51
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Gao F, Zhang YF, Zhang ZP, Fu LA, Cao XL, Zhang YZ, Guo CJ, Yan XC, Yang QC, Hu YY, Zhao XH, Wang YZ, Wu SX, Ju G, Zheng MH, Han H. miR-342-5p Regulates Neural Stem Cell Proliferation and Differentiation Downstream to Notch Signaling in Mice. Stem Cell Reports 2017; 8:1032-1045. [PMID: 28344005 PMCID: PMC5390133 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2017.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Notch signaling is critically involved in neural development, but the downstream effectors remain incompletely understood. In this study, we cultured neurospheres from Nestin-Cre-mediated conditional Rbp-j knockout (Rbp-j cKO) and control embryos and compared their miRNA expression profiles using microarray. Among differentially expressed miRNAs, miR-342-5p showed upregulated expression as Notch signaling was genetically or pharmaceutically interrupted. Consistently, the promoter of the miR-342-5p host gene, the Ena-vasodilator stimulated phosphoprotein-like (Evl), was negatively regulated by Notch signaling, probably through HES5. Transfection of miR-342-5p promoted the differentiation of neural stem cells (NSCs) into intermediate neural progenitors (INPs) in vitro and reduced the stemness of NSCs in vivo. Furthermore, miR-342-5p inhibited the differentiation of neural stem/intermediate progenitor cells into astrocytes, likely mediated by targeting GFAP directly. Our results indicated that miR-342-5p could function as a downstream effector of Notch signaling to regulate the differentiation of NSCs into INPs and astrocytes commitment. miR-342-5p acts as a downstream effector of canonical Notch signaling Notch signal inhibits miR-342-5p expression by regulating its host gene Evl miR-342-5p promotes the transition of NSCs into INPs Astrocyte commitment was suppressed by miR-342-5p targeting GFAP
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Gao
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Chang-Le Xi Street #17, Xi'an 710032, China; Institute of Neurosciences, Department of Neurobiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Chang-Le Xi Street #17, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Yu-Fei Zhang
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Chang-Le Xi Street #17, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Zheng-Ping Zhang
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Luo-An Fu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Xiu-Li Cao
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Chang-Le Xi Street #17, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Yi-Zhe Zhang
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Chang-Le Xi Street #17, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Chen-Jun Guo
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Chang-Le Xi Street #17, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Xian-Chun Yan
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Chang-Le Xi Street #17, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Qin-Chuan Yang
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Chang-Le Xi Street #17, Xi'an 710032, China; Institute of Neurosciences, Department of Neurobiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Chang-Le Xi Street #17, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Yi-Yang Hu
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Chang-Le Xi Street #17, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Xiang-Hui Zhao
- Institute of Neurosciences, Department of Neurobiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Chang-Le Xi Street #17, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Ya-Zhou Wang
- Institute of Neurosciences, Department of Neurobiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Chang-Le Xi Street #17, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Sheng-Xi Wu
- Institute of Neurosciences, Department of Neurobiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Chang-Le Xi Street #17, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Gong Ju
- Institute of Neurosciences, Department of Neurobiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Chang-Le Xi Street #17, Xi'an 710032, China.
| | - Min-Hua Zheng
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Chang-Le Xi Street #17, Xi'an 710032, China.
| | - Hua Han
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Chang-Le Xi Street #17, Xi'an 710032, China.
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52
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Kantzer CG, Boutin C, Herzig ID, Wittwer C, Reiß S, Tiveron MC, Drewes J, Rockel TD, Ohlig S, Ninkovic J, Cremer H, Pennartz S, Jungblut M, Bosio A. Anti-ACSA-2 defines a novel monoclonal antibody for prospective isolation of living neonatal and adult astrocytes. Glia 2017; 65:990-1004. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.23140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Camille Boutin
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille; Campus de Luminy Marseille 13288 France
| | - Ina D. Herzig
- Miltenyi Biotec GmbH; Friedrich-Ebert-Straße 68 Bergisch Gladbach 51429 Germany
| | - Carolina Wittwer
- Miltenyi Biotec GmbH; Friedrich-Ebert-Straße 68 Bergisch Gladbach 51429 Germany
| | - Sandy Reiß
- Miltenyi Biotec GmbH; Friedrich-Ebert-Straße 68 Bergisch Gladbach 51429 Germany
| | - Marie Catherine Tiveron
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille; Campus de Luminy Marseille 13288 France
| | - Jan Drewes
- Miltenyi Biotec GmbH; Friedrich-Ebert-Straße 68 Bergisch Gladbach 51429 Germany
| | - Thomas D. Rockel
- Miltenyi Biotec GmbH; Friedrich-Ebert-Straße 68 Bergisch Gladbach 51429 Germany
| | - Stefanie Ohlig
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health; Großhadernerstr.9 Planegg/Munich 82152 Germany
- Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilian University Munich; Großhadernerstr.9 Planegg/Munich 82152 Germany
| | - Jovica Ninkovic
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health; Großhadernerstr.9 Planegg/Munich 82152 Germany
- Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilian University Munich; Großhadernerstr.9 Planegg/Munich 82152 Germany
| | - Harold Cremer
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille; Campus de Luminy Marseille 13288 France
| | - Sandra Pennartz
- Miltenyi Biotec GmbH; Friedrich-Ebert-Straße 68 Bergisch Gladbach 51429 Germany
| | - Melanie Jungblut
- Miltenyi Biotec GmbH; Friedrich-Ebert-Straße 68 Bergisch Gladbach 51429 Germany
| | - Andreas Bosio
- Miltenyi Biotec GmbH; Friedrich-Ebert-Straße 68 Bergisch Gladbach 51429 Germany
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53
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Martín-Ibáñez R, Pardo M, Giralt A, Miguez A, Guardia I, Marion-Poll L, Herranz C, Esgleas M, Garcia-Díaz Barriga G, Edel MJ, Vicario-Abejón C, Alberch J, Girault JA, Chan S, Kastner P, Canals JM. Helios expression coordinates the development of a subset of striatopallidal medium spiny neurons. Development 2017; 144:1566-1577. [PMID: 28289129 PMCID: PMC5399659 DOI: 10.1242/dev.138248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Here, we unravel the mechanism of action of the Ikaros family zinc finger protein Helios (He) during the development of striatal medium spiny neurons (MSNs). He regulates the second wave of striatal neurogenesis involved in the generation of striatopallidal neurons, which express dopamine 2 receptor and enkephalin. To exert this effect, He is expressed in neural progenitor cells (NPCs) keeping them in the G1/G0 phase of the cell cycle. Thus, a lack of He results in an increase of S-phase entry and S-phase length of NPCs, which in turn impairs striatal neurogenesis and produces an accumulation of the number of cycling NPCs in the germinal zone (GZ), which end up dying at postnatal stages. Therefore, He−/− mice show a reduction in the number of dorso-medial striatal MSNs in the adult that produces deficits in motor skills acquisition. In addition, overexpression of He in NPCs induces misexpression of DARPP-32 when transplanted in mouse striatum. These findings demonstrate that He is involved in the correct development of a subset of striatopallidal MSNs and reveal new cellular mechanisms for neuronal development. Summary: The transcription factor Helios regulates G1-S transition to promote neuronal differentiation of a striatopallidal neuronal subpopulation involved in motor skill acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Martín-Ibáñez
