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Developing a Biosensor-Based Immunoassay to Detect HPV E6 Oncoprotein in the Saliva Rinse Fluid of Oral Cancer Patients. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12040594. [PMID: 35455710 PMCID: PMC9027100 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12040594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Transmission of Human papillomavirus (HPVs) is faithfully associated with carcinogenesis of oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancers. Therefore, clinical researchers may need to generate customized antibodies for the upcoming ELISA-based analysis to discover rare but valuable biomarkers. The aim of study was to develop and generate a biosensor-based immunoassay for early screening HPV-related oral cancer via saliva rinse fluid analysis. A peptide fragment of high-risk HPV subtype 16/18 protein, E6 protein (HP-1 protein sequence 48–66), was designed and synthesized, followed by the generation of polyclonal antibodies (anti-HP1 IgY) in our university-based laboratories. The titer and specificity of antibodies were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and the Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) biosensor-based method was developed. Kinetic analyses by SPR confirmed that this designed peptide showed a high affinity with its generated polyclonal antibodies. Saliva fluid samples of thirty oral cancer patients and 13 healthy subjects were analyzed. SPR indicated that 26.8% of oral cancer patients had higher resonance unit (ΔRU) values than normal subjects. In conclusion, we developed a biosensor-based immunoassay to detect HPV E6 oncoprotein in the saliva rinse fluid for early screening and discrimination of HPV-related oral cancer patients.
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52
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Handajani J, Kusumajati D, Fathiyah H, Susilowati H, Tandelilin RT. Quality improvement of saliva by chewing tapioca pearls in bubble tea drinks: a randomized experimental trial. F1000Res 2022; 10:56. [PMID: 35387272 PMCID: PMC8938629 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.28028.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Bubble tea drinks contain tea and tapioca pearls. Chewing tapioca pearls in bubble tea drinks may increase salivary components. Because of its proteins, inorganic components, and enzymes, saliva plays an important role in the body’s defense against bacteria and viruses. This study aims to analyze the effect of chewing tapioca pearls in bubble tea drinks on salivary C-reactive protein (CRP) and calcium (Ca) levels. Methods: The inclusion criterion was 18–25 years of age. The exclusion criteria were receiving medication, using dentures, a history of dry mouth, smoking and systemic disease. In the first week of the experiment, subjects drank bubble tea with tapioca pearls for three days (intervention week). In the second week, the same subjects drank tea without pearls for three days (control week). Each subject drank the bubble tea for 5 minutes per day over 3 days. Saliva samples were collected on the first day before bubble tea consumption (pretest) and on the third day after tea consumption (posttest). Saliva collection was performed in the morning (09:00 am–12:00 pm) for 1 minute. Sixty saliva samples were collected from 15 subjects. Salivary CRP levels were measured using a commercial ELISA kit, and Ca levels were determined using semi-quantitative test strips. Results: Salivary CRP decreased significantly on the third day in the intervention group but showed no significant difference with the control group. Calcium levels increased significantly on the third day in both groups. Conclusion: Bubble tea drinks could improve the quality of saliva by decreasing salivary CRP and increasing Ca levels. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov,
NCT04670341 (17
th December 2020).
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Affiliation(s)
- Juni Handajani
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, 55281, Indonesia
| | - Dinda Kusumajati
- Dental Hygiene Study Program, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, 55281, Indonesia
| | - Hania Fathiyah
- Dental Hygiene Study Program, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, 55281, Indonesia
| | - Heni Susilowati
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, 55281, Indonesia
| | - Regina T.C. Tandelilin
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, 55281, Indonesia
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Tavares LTR, Saavedra-Silva M, López-Marcos JF, Veiga NJ, Castilho RDM, Fernandes GVDO. Blood and Salivary Inflammatory Biomarkers Profile in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease and Periodontal Disease: A Systematic Review. Diseases 2022; 10:diseases10010012. [PMID: 35225864 PMCID: PMC8883939 DOI: 10.3390/diseases10010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Periodontitis is the most prevalent inflammatory disease worldwide. Its inflammatory levels spread systemically, which can be associated with chronic kidney disease. Biomarkers have the potential to diagnose and correlate periodontitis and chronic kidney disease, helping to monitor systemic inflammation. Thereby, this study aimed to analyze the association between chronic kidney disease and periodontitis by conducting a biomarker analysis on blood and saliva. Material and methods: An electronic search through PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Web of Science databases was conducted to identify clinical studies published in the last ten years, with no language restrictions. Twelve articles met all the inclusion criteria, two randomized controlled trials, one cohort study, and nine observational studies. Results: The studies included a total of 117 patients for saliva biomarkers, with a mean age of approximately 57 years old, and 56.68% of the subjects were female. After analyzing all the included studies, it was possible to verify the following biomarkers assessed: CRP, WBC, fibrinogen, IL-4 and -6, cardiac troponin T, NOx, ADMA, albumin, osteocalcin, cystatin C, PGLYRP1, cholesterol, HDL, LDL, triglycerides, and hemoglobin. Conclusion: A direct cause–effect association between periodontitis and CKD could not be established. However, it was possible to conclude that there was a correlating effect present, through the analyzed biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisandra Taísa Reginaldo Tavares
- Departamento de Cirurgía (Área de Estomatología), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (L.T.R.T.); (J.F.L.-M.)
| | - Mariana Saavedra-Silva
- Biomedicine at the Medical Science Department, University of Beira Interior, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal;
| | - Joaquín Francisco López-Marcos
- Departamento de Cirurgía (Área de Estomatología), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (L.T.R.T.); (J.F.L.-M.)
| | - Nélio Jorge Veiga
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Health (CIIS), Facultade de Medicina Dentária, Universidade Católica, 3504-505 Viseu, Portugal;
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54
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Khairul-Anwar I, Wan-Nazatul-Shima S, Siti-Lailatul-Akmar Z, Hamid Siti-Azrin A, Zunaina E. Evaluation of TNF-α and IL-6 in saliva among diabetic retinopathy patients in East Coast Malaysia. Trop Med Int Health 2022; 27:310-316. [PMID: 35048479 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.13724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF) and interleukin (IL)-6 levels in saliva between different stages of diabetic retinopathy (DR). METHODS This comparative cross-sectional study was conducted between January 2018 and November 2020. This study included diabetes mellitus (DM) patients with no DR, non-proliferative DR (NPDR), and proliferative DR (PDR). None of the patients with DM were included in the control group. Unstimulated saliva samples were then collected. TNF-α and IL-6 levels were measured. RESULTS Altogether, 120 patients were included in the study (DM without DR, 33 patients; DM with NPDR, 30 patients; DM with PDR, 32 patients; non-DM, 25 patients). The mean IL-6 level in saliva was significantly higher in the DM group (0.033±0.005 pg/ml) than in the non-DM group (0.027±0.001 pg/ml) (p<0.001 after adjusting for covariates). There was no significant difference in mean salivary TNF-α between patients with DM and those without DM after adjusting for covariates. The mean IL-6 in saliva was significantly higher in the NPDR (0.036±0.003 pg/ml) and PDR (0.093±0.023 pg/ml) groups than in the no DR group (0.027±0.001 pg/ml) (p<0.001 and p<0.001, respectively). Mean TNF-α in saliva was significantly higher in the NPDR (0.086±0.022 pg/ml) and PDR (0.093±0.023 pg/ml) groups than in the no DR group (0.049±0.011 pg/ml) (p=0.015 and p=0.003, respectively). CONCLUSION There is an association between inflammatory biomarkers in saliva (IL-6 and TNF-α) and severity of DR among patients with DM, suggesting that these salivary biomarkers are potential biomarkers for screening, monitoring, and predicting the progression of DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Khairul-Anwar
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, School of Medical Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Shahidan Wan-Nazatul-Shima
- Basic Science & Oral Biology Unit, School of Dental Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Zainuddin Siti-Lailatul-Akmar
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Ab Hamid Siti-Azrin
- Biostatistics and Research Methodology Unit, School of Medical Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Embong Zunaina
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, School of Medical Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.,Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Jalan Raja Perempuan Zainab II, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
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55
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Wirth R, Pap B, Maróti G, Vályi P, Komlósi L, Barta N, Strang O, Minárovits J, Kovács KL. Toward Personalized Oral Diagnosis: Distinct Microbiome Clusters in Periodontitis Biofilms. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 11:747814. [PMID: 35004342 PMCID: PMC8727345 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.747814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is caused by pathogenic subgingival microbial biofilm development and dysbiotic interactions between host and hosted microbes. A thorough characterization of the subgingival biofilms by deep amplicon sequencing of 121 individual periodontitis pockets of nine patients and whole metagenomic analysis of the saliva microbial community of the same subjects were carried out. Two biofilm sampling methods yielded similar microbial compositions. Taxonomic mapping of all biofilms revealed three distinct microbial clusters. Two clinical diagnostic parameters, probing pocket depth (PPD) and clinical attachment level (CAL), correlated with the cluster mapping. The dysbiotic microbiomes were less diverse than the apparently healthy ones of the same subjects. The most abundant periodontal pathogens were also present in the saliva, although in different representations. The single abundant species Tannerella forsythia was found in the diseased pockets in about 16–17-fold in excess relative to the clinically healthy sulcus, making it suitable as an indicator of periodontitis biofilms. The discrete microbial communities indicate strong selection by the host immune system and allow the design of targeted antibiotic treatment selective against the main periodontal pathogen(s) in the individual patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Wirth
