51
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Liu Y, Yuelling LW, Wang Y, Du F, Gordon RE, O'Brien JA, Ng JMY, Robins S, Lee EH, Liu H, Curran T, Yang ZJ. Astrocytes Promote Medulloblastoma Progression through Hedgehog Secretion. Cancer Res 2017; 77:6692-6703. [PMID: 28986380 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-1463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes, the most abundant type of glial cells in the brain, play critical roles in supporting neuronal development and brain function. Although astrocytes have been frequently detected in brain tumors, including medulloblastoma (MB), their functions in tumorigenesis are not clear. Here, we demonstrate that astrocytes are essential components of the MB tumor microenvironment. Tumor-associated astrocytes (TAA) secrete the ligand sonic hedgehog (Shh), which is required for maintaining MB cell proliferation despite the absence of its primary receptor Patched-1 (Ptch1). Shh drives expression of Nestin in MB cells through a smoothened-dependent, but Gli1-independent mechanism. Ablation of TAA dramatically suppresses Nestin expression and blocks tumor growth. These findings demonstrate an indispensable role for astrocytes in MB tumorigenesis and reveal a novel Ptch1-independent Shh pathway involved in MB progression. Cancer Res; 77(23); 6692-703. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqiang Liu
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Larra W Yuelling
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Yuan Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropathology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fang Du
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Renata E Gordon
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jenny A O'Brien
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jessica M Y Ng
- Children's Research Institute, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Shannon Robins
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Eric H Lee
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Hailong Liu
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Tom Curran
- Children's Research Institute, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Zeng-Jie Yang
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropathology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
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52
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Irreversible growth plate fusions in children with medulloblastoma treated with a targeted hedgehog pathway inhibitor. Oncotarget 2017; 8:69295-69302. [PMID: 29050204 PMCID: PMC5642479 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The permanent defects in bone growth observed in preclinical studies of hedgehog (Hh) pathway inhibitors were not substantiated in early phase clinical studies of vismodegib in children. Consequently, vismodegib advanced into pediatric trials for malignancies suspected of being driven by aberrant activation of the Hh pathway. In one multicenter phase II trial, vismodegib was added to the therapy regimen for newly diagnosed Hh pathway activated medulloblastoma. Herein, we report on 3 children (2 on trial and one off trial) treated with vismodegib who developed widespread growth plate fusions that persist long after cessation of therapy. Currently, all 3 patients exhibit profound short stature and disproportionate growth, and 2 subsequently developed precocious puberty. Notably, the growth plate fusions only developed after a prolonged exposure to the drug (> 140 days). These findings resulted in a major trial amendment to restrict the agent to skeletally mature patients as well as a product label warning and update. Moreover, these findings alter the risk-benefit ratio of Hh inhibitors and underscore the importance of careful study of targeted agents in children.
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53
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Gordon RE, Zhang L, Yang ZJ. Restore the brake on tumor progression. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 138:1-6. [PMID: 28389227 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling plays a key role in regulation of normal development. The negative feedback mechanism mediated by the transcriptional factor, Gli3, acts to finely tune Shh signaling, providing tight control of normal developmental processes. Hyperactivation of Shh signaling often leads to many human malignancies, including basal cell carcinoma and medulloblastoma (MB). However, how tumor cells sustain the aberrant activation of Shh signaling is still not completely understood. We recently revealed that during MB formation, tumor cells express Nestin, a type VI intermediate filament protein, which maintains uncontrolled Shh signaling by abolishing negative feedback by Gli3. Therefore, Nestin expression is a necessary step for MB formation. These findings highlight the novel function of Nestin in regulating Shh signaling, as well as the important role of a disrupted negative feedback mechanism in MB tumorigenesis. Further, restoration of the intrinsic negative feedback by repressing Nestin expression represents a promising approach to treat MB as well as other Shh signaling associated malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata E Gordon
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - Li Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropathology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215021, China
| | - Zeng-Jie Yang
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA; Laboratory of Molecular Neuropathology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215021, China.
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54
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Moreno L, Pearson ADJ, Paoletti X, Jimenez I, Geoerger B, Kearns PR, Zwaan CM, Doz F, Baruchel A, Vormoor J, Casanova M, Pfister SM, Morland B, Vassal G. Early phase clinical trials of anticancer agents in children and adolescents - an ITCC perspective. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2017; 14:497-507. [PMID: 28508875 DOI: 10.1038/nrclinonc.2017.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In the past decade, the landscape of drug development in oncology has evolved dramatically; however, this paradigm shift remains to be adopted in early phase clinical trial designs for studies of molecularly targeted agents and immunotherapeutic agents in paediatric malignancies. In drug development, prioritization of drugs on the basis of knowledge of tumour biology, molecular 'drivers' of disease and a drug's mechanism of action, and therapeutic unmet needs are key elements; these aspects are relevant to early phase paediatric trials, in which molecular profiling is strongly encouraged. Herein, we describe the strategy of the Innovative Therapies for Children with Cancer (ITCC) Consortium, which advocates for the adoption of trial designs that enable uninterrupted patient recruitment, the extrapolation from studies in adults when possible, and the inclusion of expansion cohorts. If a drug has neither serious dose-related toxicities nor a narrow therapeutic index, then studies should generally be started at the adult recommended phase II dose corrected for body surface area, and act as dose-confirmation studies. The use of adaptive trial designs will enable drugs with promising activity to progress rapidly to randomized studies and, therefore, will substantially accelerate drug development for children and adolescents with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Moreno
- Paediatric Phase I-II Clinical Trials Unit, Paediatric Haematology &Oncology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrew D J Pearson
- Paediatric Drug Development, Children and Young People's Unit, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, UK; and at the Division of Clinical Studies and Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UK
| | - Xavier Paoletti
- Biostatistics and Epidemiology, INSERM U1018, Gustave Roussy, Paris, France
| | - Irene Jimenez
- Department of Paediatric, Adolescents and Young Adults Oncology, Institut Curie; and at the University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Birgit Geoerger
- Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Oncology, CNRS UMR 8203 Vectorology and Anticancer Treatments, Gustave Roussy, University Paris-Sud, Villejuif, France
| | - Pamela R Kearns
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - C Michel Zwaan
- Department of Paediatric Oncology/Haematology, Erasmus MC/Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Francois Doz
- Department of Paediatric, Adolescents and Young Adults Oncology, Institut Curie; and at the University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Andre Baruchel
- Department of Paediatric Haematology, Hôpital Robert Debré, AP-HP; and at the University Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Josef Vormoor
- Wolfson Childhood Cancer Research Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University; and at the Great North Children's Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Michela Casanova
- Paediatric Oncology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefan M Pfister
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ); German Cancer Consortium (DKTK); and at the Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bruce Morland
- Department of Paediatric Oncology, Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| | - Gilles Vassal
- Department of Clinical Research, Gustave Roussy, Paris-Sud University, Paris, France
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Pak E, Segal RA. Hedgehog Signal Transduction: Key Players, Oncogenic Drivers, and Cancer Therapy. Dev Cell 2017; 38:333-44. [PMID: 27554855 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2016.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway governs complex developmental processes, including proliferation and patterning within diverse tissues. These activities rely on a tightly regulated transduction system that converts graded Hh input signals into specific levels of pathway activity. Uncontrolled activation of Hh signaling drives tumor initiation and maintenance. However, recent entry of pathway-specific inhibitors into the clinic reveals mixed patient responses and thus prompts further exploration of pathway activation and inhibition. In this review, we share emerging insights into regulated and oncogenic Hh signaling, supplemented with updates on the development and use of Hh pathway-targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Pak
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Rosalind A Segal
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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56
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Novel molecular subgroups for clinical classification and outcome prediction in childhood medulloblastoma: a cohort study. Lancet Oncol 2017; 18:958-971. [PMID: 28545823 PMCID: PMC5489698 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(17)30243-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 356] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Background International consensus recognises four medulloblastoma molecular subgroups: WNT (MBWNT), SHH (MBSHH), group 3 (MBGrp3), and group 4 (MBGrp4), each defined by their characteristic genome-wide transcriptomic and DNA methylomic profiles. These subgroups have distinct clinicopathological and molecular features, and underpin current disease subclassification and initial subgroup-directed therapies that are underway in clinical trials. However, substantial biological heterogeneity and differences in survival are apparent within each subgroup, which remain to be resolved. We aimed to investigate whether additional molecular subgroups exist within childhood medulloblastoma and whether these could be used to improve disease subclassification and prognosis predictions. Methods In this retrospective cohort study, we assessed 428 primary medulloblastoma samples collected from UK Children's Cancer and Leukaemia Group (CCLG) treatment centres (UK), collaborating European institutions, and the UKCCSG-SIOP-PNET3 European clinical trial. An independent validation cohort (n=276) of archival tumour samples was also analysed. We analysed samples from patients with childhood medulloblastoma who were aged 0–16 years at diagnosis, and had central review of pathology and comprehensive clinical data. We did comprehensive molecular profiling, including DNA methylation microarray analysis, and did unsupervised class discovery of test and validation cohorts to identify consensus primary molecular subgroups and characterise their clinical and biological significance. We modelled survival of patients aged 3–16 years in patients (n=215) who had craniospinal irradiation and had been treated with a curative intent. Findings Seven robust and reproducible primary molecular subgroups of childhood medulloblastoma were identified. MBWNT remained unchanged and each remaining consensus subgroup was split in two. MBSHH was split into age-dependent subgroups corresponding to infant (<4·3 years; MBSHH-Infant; n=65) and childhood patients (≥4·3 years; MBSHH-Child; n=38). MBGrp3 and MBGrp4 were each split into high-risk (MBGrp3-HR [n=65] and MBGrp4-HR [n=85]) and low-risk (MBGrp3-LR [n=50] and MBGrp4-LR [n=73]) subgroups. These biological subgroups were validated in the independent cohort. We identified features of the seven subgroups that were predictive of outcome. Cross-validated subgroup-dependent survival models, incorporating these novel subgroups along with secondary clinicopathological and molecular features and established disease risk-factors, outperformed existing disease risk-stratification schemes. These subgroup-dependent models stratified patients into four clinical risk groups for 5-year progression-free survival: favourable risk (54 [25%] of 215 patients; 91% survival [95% CI 82–100]); standard risk (50 [23%] patients; 81% survival [70–94]); high-risk (82 [38%] patients; 42% survival [31–56]); and very high-risk (29 [13%] patients; 28% survival [14–56]). Interpretation The discovery of seven novel, clinically significant subgroups improves disease risk-stratification and could inform treatment decisions. These data provide a new foundation for future research and clinical investigations. Funding Cancer Research UK, The Tom Grahame Trust, Star for Harris, Action Medical Research, SPARKS, The JGW Patterson Foundation, The INSTINCT network (co-funded by The Brain Tumour Charity, Great Ormond Street Children's Charity, and Children with Cancer UK).