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Production and Validation Center of Advanced Therapies (Creatio), Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.,Neuroscience Institute, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.,August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain.,Networked Biomedical Research Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (CIBERNED), Spain.,Research and Development Unit, Production and Validation Center of Advanced Therapies (Creatio), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mónica Pardo
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Production and Validation Center of Advanced Therapies (Creatio), Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.,Neuroscience Institute, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.,August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain.,Networked Biomedical Research Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (CIBERNED), Spain
| | - Albert Giralt
- August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain.,Networked Biomedical Research Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (CIBERNED), Spain.,Pathophysiology of Neurodegenerative Diseases Laboratory, Production and Validation Center of Advanced Therapies (Creatio), Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrés Miguez
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Production and Validation Center of Advanced Therapies (Creatio), Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.,Neuroscience Institute, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.,August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain.,Networked Biomedical Research Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (CIBERNED), Spain
| | - Inés Guardia
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Production and Validation Center of Advanced Therapies (Creatio), Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.,Neuroscience Institute, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.,August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain.,Networked Biomedical Research Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (CIBERNED), Spain
| | - Lucile Marion-Poll
- Inserm UMR-S839; Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC, Paris 6), Sorbonne Universités; Institut du Fer à Moulin, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Cristina Herranz
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Production and Validation Center of Advanced Therapies (Creatio), Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.,Neuroscience Institute, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.,August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain.,Networked Biomedical Research Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (CIBERNED), Spain.,Research and Development Unit, Production and Validation Center of Advanced Therapies (Creatio), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miriam Esgleas
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Production and Validation Center of Advanced Therapies (Creatio), Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.,August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain.,Networked Biomedical Research Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (CIBERNED), Spain
| | - Gerardo Garcia-Díaz Barriga
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.,August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain.,Networked Biomedical Research Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (CIBERNED), Spain.,Pathophysiology of Neurodegenerative Diseases Laboratory, Production and Validation Center of Advanced Therapies (Creatio), Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Michael J Edel
- Control of Pluripotency Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.,Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, 2010 Australia.,School of Medicine and Pharmacology, Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, CCTRM, University of Western Australia, Western Australia, 6009 Australia
| | - Carlos Vicario-Abejón
- Networked Biomedical Research Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (CIBERNED), Spain.,Departamento de Neurobiología Molecular, Celular y del Desarrollo, Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28002 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jordi Alberch
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.,August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain.,Networked Biomedical Research Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (CIBERNED), Spain
| | - Jean-Antoine Girault
- Inserm UMR-S839; Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC, Paris 6), Sorbonne Universités; Institut du Fer à Moulin, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Susan Chan
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Production and Validation Center of Advanced Therapies (Creatio), Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.,Neuroscience Institute, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Philippe Kastner
- Department of Functional Genomics and Cancer, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Inserm U964, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 7104, 67400 Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France.,Faculté de Médecine, Université de Strasbourg, 67081 Strasbourg, France
| | - Josep M Canals
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Production and Validation Center of Advanced Therapies (Creatio), Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain .,Neuroscience Institute, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.,August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain.,Networked Biomedical Research Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (CIBERNED), Spain.,Research and Development Unit, Production and Validation Center of Advanced Therapies (Creatio), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
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54