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Bernadett Pap
- Biological Research Center, Institute of Plant Biology, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gergely Maróti
- Biological Research Center, Institute of Plant Biology, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Péter Vályi
- Department of Periodontology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Laura Komlósi
- Department of Oral Surgery, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Nikolett Barta
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Orsolya Strang
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.,Department of Oral Biology and Experimental Dental Research, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - János Minárovits
- Department of Oral Biology and Experimental Dental Research, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Kornél L Kovács
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.,Department of Oral Biology and Experimental Dental Research, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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56
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Coon A, Dane AJ, Setzen G, Cody RB, Musah RA. Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatographic and Mass Spectrometric Characterization of Lipid-Rich Biological Matrices-Application to Human Cerumen (Earwax). ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:230-239. [PMID: 35036695 PMCID: PMC8756784 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c04535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Earwax is a readily accessible biological matrix that has the potential to be used in disease diagnostics. However, its semisolid nature and high chemical complexity have hampered efforts to investigate its potential to reveal disease markers. This is because more conventional methods of analysis such as gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry yield unsatisfactory results due to the presence of many nonvolatile and/or coeluting compounds, which in some cases have very similar mass spectrometric profiles. In addition, these routine methods often require the sample to be saponified, which dramatically increases the complexity of the analysis and makes it difficult to determine which compounds are actually present versus those that are produced by saponification. In this study, two-dimensional GC mass spectrometry (GC × GC-MS) was successfully applied for the characterization of the chemical components of earwax from healthy donors using nonpolar (primary) and midpolar (secondary) columns without saponification. Over 35 of the compounds that were identified are reported for the first time to be detected in unsaponified earwax. The resulting GC × GC-MS contour plots revealed visually recognizable compound class clusters of previously reported groups including alkanes, alkenes, fatty acids, esters, triglycerides, and cholesterol esters, as well as cholesterol and squalene. The application of GC × GC-MS revealed results that provide a foundation upon which future studies aimed at comparing healthy donor earwax to that from individuals exhibiting various disease states can be accomplished.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allix
M. Coon
- Department
of Chemistry, State University of New York
at Albany, 1400 Washington
Avenue, Albany, New York 12222, United States
| | - A. John Dane
- JEOL
USA Inc., 11 Dearborn Rd, Peabody, Massachusetts 01960, United States
| | - Gavin Setzen
- Albany
ENT and Allergy Services, 123 Everett Rd, Albany, New York 12205, United
States
| | - Robert B. Cody
- JEOL
USA Inc., 11 Dearborn Rd, Peabody, Massachusetts 01960, United States
| | - Rabi A. Musah
- Department
of Chemistry, State University of New York
at Albany, 1400 Washington
Avenue, Albany, New York 12222, United States
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57
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Ventura TMO, Santos KO, Braga AS, Thomassian LTG, Buzalaf MAR, Barbieri FA, Kalva-Filho CA, Faria MH, Magalhães AC. Salivary proteomic profile of young adults before and after the practice of interval exercise: preliminary results. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-021-00883-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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58
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Zhao LL, Ma Q, Xu CY, Zheng G, Han Y, Qian Q, Jin W, Min JZ. Development and validation of a simple and noninvasive method for salivary uric acid: potential applications for monitoring the salivary uric acid level in healthy volunteers and gout patients. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-97902022e201026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Li Zhao
- College of Pharmacy Yanbian University, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qingkun Ma
- College of Pharmacy Yanbian University, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chun-Yan Xu
- College of Pharmacy Yanbian University, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guanghao Zheng
- College of Pharmacy Yanbian University, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu Han
- College of Pharmacy Yanbian University, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qing Qian
- College of Pharmacy Yanbian University, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenlong Jin
- Yanbian University Hospital, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun Zhe Min
- College of Pharmacy Yanbian University, People’s Republic of China
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59
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Trevisan França de Lima L, Müller Bark J, Rasheduzzaman M, Ekanayake Weeramange C, Punyadeera C. Saliva as a matrix for measurement of cancer biomarkers. Cancer Biomark 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-824302-2.00008-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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60
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Pandarathodiyil A, Vijayan S, Milanes D, Chopra V, Anil S. Adjunctive techniques and diagnostic aids in the early detection of oral premalignant disorders and cancer: An update for the general dental practitioners. JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND BIOALLIED SCIENCES 2022; 14:S28-S33. [PMID: 36110790 PMCID: PMC9469411 DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_635_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral cancer (OC), a potentially fatal disease, is a major health concern across the world. It is reported to be the sixth most common cancer in the world with a disappointingly low 5-year survival rate, despite major advances in onco-medicine in the past three decades. The low 5-year-survival rate is associated with late diagnosis of the disease, while OC diagnosed at early stages enjoy a much higher 5-year-survival rate, comparatively. Although the oral cavity is one of the most easily accessible parts of the body for cancer screening, OC is typically diagnosed at later stages. The delay in diagnosis is one of the factors for the poor 5-year survival rate and high mortality and morbidity among patients. Therefore, an early diagnosis is of utmost importance. Visual and tactile examination and scalpel biopsy are still considered the gold standard for definitive diagnosis of oral potentially malignant disorder (OPMD) and OC. Nevertheless, adjunctive techniques could be employed to increase the ability to distinguish benign abnormalities from dysplastic/malignant changes. These would also aid in identifying areas of dysplasia/early OC that are not visible to the naked eye and tackle the delay in diagnosing OPMD/OC. These adjunctive tools are not a replacement for visual and tactile examination but are supplementary aids. They could be used to screen healthy patients for the presence of any occult cancerous change and evaluate the biological potential of clinically abnormal mucosal lesions, thus enabling early recognition and diagnosis which might increase survival rate and reduce mortality and treatment-associated morbidity.
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61
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Abstract
The use of saliva as a diagnostic biofluid has been increasing in recent years, thanks to the identification and validation of new biomarkers and improvements in test accuracy, sensitivity, and precision that enable the development of new noninvasive and cost-effective devices. However, the lack of standardized methods for sample collection, treatment, and storage contribute to the overall variability and lack of reproducibility across analytical evaluations. Furthermore, the instability of salivary biomarkers after sample collection hinders their translation into commercially available technologies for noninvasive monitoring of saliva in home settings. The present review aims to highlight the status of research on the challenges of collecting and using diagnostic salivary samples, emphasizing the methodologies used to preserve relevant proteins, hormones, genomic, and transcriptomic biomarkers during sample handling and analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana d'Amone
- Silklab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Giusy Matzeu
- Silklab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Fiorenzo G Omenetto
- Silklab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States.,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States.,Department of Physics, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States.,Laboratory for Living Devices, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
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62
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The Expression of miR-23a and miR-146a in the Saliva of Patients with Periodontitis and Its Clinical Significance. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:5135278. [PMID: 34888382 PMCID: PMC8651402 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5135278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background This study is aimed at exploring the significance of the expression of miR-23a and miR-146a in patients with periodontitis and their correlations with inflammatory factors. Methods A total of 120 patients with chronic periodontitis admitted to the department of stomatology in Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital from August 2017 to December 2018 were enrolled as a study group, and 80 healthy volunteers in physical examination during the same period were enrolled as a control group. The expression of miR-23a, miR-146a, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-17 (IL-17) in the saliva of people in the two groups was determined using the quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results The study group showed significantly higher relative expression of saliva miR-23a and miR-146a than the control group. The area under the curve (AUC) of saliva miR-23a and miR-146a for diagnosing periodontitis was 0.857 and 0.886, respectively. The expression of saliva miR-23a and miR-146a increased with the deterioration of periodontitis in the patients. After basic treatment, the study group showed significantly decreased expression of saliva miR-23a and miR-146a. Patients in the study group showed significantly higher levels of saliva IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-17 than those in the control group, and their saliva miR-23a and miR-146a were positively correlated with their saliva IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-17, respectively. Conclusion Saliva miR-23a and miR-146a can be used as biomarkers for the diagnosis and assessment of periodontitis, and they may have regulatory relationships with IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-17.