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57
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Wu F, Zhang Y, Sun B, McMahon AP, Wang Y. Hedgehog Signaling: From Basic Biology to Cancer Therapy. Cell Chem Biol 2017; 24:252-280. [PMID: 28286127 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2017.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The Hedgehog (HH) signaling pathway was discovered originally as a key pathway in embryonic patterning and development. Since its discovery, it has become increasingly clear that the HH pathway also plays important roles in a multitude of cancers. Therefore, HH signaling has emerged as a therapeutic target of interest for cancer therapy. In this review, we provide a brief overview of HH signaling and the key molecular players involved and offer an up-to-date summary of our current knowledge of endogenous and exogenous small molecules that modulate HH signaling. We discuss experiences and lessons learned from the decades-long efforts toward the development of cancer therapies targeting the HH pathway. Challenges to develop next-generation cancer therapies are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fujia Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Bo Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Andrew P McMahon
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Eli and Edythe Broad-CIRM Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, W.M. Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Fife D, Laitinen MA, Myers DJ, Landsteiner PB. Vismodegib Therapy for Basal Cell Carcinoma in an 8-Year-Old Chinese Boy with Xeroderma Pigmentosum. Pediatr Dermatol 2017; 34:163-165. [PMID: 28297142 DOI: 10.1111/pde.13080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Vismodegib is an oral inhibitor of the Hedgehog signaling pathway and has been used to treat basal cell carcinoma (BCC) in adults. This article reports clearance of a nodular BCC of the nasal tip in an 8-year-old boy with xeroderma pigmentosum (XP). BCC can pose therapeutic challenges when located in areas that are not amenable to traditional therapies such as Mohs micrographic surgery or topical agents. Vismodegib was used at a dose of 150 mg/day to treat the boy's BCC. After 4 months of therapy, we achieved complete clinical clearance. During 21 months of follow-up, the patient's nose remained clinically clear of tumor. Vismodegib was successfully used to treat a child with XP and nodular BCC. Our goal in using vismodegib was tumor regression while avoiding cosmetic and functional disfigurement. Vismodegib was effective in clinically clearing the tumor, and the patient has shown no signs of recurrence. Further studies are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David J Myers
- Nellis Air Force Base, Mike O'Callaghan Federal Medical Center, Las Vegas, Nevada
| | - Pamela B Landsteiner
- Nellis Air Force Base, Mike O'Callaghan Federal Medical Center, Las Vegas, Nevada
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Lin Z, Sheng H, You C, Cai M, Zhang Y, Yu LS, Yu X, Lin J, Zhang N. Inhibition of the CyclinD1 promoter in response to sonic hedgehog signaling pathway transduction is mediated by Gli1. Exp Ther Med 2016; 13:307-314. [PMID: 28123507 PMCID: PMC5244851 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2016.3969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Medulloblastoma (MB) is the most common malignant tumor of the central nervous system in children. Accumulating evidence suggests a major role for the activation of the sonic hedgehog (SHH) signaling pathway in the development of MB cells; however, the mechanisms underlying the effect of this pathway on tumor survival and growth remain poorly understood. The Gli family zinc finger 1 (Gli1) transcription factor is considered as a mediator of the SHH signaling pathway in MB cells. Therefore, the present study investigated whether the SHH signaling pathway promotes the apoptosis of MB cells via downregulation of Gli1. GANT61, a novel Gli1 inhibitor, is known to have an in vitro activity against tumors. In the current study, Daoy cells were treated with different concentrations of GANT61 for 24 h, and the effect on cell proliferation was assayed by cell counting kit-8 assay. In addition, the cell cycle progression and apoptosis were assayed by flow cytometry analysis and hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining. The effects of GANT61 treatment on SHH signaling pathway at the mRNA level were assayed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). To further elucidate the inhibitory effects of GANT61 on the expression of Gli1 and CyclinD1, their protein levels were examined by western blot and immunofluorescence. The results indicated that GANT61 significantly inhibited the proliferation of Daoy cells in a dose-dependent manner, compared with the control group (P<0.05). HE staining revealed that cells had increasingly abnormal protuberance with increasing GANT61 concentration. Flow cytometry analysis also demonstrated that GANT61 induced G1/S arrest and apoptosis of Daoy cells in a dose-dependent manner (P<0.05). Gli1 and CyclinD1 mRNA expression levels were downregulated by GANT61 treatment (P<0.05); similarly, their protein levels were downregulated by GANT61 treatment in a dose-dependent manner (P<0.05). In conclusion, Gli1 expression was significantly associated with CyclinD1 expression in MB. These data demonstrated that Gli1 is an important mediator of the SHH pathway activity in MB, and may be a novel agent for use in combined chemotherapeutic regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongxiao Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Hansong Sheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Chaoguo You
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Ming Cai
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Yiping Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Li Sheng Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoming Yu
- Department of Neonatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Jian Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Nu Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
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Li P, Lee EH, Du F, Gordon RE, Yuelling LW, Liu Y, Ng JMY, Zhang H, Wu J, Korshunov A, Pfister SM, Curran T, Yang ZJ. Nestin Mediates Hedgehog Pathway Tumorigenesis. Cancer Res 2016; 76:5573-83. [PMID: 27496710 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-1547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The intermediate filament protein Nestin serves as a biomarker for stem cells and has been used to identify subsets of cancer stem-like cells. However, the mechanistic contributions of Nestin to cancer pathogenesis are not understood. Here, we report that Nestin binds the hedgehog pathway transcription factor Gli3 to mediate the development of medulloblastomas of the hedgehog subtype. In a mouse model system, Nestin levels increased progressively during medulloblastoma formation, resulting in enhanced tumor growth. Conversely, loss of Nestin dramatically inhibited proliferation and promoted differentiation. Mechanistic investigations revealed that the tumor-promoting effects of Nestin were mediated by binding to Gli3, a zinc finger transcription factor that negatively regulates hedgehog signaling. Nestin binding to Gli3 blocked Gli3 phosphorylation and its subsequent proteolytic processing, thereby abrogating its ability to negatively regulate the hedgehog pathway. Our findings show how Nestin drives hedgehog pathway-driven cancers and uncover in Gli3 a therapeutic target to treat these malignancies. Cancer Res; 76(18); 5573-83. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Li
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Eric H Lee
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Fang Du
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Renata E Gordon
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Larra W Yuelling
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Yongqiang Liu
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jessica M Y Ng
- Children's Research Institute, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Hao Zhang
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jinhua Wu
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Andrey Korshunov
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan M Pfister
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany. Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tom Curran
- Children's Research Institute, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Zeng-Jie Yang
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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61
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Insights into cerebellar development and medulloblastoma. Bull Cancer 2015; 103:30-40. [PMID: 26688373 DOI: 10.1016/j.bulcan.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cerebellar development is an extensive process that begins during early embryonic stages and persists more than one year after birth in human. Therefore, the cerebellum is susceptible to acquire various developmental abnormalities leading to numerous diseases such as medulloblastoma, the most common pediatric malignant brain tumor. One third of the patients with medulloblastoma are incurable and survivors have a poor quality of life due to the aggressiveness of the broad-spectrum treatments. Within the past few years, it has been highlighted that medulloblastoma is a heterogeneous disease that is divided in four molecular subgroups. This recent advance in the field, combined with the development of associated preclinical models for each subgroup, should enable, in the future, the discovery and use of targeted therapy in clinical treatments for each subtype of medulloblastoma. In this review, we first aim to show how deregulation of cerebellar development can lead to medulloblastoma formation and then to present the advances in the molecular subgrouping of medulloblastoma and the associated preclinical models.
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Gopalakrishnan V, Tao RH, Dobson T, Brugmann W, Khatua S. Medulloblastoma development: tumor biology informs treatment decisions. CNS Oncol 2015; 4:79-89. [PMID: 25768332 DOI: 10.2217/cns.14.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Medulloblastoma is the most common malignant pediatric brain tumor. Current treatments including surgery, craniospinal radiation and high-dose chemotherapy have led to improvement in survival. However, the risk for recurrence as well as significant long-term neurocognitive and endocrine sequelae associated with current treatment modalities underscore the urgent need for novel tumor-specific, normal brain-sparing therapies. It has also provided the impetus for research focused on providing a better understanding of medulloblastoma biology. The expectation is that such studies will lead to the identification of new therapeutic targets and eventually to an increase in personalized treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidya Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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63
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Mundy C, Bello A, Sgariglia F, Koyama E, Pacifici M. HhAntag, a Hedgehog Signaling Antagonist, Suppresses Chondrogenesis and Modulates Canonical and Non-Canonical BMP Signaling. J Cell Physiol 2015; 231:1033-44. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christina Mundy
- Translational Research Program in Pediatric Orthopaedics; Division of Orthopaedic Surgery; The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | | | - Federica Sgariglia
- Translational Research Program in Pediatric Orthopaedics; Division of Orthopaedic Surgery; The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Eiki Koyama
- Translational Research Program in Pediatric Orthopaedics; Division of Orthopaedic Surgery; The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Maurizio Pacifici
- Translational Research Program in Pediatric Orthopaedics; Division of Orthopaedic Surgery; The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
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Robinson GW, Orr BA, Wu G, Gururangan S, Lin T, Qaddoumi I, Packer RJ, Goldman S, Prados MD, Desjardins A, Chintagumpala M, Takebe N, Kaste SC, Rusch M, Allen SJ, Onar-Thomas A, Stewart CF, Fouladi M, Boyett JM, Gilbertson RJ, Curran T, Ellison DW, Gajjar A. Vismodegib Exerts Targeted Efficacy Against Recurrent Sonic Hedgehog-Subgroup Medulloblastoma: Results From Phase II Pediatric Brain Tumor Consortium Studies PBTC-025B and PBTC-032. J Clin Oncol 2015; 33:2646-54. [PMID: 26169613 PMCID: PMC4534527 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2014.60.1591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 309] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Two phase II studies assessed the efficacy of vismodegib, a sonic hedgehog (SHH) pathway inhibitor that binds smoothened (SMO), in pediatric and adult recurrent medulloblastoma (MB). PATIENTS AND METHODS Adult patients enrolled onto PBTC-025B and pediatric patients enrolled onto PBTC-032 were treated with vismodegib (150 to 300 mg/d). Protocol-defined response, which had to be sustained for 8 weeks, was confirmed by central neuroimaging review. Molecular tests to identify patterns of response and insensitivity were performed when tissue was available. RESULTS A total of 31 patients were enrolled onto PBTC-025B, and 12 were enrolled onto PBTC-032. Three patients in PBTC-025B and one in PBTC-032, all with SHH-subgroup MB (SHH-MB), exhibited protocol-defined responses. Progression-free survival (PFS) was longer in those with SHH-MB than in those with non-SHH-MB, and prolonged disease stabilization occurred in 41% of patient cases of SHH-MB. Among those with SHH-MB, loss of heterozygosity of PTCH1 was associated with prolonged PFS, and diffuse staining of P53 was associated with reduced PFS. Whole-exome sequencing identified mutations in SHH genes downstream from SMO in four of four tissue samples from nonresponders and upstream of SMO in two of four patients with favorable responses. CONCLUSION Vismodegib exhibits activity against adult recurrent SHH-MB but not against recurrent non-SHH-MB. Inadequate accrual of pediatric patients precluded conclusions in this population. Molecular analyses support the hypothesis that SMO inhibitor activity depends on the genomic aberrations within the tumor. Such inhibitors should be advanced in SHH-MB studies; however, molecular and genomic work remains imperative to identify target populations that will truly benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giles W Robinson
- Giles W. Robinson, Brent A. Orr, Gang Wu, Tong Lin, Ibrahim Qaddoumi, Sue C. Kaste, Michael Rusch, Sariah J. Allen, Arzu Onar-Thomas, Clinton F. Stewart, James M. Boyett, Richard J. Gilbertson, David W. Ellison, and Amar Gajjar, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Sridharan Gururangan and Annick Desjardins, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Roger J. Packer, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC; Stewart Goldman, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Michael D. Prados, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Murali Chintagumpala, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Naoko Takebe, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Maryam Fouladi, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH; and Tom Curran, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA.