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Decembrini S, Martin C, Sennlaub F, Chemtob S, Biel M, Samardzija M, Moulin A, Behar-Cohen F, Arsenijevic Y. Cone Genesis Tracing by the Chrnb4-EGFP Mouse Line: Evidences of Cellular Material Fusion after Cone Precursor Transplantation. Mol Ther 2017; 25:634-653. [PMID: 28143742 PMCID: PMC5363218 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2016.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The cone function is essential to mediate high visual acuity, color vision, and daylight vision. Inherited cone dystrophies and age-related macular degeneration affect a substantial percentage of the world population. To identify and isolate the most competent cells for transplantation and integration into the retina, cone tracing during development would be an important added value. To that aim, the Chrnb4-EGFP mouse line was characterized throughout retinogenesis. It revealed a sub-population of early retinal progenitors expressing the reporter gene that is progressively restricted to mature cones during retina development. The presence of the native CHRNB4 protein was confirmed in EGFP-positive cells, and it presents a similar pattern in the human retina. Sub-retinal transplantations of distinct subpopulations of Chrnb4-EGFP-expressing cells revealed the embryonic day 15.5 high-EGFP population the most efficient cells to interact with host retinas to provoke the appearance of EGFP-positive cones in the photoreceptor layer. Importantly, transplantations into the DsRed retinas revealed material exchanges between donor and host retinas, as >80% of transplanted EGFP-positive cones also were DsRed positive. Whether this cell material fusion is of significant therapeutic advantage requires further thorough investigations. The Chrnb4-EGFP mouse line definitely opens new research perspectives in cone genesis and retina repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Decembrini
- Unit of Retinal Degeneration and Regeneration, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Lausanne, Hôpital ophtalmique Jules-Gonin, Fondation asile des aveugles, 1004 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Catherine Martin
- Unit of Retinal Degeneration and Regeneration, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Lausanne, Hôpital ophtalmique Jules-Gonin, Fondation asile des aveugles, 1004 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Florian Sennlaub
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC/Univ Paris 06, UMRS 968, INSERM, U968, Institut de la Vision, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Sylvain Chemtob
- Departments of Pediatrics, Ophthalmology and Pharmacology, Hôpital Ste. Justine Research Center, Montreal, QC H3T1C5, Canada
| | - Martin Biel
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich CIPSM, Department of Pharmacy-Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Marijana Samardzija
- Laboratory for Retinal Cell Biology, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Zurich, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Alexandre Moulin
- Pathology Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Lausanne, Hôpital ophtalmique Jules-Gonin, Fondation asile des aveugles, 1004 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Francine Behar-Cohen
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Lausanne, Hôpital ophtalmique Jules-Gonin, Fondation asile des aveugles, 1004 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Yvan Arsenijevic
- Unit of Retinal Degeneration and Regeneration, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Lausanne, Hôpital ophtalmique Jules-Gonin, Fondation asile des aveugles, 1004 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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55
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Liu Z, Zhang C, Khodadadi-Jamayran A, Dang L, Han X, Kim K, Li H, Zhao R. Canonical microRNAs Enable Differentiation, Protect Against DNA Damage, and Promote Cholesterol Biosynthesis in Neural Stem Cells. Stem Cells Dev 2016; 26:177-188. [PMID: 27762676 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2016.0259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) have the capacity to differentiate into neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes, and therefore represent a promising donor tissue source for treating neurodegenerative diseases and repairing injuries of the nervous system. However, it remains unclear how canonical microRNAs (miRNAs), the subset of miRNAs requiring the Drosha-Dgcr8 microprocessor and the type III RNase Dicer for biogenesis, regulate NSCs. In this study, we established and characterized Dgcr8-/- NSCs from conditionally Dgcr8-disrupted mouse embryonic brain. RNA-seq analysis demonstrated that disruption of Dgcr8 in NSCs causes a complete loss of canonical miRNAs and an accumulation of pri-miRNAs. Dgcr8-/- NSCs can be stably propagated in vitro, but progress through the cell cycle at reduced rates. When induced for differentiation, Dgcr8-/- NSCs failed to differentiate into neurons, astrocytes, or oligodendrocytes under permissive conditions. Compared to Dgcr8+/- NSCs, Dgcr8-/- NSCs exhibit significantly increased DNA damage. Comparative RNA-seq analysis and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) revealed that Dgcr8-/- NSCs significantly downregulate genes associated with neuronal differentiation, cell cycle progression, DNA replication, protein translation, and DNA damage repair. Furthermore, we discovered that Dgcr8-/- NSCs significantly downregulate genes responsible for cholesterol biosynthesis and demonstrated that Dgcr8-/- NSCs contain lower levels of cholesterol. Together, our data demonstrate that canonical miRNAs play essential roles in enabling lineage specification, protecting DNA against damage, and promoting cholesterol biosynthesis in NSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Liu
- 1 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Stem Cell Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Cheng Zhang
- 2 Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Center for Individualized Medicine , Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Alireza Khodadadi-Jamayran
- 1 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Stem Cell Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Lam Dang
- 3 Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Center for Cell Engineering, Center for Stem Cell Biology, Sloan-Kettering Institute, Cell and Developmental Biology Program, Weill Medical College of Cornell University , New York, New York
| | - Xiaosi Han
- 4 Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Kitai Kim
- 3 Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Center for Cell Engineering, Center for Stem Cell Biology, Sloan-Kettering Institute, Cell and Developmental Biology Program, Weill Medical College of Cornell University , New York, New York
| | - Hu Li
- 2 Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Center for Individualized Medicine , Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Rui Zhao
- 1 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Stem Cell Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
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56