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63
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Hagedorn JM, Gunn J, Budwany R, D’Souza RS, Chakravarthy K, Deer TR. How Well Do Current Laboratory Biomarkers Inform Clinical Decision-Making in Chronic Pain Management? J Pain Res 2021; 14:3695-3710. [PMID: 34887680 PMCID: PMC8651047 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s311974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Decision-making in chronic pain patients involves a combination of subjective and objective criteria, including patient history, physical examination, imaging, and patient response to prior treatments, clinical experience, probabilities, and recognition of patterns. However, there is a distinct lack of objective laboratory biomarkers in use in routine clinical care. The objective was to review the literature to identify and describe specific biomarkers in chronic pain management. METHODS This is a narrative review of the literature regarding the use of laboratory biomarkers in chronic pain. A librarian-assisted literature search of the PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar databases was performed and resulted in 304 possible manuscripts. We included manuscripts assessing laboratory collected biomarkers from urine, serum, cerebrospinal fluid, and saliva. After screening and review of the initial literature search results, a total of 75 manuscripts were included in the narrative review. CONCLUSION The studies reviewed suggested that specific biomarkers may help identify those patients at risk of disease development and function as a prognostic indicator for disease progression and treatment response. However, additional research is necessary before specific recommendations can be made, and current clinical decision-making is modified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Hagedorn
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Division of Pain Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Joshua Gunn
- Ethos Research & Development, Newport, KY, USA
| | | | - Ryan S D’Souza
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Division of Pain Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Timothy R Deer
- The Spine & Nerve Centers of the Virginias, Charleston, WV, USA
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64
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Yeung C, Bhatia R, Bhattarai B, Sinha M. Role of Salivary Biomarkers in Predicting Significant Traumatic Brain Injury: An Exploratory Study. Pediatr Emerg Care 2021; 37:e1373-e1376. [PMID: 32149999 DOI: 10.1097/pec.0000000000002050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The highest rates of traumatic brain injury (TBI)-related morbidity and mortality occur in young children and adolescents. The objective of this study was to describe the levels of 3 biomarkers (S100B, glial fibrillary acidic protein, neuron-specific enolase) in saliva of children with TBI requiring inpatient admission at a pediatric trauma center and compare these levels in children without TBI. METHODS A convenience sample of 24 children aged 0 to 18 years, presenting with acute isolated TBI, was enrolled prospectively. The non-TBI comparison groups consisted of patients with medical complaints and musculoskeletal injuries only. Salivary specimens were collected, and biomarkers were measured using quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. Demographic, clinical data, and brain imaging findings were obtained. RESULTS Seventy-four children were enrolled. Twenty-four had TBI (mean age, 5.07 years; SD, 4.8 years); 14 subjects (58.3%) with TBI were found to have significant traumatic brain injury (SBI) on computed tomography scan. S100B levels were significantly higher in TBI group compared with those with musculoskeletal injury only (median, 113.2 pg/mL vs 18 pg/mL; P = 0.021). Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for S100B in predicting SBI was 0.675; the optimum threshold for S100B to achieve the optimum sensitivity and specificity of SBI was at 86.9 pg/mL for SBI versus no injury group. CONCLUSIONS S100B levels in saliva were higher in children with TBI and may be predictive of SBI identified by presence of computed tomography abnormalities. Larger studies are needed to replicate our findings in using a noninvasive diagnostic measure for children with TBI and SBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Yeung
- From the Department of Emergency Medicine, Phoenix Children's Hospital
| | - Rahul Bhatia
- Department of Pediatrics, Arizona Children's Center
| | - Bikash Bhattarai
- Department of Research, Maricopa Integrated Health System, Phoenix, AZ
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65
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A multi-herd study shows that saliva is more than a reflection of serum biomarkers in pigs. Animal 2021; 15:100413. [PMID: 34844190 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2021.100413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluates if biomarkers of porcine health status in saliva samples is a mere reflection of serum to detect disease in pigs under field conditions. Four farms from the same commercial company were included to obtain samples from animals with different pathological conditions. A total of 10 healthy animals and 10-15 animals from each farm with clinical symptoms of the disease were sampled for paired saliva and blood during a veterinary clinical visit. The biomarker panel included acute-phase proteins (APPs), C-reactive protein (CRP), haptoglobin (Hp), an inflammatory marker, adenosine deaminase (ADA), the total antioxidant capacity (TAC), the levels of essential trace elements, copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn), and the measurement of the total protein content (TP). After detailed statistical analysis, the results showed that saliva could replace serum for APP measurements since a good agreement has been observed between the concentrations of APPs in both body fluids. For any other biomarker, no agreement between the concentrations quantified in serum and saliva samples was observed visually. However, salivary ADA and TP concentrations were statistically significantly higher in the diseased, whereas the statistical tests with serum concentrations were inconclusive. Furthermore, greater differentiation between healthy and diseased animals could be observed when the distribution of biomarkers was analysed in saliva than in other serum samples. The diagnostic power to discriminate between healthy and diseased pigs is similar in saliva and in serum samples. Preliminary regression models may offer an optimal combination of biomarkers for disease detection in saliva (Hp, CRP, and TAC) and serum (Hp, CRP, and Cu), which demands less labour, sample, and financial cost for saliva determinations. The contradictory results observed for TAC, Cu, and Zn levels between body fluids indicate a need for further studies. To sum up, saliva-based biomarkers instead of serum-based biomarkers could contribute to more efficient detection of diseased animals.
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Fontana S, Mauceri R, Novara ME, Alessandro R, Campisi G. Protein Cargo of Salivary Small Extracellular Vesicles as Potential Functional Signature of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222011160. [PMID: 34681822 PMCID: PMC8539015 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The early diagnosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is still an investigative challenge. Saliva has been proposed as an ideal diagnostic medium for biomarker detection by mean of liquid biopsy technique. The aim of this pilot study was to apply proteomic and bioinformatic strategies to determine the potential use of saliva small extracellular vesicles (S/SEVs) as a potential tumor biomarker source. Among the twenty-three enrolled patients, 5 were free from diseases (OSCC_FREE), 6 were with OSCC without lymph node metastasis (OSCC_NLNM), and 12 were with OSCC and lymph node metastasis (OSCC_LNM). The S/SEVs from patients of each group were pooled and properly characterized before performing their quantitative proteome comparison based on the SWATH_MS (Sequential Window Acquisition of all Theoretical Mass Spectra) method. The analysis resulted in quantitative information for 365 proteins differentially characterizing the S/SEVs of analyzed clinical conditions. Bioinformatic analysis of the proteomic data highlighted that each S/SEV group was associated with a specific cluster of enriched functional network terms. Our results highlighted that protein cargo of salivary small extracellular vesicles defines a functional signature, thus having potential value as novel predict biomarkers for OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Fontana
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy; (M.E.N.); (R.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-09123865731
| | - Rodolfo Mauceri
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (R.M.); (G.C.)
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences, Morphological and Functional Images, University of Messina, 98124 Messina, Italy
- Department of Dental Surgery, Faculty of Dental Surgery, University of Malta, 2090 Msida, Malta
| | - Maria Eugenia Novara
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy; (M.E.N.); (R.A.)
| | - Riccardo Alessandro
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy; (M.E.N.); (R.A.)
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB), National Research Council (CNR), 90146 Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Campisi
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (R.M.); (G.C.)
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Potential of Salivary Biomarkers in Autism Research: A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910873. [PMID: 34639213 PMCID: PMC8509590 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The diagnostic process for autism spectrum disorders (ASD) is based on a behavioral analysis of the suspected individual. Despite intensive research, no specific and valid biomarker has been identified for ASD, but saliva, with its advantages such as non-invasive collection, could serve as a suitable alternative to other body fluids. As a source of nucleic acid of both human and microbial origin, protein and non-protein molecules, saliva offers a complex view on the current state of the organism. Additionally, the use of salivary markers seems to be less complicated not only for ASD screening but also for revealing the etiopathogenesis of ASD, since enrolling neurotypical counterparts willing to participate in studies may be more feasible. The aim of the presented review is to provide an overview of the current research performed on saliva in relation to ASD, mutual complementing, and discrepancies that result in difficulties applying the observed markers in clinical practice. We emphasize the methodological limitations of saliva collection and processing as well as the lack of information regarding ASD diagnosis, which is critically discussed.
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Shi Y, Ye P, Yang K, Meng J, Guo J, Pan Z, Zhao W, Guo J. Application of centrifugal microfluidics in immunoassay, biochemical analysis and molecular diagnosis. Analyst 2021; 146:5800-5821. [PMID: 34570846 DOI: 10.1039/d1an00629k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Rapid diagnosis plays a vital role in daily life and is effective in reducing treatment costs and increasing curability, especially in remote areas with limited availability of resources. Among the various common methods of rapid diagnosis, centrifugal microfluidics has many unique advantages, such as less sample consumption, more precise valve control for sequential loading of samples, and accurately separated module design in a microfluidic network to minimize cross-contamination. Therefore, in recent years, centrifugal microfluidics has been extensively researched, and it has been found to play important roles in biology, chemistry, and medicine. Here, we review the latest developments in centrifugal microfluidic platforms in immunoassays, biochemical analyses, and molecular diagnosis, in recent years. In immunoassays, we focus on the application of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA); in biochemical analysis, we introduce the application of plasma and blood cell separation; and in molecular diagnosis, we highlight the application of nucleic acid amplification tests. Additionally, we discuss the characteristics of the methods under each platform as well as the enhancement of the corresponding performance parameters, such as the limit of detection, separation efficiency, etc. Finally, we discuss the limitations associated with the existing applications and potential breakthroughs that can be achieved in this field in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxing Shi
- School of Automation Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China.
| | - Peng Ye
- School of Automation Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China.
| | - Kuojun Yang
- School of Automation Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China.
| | - Jie Meng
- School of Automation Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China.
| | - Jiuchuan Guo
- School of Automation Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China.
| | - Zhixiang Pan
- School of Automation Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China.
| | - Wenhao Zhao
- School of Automation Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China.
| | - Jinhong Guo
- School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China.
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Namuganga AR, Chegou NN, Mayanja-Kizza H. Past and Present Approaches to Diagnosis of Active Pulmonary Tuberculosis. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:709793. [PMID: 34631731 PMCID: PMC8495065 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.709793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis disease continues to contribute to the mortality burden globally. Due to the several shortcomings of the available diagnostic methods, tuberculosis disease continues to spread. The difficulty to obtain sputum among the very ill patients and the children also affects the quick diagnosis of tuberculosis disease. These challenges warrant investigating different sample types that can provide results in a short time. Highlighted in this review are the approved pulmonary tuberculosis diagnostic methods and ongoing research to improve its diagnosis. We used the PRISMA guidelines for systematic reviews to search for studies that met the selection criteria for this review. In this review we found out that enormous biosignature research is ongoing to identify host biomarkers that can be used as predictors of active PTB disease. On top of this, more research was also being done to improve already existing diagnostic tests. Host markers required more optimization for use in different settings given their varying sensitivity and specificity in PTB endemic and non-endemic settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ritah Namuganga
- Uganda–Case Western Research Collaboration-Mulago, Kampala, Uganda
- Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda
- College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Novel N. Chegou
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Harriet Mayanja-Kizza
- Uganda–Case Western Research Collaboration-Mulago, Kampala, Uganda
- College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
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Potential Salivary Markers for Differential Diagnosis of Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11090943. [PMID: 34575091 PMCID: PMC8469159 DOI: 10.3390/life11090943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The properties of the saliva of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are poorly recognized. Likewise, the diagnostic potential of saliva for differentiating various forms of IBD is largely unexplored. Therefore, we compared the concentrations of several parameters in unstimulated whole mixed saliva collected in a standardized manner from patients with active IBD unresponsive to conventional therapy. The samples were received from 27 patients with Crohn’s disease (CD), 24 patients with ulcerative colitis (UC), and 51 healthy individuals. Compared to the controls, the salivary concentrations of S100A8/calprotectin, myeloperoxidase, and IgA were significantly decreased in both CD and UC patients. In addition, patients with UC had decreased levels of TNF-R1 and decreased catalase activity. Interestingly, the concentrations of myeloperoxidase and TNF-R1 showed a high differentiation potential for CD and UC (AUC = 0.690 and 0.672, respectively). All these findings are discussed in the context of host defense in the oral cavity, patients’ prior treatment regimens, and smoking habits.
