiated cells. Earlier and sometimes 'anecdotal' findings were pointing to the possibility of IR actions unrelated to the irradiated cells or area, i.e., a type of systemic response with unknown mechanistic basis. Over the last years, significant experimental evidence has accumulated, showing a variety of radiation effects for 'out-of-field' areas (non-targeted effects-NTE). The NTE involve the release of chemical and biological mediators from the 'in-field' area and thus the communication of the radiation insult via the so called 'danger' signals. The NTE can be separated in two major groups: bystander and distant (systemic). In this review, we have collected a detailed list of proteins implicated in either bystander or systemic effects, including the clinically relevant abscopal phenomenon, using improved text-mining and bioinformatics tools from the literature. We have identified which of these genes belong to the DNA damage response and repair pathway (DDR/R) and made protein-protein interaction (PPi) networks. Our analysis supports that the apoptosis, TLR-like and NOD-like receptor signaling pathways are the main pathways participating in NTE. Based on this analysis, we formulate a biophysical hypothesis for the regulation of NTE, based on DNA damage and apoptosis gradients between the irradiation point and various distances corresponding to bystander (5mm) or distant effects (5cm). Last but not least, in order to provide a more realistic support for our model, we calculate the expected DSB and non-DSB clusters along the central axis of a representative 200.6MeV pencil beam calculated using Monte Carlo DNA damage simulation software (MCDS) based on the actual beam energy-to-depth curves used in therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zacharenia Nikitaki
- Physics Department, School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), Zografou, 15780 Athens, Greece
| | - Ifigeneia V Mavragani
- Physics Department, School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), Zografou, 15780 Athens, Greece
| | - Danae A Laskaratou
- Physics Department, School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), Zografou, 15780 Athens, Greece
| | - Violeta Gika
- Physics Department, School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), Zografou, 15780 Athens, Greece
| | - Vadim P Moskvin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | | | - Konstantinos Vougas
- Proteomics Research Unit, Center of Basic Research II, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Robert D Stewart
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Washington School of Medicine, School of Medicine, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Box 356043, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Alexandros G Georgakilas
- Physics Department, School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), Zografou, 15780 Athens, Greece.
| |
Collapse
|
77
|
Kamran MZ, Ranjan A, Kaur N, Sur S, Tandon V. Radioprotective Agents: Strategies and Translational Advances. Med Res Rev 2016; 36:461-93. [PMID: 26807693 DOI: 10.1002/med.21386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Radioprotectors are agents required to protect biological system exposed to radiation, either naturally or through radiation leakage, and they protect normal cells from radiation injury in cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy. It is imperative to study radioprotectors and their mechanism of action comprehensively, looking at their potential therapeutic applications. This review intimately chronicles the rich intellectual, pharmacological story of natural and synthetic radioprotectors. A continuous effort is going on by researchers to develop clinically promising radioprotective agents. In this article, for the first time we have discussed the impact of radioprotectors on different signaling pathways in cells, which will create a basis for scientific community working in this area to develop novel molecules with better therapeutic efficacy. The bright future of exceptionally noncytotoxic derivatives of bisbenzimidazoles is also described as radiomodulators. Amifostine, an effective radioprotectant, has been approved by the FDA for limited clinical use. However, due to its adverse side effects, it is not routinely used clinically. Recently, CBLB502 and several analog of a peptide are under clinical trial and showed high success against radiotherapy in cancer. This article reviews the different types of radioprotective agents with emphasis on the strategies for the development of novel radioprotectors for drug development. In addition, direction for future strategies relevant to the development of radioprotectors is also addressed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Zahid Kamran
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Atul Ranjan
- Kansas University of Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160
| | - Navrinder Kaur
- Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Souvik Sur
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Vibha Tandon
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India.,Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| |
Collapse
|
78
|
Zakhvataev VE. Possible scenarios of the influence of low-dose ionizing radiation on neural functioning. Med Hypotheses 2015; 85:723-35. [PMID: 26526727 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2015.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Possible scenarios of the influence of ionizing radiation on neural functioning and the CNS are suggested. We argue that the radiation-induced bystander mechanisms associated with Ca(2+) flows, reactive nitrogen and oxygen species, and cytokines might lead to modulation of certain neuronal signaling pathways. The considered scenarios of conjugation of the bystander signaling and the neuronal signaling might result in modulation of certain synaptic receptors, neurogenesis, neurotransmission, channel conductance, synaptic signaling, different forms of neural plasticity, memory formation and storage, and learning. On this basis, corresponding new possible strategies for treating neurodegenerative deceases and mental disorders are proposed. The mechanisms considered might also be associated with neuronal survival and relevant to the treatment for brain injuries. At the same time, these mechanisms might be associated with detrimental effects and might facilitate the development of some neurological and psychiatric disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir E Zakhvataev
- Neuroinformatics Department, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Laboratory of Biological Action of Low-Intensity Factors, Siberian Federal University, 79 Svobodny pr., 660041 Krasnoyarsk, Russia.