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Kang MJ, Park SY, Han JS. Hippocalcin Is Required for Astrocytic Differentiation through Activation of Stat3 in Hippocampal Neural Precursor Cells. Front Mol Neurosci 2016; 9:110. [PMID: 27840601 PMCID: PMC5083843 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2016.00110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Hippocalcin (Hpca) is a neuronal calcium sensor protein expressed in the mammalian brain. However, its function in neural stem/precursor cells has not yet been studied. Here, we clarify the function of Hpca in astrocytic differentiation in hippocampal neural precursor cells (HNPCs). When we overexpressed Hpca in HNPCs in the presence or absence of bFGF, expression levels of nerve-growth factors such as neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), neurotrophin-4/5 (NT-4/5), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), together with the proneural basic helix loop helix (bHLH) transcription factors NeuroD and neurogenin 1 (Ngn1), increased significantly. In addition, there was an increase in the number of cells expressing glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), an astrocyte marker, and in branch outgrowth, indicating astrocytic differentiation of the HNPCs. Downregulation of Hpca by transfection with Hpca siRNA reduced expression of NT-3, NT-4/5, BDNF, NeuroD, and Ngn1 as well as levels of GFAP protein. Furthermore, overexpression of Hpca increased the phosphorylation of STAT3 (Ser727), and this effect was abolished by treatment with a STAT3 inhibitor (S3I-201), suggesting that STAT3 (Ser727) activation is involved in Hpca-mediated astrocytic differentiation. As expected, treatment with Stat3 siRNA or STAT3 inhibitor caused a complete inhibition of astrogliogenesis induced by Hpca overexpression. Taken together, this is the first report to show that Hpca, acting through Stat3, has an important role in the expression of neurotrophins and proneural bHLH transcription factors, and that it is an essential regulator of astrocytic differentiation and branch outgrowth in HNPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Jeong Kang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University Seoul, South Korea
| | - Shin-Young Park
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedical Research Institute, College of Medicine, Hanyang University Seoul, South Korea
| | - Joong-Soo Han
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang UniversitySeoul, South Korea; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedical Research Institute, College of Medicine, Hanyang UniversitySeoul, South Korea
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57
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Shen H, Bocksteins E, Kondrychyn I, Snyders D, Korzh V. Functional antagonism of voltage-gated K+ channel α-subunits in the developing brain ventricular system. Development 2016; 143:4249-4260. [PMID: 27729411 DOI: 10.1242/dev.140467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The brain ventricular system is essential for neurogenesis and brain homeostasis. Its neuroepithelial lining effects these functions, but the underlying molecular pathways remain to be understood. We found that the potassium channels expressed in neuroepithelial cells determine the formation of the ventricular system. The phenotype of a novel zebrafish mutant characterized by denudation of neuroepithelial lining of the ventricular system and hydrocephalus is mechanistically linked to Kcng4b, a homologue of the 'silent' voltage-gated potassium channel α-subunit Kv6.4. We demonstrated that Kcng4b modulates proliferation of cells lining the ventricular system and maintains their integrity. The gain of Kcng4b function reduces the size of brain ventricles. Electrophysiological studies suggest that Kcng4b mediates its effects via an antagonistic interaction with Kcnb1, the homologue of the electrically active delayed rectifier potassium channel subunit Kv2.1. Mutation of kcnb1 reduces the size of the ventricular system and its gain of function causes hydrocephalus, which is opposite to the function of Kcng4b. This demonstrates the dynamic interplay between potassium channel subunits in the neuroepithelium as a novel and crucial regulator of ventricular development in the vertebrate brain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elke Bocksteins
- Department for Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk B-2610, Belgium
| | | | - Dirk Snyders
- Department for Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk B-2610, Belgium
| | - Vladimir Korzh
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore .,Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 117543, Singapore
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58
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Chohan MO, Moore H. Interneuron Progenitor Transplantation to Treat CNS Dysfunction. Front Neural Circuits 2016; 10:64. [PMID: 27582692 PMCID: PMC4987325 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2016.00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the inadequacy of endogenous repair mechanisms diseases of the nervous system remain a major challenge to scientists and clinicians. Stem cell based therapy is an exciting and viable strategy that has been shown to ameliorate or even reverse symptoms of CNS dysfunction in preclinical animal models. Of particular importance has been the use of GABAergic interneuron progenitors as a therapeutic strategy. Born in the neurogenic niches of the ventral telencephalon, interneuron progenitors retain their unique capacity to disperse, integrate and induce plasticity in adult host circuitries following transplantation. Here we discuss the potential of interneuron based transplantation strategies as it relates to CNS disease therapeutics. We also discuss mechanisms underlying their therapeutic efficacy and some of the challenges that face the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad O Chohan
- Department of Integrative Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New YorkNY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New YorkNY, USA
| | - Holly Moore
- Department of Integrative Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New YorkNY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New YorkNY, USA
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Fu JP, Mo WC, Liu Y, Bartlett PF, He RQ. Elimination of the geomagnetic field stimulates the proliferation of mouse neural progenitor and stem cells. Protein Cell 2016; 7:624-37. [PMID: 27484904 PMCID: PMC5003790 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-016-0300-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Living organisms are exposed to the geomagnetic field (GMF) throughout their lifespan. Elimination of the GMF, resulting in a hypogeomagnetic field (HMF), leads to central nervous system dysfunction and abnormal development in animals. However, the cellular mechanisms underlying these effects have not been identified so far. Here, we show that exposure to an HMF (<200 nT), produced by a magnetic field shielding chamber, promotes the proliferation of neural progenitor/stem cells (NPCs/NSCs) from C57BL/6 mice. Following seven-day HMF-exposure, the primary neurospheres (NSs) were significantly larger in size, and twice more NPCs/NSCs were harvested from neonatal NSs, when compared to the GMF controls. The self-renewal capacity and multipotency of the NSs were maintained, as HMF-exposed NSs were positive for NSC markers (Nestin and Sox2), and could differentiate into neurons and astrocyte/glial cells and be passaged continuously. In addition, adult mice exposed to the HMF for one month were observed to have a greater number of proliferative cells in the subventricular zone. These findings indicate that continuous HMF-exposure increases the proliferation of NPCs/NSCs, in vitro and in vivo. HMF-disturbed NPCs/NSCs production probably affects brain development and function, which provides a novel clue for elucidating the cellular mechanisms of the bio-HMF response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Peng Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Wei-Chuan Mo
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Ying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China. .,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Perry F Bartlett
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Rong-Qiao He
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China. .,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China. .,Alzheimer's Disease Center, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.