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Gv V, Tripathi T. Non-invasive methods for the assessment of biomarkers and their correlation with radiographic maturity indicators - a scoping review. Prog Orthod 2021; 22:26. [PMID: 34486079 PMCID: PMC8419155 DOI: 10.1186/s40510-021-00372-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Detection of skeletal maturity is vital in orthodontic treatment timing and planning. Traditional methods include hand-wrist radiography and cervical vertebral maturation index (CVMI). Though the radiographic methods are well established and routinely used to assess skeletal maturation, they carry the drawback of subjective perception and low reproducibility. With evolving concepts, skeletal maturation has been assessed quantitatively through biomarkers obtained from saliva, gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), and urine. The scoping review aims to explore the various biomarkers assessed through non-invasive methods and their correlation with radiographic skeletal maturity. METHODOLOGY The literature search was carried out on MEDLINE via Pubmed, Cochrane Library (Cochrane database of systematic reviews), Cochrane central register of controlled trials (CENTRAL), Google Scholar, Semantic Scholar, ScienceDirect, and Opengrey.eu for articles up to and including November 2020. Pertinent articles were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. The results were tabulated based on the type of sample collected, the biomarker assessed, method of sample collection, and the radiographic method used. RESULTS The literature search resulted in 12 relevant articles. Among all the studies, 10 studies showed that the concentration of biomarkers increases during the pubertal growth peak. On the contrary, 2 articles showed no significant difference between the levels of biomarkers and pubertal growth peak. CONCLUSION It can be concluded that the level of biomarkers increases during the pubertal growth spurt and can provide a quantitative way of assessing skeletal maturity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veena Gv
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Maulana Azad Institute of Dental Sciences, Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, New Delhi, 110002, India
| | - Tulika Tripathi
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Maulana Azad Institute of Dental Sciences, Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, New Delhi, 110002, India.
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72
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Chundru VNS, Nirmal RM, Srikanth B, Bojji M, Midhun N, Lakshmi BJ. Salivaomics for Oral Cancer Detection: An Insight. JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND BIOALLIED SCIENCES 2021; 13:S52-S56. [PMID: 34447042 PMCID: PMC8375914 DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_529_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Early detection is very crucial for successful management of oral cancer or any disease as such. Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) accounts for nearly 90% of malignancy of oral cavity. In the field of cancer research, there is always an ongoing quest for newer methods to lower the morbidity and mortality associated with OSCC. Saliva, a readily available noninvasive biofluid with constant contact with oral cancer lesion, offers an appealing alternative to serum and tissue testing. This review throws light on incorporation of newer technologies for harnessing the saliva to its fullest potential with increased specificity and sensitivity toward identification of cancer-specific molecular signatures for the development of point-of-care applications that could be used at the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Naga Sirisha Chundru
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Malla Reddy Dental College for Women, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Ramadas Madhavan Nirmal
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Rajah Muthiah Dental College and Hospital, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - B Srikanth
- Department of Dental Surgery, MNJ Institute of Oncology and Regional Cancer Centre, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Manasa Bojji
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Malla Reddy Dental College for Women, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Namburi Midhun
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, CKS Theja institute of Dental Sciences, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - B Jaya Lakshmi
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Tirumala Institute of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Nizamabad, Telangana, India
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Jin Z, Jorns A, Yim W, Wing R, Mantri Y, Zhou J, Zhou J, Wu Z, Moore C, Penny WF, Jokerst JV. Mapping Aerosolized Saliva on Face Coverings for Biosensing Applications. Anal Chem 2021; 93:11025-11032. [PMID: 34309356 PMCID: PMC8543450 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c02399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Facemasks in congregate settings prevent the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and help control the ongoing COVID-19 global pandemic because face coverings can arrest transmission of respiratory droplets. While many groups have studied face coverings as personal protective equipment, these respiratory droplets can also serve as a diagnostic fluid to report on health state; surprisingly, studies of face coverings from this perspective are quite limited. Here, we determined the concentration and distribution of aerosolized saliva (via α-amylase levels) captured on various face coverings. Our results showed that α-amylase accumulated on face coverings in a time-dependent way albeit at different levels, e.g., neck gaiters and surgical masks captured about 3-fold more α-amylase than cloth masks and N95 respirators. In addition, the saliva aerosols were primarily detected on the inner layer of multilayered face coverings. We also found that the distribution of salivary droplets on the mask correlated with the morphologies of face coverings as well as their coherence to the face curvature. These findings motivated us to extend this work and build multifunctional sensing strips capable of detecting biomarkers in situ to create "smart" masks. The work highlights that face coverings are promising platforms for biofluid collection and colorimetric biosensing, which bode well for developing surveillance tools for airborne diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhicheng Jin
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Alec Jorns
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Wonjun Yim
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Ryan Wing
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Yash Mantri
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Jiajing Zhou
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Jingcheng Zhou
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Zhuohong Wu
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Colman Moore
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - William F Penny
- Division of Cardiology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California 92161, United States
| | - Jesse V Jokerst
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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Yang H, Shan L, Gao Y, Li L, Xu G, Wang B, Yin X, Gao C, Liu J, Yang W. MicroRNA-181b Serves as a Circulating Biomarker and Regulates Inflammation in Heart Failure. DISEASE MARKERS 2021; 2021:4572282. [PMID: 34306253 PMCID: PMC8270725 DOI: 10.1155/2021/4572282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) is the typical terminal stage of cardiac diseases involving inflammatory states. The function of microRNAs (miRNAs) in the progress of HF remains poorly understood. In this study, real-time PCR results showed a decreased expression of miRNA-181b (miR-181b) in HF patients compared with healthy individuals. Besides, miR-181b expressions were negatively correlated with hypersensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP) levels in the serum of HF patients. Receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve analysis showed that miR-181b was a diagnostic predictor of HF, and the area under the curve was 0.970 (DCM-induced HF group) and 0.962 (ICM-induced HF group). Strikingly, in HF rats induced by isoproterenol (ISO), the expression of miR-181b of heart tissue was suppressed before tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) increase, as revealed by western blot and real-time PCR. Besides, the overexpression of miR-181b also decreased the expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) induced neonatal cardiomyocytes. In conclusion, our results revealed that miR-181b might be a potential biomarker for HF and provided a novel target for anti-inflammatory therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxiao Yang
- Department of Cardiology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 37 Yiyuan Street Harbin, Heilongjiang, China 150001
| | - Lina Shan
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 23 Youzheng Street, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China 150001
| | - Yunan Gao
- Department of Cardiology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 37 Yiyuan Street Harbin, Heilongjiang, China 150001
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 23 Youzheng Street, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China 150001
| | - Guifen Xu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 23 Youzheng Street, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China 150001
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 23 Youzheng Street, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China 150001
| | - Xiaoxue Yin
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 23 Youzheng Street, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China 150001
| | - Chengfang Gao
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 23 Youzheng Street, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China 150001
| | - Jiaren Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 37 Yiyuan Street, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China 150001
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Cardiology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 37 Yiyuan Street Harbin, Heilongjiang, China 150001
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Prasanna JS, Sumadhura C. Estimation of neopterin as a biomarker in biofluids of pre and post-menopausal women after initial periodontal therapy: A biochemical assay. J Indian Soc Periodontol 2021; 25:300-306. [PMID: 34393400 PMCID: PMC8336780 DOI: 10.4103/jisp.jisp_516_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Context: Periodontitis (PDD) is a chronic inflammatory condition by nature which destroys the surrounding tooth structures. Menopause (pre and post) worsens the inflammatory state. Biofluids could serve as sources of biomarkers that could diagnose or indicate the intensity and extent of both conditions. Aims: This study aimed to guestimate the various biofluids of neopterin (NP) levels in premenopause (pre-m) and postmenopausal (post-m) women with PDD after initial periodontal therapy (IPT). Settings and Design: This was an interventional cross-sectional study. Materials and Methods: Based on menstrual history, within the age range of 40–60 years, 30 female patients having PDD participated, who were grouped into pre-m and post-m, each group comprised 15 subjects. A biochemical test of NP levels was done at the initial and three months following IPT. Statistics used: Group comparisons and percentage decrement using independent sample t-test and paired t-test for intragroup comparison were done with the version 21, IBM SPSS software. Results: Intragroup NP analysis at different time points showed significant improvement. Intergroup comparison, however, has shown significant improvement in the premenopausal group (Group I) only. Conclusions: Reduced levels of NP were found in pre-m and post-m groups 3 months after IPT, inferring that IPT is a paragon in periodontal therapy and NP might be a good diagnostic marker to detect PDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jammula Surya Prasanna
- Department of Periodontics, Panineeya Institute of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Chinta Sumadhura
- Department of Periodontics, Panineeya Institute of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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Ho Pao C, Choi SCT, Lok SY, Dorrough S, Abelseth C, Shelton J, Rentas A. Inquiry-Driven Bioinformatics Laboratory Research Module: Metagenomic Study of Student Oral Microbes. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY & BIOLOGY EDUCATION 2021; 22:jmbe00136-21. [PMID: 34594441 PMCID: PMC8442007 DOI: 10.1128/jmbe.00136-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
American Society for Microbiology Curriculum Guidelines highlight the importance of enabling students to think critically and learn by doing research. Moreover, information in biology, especially genetics and biotechnology, increases too rapidly for instructors to teach everything. To increase students' interest and comprehension of important core genetic concepts and to encourage students to practice scientific investigation, we designed a research module for upper-level biology/genetics students to examine oral bacteria. Students extracted their own oral microbial DNA and amplified and analyzed with general genus- and species-specific 16S rRNA PCR primers. The microbial DNA samples were also amplified with conserved bacteria 16S rRNA primers and the amplicons TOPO cloned (topoisomerase-based cloning) and Sanger sequenced. Lastly, the metagenomic microbial DNA samples were also sequenced by Illumina next-generation sequencing and analyzed with bioinformatics tools. We have implemented the module in three iterations of an undergraduate class at a small, liberal arts college. The project culminates in a poster presentation that the students on average performed in a high B range. Pre- and postsurvey analysis of student learning gains revealed significant student learning (P < 0.05 one-tailed, paired Wilcoxon signed ranked test, n = 23). Next, we surveyed student perceptions of the activity by a self-assessment. Significantly more than the medians, the students enjoyed the inquiry-driven module and considered it more effective in teaching about PCR and other molecular genetics concepts than the traditional prescribed laboratory exercises. We conclude that this microbe laboratory module induces research interest and is useful in teaching important genetics concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrystal Ho Pao
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Trinity International University, Deerfield, Illinois, USA
| | - Sou-Cheng T. Choi
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Shu Yun Lok
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Trinity International University, Deerfield, Illinois, USA
| | - Storm Dorrough
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Trinity International University, Deerfield, Illinois, USA
| | - Connie Abelseth
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Trinity International University, Deerfield, Illinois, USA
| | - Joyce Shelton
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Trinity International University, Deerfield, Illinois, USA
| | - Angelo Rentas
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Trinity International University, Deerfield, Illinois, USA
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Bellando-Randone S, Russo E, Venerito V, Matucci-Cerinic M, Iannone F, Tangaro S, Amedei A. Exploring the Oral Microbiome in Rheumatic Diseases, State of Art and Future Prospective in Personalized Medicine with an AI Approach. J Pers Med 2021; 11:625. [PMID: 34209167 PMCID: PMC8306274 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11070625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The oral microbiome is receiving growing interest from the scientific community, as the mouth is the gateway for numerous potential etiopathogenetic factors in different diseases. In addition, the progression of niches from the mouth to the gut, defined as "oral-gut microbiome axis", affects several pathologies, as rheumatic diseases. Notably, rheumatic disorders (RDs) are conditions causing chronic, often intermittent pain affecting the joints or connective tissue. In this review, we examine evidence which supports a role for the oral microbiome in the etiology and progression of various RDs, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA), Sjogren's syndrome (SS), and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). In addition, we address the most recent studies endorsing the oral microbiome as promising diagnostic biomarkers for RDs. Lastly, we introduce the concepts of artificial intelligence (AI), in particular, machine learning (ML) and their general application for understanding the link between oral microbiota and rheumatic diseases, speculating the application of a possible AI approach-based that can be applied to personalized medicine in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Bellando-Randone
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Florence, Italy; (S.B.-R.); (E.R.); (M.M.-C.)