| | - Brent A Orr
- Giles W. Robinson, Brent A. Orr, Gang Wu, Tong Lin, Ibrahim Qaddoumi, Sue C. Kaste, Michael Rusch, Sariah J. Allen, Arzu Onar-Thomas, Clinton F. Stewart, James M. Boyett, Richard J. Gilbertson, David W. Ellison, and Amar Gajjar, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Sridharan Gururangan and Annick Desjardins, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Roger J. Packer, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC; Stewart Goldman, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Michael D. Prados, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Murali Chintagumpala, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Naoko Takebe, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Maryam Fouladi, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH; and Tom Curran, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Gang Wu
- Giles W. Robinson, Brent A. Orr, Gang Wu, Tong Lin, Ibrahim Qaddoumi, Sue C. Kaste, Michael Rusch, Sariah J. Allen, Arzu Onar-Thomas, Clinton F. Stewart, James M. Boyett, Richard J. Gilbertson, David W. Ellison, and Amar Gajjar, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Sridharan Gururangan and Annick Desjardins, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Roger J. Packer, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC; Stewart Goldman, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Michael D. Prados, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Murali Chintagumpala, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Naoko Takebe, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Maryam Fouladi, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH; and Tom Curran, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Sridharan Gururangan
- Giles W. Robinson, Brent A. Orr, Gang Wu, Tong Lin, Ibrahim Qaddoumi, Sue C. Kaste, Michael Rusch, Sariah J. Allen, Arzu Onar-Thomas, Clinton F. Stewart, James M. Boyett, Richard J. Gilbertson, David W. Ellison, and Amar Gajjar, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Sridharan Gururangan and Annick Desjardins, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Roger J. Packer, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC; Stewart Goldman, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Michael D. Prados, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Murali Chintagumpala, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Naoko Takebe, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Maryam Fouladi, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH; and Tom Curran, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Tong Lin
- Giles W. Robinson, Brent A. Orr, Gang Wu, Tong Lin, Ibrahim Qaddoumi, Sue C. Kaste, Michael Rusch, Sariah J. Allen, Arzu Onar-Thomas, Clinton F. Stewart, James M. Boyett, Richard J. Gilbertson, David W. Ellison, and Amar Gajjar, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Sridharan Gururangan and Annick Desjardins, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Roger J. Packer, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC; Stewart Goldman, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Michael D. Prados, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Murali Chintagumpala, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Naoko Takebe, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Maryam Fouladi, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH; and Tom Curran, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Ibrahim Qaddoumi
- Giles W. Robinson, Brent A. Orr, Gang Wu, Tong Lin, Ibrahim Qaddoumi, Sue C. Kaste, Michael Rusch, Sariah J. Allen, Arzu Onar-Thomas, Clinton F. Stewart, James M. Boyett, Richard J. Gilbertson, David W. Ellison, and Amar Gajjar, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Sridharan Gururangan and Annick Desjardins, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Roger J. Packer, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC; Stewart Goldman, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Michael D. Prados, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Murali Chintagumpala, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Naoko Takebe, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Maryam Fouladi, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH; and Tom Curran, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Roger J Packer
- Giles W. Robinson, Brent A. Orr, Gang Wu, Tong Lin, Ibrahim Qaddoumi, Sue C. Kaste, Michael Rusch, Sariah J. Allen, Arzu Onar-Thomas, Clinton F. Stewart, James M. Boyett, Richard J. Gilbertson, David W. Ellison, and Amar Gajjar, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Sridharan Gururangan and Annick Desjardins, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Roger J. Packer, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC; Stewart Goldman, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Michael D. Prados, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Murali Chintagumpala, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Naoko Takebe, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Maryam Fouladi, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH; and Tom Curran, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Stewart Goldman
- Giles W. Robinson, Brent A. Orr, Gang Wu, Tong Lin, Ibrahim Qaddoumi, Sue C. Kaste, Michael Rusch, Sariah J. Allen, Arzu Onar-Thomas, Clinton F. Stewart, James M. Boyett, Richard J. Gilbertson, David W. Ellison, and Amar Gajjar, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Sridharan Gururangan and Annick Desjardins, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Roger J. Packer, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC; Stewart Goldman, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Michael D. Prados, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Murali Chintagumpala, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Naoko Takebe, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Maryam Fouladi, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH; and Tom Curran, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Michael D Prados
- Giles W. Robinson, Brent A. Orr, Gang Wu, Tong Lin, Ibrahim Qaddoumi, Sue C. Kaste, Michael Rusch, Sariah J. Allen, Arzu Onar-Thomas, Clinton F. Stewart, James M. Boyett, Richard J. Gilbertson, David W. Ellison, and Amar Gajjar, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Sridharan Gururangan and Annick Desjardins, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Roger J. Packer, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC; Stewart Goldman, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Michael D. Prados, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Murali Chintagumpala, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Naoko Takebe, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Maryam Fouladi, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH; and Tom Curran, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Annick Desjardins
- Giles W. Robinson, Brent A. Orr, Gang Wu, Tong Lin, Ibrahim Qaddoumi, Sue C. Kaste, Michael Rusch, Sariah J. Allen, Arzu Onar-Thomas, Clinton F. Stewart, James M. Boyett, Richard J. Gilbertson, David W. Ellison, and Amar Gajjar, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Sridharan Gururangan and Annick Desjardins, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Roger J. Packer, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC; Stewart Goldman, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Michael D. Prados, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Murali Chintagumpala, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Naoko Takebe, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Maryam Fouladi, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH; and Tom Curran, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Murali Chintagumpala
- Giles W. Robinson, Brent A. Orr, Gang Wu, Tong Lin, Ibrahim Qaddoumi, Sue C. Kaste, Michael Rusch, Sariah J. Allen, Arzu Onar-Thomas, Clinton F. Stewart, James M. Boyett, Richard J. Gilbertson, David W. Ellison, and Amar Gajjar, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Sridharan Gururangan and Annick Desjardins, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Roger J. Packer, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC; Stewart Goldman, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Michael D. Prados, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Murali Chintagumpala, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Naoko Takebe, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Maryam Fouladi, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH; and Tom Curran, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Naoko Takebe
- Giles W. Robinson, Brent A. Orr, Gang Wu, Tong Lin, Ibrahim Qaddoumi, Sue C. Kaste, Michael Rusch, Sariah J. Allen, Arzu Onar-Thomas, Clinton F. Stewart, James M. Boyett, Richard J. Gilbertson, David W. Ellison, and Amar Gajjar, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Sridharan Gururangan and Annick Desjardins, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Roger J. Packer, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC; Stewart Goldman, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Michael D. Prados, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Murali Chintagumpala, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Naoko Takebe, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Maryam Fouladi, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH; and Tom Curran, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Sue C Kaste
- Giles W. Robinson, Brent A. Orr, Gang Wu, Tong Lin, Ibrahim Qaddoumi, Sue C. Kaste, Michael Rusch, Sariah J. Allen, Arzu Onar-Thomas, Clinton F. Stewart, James M. Boyett, Richard J. Gilbertson, David W. Ellison, and Amar Gajjar, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Sridharan Gururangan and Annick Desjardins, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Roger J. Packer, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC; Stewart Goldman, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Michael D. Prados, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Murali Chintagumpala, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Naoko Takebe, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Maryam Fouladi, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH; and Tom Curran, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Michael Rusch
- Giles W. Robinson, Brent A. Orr, Gang Wu, Tong Lin, Ibrahim Qaddoumi, Sue C. Kaste, Michael Rusch, Sariah J. Allen, Arzu Onar-Thomas, Clinton F. Stewart, James M. Boyett, Richard J. Gilbertson, David W. Ellison, and Amar Gajjar, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Sridharan Gururangan and Annick Desjardins, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Roger J. Packer, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC; Stewart Goldman, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Michael D. Prados, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Murali Chintagumpala, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Naoko Takebe, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Maryam Fouladi, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH; and Tom Curran, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Sariah J Allen
- Giles W. Robinson, Brent A. Orr, Gang Wu, Tong Lin, Ibrahim Qaddoumi, Sue C. Kaste, Michael Rusch, Sariah J. Allen, Arzu Onar-Thomas, Clinton F. Stewart, James M. Boyett, Richard J. Gilbertson, David W. Ellison, and Amar Gajjar, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Sridharan Gururangan and Annick Desjardins, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Roger J. Packer, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC; Stewart Goldman, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Michael D. Prados, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Murali Chintagumpala, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Naoko Takebe, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Maryam Fouladi, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH; and Tom Curran, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Arzu Onar-Thomas
- Giles W. Robinson, Brent A. Orr, Gang Wu, Tong Lin, Ibrahim Qaddoumi, Sue C. Kaste, Michael Rusch, Sariah J. Allen, Arzu Onar-Thomas, Clinton F. Stewart, James M. Boyett, Richard J. Gilbertson, David W. Ellison, and Amar Gajjar, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Sridharan Gururangan and Annick Desjardins, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Roger J. Packer, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC; Stewart Goldman, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Michael D. Prados, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Murali Chintagumpala, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Naoko Takebe, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Maryam Fouladi, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH; and Tom Curran, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Clinton F Stewart
- Giles W. Robinson, Brent A. Orr, Gang Wu, Tong Lin, Ibrahim Qaddoumi, Sue C. Kaste, Michael Rusch, Sariah J. Allen, Arzu Onar-Thomas, Clinton F. Stewart, James M. Boyett, Richard J. Gilbertson, David W. Ellison, and Amar Gajjar, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Sridharan Gururangan and Annick Desjardins, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Roger J. Packer, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC; Stewart Goldman, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Michael D. Prados, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Murali Chintagumpala, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Naoko Takebe, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Maryam Fouladi, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH; and Tom Curran, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Maryam Fouladi