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60
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Palanisamy A, Friese MB, Cotran E, Moller L, Boyd JD, Crosby G, Culley DJ. Prolonged Treatment with Propofol Transiently Impairs Proliferation but Not Survival of Rat Neural Progenitor Cells In Vitro. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158058. [PMID: 27379684 PMCID: PMC4933334 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurocognitive dysfunction is common in survivors of intensive care. Prolonged sedation has been implicated but the mechanisms are unclear. Neurogenesis continues into adulthood and is implicated in learning. The neural progenitor cells (NPC) that drive neurogenesis have receptors for the major classes of sedatives used clinically, suggesting that interruption of neurogenesis may partly contribute to cognitive decline in ICU survivors. Using an in vitro system, we tested the hypothesis that prolonged exposure to propofol concentration- and duration-dependently kills or markedly decreases the proliferation of NPCs. NPCs isolated from embryonic day 14 Sprague-Dawley rat pups were exposed to 0, 2.5, or 5.0 μg/mL of propofol, concentrations consistent with deep clinical anesthesia, for either 4 or 24 hours. Cells were assayed for cell death and proliferation either immediately following propofol exposure or 24 hours later. NPC death and apoptosis were measured by propidium iodine staining and cleaved caspase-3 immunocytochemistry, respectively, while proliferation was measured by EdU incorporation. Staurosporine (1μM for 6h) was used as a positive control for cell death. Cells were analyzed with unbiased high-throughput immunocytochemistry. There was no cell death at either concentration of propofol or duration of exposure. Neither concentration of propofol impaired NPC proliferation when exposure lasted 4 h, but when exposure lasted 24 h, propofol had an anti-proliferative effect at both concentrations (P < 0.0001, propofol vs. control). However, this effect was transient; proliferation returned to baseline 24 h after discontinuation of propofol (P = 0.37, propofol vs. control). The transient but reversible suppression of NPC proliferation, absence of cytotoxicity, and negligible effect on the neural stem cell pool pool suggest that propofol, even in concentrations used for clinical anesthesia, has limited impact on neural progenitor cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvind Palanisamy
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Matthew B. Friese
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Emily Cotran
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ludde Moller
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Justin D. Boyd
- Laboratory for Drug Discovery in Neurodegeneration (LDDN), Harvard NeuroDiscovery Center, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Gregory Crosby
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Deborah J. Culley
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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61
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Reinhard J, Brösicke N, Theocharidis U, Faissner A. The extracellular matrix niche microenvironment of neural and cancer stem cells in the brain. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 81:174-183. [PMID: 27157088 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Numerous studies demonstrated that neural stem cells and cancer stem cells (NSCs/CSCs) share several overlapping characteristics such as self-renewal, multipotency and a comparable molecular repertoire. In addition to the intrinsic cellular properties, NSCs/CSCs favor a similar environment to acquire and maintain their characteristics. In the present review, we highlight the shared properties of NSCs and CSCs in regard to their extracellular microenvironment called the NSC/CSC niche. Moreover, we point out that extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules and their complementary receptors influence the behavior of NSCs/CSCs as well as brain tumor progression. Here, we focus on the expression profile and functional importance of the ECM glycoprotein tenascin-C, the chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan DSD-1-PG/phosphacan but also on other important glycoprotein/proteoglycan constituents. Within this review, we specifically concentrate on glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). GBM is the most common malignant brain tumor in adults and is associated with poor prognosis despite intense and aggressive surgical and therapeutic treatment. Recent studies indicate that GBM onset is driven by a subpopulation of CSCs that display self-renewal and recapitulate tumor heterogeneity. Based on the CSC hypothesis the cancer arises just from a small subpopulation of self-sustaining cancer cells with the exclusive ability to self-renew and maintain the tumor. Besides the fundamental stem cell properties of self-renewal and multipotency, GBM stem cells share further molecular characteristics with NSCs, which we would like to review in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Reinhard
- Department of Cell Morphology & Molecular Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Nicole Brösicke
- Department of Cell Morphology & Molecular Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Ursula Theocharidis
- Department of Cell Morphology & Molecular Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Andreas Faissner
- Department of Cell Morphology & Molecular Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany.
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Gan X, Zhang X, Cheng Z, Chen L, Ding X, Du J, Cai Y, Luo Q, Shen J, Wang Y, Yu L. Toxoplasma gondii inhibits differentiation of C17.2 neural stem cells through Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 473:187-193. [PMID: 27012204 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.03.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is a major cause of congenital brain disease. T. gondii infection in the developing fetus frequently results in major neural developmental damage; however, the effects of the parasite infection on the neural stem cells, the key players in fetal brain development, still remain elusive. This study is aiming to explore the role of T. gondii infection on differentiation of neural stem cells (NSCs) and elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms that regulate the inhibited differentiation of NSCs induced by the infection. Using a differentiation medium, i.e. , DMEM: F12 (1:1 mixture) supplemented with 2% N2, C17.2 neural stem cells (NSCs) were able to differentiate to neurons and astrocytes, respectively evidenced by immunofluorescence staining of differentiation markers including βIII-tubulin and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). After 5-day culture in the differentiation medium, the excreted-secreted antigens of T. gondii (Tg-ESAs) significantly down-regulated the protein levels of βIII-tubulin and GFAP in C17.2 NSCs in a dose-dependent manner. The protein level of β-catenin in the nucleus of C17.2 cells treated with both wnt3a (a key activator for Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway) and Tg-ESAs was significantly lower than that in the cells treated with only wnt3a, but significantly higher than that in the cells treated with only Tg-ESAs. In conclusion, the ESAs of T. gondii RH blocked the differentiation of C17.2 NCSs and downregulated the expression of β-catenin, an essential component of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. The findings suggest a new mechanism underlying the neuropathogenesis induced by T. gondii infection, i.e. inhibition of the differentiation of NSCs via blockade of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, such as downregulation of β-catenin expression by the parasite ESAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Gan
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology, Anhui Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, PR China
| | - Xian Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology, Anhui Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, PR China
| | - Zhengyang Cheng
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology, Anhui Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, PR China
| | - Lingzhi Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology, Anhui Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, PR China
| | - Xiaojuan Ding
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology, Anhui Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, PR China
| | - Jian Du
- Department of Biochemistry, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, PR China
| | - Yihong Cai
- Department of Health Inspection and Quarantine, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, PR China
| | - Qingli Luo
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology, Anhui Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, PR China
| | - Jilong Shen
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology, Anhui Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, PR China
| | - Yongzhong Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, PR China.
| | - Li Yu
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology, Anhui Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, PR China.