| | - Edda Russo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Florence, Italy; (S.B.-R.); (E.R.); (M.M.-C.)
| | - Vincenzo Venerito
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantations, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70121 Bari, Italy; (V.V.); (F.I.)
| | - Marco Matucci-Cerinic
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Florence, Italy; (S.B.-R.); (E.R.); (M.M.-C.)
- Unit of Immunology, Rheumatology, Allergy and Rare Diseases (UnIRAR), IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Florenzo Iannone
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantations, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70121 Bari, Italy; (V.V.); (F.I.)
| | - Sabina Tangaro
- Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica “M. Merlin”, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, 70121 Bari, Italy;
| | - Amedeo Amedei
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Florence, Italy; (S.B.-R.); (E.R.); (M.M.-C.)
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Human Saliva as a Diagnostic Specimen for Early Detection of Inflammatory Biomarkers by Real-Time RT-PCR. Inflammation 2021; 44:1713-1723. [PMID: 34031776 PMCID: PMC8143742 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-021-01484-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays human saliva is more frequently studied as a non-invasive, stress-free, and preferable diagnostic material than blood. Supporting evidences acknowledge saliva as a mirror that reflects the body’s physical state. Numerous studies have also demonstrated the presence and use of RNA derived from saliva in the early diagnosis of disease by real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Assessing the host inflammatory response in patients and its resolution at an early stage can serve as a prognostic and predictive method in determining therapeutic response or disease progression. In this context, the potential of saliva as a specimen to diagnose early inflammatory biomarkers using RT-PCR seems fascinating and useful. Here, we review inflammatory biomarkers within the saliva, focusing on early detection of these biomarkers using RT-PCR and the factors influencing the quality of saliva specimen.
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79
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Monib KMED, El-Fallah AA, Salem RM. Inflammatory markers in acne vulgaris: Saliva as a novel diagnostic fluid. J Cosmet Dermatol 2021; 21:1280-1285. [PMID: 34008303 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.14236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the wide use of saliva-based measurements in inflammatory, autoimmune and neoplastic conditions, its use in dermatology is still limited. AIMS The aims of this study were to assess the serum and salivary levels of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and C-reactive protein (CRP) in patients with acne vulgaris. PATIENTS/METHODS The study included 84 moderate-to-severe acne vulgaris patients, in addition to 105 healthy control subjects. Serum and salivary levels of CRP and IL-1β were estimated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique. RESULTS Using T-test, the serum and salivary levels of both CRP and IL-1β in the patients were significantly higher than the measured levels in the control subjects (p < 0.001). Using Pearson correlation coefficient, serum and salivary CRP and serum IL-1β levels showed significantly positive correlation with GAGS scores (p < 0.001). The levels of IL-1β in saliva did not show significant correlation with GAGS scores or with serum and salivary CRP. CONCLUSIONS The current study supports the emerging role of saliva as a valid noninvasive tool for monitoring inflammation and as a reliable and stress-free tool to evaluate cytokines and other inflammatory marker levels in acne vulgaris.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Asmaa Adel El-Fallah
- Clinical and Chemical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | - Rehab Mohammed Salem
- Dermatology and Andrology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
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80
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Nair S, Nisha KJ. Evaluation of the effect of scaling and root planing on salivary and serum fetuin-A levels in patients with stages II and III periodontitis. J Periodontol 2021; 93:177-186. [PMID: 33997977 DOI: 10.1002/jper.21-0179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fetuin-A has garnered recognition in the etiopathogenesis of several systemic disorders. It has been recently acknowledged as an anti-inflammatory marker for periodontal disease. This study aimed to compare and correlate salivary and serum fetuin-A levels in health and patients with stages II-III periodontitis along with evaluating the effect of non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) on the same. METHODS Group 1 comprised of 30 healthy subjects. Group 2 embodied 30 patients with stages II-III periodontitis. Clinical periodontal parameters were recorded. Saliva and serum samples were assembled. Periodontitis patients received non-surgical periodontal treatment. They were recalled after 6 months, and collection of samples and recording of clinical parameters were reiterated. Fetuin-A levels were analyzed using ELISA. RESULTS Salivary and serum fetuin-A levels were significantly lower in periodontitis patients when compared with the healthy subjects (P < 0.001) at baseline. Their concentrations significantly upregulated 6 months after active periodontal therapy (P < 0.001). Salivary fetuin-A levels revealed a significant positive correlation with their serum levels in Group 1 at baseline (P < 0.001). They also displayed a positive correlation in Group 2 at baseline and 6 months post periodontal therapy, nevertheless failed to establish a statistically significant association. CONCLUSION(S) Our study concluded that salivary and serum fetuin-A levels diminished with increasing severity of periodontal inflammation, and NSPT remarkably improved their levels. They also displayed a significant positive correlation in health, and a non-significant, yet positive correlation in patients with periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjita Nair
- Department of Periodontics, Vydehi Institute of Dental Sciences and Research Center, Bengaluru, India
| | - K J Nisha
- Department of Periodontics, Vydehi Institute of Dental Sciences and Research Center, Bengaluru, India
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Gleerup HS, Jensen CS, Høgh P, Hasselbalch SG, Simonsen AH. Lactoferrin in cerebrospinal fluid and saliva is not a diagnostic biomarker for Alzheimer's disease in a mixed memory clinic population. EBioMedicine 2021; 67:103361. [PMID: 33975253 PMCID: PMC8122152 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pathological changes in Alzheimer's Disease (AD) and other neurodegenerative disorders begin decades prior to their clinical expression. However, the clinical diagnosis of neurodegenerative dementias is not straightforward. Lactoferrin is an iron-binding, antimicrobial glycoprotein with a plethora of functions, including acting as an important immune modulator and by having a bacteriocidic effect. Two previous studies indicated that salivary lactoferrin could differentiate between neurodegenerative dementias. METHODS A total of 222 cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and saliva samples from a consecutive, mixed memory clinic population were analysed for lactoferrin. In addition, the association between lactoferrin in CSF and saliva and the concentration of tau, phosphorylated tau (p-tau) and amyloid 1-42 (Aβ42) in CSF were addressed. FINDINGS CSF lactoferrin was assessed for the first time in a cohort of patients with neurodegenerative dementias. No significant differences were found in the levels of CSF or saliva lactoferrin between the diagnostic groups. In addition, no significant relationships were found between lactoferrin levels and tau, p-tau and Aβ42, respectively. INTERPRETATION Neither CSF nor saliva lactoferrin could differentiate between neurodegenerative dementias in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Sophia Gleerup
- Department of Neurology, Danish Dementia Research Centre (DDRC), Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Denmark.
| | - Camilla Steen Jensen
- Department of Neurology, Danish Dementia Research Centre (DDRC), Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Denmark
| | - Peter Høgh
- Regional Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Steen Gregers Hasselbalch
- Department of Neurology, Danish Dementia Research Centre (DDRC), Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anja Hviid Simonsen
- Department of Neurology, Danish Dementia Research Centre (DDRC), Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Denmark
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Abstract
The continuous monitoring of proteins is a current challenge in medical diagnostics. A new electrochemical approach aiming to address this has been described. The method uses antibodies as a recognition element to achieve the real-time measurement of proteins in saliva in the mouth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Cash
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, USA
- Quantitative Biosciences and Engineering Program, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, USA
| | - Kevin W Plaxco
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, USA.
- Center for Bioengineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, USA.