- Giles W. Robinson, Brent A. Orr, Gang Wu, Tong Lin, Ibrahim Qaddoumi, Sue C. Kaste, Michael Rusch, Sariah J. Allen, Arzu Onar-Thomas, Clinton F. Stewart, James M. Boyett, Richard J. Gilbertson, David W. Ellison, and Amar Gajjar, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Sridharan Gururangan and Annick Desjardins, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Roger J. Packer, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC; Stewart Goldman, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Michael D. Prados, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Murali Chintagumpala, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Naoko Takebe, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Maryam Fouladi, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH; and Tom Curran, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - James M Boyett
- Giles W. Robinson, Brent A. Orr, Gang Wu, Tong Lin, Ibrahim Qaddoumi, Sue C. Kaste, Michael Rusch, Sariah J. Allen, Arzu Onar-Thomas, Clinton F. Stewart, James M. Boyett, Richard J. Gilbertson, David W. Ellison, and Amar Gajjar, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Sridharan Gururangan and Annick Desjardins, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Roger J. Packer, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC; Stewart Goldman, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Michael D. Prados, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Murali Chintagumpala, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Naoko Takebe, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Maryam Fouladi, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH; and Tom Curran, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Richard J Gilbertson
- Giles W. Robinson, Brent A. Orr, Gang Wu, Tong Lin, Ibrahim Qaddoumi, Sue C. Kaste, Michael Rusch, Sariah J. Allen, Arzu Onar-Thomas, Clinton F. Stewart, James M. Boyett, Richard J. Gilbertson, David W. Ellison, and Amar Gajjar, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Sridharan Gururangan and Annick Desjardins, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Roger J. Packer, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC; Stewart Goldman, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Michael D. Prados, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Murali Chintagumpala, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Naoko Takebe, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Maryam Fouladi, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH; and Tom Curran, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Tom Curran
- Giles W. Robinson, Brent A. Orr, Gang Wu, Tong Lin, Ibrahim Qaddoumi, Sue C. Kaste, Michael Rusch, Sariah J. Allen, Arzu Onar-Thomas, Clinton F. Stewart, James M. Boyett, Richard J. Gilbertson, David W. Ellison, and Amar Gajjar, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Sridharan Gururangan and Annick Desjardins, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Roger J. Packer, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC; Stewart Goldman, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Michael D. Prados, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Murali Chintagumpala, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Naoko Takebe, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Maryam Fouladi, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH; and Tom Curran, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - David W Ellison
- Giles W. Robinson, Brent A. Orr, Gang Wu, Tong Lin, Ibrahim Qaddoumi, Sue C. Kaste, Michael Rusch, Sariah J. Allen, Arzu Onar-Thomas, Clinton F. Stewart, James M. Boyett, Richard J. Gilbertson, David W. Ellison, and Amar Gajjar, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Sridharan Gururangan and Annick Desjardins, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Roger J. Packer, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC; Stewart Goldman, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Michael D. Prados, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Murali Chintagumpala, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Naoko Takebe, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Maryam Fouladi, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH; and Tom Curran, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Amar Gajjar
- Giles W. Robinson, Brent A. Orr, Gang Wu, Tong Lin, Ibrahim Qaddoumi, Sue C. Kaste, Michael Rusch, Sariah J. Allen, Arzu Onar-Thomas, Clinton F. Stewart, James M. Boyett, Richard J. Gilbertson, David W. Ellison, and Amar Gajjar, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Sridharan Gururangan and Annick Desjardins, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Roger J. Packer, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC; Stewart Goldman, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Michael D. Prados, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Murali Chintagumpala, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Naoko Takebe, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Maryam Fouladi, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH; and Tom Curran, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
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Rivera-Valentin RK, Zhu L, Hughes DPM. Bone Sarcomas in Pediatrics: Progress in Our Understanding of Tumor Biology and Implications for Therapy. Paediatr Drugs 2015; 17:257-71. [PMID: 26002157 PMCID: PMC4516866 DOI: 10.1007/s40272-015-0134-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The pediatric bone sarcomas osteosarcoma and Ewing sarcoma represent a tremendous challenge for the clinician. Though less common than acute lymphoblastic leukemia or brain tumors, these aggressive cancers account for a disproportionate amount of the cancer morbidity and mortality in children, and have seen few advances in survival in the past decade, despite many large, complicated, and expensive trials of various chemotherapy combinations. To improve the outcomes of children with bone sarcomas, a better understanding of the biology of these cancers is needed, together with informed use of targeted therapies that exploit the unique biology of each disease. Here we summarize the current state of knowledge regarding the contribution of receptor tyrosine kinases, intracellular signaling pathways, bone biology and physiology, the immune system, and the tumor microenvironment in promoting and maintaining the malignant phenotype. These observations are coupled with a review of the therapies that target each of these mechanisms, focusing on recent or ongoing clinical trials if such information is available. It is our hope that, by better understanding the biology of osteosarcoma and Ewing sarcoma, rational combination therapies can be designed and systematically tested, leading to improved outcomes for a group of children who desperately need them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocio K. Rivera-Valentin
- Department of Pediatrics-Research, The Children’s Cancer Hospital at MD Anderson Cancer Center, Unit 853, MOD 1.021d, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Limin Zhu
- Department of Pediatrics-Research, The Children’s Cancer Hospital at MD Anderson Cancer Center, Unit 853, MOD 1.021d, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Dennis P. M. Hughes
- Department of Pediatrics-Research, The Children’s Cancer Hospital at MD Anderson Cancer Center, Unit 853, MOD 1.021d, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030 USA
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Abstract
Medulloblastoma is the most common malignant brain tumor of childhood. It is currently stratified into four molecular variants through the advances in transcriptional profiling. They include: wingless, sonic hedgehog (SHH), Group III, and Group IV. The SHH group is characterized by constitutive activation of the SHH signaling pathway, and genetically characterized by mutations in patched homolog 1 (PTCH1) or other downstream pathway mutations. SHH inhibitors have become of great clinical interest in treating SHH-driven medulloblastoma. Many inhibitors are currently in different stages of development, some already approved for other SHH-driven cancers, such as basal cell carcinoma. In vitro and in vivo medulloblastoma studies have shown efficacy and these findings have been translated into Phase I and II clinical trials. In this review, we present an overview of SHH medulloblastoma, as well as a discussion of currently available SHH inhibitors, and the challenges associated with their use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman Samkari
- Department of Pediatrics, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Hirsch S, Marshall LV, Carceller Lechon F, Pearson ADJ, Moreno L. Targeted approaches to childhood cancer: progress in drug discovery and development. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2015; 10:483-95. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2015.1025745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Hedgehog signaling: From basic research to clinical applications. J Formos Med Assoc 2015; 114:569-76. [PMID: 25701396 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2015.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies of the major signaling pathways have revealed a connection between development, regeneration, and cancer, highlighting common signaling networks in these processes. The Hedgehog (Hh) pathway plays a central role in the development of most tissues and organs in mammals. Hh signaling is also required for tissue homeostasis and regeneration in adults, while perturbed Hh signaling is associated with human cancers. A fundamental understanding of Hh signaling will not only enhance our knowledge of how the embryos are patterned but also provide tools to treat diseases related to aberrant Hh signaling. Studies have yielded a basic framework of Hh signaling, which establishes the foundation for addressing unresolved issues of Hh signaling. A detailed characterization of the biochemical interactions between Hh components will help explain the production of graded Hh responses required for tissue patterning. Additional cell biological and genetic studies will offer new insight into the role of Hh signaling in homeostasis and regeneration. Finally, drugs that are capable of manipulating the Hh pathway can be used to treat human diseases caused by disrupted Hh signaling. These investigations will serve as a paradigm for studying signal transduction/integration in homeostasis and disease, and for translating discovery from bench to bedside.
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Hojo H, Ohba S, Chung UI. Signaling pathways regulating the specification and differentiation of the osteoblast lineage. Regen Ther 2015; 1:57-62. [PMID: 31245441 PMCID: PMC6581763 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Revised: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue engineering is an approach to the regeneration of tissues that uses a combination of cell sources, signaling factors and scaffolds. Among these three components, signaling factors for bone regeneration have not yet been established, and it is necessary to better understand osteoblast progenitors as a target cells. Several lines of evidence have revealed that, during bone formation, mesenchymal cells are specified and differentiate into osteoblasts through several stages of precursors. The osteoblast lineage is defined by the expression of stage-specific transcription factors. The specification and differentiation are organized by a variety of signaling pathways including hedgehog (Hh), Wnt, Notch, bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) and transforming growth factor-beta (TGFβ). In this review we integrate the known functions of these signaling pathways and discuss future tasks to gain a better understanding of the signaling network in osteogenesis for tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironori Hojo
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of Southern California, 1425 San Pablo St, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Corresponding author. Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of Southern California, 1425 San Pablo St, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA. Tel.: +1 323 442 8077; fax: +1 323 442 8024.
| | - Shinsuke Ohba
- Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Ung-il Chung
- Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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Cross-species epigenetics identifies a critical role for VAV1 in SHH subgroup medulloblastoma maintenance. Oncogene 2014; 34:4746-57. [PMID: 25531316 PMCID: PMC4386991 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The identification of key tumorigenic events in Sonic Hedgehog subgroup medulloblastomas (MBSHH) will be essential for the development of individualized therapies and improved outcomes. However, beyond confirmation of characteristic SHH-pathway mutations, recent genome-wide sequencing studies have not revealed commonly-mutated genes with widespread relevance as potential therapeutic targets. We therefore examined any role for epigenetic DNA methylation events in MBSHH using a cross-species approach to candidate identification, prioritization and validation. MBSHH–associated DNA methylation events were first identified in 216 subgrouped human medulloblastomas (50 MBSHH, 28 WNT, 44 Group 3, 94 Group 4) and their conservation then assessed in tumors arising from four independent murine models of Shh medulloblastoma, alongside any role in tumorigenesis using functional assessments in mouse and human models. This strategy identified widespread regional CpG hypo-methylation of VAV1, leading to its elevated expression, as a conserved aberrant epigenetic event which characterizes the majority of MBSHH tumors in both species, and is associated with a poor outcome in MBSHH patients. Moreover, direct modulation of VAV1 in mouse and human models revealed a critical role in tumor maintenance, and its abrogation markedly reduced medulloblastoma growth. Further, Vav1 activity regulated granule neuron precursor (GNP) germinal zone exit and migration initiation in an ex vivo model of early post-natal cerebellar development. These findings establish VAV1 as a critical epigenetically-regulated oncogene with a key role in MBSHH maintenance, and highlight its potential as a validated therapeutic target and prognostic biomarker for the improved therapy of medulloblastoma.