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63
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Christ A, Herzog K, Willnow TE. LRP2, an auxiliary receptor that controls sonic hedgehog signaling in development and disease. Dev Dyn 2016; 245:569-79. [PMID: 26872844 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
To fulfill their multiple roles in organ development and adult tissue homeostasis, hedgehog (HH) morphogens act through their receptor Patched (PTCH) on target cells. However, HH actions also require HH binding proteins, auxiliary cell surface receptors that agonize or antagonize morphogen signaling in a context-dependent manner. Here, we discuss recent findings on the LDL receptor-related protein 2 (LRP2), an exemplary HH binding protein that modulates sonic hedgehog activities in stem and progenitor cell niches in embryonic and adult tissues. LRP2 functions are crucial for developmental processes in a number of tissues, including the brain, the eye, and the heart, and defects in this receptor pathway are the cause of devastating congenital diseases in humans. Developmental Dynamics 245:569-579, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabel Christ
- Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katja Herzog
- Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas E Willnow
- Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125, Berlin, Germany
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64
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Bátiz LF, Castro MA, Burgos PV, Velásquez ZD, Muñoz RI, Lafourcade CA, Troncoso-Escudero P, Wyneken U. Exosomes as Novel Regulators of Adult Neurogenic Niches. Front Cell Neurosci 2016; 9:501. [PMID: 26834560 PMCID: PMC4717294 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis has been convincingly demonstrated in two regions of the mammalian brain: the sub-granular zone (SGZ) of the dentate gyrus (DG) in the hippocampus, and the sub-ventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricles (LV). SGZ newborn neurons are destined to the granular cell layer (GCL) of the DG, while new neurons from the SVZ neurons migrate rostrally into the olfactory bulb (OB). The process of adult neurogenesis persists throughout life and is supported by a pool of neural stem cells (NSCs), which reside in a unique and specialized microenvironment known as "neurogenic niche". Neurogenic niches are structured by a complex organization of different cell types, including the NSC-neuron lineage, glial cells and vascular cells. Thus, cell-to-cell communication plays a key role in the dynamic modulation of homeostasis and plasticity of the adult neurogenic process. Specific cell-cell contacts and extracellular signals originated locally provide the necessary support and regulate the balance between self-renewal and differentiation of NSCs. Furthermore, extracellular signals originated at distant locations, including other brain regions or systemic organs, may reach the niche through the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) or the vasculature and influence its nature. The role of several secreted molecules, such as cytokines, growth factors, neurotransmitters, and hormones, in the biology of adult NSCs, has been systematically addressed. Interestingly, in addition to these well-recognized signals, a novel type of intercellular messengers has been identified recently: the extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs, and particularly exosomes, are implicated in the transfer of mRNAs, microRNAs (miRNAs), proteins and lipids between cells and thus are able to modify the function of recipient cells. Exosomes appear to play a significant role in different stem cell niches such as the mesenchymal stem cell niche, cancer stem cell niche and pre-metastatic niche; however, their roles in adult neurogenic niches remain virtually unexplored. This review focuses on the current knowledge regarding the functional relationship between cellular and extracellular components of the adult SVZ and SGZ neurogenic niches, and the growing evidence that supports the potential role of exosomes in the physiology and pathology of adult neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Federico Bátiz
- Center for Interdisciplinary Studies on the Nervous System (CISNe), Universidad Austral de ChileValdivia, Chile; Program for Cell Biology and Microscopy, Universidad Austral de ChileValdivia, Chile; Instituto de Anatomía, Histología y Patología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de ChileValdivia, Chile
| | - Maite A Castro
- Center for Interdisciplinary Studies on the Nervous System (CISNe), Universidad Austral de ChileValdivia, Chile; Program for Cell Biology and Microscopy, Universidad Austral de ChileValdivia, Chile; Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de ChileValdivia, Chile
| | - Patricia V Burgos
- Center for Interdisciplinary Studies on the Nervous System (CISNe), Universidad Austral de ChileValdivia, Chile; Program for Cell Biology and Microscopy, Universidad Austral de ChileValdivia, Chile; Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de ChileValdivia, Chile
| | - Zahady D Velásquez
- Center for Interdisciplinary Studies on the Nervous System (CISNe), Universidad Austral de ChileValdivia, Chile; Instituto de Anatomía, Histología y Patología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de ChileValdivia, Chile
| | - Rosa I Muñoz
- Center for Interdisciplinary Studies on the Nervous System (CISNe), Universidad Austral de ChileValdivia, Chile; Instituto de Anatomía, Histología y Patología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de ChileValdivia, Chile
| | - Carlos A Lafourcade
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Los Andes Santiago, Chile
| | - Paulina Troncoso-Escudero
- Center for Interdisciplinary Studies on the Nervous System (CISNe), Universidad Austral de ChileValdivia, Chile; Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de ChileValdivia, Chile
| | - Ursula Wyneken
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Los Andes Santiago, Chile
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65
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Thuret R, Auger H, Papalopulu N. Analysis of neural progenitors from embryogenesis to juvenile adult in Xenopus laevis reveals biphasic neurogenesis and continuous lengthening of the cell cycle. Biol Open 2015; 4:1772-81. [PMID: 26621828 PMCID: PMC4736028 DOI: 10.1242/bio.013391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Xenopus laevis is a prominent model system for studying neural development, but our understanding of the long-term temporal dynamics of neurogenesis remains incomplete. Here, we present the first continuous description of neurogenesis in X. laevis, covering the entire period of development from the specification of neural ectoderm during gastrulation to juvenile frog. We have used molecular markers to identify progenitors and neurons, short-term bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation to map the generation of newborn neurons and dual pulse S-phase labelling to characterise changes in their cell cycle length. Our study revealed the persistence of Sox3-positive progenitor cells from the earliest stages of neural development through to the juvenile adult. Two periods of intense neuronal generation were observed, confirming the existence of primary and secondary waves of neurogenesis, punctuated by a period of quiescence before metamorphosis and culminating in another period of quiescence in the young adult. Analysis of multiple parameters indicates that neural progenitors alternate between global phases of differentiation and amplification and that, regardless of their behaviour, their cell cycle lengthens monotonically during development, at least at the population level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaël Thuret
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Michael Smith Building, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Hélène Auger
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Michael Smith Building, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Nancy Papalopulu
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Michael Smith Building, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
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66
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Abstract