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Bidkar V, Mishra M, Gade N, Selvaraj K. Conventional Naso-Oropharyngeal Sampling Versus Self-Collected Saliva Samples in COVID-19 Testing. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2021; 74:2923-2929. [PMID: 33937007 PMCID: PMC8075022 DOI: 10.1007/s12070-021-02571-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Comparing the diagnostic utility of salivary specimen samples with conventional nasopharynx-oropharynx (NP-OP) specimen samples to identify COVID-19 cases by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Eighty COVID-19 suspects enrolled for the paired sampling. In addition to conventional sampling, suspects were asked to follow stepwise pictorial instructions for self salivary sampling. Separate nylon swab stick was used for taking the samples from NP-OP and the floor of the oral cavity. The data were analyzed for sensitivity, specificity, concordance of COVID-19 status, and limits of agreement for cycle threshold (ct) values by either method. Forty-nine suspects (61.3%) were males, the mean age was 36.4 years. To determine the diagnostic test performance of the saliva, RT-PCR results of the NP-OP samples were used as the reference standard. Out of 80 suspects, 41 showed positivity by NP-OP swabs and 12 by salivary samples. The salivary samples showed significantly lesser positivity rate. The sensitivity and specificity of salivary samples against conventional reference standards are 24.4%, 94.9% respectively. Concordance of these two types of samples in terms of agreement kappa statistics is estimated as K = 0.252 (0.09-0.42). Median ct values of both the E and ORF1ab gene for the salivary samples were higher compared to the corresponding NP-OP sample. This study showed lesser sensitivity with salivary swab samples as compared to conventional NP-OP sampling for RT-PCR, COVID-19 detection. Hence, we are of opinion that more studies are required to establish the utility of salivary sampling in COVID-19 diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Bidkar
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Nagpur, Maharashtra India
| | - Meena Mishra
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Nagpur, Maharashtra India
| | - Neeta Gade
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Nagpur, Maharashtra India
| | - Kalaiselvi Selvaraj
- Department of Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Nagpur, Maharashtra India
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Gilmiyarova FN, Gusyakova OA, Konstantinov DY, Selezneva IA, Borodina IA, Kolotyeva NA, Konstantinova EA, Tlustenko VS, Lebedeva SS, Temnik EI, Remizov VV. Molecular profile of oral fluid in new coronavirus infection. Klin Lab Diagn 2021; 66:133-138. [PMID: 33793111 DOI: 10.51620/0869-2084-2021-66-3-133-138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Oral fluid is an alternative biological material that confirms correlations with blood parameters in various pathological conditions of the body. In order to find a non-invasive approach to stratification of patients with COVID-19 disease, molecular biomarkers of the oral fluid have been determined in patients with moderate coronavirus infection in comparison with clinically healthy individuals. It has been shown that proteomic, carbohydrate, macro- and microelement profiles of the oral fluid in coronavirus infection can be used for diagnostics. The features of protein metabolism were revealed: an increase in the content of total protein, urea; increased activity of enzymes aspartate aminotransferase, gamma glutamyl transpeptidase, creatine phosphokinase, alkaline phosphatase; changes in carbohydrate metabolism, which is expressed by an increase in glucose and lactate levels, an increase in lactate dehydrogenase activity, sodium, chloride, calcium, magnesium, iron content.
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85
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Development of Flexible Ion-Selective Electrodes for Saliva Sodium Detection. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21051642. [PMID: 33652955 PMCID: PMC7956447 DOI: 10.3390/s21051642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Saliva can be used for health monitoring with non-invasive wearable systems. Such devices, including electrochemical sensors, may provide a safe, fast, and cost-efficient way of detecting target ions. Although salivary ions are known to reflect those in blood, no available clinical device can detect essential ions directly from saliva. Here, we introduce an all-solid-state, flexible film sensor that allows highly accurate detection of sodium levels in saliva, comparable to those in blood. The wireless film sensor system can successfully measure sodium ions from a small volume of infants' saliva (<400 µL), demonstrating its potential as a continuous health monitor. This study includes the structural characterization and error analysis of a carbon/elastomer-based ion-selective electrode and a reference electrode to confirm the signal reliability. The sensor, composed of a pair of the electrodes, shows good sensitivity (58.9 mV/decade) and selectivity (log K = -2.68 for potassium), along with a broad detection range of 5 × 10-5 ≈ 1 M with a low detection limit of 4.27 × 10-5 M. The simultaneous comparison between the film sensor and a commercial electrochemical sensor demonstrates the accuracy of the flexible sensor and a positive correlation in saliva-to-blood sodium levels. Collectively, the presented study shows the potential of the wireless ion-selective sensor system for a non-invasive, early disease diagnosis with saliva.
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Determination and Pharmacokinetics of Omeprazole Enantiomers in Human Plasma and Oral Fluid Utilizing Microextraction by Packed Sorbent and Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Int J Anal Chem 2021; 2021:8845139. [PMID: 33531903 PMCID: PMC7837791 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8845139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present work, the determination of omeprazole (OME) enantiomers in oral fluid and plasma samples was carried out utilizing microextraction by packed sorbent (MEPS) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. A chiral column with cellulose-SB phase was used for the first time for enantiomeric separation of OME with an isocratic elution system using 0.2% ammonium hydroxide in hexane-ethanol mixture (70 : 30, v/v) as the mobile phase. OME enantiomers were determined utilizing a triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer in positive ion mode (ESI+) monitoring mass transitions: m/z 346.3 ⟶ 198.0 for OME and m/z 369.98 ⟶ 252.0 for internal standard. The limits of detection and quantification of the present method for both enantiomers were 0.1 and 0.4 ng/mL, respectively. The method validation provided good accuracy and precision. The matrix effect factor was less than 5%, and no interfering peaks were observed. The interday precision values ranged from 2.2 to 7.5 (%RSD), and the accuracy of determinations varied from −9.9% to 8.3%. In addition, the pharmacokinetics (PK) of omeprazole enantiomers in healthy subjects after a single oral dose was investigated. (S)-Enantiomers showed higher levels than (R)-enantiomers throughout 24 h. It was found that the mean maximum concentrations of (R)- and (S)-omeprazole in plasma samples were about two times higher than in oral fluid.
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Handajani J, Kusumajati D, Fathiyah H, Susilowati H, Tandelilin RT. Quality improvement of saliva by chewing tapioca pearls in bubble tea drinks: a randomized experimental trial: (Study on salivary C-reactive protein (CRP) and calcium (Ca) levels). F1000Res 2021; 10:56. [PMID: 35387272 PMCID: PMC8938629 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.28028.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Bubble tea drinks contain tea and tapioca pearls. Chewing tapioca pearls in bubble tea drinks may increase salivary components. Because of its proteins, inorganic components, and enzymes, saliva plays an important role in the body's defense against bacteria and viruses. This study aims to analyze the effect of chewing tapioca pearls in bubble tea drinks on salivary C-reactive protein (CRP) and calcium (Ca) levels. Methods: The inclusion criterion was 18-25 years of age. The exclusion criteria were receiving medication, using dentures, a history of dry mouth, smoking and systemic disease. In the first week of the experiment, subjects drank bubble tea with tapioca pearls for three days (intervention week). In the second week, the same subjects drank tea without pearls for three days (control week). Each subject drank the bubble tea for 5 minutes per day over 3 days. Saliva samples were collected on the first day before bubble tea consumption (pretest) and on the third day after tea consumption (posttest). Saliva collection was performed in the morning (09:00 am-12:00 pm) for 1 minute. Sixty saliva samples were collected from 15 subjects. Salivary CRP levels were measured using a commercial ELISA kit, and Ca levels were determined using semi-quantitative test strips. Results: Salivary CRP decreased significantly on the third day in the intervention group but showed no significant difference with the control group. Calcium levels increased significantly on the third day in both groups. Conclusion: Bubble tea drinks could improve the quality of saliva by decreasing salivary CRP and increasing Ca levels. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04670341 (17 th December 2020).