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72
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Athar M, Li C, Kim AL, Spiegelman VS, Bickers DR. Sonic hedgehog signaling in Basal cell nevus syndrome. Cancer Res 2014; 74:4967-75. [PMID: 25172843 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-1666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway is considered to be a major signal transduction pathway during embryonic development, but it usually shuts down after birth. Aberrant Sonic hedgehog (Shh) activation during adulthood leads to neoplastic growth. Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) of the skin is driven by this pathway. Here, we summarize information related to the pathogenesis of this neoplasm, discuss pathways that crosstalk with Shh signaling, and the importance of the primary cilium in this neoplastic process. The identification of the basic/translational components of Shh signaling has led to the discovery of potential mechanism-driven druggable targets and subsequent clinical trials have confirmed their remarkable efficacy in treating BCCs, particularly in patients with nevoid BCC syndrome (NBCCS), an autosomal dominant disorder in which patients inherit a germline mutation in the tumor-suppressor gene Patched (Ptch). Patients with NBCCS develop dozens to hundreds of BCCs due to derepression of the downstream G-protein-coupled receptor Smoothened (SMO). Ptch mutations permit transposition of SMO to the primary cilium followed by enhanced expression of transcription factors Glis that drive cell proliferation and tumor growth. Clinical trials with the SMO inhibitor, vismodegib, showed remarkable efficacy in patients with NBCCS, which finally led to its FDA approval in 2012.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Athar
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.
| | - Changzhao Li
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Arianna L Kim
- Columbia University Medical Center, Irving Cancer Research Center, New York, New York
| | | | - David R Bickers
- Columbia University Medical Center, Irving Cancer Research Center, New York, New York
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73
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Palmer CJ, Galan-Caridad JM, Weisberg SP, Lei L, Esquilin JM, Croft GF, Wainwright B, Canoll P, Owens DM, Reizis B. Zfx facilitates tumorigenesis caused by activation of the Hedgehog pathway. Cancer Res 2014; 74:5914-24. [PMID: 25164012 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-0834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway regulates normal development and cell proliferation in metazoan organisms, but its aberrant activation can promote tumorigenesis. Hh-induced tumors arise from various tissues and they may be indolent or aggressive, as is the case with skin basal cell carcinoma (BCC) or cerebellar medulloblastoma, respectively. Little is known about common cell-intrinsic factors that control the development of such diverse Hh-dependent tumors. Transcription factor Zfx is required for the self-renewal of hematopoietic and embryonic stem cells, as well as for the propagation of acute myeloid and T-lymphoblastic leukemias. We report here that Zfx facilitates the development of experimental BCC and medulloblastoma in mice initiated by deletion of the Hh inhibitory receptor Ptch1. Simultaneous deletion of Zfx along with Ptch1 prevented BCC formation and delayed medulloblastoma development. In contrast, Zfx was dispensable for tumorigenesis in a mouse model of glioblastoma. We used genome-wide expression and chromatin-binding analysis in a human medulloblastoma cell line to characterize direct, evolutionarily conserved targets of Zfx, identifying Dis3L and Ube2j1 as two targets required for the growth of the human medulloblastoma cells. Our results establish Zfx as a common cell-intrinsic regulator of diverse Hh-induced tumors, with implications for the definition of new therapeutic targets in these malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin J Palmer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Jose M Galan-Caridad
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Stuart P Weisberg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Liang Lei
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Jose M Esquilin
- Division of Pediatric Hematology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Gist F Croft
- Departments of Pathology, Neurology and Neuroscience, and Project A.L.S./Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Brandon Wainwright
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Peter Canoll
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - David M Owens
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York. Department of Dermatology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Boris Reizis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York.
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74
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Zhou J, Wei X, Wei L. Indian Hedgehog, a critical modulator in osteoarthritis, could be a potential therapeutic target for attenuating cartilage degeneration disease. Connect Tissue Res 2014; 55:257-61. [PMID: 24844414 DOI: 10.3109/03008207.2014.925885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The Hedgehog (Hh) family of proteins consists of Indian hedgehog (Ihh), sonic hedgehog (Shh), and desert hedgehog (Dhh). These proteins serve as essential regulators in a variety of developmental events. Ihh is mainly produced and secreted by prehypertrophic chondrocytes and regulates chondrocyte hypertrophy and endochondral bone formation during growth plate development. Tissue-specific deletion of the Ihh gene (targeted by Col2a1-Cre) causes early lethality in mice. Transgenic mice with induced Ihh expression exhibit increased chondrocyte hypertrophy and cartilage damage resembling human osteoarthritis (OA). During OA development, chondrocytes recapitulate the differentiation process that happens during the fetal status and which does not occur to an appreciable degree in adult articular cartilage. Ihh expression is up-regulated in human OA cartilage, and this upregulation correlates with OA progression and changes in chondrocyte morphology. A genetic study in mice further showed that conditional deletion of Ihh in chondrocytes attenuates OA progression, suggesting the possibility that blocking Ihh signaling can be used as a therapeutic approach to prevent or delay cartilage degeneration. However, Ihh gene deletion is currently not a therapeutic option as it is lethal in animals. RNA interference (RNAi) provides a means to knockdown Ihh without the severe side effects caused by chemical inhibitors. The currently available delivery methods for RNAi are nanoparticles and liposomes. Both have problems that need to be addressed. In the future, it will be necessary to develop a safe and effective RNAi delivery system to target Ihh signaling for preventing and treating OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingming Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University , Providence, RI , USA , and
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75
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Kieran MW. Targeted treatment for sonic hedgehog-dependent medulloblastoma. Neuro Oncol 2014; 16:1037-47. [PMID: 24951114 PMCID: PMC4096181 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nou109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel treatment options, including targeted therapies, are needed for patients with medulloblastoma (MB), especially for those with high-risk or recurrent/relapsed disease. Four major molecular subgroups of MB have been identified, one of which is characterized by activation of the sonic hedgehog (SHH) pathway. Preclinical data suggest that inhibitors of the hedgehog (Hh) pathway could become valuable treatment options for patients with this subgroup of MB. Indeed, agents targeting the positive regulator of the pathway, smoothened (SMO), have demonstrated efficacy in a subset of patients with SHH MB. However, because of resistance and the presence of mutations downstream of SMO, not all patients with SHH MB respond to SMO inhibitors. The development of agents that target these resistance mechanisms and the potential for their combination with traditional chemotherapy and SHH inhibitors will be discussed. Due to its extensive molecular heterogeneity, the future of MB treatment is in personalized therapy, which may lead to improved efficacy and reduced toxicity. This will include the development of clinically available tests that can efficiently discern the SHH subgroup. The preliminary use of these tests in clinical trials is also discussed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark W Kieran
- Pediatric Medical Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
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76
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Recent developments and current concepts in medulloblastoma. Cancer Treat Rev 2014; 40:356-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2013.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Revised: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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77
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Kool M, Jones DTW, Jäger N, Northcott PA, Pugh TJ, Hovestadt V, Piro RM, Esparza LA, Markant SL, Remke M, Milde T, Bourdeaut F, Ryzhova M, Sturm D, Pfaff E, Stark S, Hutter S, Seker-Cin H, Johann P, Bender S, Schmidt C, Rausch T, Shih D, Reimand J, Sieber L, Wittmann A, Linke L, Witt H, Weber UD, Zapatka M, König R, Beroukhim R, Bergthold G, van Sluis P, Volckmann R, Koster J, Versteeg R, Schmidt S, Wolf S, Lawerenz C, Bartholomae CC, von Kalle C, Unterberg A, Herold-Mende C, Hofer S, Kulozik AE, von Deimling A, Scheurlen W, Felsberg J, Reifenberger G, Hasselblatt M, Crawford JR, Grant GA, Jabado N, Perry A, Cowdrey C, Croul S, Zadeh G, Korbel JO, Doz F, Delattre O, Bader GD, McCabe MG, Collins VP, Kieran MW, Cho YJ, Pomeroy SL, Witt O, Brors B, Taylor MD, Schüller U, Korshunov A, Eils R, Wechsler-Reya RJ, Lichter P, Pfister SM. Genome sequencing of SHH medulloblastoma predicts genotype-related response to smoothened inhibition. Cancer Cell 2014; 25:393-405. [PMID: 24651015 PMCID: PMC4493053 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2014.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 567] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Revised: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Smoothened (SMO) inhibitors recently entered clinical trials for sonic-hedgehog-driven medulloblastoma (SHH-MB). Clinical response is highly variable. To understand the mechanism(s) of primary resistance and identify pathways cooperating with aberrant SHH signaling, we sequenced and profiled a large cohort of SHH-MBs (n = 133). SHH pathway mutations involved PTCH1 (across all age groups), SUFU (infants, including germline), and SMO (adults). Children >3 years old harbored an excess of downstream MYCN and GLI2 amplifications and frequent TP53 mutations, often in the germline, all of which were rare in infants and adults. Functional assays in different SHH-MB xenograft models demonstrated that SHH-MBs harboring a PTCH1 mutation were responsive to SMO inhibition, whereas tumors harboring an SUFU mutation or MYCN amplification were primarily resistant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Kool
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69121 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - David T W Jones
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69121 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Natalie Jäger
- Division of Theoretical Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69121 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Paul A Northcott
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69121 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Trevor J Pugh
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02141, USA
| | - Volker Hovestadt
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69121 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rosario M Piro
- Division of Theoretical Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69121 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | - Marc Remke
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Till Milde
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Franck Bourdeaut
- Institut Curie, 75005 Paris, France; Institut Curie/INSERM U830, 75248 Paris, France
| | - Marina Ryzhova
- Department of Neuropathology, NN Burdenko Neurosurgical Institute, Moscow 125047, Russia
| | - Dominik Sturm
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69121 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Elke Pfaff
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69121 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Stark
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69121 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sonja Hutter
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69121 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Huriye Seker-Cin
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69121 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Pascal Johann
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69121 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Bender
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69121 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christin Schmidt
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69121 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tobias Rausch
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - David Shih
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Jüri Reimand
- The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Laura Sieber
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69121 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andrea Wittmann
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69121 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Linda Linke
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69121 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hendrik Witt
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69121 Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ursula D Weber
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69121 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marc Zapatka
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69121 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rainer König
- Division of Theoretical Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69121 Heidelberg, Germany; Integrated Research and Treatment Center, Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans-Knöll-Institute (HKI), 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Rameen Beroukhim
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02141, USA; Department of Cancer Biology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Guillaume Bergthold
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02141, USA; Department of Cancer Biology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; UMR 8203, CNRS Vectorology and Anticancer Therapeutics, Gustave Roussy Cancer Institute, University Paris XI, 94805 Villejuif Cedex, France
| | - Peter van Sluis
- Department of Oncogenomics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, the Netherlands
| | - Richard Volckmann
- Department of Oncogenomics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, the Netherlands
| | - Jan Koster
- Department of Oncogenomics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, the Netherlands
| | - Rogier Versteeg
- Department of Oncogenomics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, the Netherlands
| | - Sabine Schmidt
- Genomics and Proteomics Core Facility, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69121 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stephan Wolf
- Genomics and Proteomics Core Facility, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69121 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Chris Lawerenz
- Data Management Facility, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69121 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Cynthia C Bartholomae
- Division of Translational Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), 69121 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christof von Kalle
- Division of Translational Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), 69121 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Unterberg
- Division of Translational Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), 69121 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christel Herold-Mende
- Division of Translational Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), 69121 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Silvia Hofer
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital Zürich, 8006 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas E Kulozik