| |
Collapse
|
79
|
Li Z, Doho G, Zheng X, Jella KK, Li S, Wang Y, Dynan WS. Co-culturing with High-Charge and Energy Particle Irradiated Cells Increases Mutagenic Joining of Enzymatically Induced DNA Double-Strand Breaks in Nonirradiated Cells. Radiat Res 2015; 184:249-58. [PMID: 26284422 DOI: 10.1667/rr14092.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Cell populations that have been exposed to high-charge and energy (HZE) particle radiation, and then challenged by expression of a rare-cutting nuclease, show an increased frequency of deletions and translocations originating at the enzyme cut sites. Here, we examine whether this effect also occurs in nonirradiated cells that have been co-cultured with irradiated cells. Human cells were irradiated with 0.3-1.0 Gy of either 600 MeV/u (56)Fe or 1,000 MeV/u (48)Ti ions or with 0.3-3.0 Gy of 320 kV X rays. These were co-cultured with I-SceI-expressing reporter cells at intervals up to 21 days postirradiation. Co-culture with HZE-irradiated cells led to an increase in the frequency of I-SceI-stimulated translocations and deletions in the nonirradiated cells. The effect size was similar to that seen previously in directly irradiated populations (maximum effect in bystander cells of 1.7- to 4-fold depending on ion and end point). The effect was not observed when X-ray-irradiated cells were co-cultured with nonirradiated cells, but was correlated with an increase in γ-H2AX foci-positive cells in the nonirradiated population, suggesting the presence of genomic stress. Transcriptional profiling of a directly irradiated cell population showed that many genes for cytokines and other secretory proteins were persistently upregulated, but their induction was not well correlated with functional effects on repair in co-cultured cells, suggesting that this transcriptional response alone is not sufficient to evoke the effect. The finding that HZE-irradiated cells influence the DNA double-strand break repair fidelity in their nonirradiated neighbors has implications for risk in the space radiation environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhentian Li
- a Department of Radiation Oncology and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.,d The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P. R. China.,f Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Gregory Doho
- b Department of Emory Integrated Genomics Core, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Xuan Zheng
- e Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Kishore Kumar Jella
- a Department of Radiation Oncology and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Shuyi Li
- a Department of Radiation Oncology and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.,c Department of Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Ya Wang
- a Department of Radiation Oncology and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - William S Dynan
- a Department of Radiation Oncology and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.,c Department of Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| |
Collapse
|
80
|
Evidence for bystander signalling between human trophoblast cells and human embryonic stem cells. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11694. [PMID: 26170169 PMCID: PMC4501009 DOI: 10.1038/srep11694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Maternal exposure during pregnancy to toxins can occasionally lead to miscarriage and malformation. It is currently thought that toxins pass through the placental barrier, albeit bi-layered in the first trimester, and damage the fetus directly, albeit at low concentration. Here we examined the responses of human embryonic stem (hES) cells in tissue culture to two metals at low concentration. We compared direct exposures with indirect exposures across a bi-layered model of the placenta cell barrier. Direct exposure caused increased DNA damage without apoptosis or a loss of cell number but with some evidence of altered differentiation. Indirect exposure caused increased DNA damage and apoptosis but without loss of pluripotency. This was not caused by metal ions passing through the barrier. Instead the hES cells responded to signalling molecules (including TNF-α) secreted by the barrier cells. This mechanism was dependent on connexin 43 mediated intercellular ‘bystander signalling’ both within and between the trophoblast barrier and the hES colonies. These results highlight key differences between direct and indirect exposure of hES cells across a trophoblast barrier to metal toxins. It offers a theoretical possibility that an indirectly mediated toxicity of hES cells might have biological relevance to fetal development.