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Affiliation(s)
- Juni Handajani
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, 55281, Indonesia
| | - Dinda Kusumajati
- Dental Hygiene Study Program, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, 55281, Indonesia
| | - Hania Fathiyah
- Dental Hygiene Study Program, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, 55281, Indonesia
| | - Heni Susilowati
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, 55281, Indonesia
| | - Regina T.C. Tandelilin
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, 55281, Indonesia
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Kaczmarek U, Wrzyszcz-Kowalczyk A, Jankowska K, Prościak K, Mysiak-Dębska M, Przywitowska I, Makulska I. Selected salivary parameters in children with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome: a preliminary study. BMC Oral Health 2021; 21:17. [PMID: 33413282 PMCID: PMC7791758 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-020-01375-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Disturbances in the levels of serum constituents occurring in chronic renal diseases can be reflected in the saliva composition. The aim of this study was to assess some selected salivary components in children suffering from idiopathic steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome (iNS). Methods A case–control study was performed on iNS and healthy participants. In unstimulated mixed saliva, pH, buffer capacity, total protein, α-amylase, peroxidase, calcium, magnesium, inorganic phosphate, fluoride, urea, uric acid and salivary flow rate were measured. Oral condition was assessed using dmft, DMFT, API and GI indices, usage of fluoride specimens and frequency of tooth brushing. Statistical analysis was performed by Shapiro–Wilk, Brown-Forsythe, Student’s t, ANOVA, Tukey’s and Pearson’s chi-square tests, Pearson’s and Spearman’s correlations, logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Results The study involved 94 participants of both genders aged 4–17 (47 cases in relapse or remission phase of iNS and 47 controls) who were treated in the clinic of pediatric nephrology or outpatient dental clinic. Neither group differed in the number of caries-affected primary and permanent teeth, gingival condition or use of fluoride specimens. The iNS group presented lower levels of magnesium (0.41 ± 0.34 vs. 0.60 ± 0.38 mg/dL, P < 0.05) and fluoride (0.15 ± 0.10 vs. 0.21 ± 0.10 ppm, P < 0.01) and higher contents of urea (35.19 ± 15.55 vs. 25.21 ± 10.78 mg/dL, P < 0.01) and uric acid (2.90 ± 1.23 vs. 2.34 ± 1.04 mg/dL, P < 0.05) than the controls. In the iNS participants with relapse, a higher peroxidase activity and lower magnesium content than in the remission phase were found. ROC analysis showed a weak discriminatory power of these salivary constituents for the differentiation of participants with and without disease (accuracy from 66.0 to 67.0%, area under the ROC curve (AUC) from 0.638 to 0.682) and the relapse and remission phases (accuracy 70.2% and 68.1% and AUC 0.717 and 0.675, respectively). Conclusions Levels of urea, uric acid, magnesium and fluoride in saliva can be associated with the course of iNS. Salivary levels of peroxidase and magnesium can be related to the phase of the disease. However, the measurements of these parameters cannot be useful as a noninvasive tool in diagnosing iNS and the phase of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urszula Kaczmarek
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Pedodontics, Wroclaw Medical University, Krakowska 26, 50-425, Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Alina Wrzyszcz-Kowalczyk
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Pedodontics, Wroclaw Medical University, Krakowska 26, 50-425, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Jankowska
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Pedodontics, Wroclaw Medical University, Krakowska 26, 50-425, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Prościak
- Department and Clinic of Pediatric Nephrology, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 213, 50-556, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Monika Mysiak-Dębska
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Pedodontics, Wroclaw Medical University, Krakowska 26, 50-425, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Iwona Przywitowska
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Pedodontics, Wroclaw Medical University, Krakowska 26, 50-425, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Irena Makulska
- Department and Clinic of Pediatric Nephrology, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 213, 50-556, Wrocław, Poland
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Abstract
Human lifespan has increased significantly in the last 200 years, emphasizing our need to age healthily. Insights into molecular mechanisms of aging might allow us to slow down its rate or even revert it. Similar to aging, glycosylation is regulated by an intricate interplay of genetic and environmental factors. The dynamics of glycopattern variation during aging has been mostly explored for plasma/serum and immunoglobulin G (IgG) N-glycome, as we describe thoroughly in this chapter. In addition, we discuss the potential functional role of agalactosylated IgG glycans in aging, through modulation of inflammation level, as proposed by the concept of inflammaging. We also comment on the potential to use the plasma/serum and IgG N-glycome as a biomarker of healthy aging and on the interventions that modulate the IgG glycopattern. Finally, we discuss the current knowledge about animal models for human plasma/serum and IgG glycosylation and mention other, less explored, instances of glycopattern changes during organismal aging and cellular senescence.
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Podrigalo LV, Iermakov SS, Jagiello W. Metabolic and Endocrine Changes Determined in Saliva of Adolescents Engaged in Computer Gaming. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:1649759. [PMID: 33381543 PMCID: PMC7762648 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1649759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Passion for computer games negatively affects the health level of schoolchildren. Among the approaches to monitoring the functional state of such schoolchildren, the most informative and painless is the study of the saliva. The study involved 45 children, aged 14.00 ± 0.21 years, and divided according to the contact's intensity with computer games. The following indicators of lipid peroxidation (LPO) were determined in the saliva: indicators of the antioxidant (AO) system, concentration of immunoglobulin A, and hormonal indicators. The significant increases in the catecholamine (adrenaline) level for 2.3 times and biogenic amine-serotonin for 35.5% and increase in the LPO-DC product concentration in gamers for 75.8% were revealed. The study of the schoolchildren's homeostasis peculiarities confirmed the adequacy of the use of biochemical techniques to assess the condition of children gamers. They have a prenosological condition. This is reflected in the increase in LPO intensity, failure of the protective AO system, imbalance of hormonal state, and immunity deterioration. Information on the evaluation of the LPO activity processes and the AO system condition and the degree of the balance's shift between prooxidants and antioxidants in biological substrates can be considered objective and very sensitive indicators of the general condition, activity, and improvement of the regulation and maintenance of homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wladyslaw Jagiello
- Department of Sport, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdansk, Poland
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91
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Salivary Stress/Immunological Markers in Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228562. [PMID: 33202858 PMCID: PMC7698267 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
There is continuous and growing interest in research into new alternatives to standard biomarkers to detect and follow-up disease, reducing physical and psychological stress in patients needing regular and invasive medical examinations for the evaluation of pathologies, including inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Saliva is one of the most promising body fluids in the research of new biomarkers, thanks to the large number of molecules it contains. Many molecules present in saliva are often directly correlated to their concentration in the blood but may be affected by the condition of the oral cavity. This means that a careful selection of a specific biomarker is required for each pathology, especially pathologies such as IBD, which may induce inflammation in the oral cavity. Here, we analyze the currently used and the proposed new salivary biomarkers (i.e., calprotectin, cytokines, IgA, cortisol, and oxidative stress markers) for the detection and follow-up of the main subtypes of IBD, known as ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease.
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92
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Hegde SS, Sattur AP, Bargale AB, Rao GS, Shetty RS, Kulkarni RD, Ajantha GS. Estimation and correlation of serum and salivary glucose and immunoglobulin A levels and salivary candidal carriage in diabetic and non-diabetic patients. J Dent Res Dent Clin Dent Prospects 2020; 14:206-213. [PMID: 33575008 PMCID: PMC7867688 DOI: 10.34172/joddd.2020.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background. A correlation has been noted between diabetes mellitus (DM) and changes in the oral cavity. The present study aimed to estimate, compare, and correlate serum and salivary glucose and IgA levels and salivary candidal carriage in diabetic and non-diabetic individuals. Methods. Eighty-eight subjects were categorized into three groups: group 1 (controlled DM; n=27), group 2 (uncontrolled DM; n=32) and group 3 (non-diabetics; n=29). Serum and salivary glucose levels were estimated by glucose oxidase/peroxidase method, serum and salivary IgA by a diagnostic kit, and candidal colonization by inoculating samples into Sabouraud dextrose agar plate. Statistical analyses were carried out by one-way ANOVA, post hoc Tukey tests, and Pearson's correlation coefficient. Results. Significant elevation of serum IgA levels was observed in group 2 compared to group 3 and significant decreases in salivary IgA levels in groups 1 and 2. The candidal carriage was significantly higher in group 2 compared to group 3. Serum glucose and salivary IgA levels showed a significant correlation in group 1. There was a positive correlation between serum/ salivary glucose and serum/salivary IgA levels in group 2. In addition, there was a significant correlation between serum glucose and serum IgA levels in group 3. Conclusion. Saliva could be a potential, non-invasive diagnostic tool to estimate glucose levels. The evaluation of salivary components, like IgA, might be useful in diagnosing and managing oral manifestations in diabetic individuals. Elevated salivary glucose levels contribute to elevated candidal carriage, making individuals susceptible to oral candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruthi S Hegde
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Srinivas Institute of Dental Sciences, Mukka, Surathkal, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Atul P Sattur
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, SDM College of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Dharwad, India
| | - Anil Bapu Bargale
- Department of Biochemistry, SDM College of Medical Sciences and Hospital, Dharwad, Karnataka, India
| | - Gayathri S Rao
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Srinivas Institute of Dental Sciences, Mukka, Surathkal, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Rajeeth S Shetty
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Srinivas Institute of Dental Sciences, Mukka, Surathkal, Mangalore, India
| | - Raghavendra D Kulkarni
- Department of Microbiology, SDM College of Medical Sciences and Hospital, Dharwad, India
| | - Ganavalli S Ajantha
- Department of Microbiology, SDM College of Medical Sciences and Hospital, Dharwad, India
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93
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Yu H, Wang J, Tang Z, Li X, Yin M, Zhang F, Shu J, Chen W, Yang S, Li Z. Integrated glycomics strategy for the evaluation of glycosylation alterations in salivary proteins associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus. RSC Adv 2020; 10:39739-39752. [PMID: 35515389 PMCID: PMC9057417 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra05466f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation is involved in several biological processes, and its alterations can reflect the process of certain diseases. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has attained the status of a global pandemic; however, the difference in salivary protein glycosylation between healthy subjects and patients with T2DM has not been fully understood. In the present study, salivary specimens from patients with T2DM (n = 72) and healthy volunteers (HVs, n = 80) were enrolled and divided into discovery and validation cohorts. A method combining the lectin microarray and lectin blotting was employed to investigate and confirm the altered glycopatterns in salivary glycoproteins. Then, lectin-mediated affinity capture of glycoproteins and MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS were performed to obtain the precise structural information of the altered glycans. As a result, the glycopatterns recognized by 5 lectins (LEL, VVA, Jacalin, RCA120 and DSA) showed significant alteration in the saliva of T2DM patients. Notably, the glycopattern of Galβ-1,4GlcNAc (LacNAc) recognized by LEL exhibited a significant increase in T2DM patients compared to HVs in both discovery and validation cohorts. The MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS results indicated that there were 10 and 7 LacNAc-containing N/O-glycans (e.g. m/z 1647.586, 11 688.613 and 1562.470) that were identified only in T2DM patients. Besides, the relative abundance of 3 LacNAc-containing N-glycans and 10 LacNAc-containing O-glycans showed an increase in the glycopattern in T2DM patients. These results indicated that the glycopattern of LacNAc is increased in salivary glycoproteins from T2DM patients, and an increase in LacNAc-containing N/O-glycans may contribute to this alteration. Our findings provide useful information to understand the complex physiological changes in the T2DM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanjie Yu