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas von Deimling
- Department of Neuropathology, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69121 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wolfram Scheurlen
- Cnopf'sche Kinderklinik, Nürnberg Children's Hospital, 90419 Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Jörg Felsberg
- Department of Neuropathology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Guido Reifenberger
- Department of Neuropathology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Martin Hasselblatt
- Institute for Neuropathology, University Hospital Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - John R Crawford
- Departments of Pediatrics and Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093; Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA 92123, USA
| | - Gerald A Grant
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Nada Jabado
- Departments of Pediatrics and Human Genetics, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, Montreal, QC H3H 1P3, Canada
| | - Arie Perry
- Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Cynthia Cowdrey
- Departments of Pathology and Neurological Surgery, Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Sydney Croul
- Department of Neuropathology, The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Gelareh Zadeh
- Department of Neuropathology, The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Jan O Korbel
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Francois Doz
- Institut Curie, 75005 Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Olivier Delattre
- Institut Curie, 75005 Paris, France; Institut Curie/INSERM U830, 75248 Paris, France
| | - Gary D Bader
- The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Martin G McCabe
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9NT, UK
| | - V Peter Collins
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Mark W Kieran
- Pediatric Medical Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Yoon-Jae Cho
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Scott L Pomeroy
- Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Olaf Witt
- CCU Pediatric Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69121 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Benedikt Brors
- Division of Theoretical Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69121 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael D Taylor
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Ulrich Schüller
- Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Andrey Korshunov
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69121 Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neuropathology, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69121 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Roland Eils
- Division of Theoretical Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69121 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Peter Lichter
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69121 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan M Pfister
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69121 Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Campbell VT, Nadesan P, Ali SA, Wang CYY, Whetstone H, Poon R, Wei Q, Keilty J, Proctor J, Wang LW, Apte SS, McGovern K, Alman BA, Wunder JS. Hedgehog Pathway Inhibition in Chondrosarcoma Using the Smoothened Inhibitor IPI-926 Directly Inhibits Sarcoma Cell Growth. Mol Cancer Ther 2014; 13:1259-69. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-13-0731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Schroeder K, Gururangan S. Molecular variants and mutations in medulloblastoma. PHARMACOGENOMICS & PERSONALIZED MEDICINE 2014; 7:43-51. [PMID: 24523595 PMCID: PMC3921827 DOI: 10.2147/pgpm.s38698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Medulloblastoma is the commonest malignant brain tumor in children. Treatment with surgery, irradiation, and chemotherapy has improved outcomes in recent years, but patients are frequently left with devastating neurocognitive and other sequelae following such therapy. While the prognosis has traditionally been based on conventional histopathology and clinical staging (based on age, extent of resection, and presence or absence of metastasis), it has become apparent in recent years that the inherent biology of the tumor plays a significant part in predicting survival and sometimes supersedes clinical or pathologic risk factors. The advent of deep sequencing gene technology has provided invaluable clues to the molecular makeup of this tumor and allowed neuro-oncologists to understand that medulloblastoma is an amalgamation of several distinct disease entities with unique clinical associations and behavior. This review is a concise summary of the pathology, genetic syndromes, recent advances in molecular subgrouping, and the associated gene mutations and copy number variations in medulloblastoma. The association of molecular alterations with patient prognosis is also discussed, but it should be remembered that further validation is required in prospective clinical trials utilizing uniform treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Schroeder
- Pediatric Clinical Services, Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center at Duke, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Sri Gururangan
- Pediatric Clinical Services, Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center at Duke, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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80
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Pambid MR, Berns R, Adomat HH, Hu K, Triscott J, Maurer N, Zisman N, Ramaswamy V, Hawkins CE, Taylor MD, Dunham C, Guns E, Dunn SE. Overcoming resistance to Sonic Hedgehog inhibition by targeting p90 ribosomal S6 kinase in pediatric medulloblastoma. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2014; 61:107-15. [PMID: 23940083 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.24675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Molecular subtyping has allowed for the beginning of personalized treatment in children suffering from medulloblastoma (MB). However, resistance inevitably emerges against these therapies, particularly in the Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) subtype. We found that children with SHH subtype have the worst outcome underscoring the need to identify new therapeutic targets. PROCEDURE High content screening of a 129 compound library identified agents that inhibited SHH MB growth. Lead molecular target levels, p90 ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK) were characterized by immunoblotting and qRT-PCR. Comparisons were made to human neural stem cells (hNSC). Impact of inhibiting RSK with the small molecule BI-D1870 or siRNA was assessed in growth assays (monolayer, neurosphere, and soft agar). NanoString was used to detect RSK in a cohort of 66 patients with MB. To determine BI-D1870 pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics, 100 mg/kg was I.P. injected into mice and tissues were collected at various time points. RESULTS Daoy, ONS76, UW228, and UW426 MB cells were exquisitely sensitive to BI-D1870 but unresponsive to SHH inhibitors. Anti-tumor growth corresponded with inactivation of RSK in MB cells. BI-D1870 had no effect on hNSCs. Inhibiting RSK with siRNA or BI-D1870 suppressed growth, induced apoptosis, and sensitized cells to SHH agents. Notably, RSK expression is correlated with SHH patients. In mice, BI-D1870 was well-tolerated and crossed the blood-brain barrier (BBB). CONCLUSIONS RSK inhibitors are promising because they target RSK which is correlated with SHH patients as well as cause high levels of apoptosis to only MB cells. Importantly, BI-D1870 crosses the BBB, acting as a scaffold for development of more long-lived RSK inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Rose Pambid
- Department of Pediatrics, British Columbia Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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81
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Unraveling the therapeutic potential of the Hedgehog pathway in cancer. Nat Med 2013; 19:1410-22. [PMID: 24202394 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 432] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Major progress has been made in recent years in the development of Hedgehog (Hh) pathway inhibitors for the treatment of patients with cancer. Promising clinical trial results have been obtained in cancers that harbor activating mutations of the Hh pathway, such as basal cell carcinoma and medulloblastoma. However, for many cancers, in which Hh ligand overexpression is thought to drive tumor growth, results have been disappointing. Here we review the preclinical data that continue to shape our understanding of the Hh pathway in tumorigenesis and the emerging clinical experience with smoothened inhibitors.
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Murphy BL, Obad S, Bihannic L, Ayrault O, Zindy F, Kauppinen S, Roussel MF. Silencing of the miR-17~92 cluster family inhibits medulloblastoma progression. Cancer Res 2013; 73:7068-78. [PMID: 24145352 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-0927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Medulloblastoma, originating in the cerebellum, is the most common malignant brain tumor in children. Medulloblastoma consists of four major groups where constitutive activation of the Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) signaling pathway is a hallmark of one group. Mouse and human SHH medulloblastomas exhibit increased expression of microRNAs encoded by the miR-17~92 and miR-106b~25 clusters compared with granule progenitors and postmitotic granule neurons. Here, we assessed the therapeutic potential of 8-mer seed-targeting locked nucleic acid (LNA)-modified anti-miR oligonucleotides, termed tiny LNAs, that inhibit microRNA seed families expressed by miR-17~92 and miR-106b~25 in two mouse models of SHH medulloblastomas. We found that tumor cells (medulloblastoma cells) passively took up 8-mer LNA-anti-miRs and specifically inhibited targeted microRNA seed-sharing family members. Inhibition of miR-17 and miR-19a seed families by anti-miR-17 and anti-miR-19, respectively, resulted in diminished tumor cell proliferation in vitro. Treatment of mice with systemic delivery of anti-miR-17 and anti-miR-19 reduced tumor growth in flank and brain allografts in vivo and prolonged the survival of mice with intracranial transplants, suggesting that inhibition of the miR-17~92 cluster family by 8-mer LNA-anti-miRs might be considered for the treatment of SHH medulloblastomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian L Murphy
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Tumor Cell Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee; Santaris Pharma, Hørsholm; and Department of Haematology, Aalborg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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83
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Proctor AE, Thompson LA, O'Bryant CL. Vismodegib: an inhibitor of the Hedgehog signaling pathway in the treatment of basal cell carcinoma. Ann Pharmacother 2013; 48:99-106. [PMID: 24259609 DOI: 10.1177/1060028013506696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review vismodegib, the first Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway inhibitor, in the treatment of advanced basal cell carcinoma (BCC). DATA SOURCES MEDLINE and PubMed were searched using the terms vismodegib, GDC-0449, RG3616, and basal cell carcinoma for relevant clinical trials through September 2013. The FDA Web site, the National Clinical Trials registry, and abstracts from the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) were also evaluated to identify unpublished data and future clinical trials. STUDY SELECTION/DATA EXTRACTION All identified clinical and preclinical studies published in the English language were assessed, including selected references from the bibliographies of articles. DATA SYNTHESIS Activation of the Hh signaling pathway is well documented in BCC. Vismodegib is a small-molecule inhibitor of Hh signaling that acts by antagonizing the protein Smoothened (SMO), thereby preventing downstream transcriptional activation of genes involved in cell proliferation and survival. Vismodegib was approved by the FDA in January 2012 for the treatment of recurrent, locally advanced BCC (laBCC), or metastatic BCC (mBCC) for which surgery or radiation cannot be utilized. A pivotal phase 2 trial evaluating 104 patients demonstrated that treatment with vismodegib, 150 mg orally once daily, resulted in a 30% and 43% objective response rate in patients with mBCC and laBCC, respectively. The most common adverse effects from vismodegib were mild to moderate and included muscle spasms, dysgeusia, decreased weight, fatigue, alopecia, and diarrhea. However, clinical studies noted a high incidence of discontinuation of therapy by patients for reasons other than disease progression. CONCLUSIONS The approval of vismodegib represents the only targeted, prospectively studied treatment option for patients with advanced BCC. Further research assessing the utility of vismodegib in the treatment of other malignancies and the development of resistance patterns will more clearly define the role of Hedgehog inhibition in the broader scheme of oncological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber E Proctor
- University of Colorado Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aurora, CO, USA
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Horikiri Y, Shimo T, Kurio N, Okui T, Matsumoto K, Iwamoto M, Sasaki A. Sonic hedgehog regulates osteoblast function by focal adhesion kinase signaling in the process of fracture healing. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76785. [PMID: 24124594 PMCID: PMC3790742 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Several biological studies have indicated that hedgehog signaling plays an important role in osteoblast proliferation and differentiation, and sonic hedgehog (SHH) expression is positively correlated with phosphorylated focal adhesion kinase (FAK) Tyr(397). However, the relationship between them and their role in the process of normal fracture repair has not been clarified yet. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that SHH and pFAK Tyr(397) were expressed in bone marrow cells and that pFAK Tyr(397) was also detected in ALP-positive osteoblasts near the TRAP-positive osteoclasts in the fracture site in the ribs of mice on day 5 after fracture. SHH and pFAK Tyr(397) were detectable in osteoblasts near the hypertrophic chondrocytes on day 14. In vitro analysis showed that SHH up-regulated the expression of FAK mRNA and pFAK Tyr(397) time dependently in osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells. Functional analysis revealed that 5 lentivirus encoding short hairpin FAK RNAs (shFAK)-infected MC3T3-E1 cell groups displayed a round morphology and decreased proliferation, adhesion, migration, and differentiation. SHH stimulated the proliferation and differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells, but had no effect on the shFAK-infected cells. SHH also stimulated osteoclast formation in a co-culture system containing MC3T3-E1 and murine CD11b(+) bone marrow cells, but did not affect the shFAK-infected MC3T3-E1 co-culture group. These data suggest that SHH signaling was activated in osteoblasts at the dynamic remodeling site of a bone fracture and regulated their proliferation and differentiation, as well as osteoclast formation, via FAK signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuu Horikiri
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Shimo
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Naito Kurio
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Okui
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kenichi Matsumoto
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Masahiro Iwamoto
- Division of Orthopedic Surgery, the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Akira Sasaki
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
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85