Collapse
|
81
|
Schaue D, McBride WH. Opportunities and challenges of radiotherapy for treating cancer. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2015; 12:527-40. [PMID: 26122185 DOI: 10.1038/nrclinonc.2015.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 408] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The past 20 years have seen dramatic changes in the delivery of radiation therapy, but the impact of radiobiology on the clinic has been far less substantial. A major consideration in the use of radiotherapy has been on how best to exploit differences between the tumour and host tissue characteristics, which in the past has been achieved empirically by radiation-dose fractionation. New advances are uncovering some of the mechanistic processes that underlie this success story. In this Review, we focus on how these processes might be targeted to improve the outcome of radiotherapy at the individual patient level. This approach would seem a more productive avenue of treatment than simply trying to increase the radiation dose delivered to the tumour.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dörthe Schaue
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Room B3-109, Center for Health Sciences, Westwood, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095-1714, USA
| | - William H McBride
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Room B3-109, Center for Health Sciences, Westwood, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095-1714, USA
| |
Collapse
|
82
|
Widel M, Lalik A, Krzywon A, Poleszczuk J, Fujarewicz K, Rzeszowska-Wolny J. The different radiation response and radiation-induced bystander effects in colorectal carcinoma cells differing in p53 status. Mutat Res 2015; 778:61-70. [PMID: 26099456 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Radiation-induced bystander effect, appearing as different biological changes in cells that are not directly exposed to ionizing radiation but are under the influence of molecular signals secreted by irradiated neighbors, have recently attracted considerable interest due to their possible implication for radiotherapy. However, various cells present diverse radiosensitivity and bystander responses that depend, inter alia, on genetic status including TP53, the gene controlling the cell cycle, DNA repair and apoptosis. Here we compared the ionizing radiation and bystander responses of human colorectal carcinoma HCT116 cells with wild type or knockout TP53 using a transwell co-culture system. The viability of exposed to X-rays (0-8 Gy) and bystander cells of both lines showed a roughly comparable decline with increasing dose. The frequency of micronuclei was also comparable at lower doses but at higher increased considerably, especially in bystander TP53-/- cells. Moreover, the TP53-/- cells showed a significantly elevated frequency of apoptosis, while TP53+/+ counterparts expressed high level of senescence. The cross-matched experiments where irradiated cells of one line were co-cultured with non-irradiated cells of opposite line show that both cell lines were also able to induce bystander effects in their counterparts, however different endpoints revealed with different strength. Potential mediators of bystander effects, IL-6 and IL-8, were also generated differently in both lines. The knockout cells secreted IL-6 at lower doses whereas wild type cells only at higher doses. Secretion of IL-8 by TP53-/- control cells was many times lower than that by TP53+/+ but increased significantly after irradiation. Transcription of the NFκBIA was induced in irradiated TP53+/+ mainly, but in bystanders a higher level was observed in TP53-/- cells, suggesting that TP53 is required for induction of NFκB pathway after irradiation but another mechanism of activation must operate in bystander cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Widel
- Biosystems Group, Institute of Automatic Control, Silesian University of Technology, 16 Akademicka Street, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland.