- Laboratory for Functional Glycomics, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University No. 229 Taibai Beilu Xi'an 710069 China
| | - Junhong Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710004 China
| | - Zhen Tang
- Laboratory for Functional Glycomics, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University No. 229 Taibai Beilu Xi'an 710069 China
| | - Xia Li
- Laboratory for Functional Glycomics, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University No. 229 Taibai Beilu Xi'an 710069 China
| | - Mengqi Yin
- Laboratory for Functional Glycomics, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University No. 229 Taibai Beilu Xi'an 710069 China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Laboratory for Functional Glycomics, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University No. 229 Taibai Beilu Xi'an 710069 China
| | - Jian Shu
- Laboratory for Functional Glycomics, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University No. 229 Taibai Beilu Xi'an 710069 China
| | - Wentian Chen
- Laboratory for Functional Glycomics, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University No. 229 Taibai Beilu Xi'an 710069 China
| | - Shuang Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University Suzhou Jiangsu China
| | - Zheng Li
- Laboratory for Functional Glycomics, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University No. 229 Taibai Beilu Xi'an 710069 China
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94
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Gul SS, Abdulkareem AA, Sha AM, Rawlinson A. Diagnostic Accuracy of Oral Fluids Biomarker Profile to Determine the Current and Future Status of Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020; 10:E838. [PMID: 33081038 PMCID: PMC7603129 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics10100838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe periodontitis is ranked as the sixth most prevalent disease affecting humankind, with an estimated 740 million people affected worldwide. The diagnosis of periodontal diseases mainly relies upon assessment of conventional clinical parameters. However, these parameters reflect past, rather than current, clinical status or future disease progression and, likely, outcome of periodontal treatment. Specific and sensitive biomarkers for periodontal diseases have been examined widely to address these issues and some biomarkers have been translated as point-of-care (PoC) tests. The aim of this review was to provide an update on PoC tests for use in the diagnosis and management of periodontal diseases. Among the PoC tests developed so far, active matrix metalloproteinase-8 has shown promising results in terms of diagnostic and prognostic values. However, further studies are required to increase the sensitivity and specificity via combining more than one biomarker and merging these test kits with periodontal risk assessment tools. Furthermore, the validity of these test kits needs to be investigated by applying the results in further independent studies and the impact on these test kits', together with the results of risk factors for periodontal diseases, such as diabetes and smoking, also needs to be examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarhang S. Gul
- College of Dentistry, Periodontics Department, University of Sulaimani, Sulaymaniyah 1124–30, Iraq;
| | - Ali A. Abdulkareem
- Department of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Baghdad, Baghdad 10011, Iraq;
| | - Aram M. Sha
- College of Dentistry, Periodontics Department, University of Sulaimani, Sulaymaniyah 1124–30, Iraq;
| | - Andrew Rawlinson
- Academic Unit of Restorative Dentistry, School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TA, UK;
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95
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Kasimoglu Y, Koruyucu M, Birant S, Karacan I, Topcuoglu N, Tuna EB, Gencay K, Seymen F. Oral microbiota and dental caries data from monozygotic and dizygotic twin children. Sci Data 2020; 7:348. [PMID: 33051450 PMCID: PMC7555494 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-020-00691-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
There are recent studies which aimed to detect the inheritance on the etiology of dental caries exploring oral composition. We present data on the oral microbiota and its relation with dental caries and other factors in monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twin children. Following clinical investigation, DNA samples were collected and isolated from saliva of 198 patients (49 MZ and 50 DZ twins) with an average age of 9.7 ± 2.7 years. Salivary bacterial microbiota analysis was performed using high throughput amplicon sequencing method targeting V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene. A total of 8,297,859 raw reads corresponding to 41,908 reads per sample were obtained on average. The QIIME2-deblur workflow was used for 16S rRNA amplicon analysis. Microbiome similarity analyses between twins (based on Bray-Curtis dissimilarity, weighted and unweighted Unifrac distances) showed that monozygotic twins share more bacterial microbial content compared to dizygotic twins. This is a large microbial community dataset of MZ and DZ twins with or without dental findings which can be further used for children oral microbiome profile explorations. Measurement(s) | Oral Microbiome • DNA • dental health | Technology Type(s) | twin design • amplicon sequencing • Examination | Factor Type(s) | zygosity status • age • sex | Sample Characteristic - Organism | Microbiota • Homo sapiens | Sample Characteristic - Environment | saliva |
Machine-accessible metadata file describing the reported data: 10.6084/m9.figshare.12987797
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Affiliation(s)
- Yelda Kasimoglu
- Department of Pedodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Mine Koruyucu
- Department of Pedodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sinem Birant
- Department of Pedodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul University Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ilker Karacan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nursen Topcuoglu
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Elif Bahar Tuna
- Department of Pedodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Koray Gencay
- Department of Pedodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Figen Seymen
- Department of Pedodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
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96
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Serafim Vilela AC, Costa NL. The COVID-19 and Saliva Paradox. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2020; 78:2105. [PMID: 32961125 PMCID: PMC7501522 DOI: 10.1016/j.joms.2020.07.225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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97
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Kar A, Ramakrishnan P, Gupta D, Saha N, Rao VUS. The tell-tale oral fluid: salivary diagnostics take a turn. JOURNAL OF ORAL MEDICINE AND ORAL SURGERY 2020. [DOI: 10.1051/mbcb/2020042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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98
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Sapkota D, Søland TM, Galtung HK, Sand LP, Giannecchini S, To KKW, Mendes-Correa MC, Giglio D, Hasséus B, Braz-Silva PH. COVID-19 salivary signature: diagnostic and research opportunities. J Clin Pathol 2020; 74:jclinpath-2020-206834. [PMID: 32769214 DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2020-206834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 (caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)) epidemic started in Wuhan (Hubei Province, China) in mid-December 2019 and quickly spread across the world as a pandemic. As a key to tracing the disease and to implement strategies aimed at breaking the chain of disease transmission, extensive testing for SARS-CoV-2 was suggested. Although nasopharyngeal/oropharyngeal swabs are the most commonly used biological samples for SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis, they have a number of limitations related to sample collection and healthcare personnel safety. In this context, saliva is emerging as a promising alternative to nasopharyngeal/oropharyngeal swabs for COVID-19 diagnosis and monitoring. Saliva collection, being a non-invasive approach with possibility for self-collection, circumvents to a great extent the limitations associated with the use of nasopharyngeal/oropharyngeal swabs. In addition, various salivary biomarkers including the salivary metabolomics offer a high promise to be useful for better understanding of COVID-19 and possibly in the identification of patients with various degrees of severity, including asymptomatic carriers. This review summarises the clinical and scientific basis for the potential use of saliva for COVID-19 diagnosis and disease monitoring. Additionally, we discuss saliva-based biomarkers and their potential clinical and research applications related to COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipak Sapkota
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tine Merete Søland
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Pathology, Rikshospitalet University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hilde Kanli Galtung
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lars Peter Sand
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Simone Giannecchini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Universita degli Studi di Firenze, Firenze, Toscana, Italy
| | - Kelvin K W To
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Li KaShing Faculty of Medicine of the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Microbiology, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infection Control, The University of Hong Kong - Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Maria Cassia Mendes-Correa
- Laboratory of Virology (LIM-52), Institute of Tropical Medicine of São Paulo, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniel Giglio
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Bengt Hasséus
- Department of Oral Medicine and Pathology, Institute of Odontology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Clinic of Oral Medicine, Region Västra Götaland, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Paulo Henrique Braz-Silva
- Laboratory of Virology (LIM-52), Institute of Tropical Medicine of São Paulo, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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99
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Khurshid Z, Warsi I, Moin SF, Slowey PD, Latif M, Zohaib S, Zafar MS. Biochemical analysis of oral fluids for disease detection. Adv Clin Chem 2020; 100:205-253. [PMID: 33453866 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2020.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The field of diagnostics using invasive blood testing represents the majority of diagnostic tests used as part of routine health monitoring. The relatively recent introduction of salivary diagnostics has lead to a major paradigm shift in diagnostic analyses. Additionally, in this era of big data, oral fluid testing has shown promising outcomes in a number of fields, particularly the areas of genomics, microbiomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and transcriptomics. Despite the analytical challenges involved in the interpretation of large datasets generated from biochemical studies involving bodily fluids, including saliva, many studies have identified novel oral biomarkers for diagnosing oral and systemic diseases. In this regard, oral biofluids, including saliva, gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), peri-implant crevicular fluid (PICF), dentinal tubular fluid (DTF), are now attracting increasing attention due to their important attributes, such as noninvasive sampling, easy handling, low cost, and more accurate diagnosis of oral diseases. Recently, the utilization of salivary diagnostics to evaluate systemic diseases and monitor general health has increased in popularity among clinicians. Saliva contains a wide range of protein, DNA and RNA biomarkers, which assist in the diagnosis of multiple diseases and conditions, including cancer, cardiovascular diseases (CVD), auto-immune and degenerative diseases, respiratory infections, oral diseases, and microbial (viral, bacterial and fungal) diseases. Moreover, due to its noninvasive nature and ease-of-adoption by children, it is now being used in mass screening programs, oral health-related studies and clinical trials in support of the development of therapeutic agents. The recent advent of highly sensitive technologies, such as next-generation sequencing, mass spectrometry, highly sensitives ELISAs, and homogeneous immunoassays, suggests that even small quantities of salivary biomarkers are able to be assayed accurately, providing opportunities for the development of many future diagnostic applications (including emerging technologies, such as point-of-care and rapid molecular technologies). The present article explores the omics and biochemical compositions of various oral biofluids with important value in diagnostics and monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohaib Khurshid
- Department of Prosthodontics and Dental Implantology, College of Dentistry, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim Warsi
- Masters in Medical Science and Clinical Investigation, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Syed F Moin
- National Center for Proteomics, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Paul D Slowey
- Oasis Diagnostics® Corporation, Vancouver, WA, United States
| | - Muhammad Latif
- Centre for Genetics and Inherited Diseases (CGID), Taibah University, Al Madinah Al Munawwarah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sana Zohaib
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad S Zafar
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Taibah University, Al Madinah Al Munawwarah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Dental Materials, Islamic International Dental College, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
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100
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Idkaidek N, Qawasmi H, Hanahen A, Abuqatouseh L, Hamadi S, Bustami M. Applicability of Saliva for Evaluation of Some Biochemical Parameters of Kidney and Liver Function in Healthy Individuals. MEDICAL LABORATORY JOURNAL 2020. [DOI: 10.29252/mlj.14.4.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
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