Store-operated calcium channels (SOCs) are a major pathway for calcium signaling in virtually all metozoan cells and serve a wide variety of functions ranging from gene expression, motility, and secretion to tissue and organ development and the immune response. SOCs are activated by the depletion of Ca(2+) from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), triggered physiologically through stimulation of a diverse set of surface receptors. Over 15 years after the first characterization of SOCs through electrophysiology, the identification of the STIM proteins as ER Ca(2+) sensors and the Orai proteins as store-operated channels has enabled rapid progress in understanding the unique mechanism of store-operate calcium entry (SOCE). Depletion of Ca(2+) from the ER causes STIM to accumulate at ER-plasma membrane (PM) junctions where it traps and activates Orai channels diffusing in the closely apposed PM. Mutagenesis studies combined with recent structural insights about STIM and Orai proteins are now beginning to reveal the molecular underpinnings of these choreographic events. This review describes the major experimental advances underlying our current understanding of how ER Ca(2+) depletion is coupled to the activation of SOCs. Particular emphasis is placed on the molecular mechanisms of STIM and Orai activation, Orai channel properties, modulation of STIM and Orai function, pharmacological inhibitors of SOCE, and the functions of STIM and Orai in physiology and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murali Prakriya
- Department of Pharmacology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois; and Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Richard S Lewis
- Department of Pharmacology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois; and Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
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67
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Weng R, Cohen SM. Control of Drosophila Type I and Type II central brain neuroblast proliferation by bantam microRNA. Development 2015; 142:3713-20. [PMID: 26395494 PMCID: PMC4647215 DOI: 10.1242/dev.127209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Post-transcriptional regulation of stem cell self-renewal by microRNAs is emerging as an important mechanism controlling tissue homeostasis. Here, we provide evidence that bantam microRNA controls neuroblast number and proliferation in the Drosophila central brain. Bantam also supports proliferation of transit-amplifying intermediate neural progenitor cells in type II neuroblast lineages. The stem cell factors brat and prospero are identified as bantam targets acting on different aspects of these processes. Thus, bantam appears to act in multiple regulatory steps in the maintenance and proliferation of neuroblasts and their progeny to regulate growth of the central brain. Summary: The Drosophila miRNA bantam regulates the expression of Brat and Prospero – known inhibitors of brain neuroblast proliferation – to modulate growth of the central brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruifen Weng
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Stephen M Cohen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, Copenhagen 2200 N, Denmark
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68
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Cernilogar FM, Di Giaimo R, Rehfeld F, Cappello S, Lie DC. RNA interference machinery-mediated gene regulation in mouse adult neural stem cells. BMC Neurosci 2015; 16:60. [PMID: 26386671 PMCID: PMC4575781 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-015-0198-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neurogenesis in the brain of adult mammals occurs throughout life in two locations: the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricle and the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus in the hippocampus. RNA interference mechanisms have emerged as critical regulators of neuronal differentiation. However, to date, little is known about its function in adult neurogenesis. Results Here we show that the RNA interference machinery regulates Doublecortin levels and is associated with chromatin in differentiating adult neural progenitors. Deletion of Dicer causes abnormal higher levels of Doublecortin. The microRNA pathway plays an important role in Doublecortin regulation. In particular miRNA-128 overexpression can reduce Doublecortin levels in differentiating adult neural progenitors. Conclusions We conclude that the RNA interference components play an important role, even through chromatin association, in regulating neuron-specific gene expression programs. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12868-015-0198-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo M Cernilogar
- Research Group Adult Neurogenesis and Neural Stem Cells, Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich-Neuherberg, Germany. .,Biomedical Center, Ludwig Maximilian University, Großhaderner Strasse 9, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.
| | - Rossella Di Giaimo
- Institute for Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich-Neuherberg, Germany. .,Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.
| | - Frederick Rehfeld
- Research Group Adult Neurogenesis and Neural Stem Cells, Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich-Neuherberg, Germany. .,Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité University, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Silvia Cappello
- Developmental Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.
| | - D Chichung Lie
- Research Group Adult Neurogenesis and Neural Stem Cells, Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich-Neuherberg, Germany. .,Institute of Biochemistry, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
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Cell Junction Pathology of Neural Stem Cells Is Associated With Ventricular Zone Disruption, Hydrocephalus, and Abnormal Neurogenesis. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2015; 74:653-71. [PMID: 26079447 DOI: 10.1097/nen.0000000000000203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fetal-onset hydrocephalus affects 1 to 3 per 1,000 live births. It is not only a disorder of cerebrospinal fluid dynamics but also a brain disorder that corrective surgery does not ameliorate. We hypothesized that cell junction abnormalities of neural stem cells (NSCs) lead to the inseparable phenomena of fetal-onset hydrocephalus and abnormal neurogenesis. We used bromodeoxyuridine labeling, immunocytochemistry, electron microscopy, and cell culture to study the telencephalon of hydrocephalic HTx rats and correlated our findings with those in human hydrocephalic and nonhydrocephalic human fetal brains (n = 12 each). Our results suggest that abnormal expression of the intercellular junction proteins N-cadherin and connexin-43 in NSC leads to 1) disruption of the ventricular and subventricular zones, loss of NSCs and neural progenitor cells; and 2) abnormalities in neurogenesis such as periventricular heterotopias and abnormal neuroblast migration. In HTx rats, the disrupted NSC and progenitor cells are shed into the cerebrospinal fluid and can be grown into neurospheres that display intercellular junction abnormalities similar to those of NSC of the disrupted ventricular zone; nevertheless, they maintain their potential for differentiating into neurons and glia. These NSCs can be used to investigate cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying this condition, thereby opening the avenue for stem cell therapy.
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71
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Transition toward Human Cytomegalovirus Susceptibility in Early Human Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Neural Precursors. J Virol 2015; 89:11159-64. [PMID: 26292329 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01742-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection is associated with neurodevelopmental disabilities. To dissect the earliest events of infection in the developing human brain, we studied HCMV infection during controlled differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESC) into neural precursors. We traced a transition from viral restriction in hESC, mediated by a block in viral binding, toward HCMV susceptibility in early hESC-derived neural precursors. We further revealed the role of platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRα) as a determinant of the developmentally acquired HCMV susceptibility.