| | - Anna Lalik
- Biosystems Group, Institute of Automatic Control, Silesian University of Technology, 16 Akademicka Street, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Krzywon
- Biosystems Group, Institute of Automatic Control, Silesian University of Technology, 16 Akademicka Street, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Jan Poleszczuk
- College of Inter-faculty Individual Studies in Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Warsaw, 93 Zwirki i Wigury Street, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland; Department of Integrated Mathematical Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Krzysztof Fujarewicz
- Biosystems Group, Institute of Automatic Control, Silesian University of Technology, 16 Akademicka Street, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Joanna Rzeszowska-Wolny
- Biosystems Group, Institute of Automatic Control, Silesian University of Technology, 16 Akademicka Street, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
83
|
Jaiswal H, Lindqvist A. Bystander communication and cell cycle decisions after DNA damage. Front Genet 2015; 6:63. [PMID: 25774166 PMCID: PMC4343024 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2015.00063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The DNA damage response (DDR) has two main goals, to repair the damaged DNA and to communicate the presence of damaged DNA. This communication allows the adaptation of cellular behavior to minimize the risk associated with DNA damage. In particular, cell cycle progression must be adapted after a DNA-damaging insult, and cells either pause or terminally exit the cell cycle during a DDR. As cells can accumulate mutations after a DDR due to error-prone DNA repair, terminal cell cycle exit may prevent malignant transformation. The tumor suppressor p53 plays a key role in promoting terminal cell cycle exit. Interestingly, p53 has been implicated in communication of a stress response to surrounding cells, known as the bystander response. Recently, surrounding cells have also been shown to affect the damaged cell, suggesting the presence of intercellular feedback loops. How such feedback may affect terminal cell cycle exit remains unclear, but its presence calls for caution in evaluating cellular outcome without controlling the cellular surrounding. In addition, such feedback may contribute to how the cellular environment affects malignant transformation after DNA damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Himjyot Jaiswal
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Arne Lindqvist
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
84
|
Baskar R, Dai J, Wenlong N, Yeo R, Yeoh KW. Biological response of cancer cells to radiation treatment. Front Mol Biosci 2014; 1:24. [PMID: 25988165 PMCID: PMC4429645 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2014.00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 337] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a class of diseases characterized by uncontrolled cell growth and has the ability to spread or metastasize throughout the body. In recent years, remarkable progress has been made toward the understanding of proposed hallmarks of cancer development, care, and treatment modalities. Radiation therapy or radiotherapy is an important and integral component of cancer management, mostly conferring a survival benefit. Radiation therapy destroys cancer by depositing high-energy radiation on the cancer tissues. Over the years, radiation therapy has been driven by constant technological advances and approximately 50% of all patients with localized malignant tumors are treated with radiation at some point in the course of their disease. In radiation oncology, research and development in the last three decades has led to considerable improvement in our understanding of the differential responses of normal and cancer cells. The biological effectiveness of radiation depends on the linear energy transfer (LET), total dose, number of fractions and radiosensitivity of the targeted cells or tissues. Radiation can either directly or indirectly (by producing free radicals) damages the genome of the cell. This has been challenged in recent years by a newly identified phenomenon known as radiation induced bystander effect (RIBE). In RIBE, the non-irradiated cells adjacent to or located far from the irradiated cells/tissues demonstrate similar responses to that of the directly irradiated cells. Understanding the cancer cell responses during the fractions or after the course of irradiation will lead to improvements in therapeutic efficacy and potentially, benefitting a significant proportion of cancer patients. In this review, the clinical implications of radiation induced direct and bystander effects on the cancer cell are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajamanickam Baskar
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Research, Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jiawen Dai
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Research, Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nei Wenlong
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Research, Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - Richard Yeo
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Research, Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kheng-Wei Yeoh
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Research, Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|