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Gajjar A, Stewart CF, Ellison DW, Kaste S, Kun LE, Packer RJ, Goldman S, Chintagumpala M, Wallace D, Takebe N, Boyett JM, Gilbertson RJ, Curran T. Phase I study of vismodegib in children with recurrent or refractory medulloblastoma: a pediatric brain tumor consortium study. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 19:6305-12. [PMID: 24077351 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-1425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the safety, dose-limiting toxicities, and pharmacokinetics of the smoothened inhibitor vismodegib in children with refractory or relapsed medulloblastoma. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Initially, vismodegib was administered daily at 85 mg/m(2) and escalated to 170 mg/m(2). The study was then revised to investigate a flat-dosing schedule of 150 mg for patients with small body surface area (BSA, 0.67-1.32 m(2)) or 300 mg for those who were larger (BSA, 1.33-2.20 m(2)). Pharmacokinetics were performed during the first course of therapy, and the right knees of all patients were imaged to monitor bone toxicity. Immunohistochemical analysis was done to identify patients with Sonic Hedgehog (SHH)-subtype medulloblastoma. RESULTS Thirteen eligible patients were enrolled in the initial study: 6 received 85 mg/m(2) vismodegib, and 7 received 170 mg/m(2). Twenty eligible patients were enrolled in the flat-dosing part of the study: 10 at each dosage level. Three dose-limiting toxicities were observed, but no drug-related bone toxicity was documented. The median (range) vismodegib penetration in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was 0.53 (0.26-0.78), when expressed as a ratio of the concentration of vismodegib in the CSF to that of the unbound drug in plasma. Antitumor activity was seen in 1 of 3 patients with SHH-subtype disease whose tumors were evaluable, and in none of the patients in the other subgroups. CONCLUSIONS Vismodegib was well tolerated in children with recurrent or refractory medulloblastoma; only two dose-limiting toxicities were observed with flat dosing. The recommended phase II study dose is 150 or 300 mg, depending on the patient's BSA. Clin Cancer Res; 19(22); 6305-12. ©2013 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amar Gajjar
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Oncology, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pathology, Radiological Sciences, Biostatistics, and Developmental Neurobiology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee; Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC; Division of Hematology-Oncology, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas; Investigational Drug Branch, Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland; and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Jiang Q, Du J, Yin X, Shan Z, Ma Y, Ma P, Du J, Fan Z. Shh signaling, negatively regulated by BMP signaling, inhibits the osteo/dentinogenic differentiation potentials of mesenchymal stem cells from apical papilla. Mol Cell Biochem 2013; 383:85-93. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-013-1757-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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87
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Gonnissen A, Isebaert S, Haustermans K. Hedgehog signaling in prostate cancer and its therapeutic implication. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:13979-4007. [PMID: 23880852 PMCID: PMC3742228 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140713979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Revised: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of Hedgehog (Hh) signaling is implicated in the development and progression of several tumor types, including prostate cancer, which is still the most common non-skin malignancy and the third leading cause of cancer-related mortality in men in industrialized countries worldwide. Several studies have indicated that the Hh pathway plays a crucial role in the development as well as in the progression of this disease to more aggressive and even therapy-resistant disease states. Moreover, preclinical data have shown that inhibition of Hh signaling has the potential to reduce prostate cancer invasiveness and metastatic potential. Clinical trials investigating the benefit of Hh inhibitors in patients with prostate cancer have recently been initiated. However, acquired drug resistance has already been observed in other tumor types after long-term Hh inhibition. Therefore, combining Hh inhibitors with ionizing radiation, chemotherapy or other molecular targeted agents could represent an alternative therapeutic strategy. In this review, we will highlight the role of Hh signaling in the development and progression of prostate cancer and summarize the different therapeutic applications of Hedgehog inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelies Gonnissen
- Laboratory of Experimental Radiotherapy, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, & Radiation Oncology, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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88
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Probst S, Zeller R, Zuniga A. The hedgehog target Vlk genetically interacts with Gli3 to regulate chondrocyte differentiation during mouse long bone development. Differentiation 2013; 85:121-30. [PMID: 23792766 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2013.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Revised: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Endochondral bone development is orchestrated by the spatially and temporally coordinated differentiation of chondrocytes along the longitudinal axis of the cartilage anlage. Initially, the slowly proliferating, periarticular chondrocytes give rise to the pool of rapidly dividing columnar chondrocytes, whose expansion determines the length of the long bones. The Indian hedgehog (IHH) ligand regulates both the proliferation of columnar chondrocytes and their differentiation into post-mitotic hypertrophic chondrocytes in concert with GLI3, one of the main transcriptional effectors of HH signal transduction. In the absence of Hh signalling, the expression of Vlk (vertebrate lonesome kinase, also called Pkdcc) is increased. We now show that the shortening of limb long bones in Vlk-deficient mouse embryos is aggravated by additional inactivation of Gli3. Our analysis establishes that Vlk and Gli3 synergize to control the temporal kinetics of chondrocyte differentiation during long bone development. Whereas differentiation of limb mesenchymal progenitors into chondrocytes and the initial formation of the cartilage anlagen of the limb skeleton are not altered, Vlk and Gli3 are required for the temporally coordinated differentiation of periarticular into columnar and ultimately hypertrophic chondrocytes in long bones. In limbs lacking both Vlk and Gli3, the appearance of columnar and hypertrophic chondrocytes is severely delayed and zones of morphologically distinct chondrocytes are not established until E16.5. At the molecular level, these morphological alterations are reflected by delayed activation and lowered expression of Ihh, Pth1r and Col10a1 in long bone rudiments of double mutant limbs. In summary, our genetic analysis establishes that VLK plays a role in the IHH/GLI3 interactions and that Vlk and Gli3 cooperate to regulate long bone development by modulating the temporal kinetics of establishing columnar and hypertrophic chondrocyte domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Probst
- Developmental Genetics, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 28, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
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89
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Gore L, DeGregori J, Porter CC. Targeting developmental pathways in children with cancer: what price success? Lancet Oncol 2013; 14:e70-8. [PMID: 23369685 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(12)70530-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Much of current cancer research is aimed at exploiting cancers' molecular addictions through targeted therapeutics, with notable successes documented in clinical trials. By their nature, these agents have different side-effect profiles than conventional chemotherapy drugs. Although few targeted agents have attained regulatory approval for use in children, paediatric oncologists are gaining experience with these drugs, which can have unique short-term and long-term effects in developing children that are unrecognised in adults. This Review summarises the rationale for targeted therapy, challenges in paediatric drug development, unique side-effect profiles of targeted agents, limited data from children treated with targeted agents, and implications of current knowledge and gaps therein. The demonstrated and potential effects of targeted therapies on normal tissue development and function are discussed. Future clinical trial design should include carefully considered assessment of the developmental effects of targeted therapy, and informed supportive-care recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lia Gore
- Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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90
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Vrijens K, Lin W, Cui J, Farmer D, Low J, Pronier E, Zeng FY, Shelat AA, Guy K, Taylor MR, Chen T, Roussel MF. Identification of small molecule activators of BMP signaling. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59045. [PMID: 23527084 PMCID: PMC3602516 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs) are morphogens that play a major role in regulating development and homeostasis. Although BMPs are used for the treatment of bone and kidney disorders, their clinical use is limited due to the supra-physiological doses required for therapeutic efficacy causing severe side effects. Because recombinant BMPs are expensive to produce, small molecule activators of BMP signaling would be a cost-effective alternative with the added benefit of being potentially more easily deliverable. Here, we report our efforts to identify small molecule activators of BMP signaling. We have developed a cell-based assay to monitor BMP signaling by stably transfecting a BMP-responsive human cervical carcinoma cell line (C33A) with a reporter construct in which the expression of luciferase is driven by a multimerized BMP-responsive element from the Id1 promoter. A BMP-responsive clone C33A-2D2 was used to screen a bioactive library containing ∼5,600 small molecules. We identified four small molecules of the family of flavonoids all of which induced luciferase activity in a dose-dependent manner and ventralized zebrafish embryos. Two of the identified compounds induced Smad1, 5 phosphorylation (P-Smad), Id1 and Id2 expression in a dose-dependent manner demonstrating that our assays identified small molecule activators of BMP signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Vrijens
- Departments of Tumor Cell Biology, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Wenwei Lin
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Jimmy Cui
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Dana Farmer
- Departments of Tumor Cell Biology, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Low
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Elodie Pronier
- Departments of Tumor Cell Biology, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale, U1009, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Fu-Yue Zeng
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Anang A. Shelat
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Kiplin Guy
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Michael R. Taylor
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Taosheng Chen
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Martine F. Roussel
- Departments of Tumor Cell Biology, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Gallinari P, Filocamo G, Jones P, Pazzaglia S, Steinkühler C. Smoothened antagonists: a promising new class of antitumor agents. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2013; 4:525-44. [PMID: 23485085 DOI: 10.1517/17460440902852686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hedgehog signaling is essential for the development of most metazoans. In recent years, evidence has accumulated showing that many human tumors aberrantly re-activate this developmental signaling pathway and that interfering with it may provide a new strategy for the development of novel anti-cancer therapeutics. Smoothened is a G-protein coupled receptor-like protein that is essentially involved in hedgehog signal transduction and small molecule antagonists of Smoothened have started to show antitumor activity in preclinical models and in clinical trials. OBJECTIVE We critically review the role of hedgehog signaling in normal development and in human malignancies, the available drug discovery tools and the classes of small molecule inhibitors that are in development. We further aim to address the potential impact that pathway antagonists may have on the treatment options of cancer patients. METHODS Literature, patents and clinical trial results from the past 5 years were analyzed. CONCLUSIONS 1) A large body of evidence suggests a frequent reactivation of hedgehog signaling in human cancer. 2) Smoothened is an attractive, highly druggable target with extensive preclinical and initial clinical validation in basal cell carcinoma. Several promising novel classes of Smoothened antagonists have been discovered and are being developed as anticancer agents. 3) Our knowledge of the biology of hedgehog signaling in cancer is still very incomplete and significant efforts will be required to understand how to use the emerging novel agents in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Gallinari
- Istituto di Ricerche di Biologia Molecolare P. Angeletti, Department of Oncology, IRBM- Merck Research Laboratories Rome, Via Pontina Km 30,600, 00040 Pomezia, Italy +39 06 91093232 ; +39 06 91093549 ;
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Northcott PA, Jones DTW, Kool M, Robinson GW, Gilbertson RJ, Cho YJ, Pomeroy SL, Korshunov A, Lichter P, Taylor MD, Pfister SM. Medulloblastomics: the end of the beginning. Nat Rev Cancer 2012; 12:818-34. [PMID: 23175120 PMCID: PMC3889646 DOI: 10.1038/nrc3410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 475] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The division of medulloblastoma into different subgroups by microarray expression profiling has dramatically changed our perspective of this malignant childhood brain tumour. Now, the availability of next-generation sequencing and complementary high-density genomic technologies has unmasked novel driver mutations in each medulloblastoma subgroup. The implications of these findings for the management of patients are readily apparent, pinpointing previously unappreciated diagnostic and therapeutic targets. In this Review, we summarize the 'explosion' of data emerging from the application of modern genomics to medulloblastoma, and in particular the recurrent targets of mutation in medulloblastoma subgroups. These data are currently making their way into clinical trials as we seek to integrate conventional and molecularly targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Northcott
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
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Co-administration of vismodegib with rosiglitazone or combined oral contraceptive in patients with locally advanced or metastatic solid tumors: a pharmacokinetic assessment of drug-drug interaction potential. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2012; 71:193-202. [PMID: 23064958 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-012-1996-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 09/29/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Vismodegib, a first-in-class oral hedgehog pathway inhibitor, is an effective treatment for advanced basal cell carcinoma. Based on in vitro data, a clinical drug-drug interaction (DDI) assessment of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C8 was necessary; vismodegib's teratogenic potential warranted a DDI study with oral contraceptives (OCs). METHODS This single-arm, open-label study included two cohorts of patients with locally advanced or metastatic solid malignancies [Cohort 1: rosiglitazone 4 mg (selective CYP2C8 probe); Cohort 2: OC (norethindrone 1 mg/ethinyl estradiol 35 μg; CYP3A4 substrate)]. On Day 1, patients received rosiglitazone or OC. On Days 2-7, patients received vismodegib 150 mg/day. On Day 8, patients received vismodegib plus rosiglitazone or OC. The effect of vismodegib on rosiglitazone and OC pharmacokinetic parameters (primary objective) was evaluated through pharmacokinetic sampling over a 24-h period (Days 1 and 8). RESULTS The mean ± SD vismodegib steady-state plasma concentration (Day 8, N = 51) was 20.6 ± 9.72 μM (range 7.93-62.4 μM). Rosiglitazone AUC(0-inf) and C(max) were similar with concomitant vismodegib [≤8% change in geometric mean ratios (GMRs); N = 24]. Concomitant vismodegib with OC did not affect ethinyl estradiol AUC(0-inf) and C(max) (≤5% change in GMRs; N = 27); norethindrone C(max) and AUC(0-inf) GMRs were higher (12 and 23%, respectively) with concomitant vismodegib. CONCLUSIONS This DDI study in patients with cancer demonstrated that systemic exposure of rosiglitazone (a CYP2C8 substrate) or OC (ethinyl estradiol/norethindrone) is not altered with concomitant vismodegib. Overall, there appears to be a low potential for DDIs when vismodegib is co-administered with other medications.
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Yang S, Wang C. The intraflagellar transport protein IFT80 is required for cilia formation and osteogenesis. Bone 2012; 51:407-17. [PMID: 22771375 PMCID: PMC3412883 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2012.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2012] [Revised: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 06/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Intraflagellar transport (IFT) proteins are essential for the assembly and maintenance of cilia, which play important roles in development and homeostasis. IFT80 is a newly defined IFT protein. Partial mutation of IFT80 in humans causes diseases such as Jeune asphyxiating thoracic dystrophy (JATD) and short rib polydactyly (SRP) type III with abnormal skeletal development. However, the role and mechanism of IFT80 in osteogenesis is unknown. Here, we first detected IFT80 expression pattern and found that IFT80 was highly expressed in mouse long bone, skull, and during osteoblast differentiation. By using lentivirus-mediated RNA interference (RNAi) technology to silence IFT80 in murine mesenchymal progenitor cell line-C3H10T1/2 and bone marrow derived stromal cells, we found that silencing IFT80 led to either shortening or loss of cilia and the decrease of Arl13b expression - a small GTPase that is localized in cilia. Additionally, silencing IFT80 blocked the expression of osteoblast markers and significantly inhibited ALP activity and cell mineralization. We further found that IFT80 silencing inhibited the expression of Gli2, a critical transcriptional factor in the hedgehog signaling pathway. Overexpression of Gli2 rescued the deficiency of osteoblast differentiation from IFT80-silenced cells, and dramatically promoted osteoblast differentiation. Moreover, introduction of Smo agonist (SAG) promotes osteoblast differentiation, which was partially inhibited by IFT80 silencing. Thus, these results suggested that IFT80 plays an important role in osteogenesis through regulating Hedgehog/Gli signal pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuying Yang
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
- Developmental Genomics Group, New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, University of Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
- Address correspondence to: Dr. Shuying Yang, MD, PhD, Department of Oral Biology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA. Tel: 716-829-6338, Fax: 716-829-3942, . Changdong Wang, Ph.D, Department of Oral Biology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA. Tel: 716-829-2426, Fax: 716-829-3942,
| | - Changdong Wang
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
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95
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Kelleher FC, Cain JE, Healy JM, Watkins DN, Thomas DM. Prevailing importance of the hedgehog signaling pathway and the potential for treatment advancement in sarcoma. Pharmacol Ther 2012; 136:153-68. [PMID: 22906929 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2012.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The hedgehog signaling pathway is important in embryogenesis and post natal development. Constitutive activation of the pathway due to mutation of pathway components occurs in ~25% of medulloblastomas and also in basal cell carcinomas. In many other malignancies the therapeutic role for hedgehog inhibition though intriguing, based on preclinical data, is far from assured. Hedgehog inhibition is not an established part of the treatment paradigm of sarcoma but the scientific rationale for a possible benefit is compelling. In chondrosarcoma there is evidence of hedgehog pathway activation and an ontologic comparison between growth plate chondrocyte differentiation and different chondrosarcoma subtypes. Immunostaining epiphyseal growth plate for Indian hedgehog is particularly positive in the zone of pre-hypertrophic chondrocytes which correlates ontologically with conventional chondrosarcoma. In Ewing sarcoma/PNET tumors the Gli1 transcription factor is a direct target of the EWS-FLI1 oncoprotein present in 85% of cases. In many cases of rhabdomyosarcomas there is increased expression of Gli1 (Ragazzini et al., 2004). Additionally, a third of embryonal rhabdomyosarcomas have loss of Chr.9q22 that encompasses the patched locus (Bridge et al., 2000). The potential to treat osteosarcoma by inhibition of Gli2 and the role of the pathway in ovarian fibromas and other connective tissue tumors is also discussed (Nagao et al., 2011; Hirotsu et al., 2010). Emergence of acquired secondary resistance to targeted therapeutics is an important issue that is also relevant to hedgehog inhibition. In this context secondary resistance of medulloblastomas to treatment with a smoothened antagonist in two tumor mouse models is examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fergal C Kelleher
- Sarcoma Service, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 12 St. Andrew's Place, A'Beckitt Street, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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Huang X, Dubuc AM, Hashizume R, Berg J, He Y, Wang J, Chiang C, Cooper MK, Northcott PA, Taylor MD, Barnes MJ, Tihan T, Chen J, Hackett CS, Weiss WA, James CD, Rowitch DH, Shuman MA, Jan YN, Jan LY. Voltage-gated potassium channel EAG2 controls mitotic entry and tumor growth in medulloblastoma via regulating cell volume dynamics. Genes Dev 2012; 26:1780-96. [PMID: 22855790 DOI: 10.1101/gad.193789.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Medulloblastoma (MB) is the most common pediatric CNS malignancy. We identify EAG2 as an overexpressed potassium channel in MBs across different molecular and histological subgroups. EAG2 knockdown not only impairs MB cell growth in vitro, but also reduces tumor burden in vivo and enhances survival in xenograft studies. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that EAG2 protein is confined intracellularly during interphase but is enriched in the plasma membrane during late G2 phase and mitosis. Disruption of EAG2 expression results in G2 arrest and mitotic catastrophe associated with failure of premitotic cytoplasmic condensation. While the tumor suppression function of EAG2 knockdown is independent of p53 activation, DNA damage checkpoint activation, or changes in the AKT pathway, this defective cell volume control is specifically associated with hyperactivation of the p38 MAPK pathway. Inhibition of the p38 pathway significantly rescues the growth defect and G2 arrest. Strikingly, ectopic membrane expression of EAG2 in cells at interphase results in cell volume reduction and mitotic-like morphology. Our study establishes the functional significance of EAG2 in promoting MB tumor progression via regulating cell volume dynamics, the perturbation of which activates the tumor suppressor p38 MAPK pathway, and provides clinical relevance for targeting this ion channel in human MBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Huang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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97
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Abstract
The Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway has been implicated in tumor initiation and metastasis across different malignancies. Major mechanisms by which the Hh pathway is aberrantly activated can be attributed to mutations of members of Hh pathway or excessive/inappropriate expression of Hh pathway ligands. The Hh signaling pathway also affects the regulation of cancer stem cells, leading to their capabilities in tumor formation, disease progression, and metastasis. Preliminary results of early phase clinical trials of Hh inhibitors administered as monotherapy demonstrated promising results in patients with basal cell carcinoma and medulloblastoma, but clinically meaningful anticancer efficacy across other tumor types seems to be lacking. Additionally, cases of resistance have been already observed. Mutations of SMO, activation of Hh pathway components downstream to SMO, and upregulation of alternative signaling pathways are possible mechanisms of resistance development. Determination of effective Hh inhibitor-based combination regimens and development of correlative biomarkers relevant to this pathway should remain as clear priorities for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solmaz Sahebjam
- Drug Development Program, Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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98
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Shi Y, Moura U, Opitz I, Soltermann A, Rehrauer H, Thies S, Weder W, Stahel RA, Felley-Bosco E. Role of hedgehog signaling in malignant pleural mesothelioma. Clin Cancer Res 2012; 18:4646-56. [PMID: 22733539 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-0599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to assess the activity of hedgehog signaling pathway in malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM). EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The expression of hedgehog signaling components was assessed by quantitative PCR and in situ hybridization in 45 clinical samples. Primary MPM cultures were developed in serum-free condition in 3% oxygen and were used to investigate the effects of smoothened (SMO) inhibitors or GLI1 silencing on cell growth and hedgehog signaling. In vivo effects of SMO antagonists were determined in an MPM xenograft growing in nude mice. RESULTS A significant increase in GLI1, sonic hedgehog, and human hedgehog interacting protein gene expression was observed in MPM tumors compared with nontumoral pleural tissue. SMO antagonists inhibited GLI1 expression and cell growth in sensitive primary cultures. This effect was mimicked by GLI1 silencing. Reduced survivin and YAP protein levels were also observed. Survivin protein levels were rescued by overexpression of GLI1 or constitutively active YAP1. Treatment of tumor-bearing mice with the SMO inhibitor HhAntag led to a significant inhibition of tumor growth in vivo accompanied by decreased Ki-67 and nuclear YAP immunostaining and a significant difference in selected gene expression profile in tumors. CONCLUSIONS An aberrant hedgehog signaling is present in MPM, and inhibition of hedgehog signaling decreases tumor growth indicating potential new therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yandong Shi
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Clinic and Policlinic of Oncology, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Institute of Surgical Pathology, University Hospital Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Abstract
Vismodegib (GDC-0449), an orally bioavailable small-molecule inhibitor of Hedgehog signaling, was recently approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of basal cell carcinoma that is either metastatic or locally advanced in patients who are not candidates for surgical resection or radiation. Given the absence of previously defined effective drug therapy for this disease, approval was granted primarily on the basis of outcome of a nonrandomized parallel cohort phase II study of 99 patients with advanced basal cell carcinoma, with a primary endpoint of objective response rate. Response rates of 30.3% and 42.9% were observed in metastatic and locally advanced cohorts in this study, respectively, associated with median progression-free survival in both cohorts of 9.5 months. Ongoing clinical investigations include evaluation of the potential efficacy of vismodegib in a variety of diseases and in combination with other agents. The mechanism of action, preclinical and clinical data, and potential utility in other disease contexts are reviewed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles M Rudin
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA.
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100
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