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72
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Gato A, Alonso MI, Martín C, Carnicero E, Moro JA, De la Mano A, Fernández JMF, Lamus F, Desmond ME. Embryonic cerebrospinal fluid in brain development: neural progenitor control. Croat Med J 2015; 55:299-305. [PMID: 25165044 PMCID: PMC4157377 DOI: 10.3325/cmj.2014.55.299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the effort of several research teams across the world, today we have a solid base of knowledge on the liquid contained in the brain cavities, its composition, and biological roles. Although the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is among the most relevant parts of the central nervous system from the physiological point of view, it seems that it is not a permanent and stable entity because its composition and biological properties evolve across life. So, we can talk about different CSFs during the vertebrate life span. In this review, we focus on the CSF in an interesting period, early in vertebrate development before the formation of the choroid plexus. This specific entity is called “embryonic CSF.” Based on the structure of the compartment, CSF composition, origin and circulation, and its interaction with neuroepithelial precursor cells (the target cells) we can conclude that embryonic CSF is different from the CSF in later developmental stages and from the adult CSF. This article presents arguments that support the singularity of the embryonic CSF, mainly focusing on its influence on neural precursor behavior during development and in adult life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Gato
- Ángel Gato Casado, Departamento de Anatomía y Radiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valladolid, C/ Ramón y Cajal 7, E-47005-Valladolid, Spain,
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73
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Phenolic compounds from the bark of Oroxylum indicum activate the Ngn2 promoter. J Nat Med 2015; 69:589-94. [DOI: 10.1007/s11418-015-0919-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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74
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Tastan ÖY, Liu JL. CTP Synthase Is Required for Optic Lobe Homeostasis in Drosophila. J Genet Genomics 2015; 42:261-74. [PMID: 26059773 PMCID: PMC4458259 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2015.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
CTP synthase (CTPsyn) is a metabolic enzyme responsible for the de novo synthesis of the nucleotide CTP. Several recent studies have shown that CTPsyn forms filamentous subcellular structures known as cytoophidia in bacteria, yeast, fruit flies and humans. However, it remains elusive whether and how CTPsyn and cytoophidia play a role during development. Here, we show that cytoophidia are abundant in the neuroepithelial stem cells in Drosophila optic lobes. Optic lobes are underdeveloped in CTPsyn mutants as well as in CTPsyn RNAi. Moreover, overexpressing CTPsyn impairs the development of optic lobes, specifically by blocking the transition from neuroepithelium to neuroblast. Taken together, our results indicate that CTPsyn is critical for optic lobe homeostasis in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ömür Y Tastan
- Medical Research Council Functional Genomics Unit, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PT, United Kingdom
| | - Ji-Long Liu
- Medical Research Council Functional Genomics Unit, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PT, United Kingdom.
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75
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EphA4 Regulates the Balance between Self-Renewal and Differentiation of Radial Glial Cells and Intermediate Neuronal Precursors in Cooperation with FGF Signaling. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126942. [PMID: 25978062 PMCID: PMC4433105 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In mouse cerebral corticogenesis, neurons are generated from radial glial cells (RGCs) or from their immediate progeny, intermediate neuronal precursors (INPs). The balance between self-renewal of these neuronal precursors and specification of cell fate is critical for proper cortical development, but the signaling mechanisms that regulate this progression are poorly understood. EphA4, a member of the receptor tyrosine kinase superfamily, is expressed in RGCs during embryogenesis. To illuminate the function of EphA4 in RGC cell fate determination during early corticogenesis, we deleted Epha4 in cortical cells at E11.5 or E13.5. Loss of EphA4 at both stages led to precocious in vivo RGC differentiation toward neurogenesis. Cortical cells isolated at E14.5 and E15.5 from both deletion mutants showed reduced capacity for neurosphere formation with greater differentiation toward neurons. They also exhibited lower phosphorylation of ERK and FRS2α in the presence of FGF. The size of the cerebral cortex at P0 was smaller than that of controls when Epha4 was deleted at E11.5 but not when it was deleted at E13.5, although the cortical layers were formed normally in both mutants. The number of PAX6-positive RGCs decreased at later developmental stages only in the E11.5 Epha4 deletion mutant. These results suggest that EphA4, in cooperation with an FGF signal, contributes to the maintenance of RGC self-renewal and repression of RGC differentiation through the neuronal lineage. This function of EphA4 is especially critical and uncompensated in early stages of corticogenesis, and thus deletion at E11.5 reduces the size of the neonatal cortex.
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76
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Neural Progenitor Cells Derived from Human Embryonic Stem Cells as an Origin of Dopaminergic Neurons. Stem Cells Int 2015; 2015:647437. [PMID: 26064138 PMCID: PMC4430666 DOI: 10.1155/2015/647437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 04/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are able to proliferate in vitro indefinitely without losing their ability to differentiate into multiple cell types upon exposure to appropriate signals. Particularly, the ability of hESCs to differentiate into neuronal subtypes is fundamental to develop cell-based therapies for several neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, and Parkinson's disease. In this study, we differentiated hESCs to dopaminergic neurons via an intermediate stage, neural progenitor cells (NPCs). hESCs were induced to neural progenitor cells by Dorsomorphin, a small molecule that inhibits BMP signalling. The resulting neural progenitor cells exhibited neural bipolarity with high expression of neural progenitor genes and possessed multipotential differentiation ability. CBF1 and bFGF responsiveness of these hES-NP cells suggested their similarity to embryonic neural progenitor cells. A substantial number of dopaminergic neurons were derived from hES-NP cells upon supplementation of FGF8 and SHH, key dopaminergic neuron inducers. Importantly, multiple markers of midbrain neurons were detected, including NURR1, PITX3, and EN1, suggesting that hESC-derived dopaminergic neurons attained the midbrain identity. Altogether, this work underscored the generation of neural progenitor cells that retain the properties of embryonic neural progenitor cells. These cells will serve as an unlimited source for the derivation of dopaminergic neurons, which might be applicable for treating patients with Parkinson's disease.
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77
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Faissner A, Reinhard J. The extracellular matrix compartment of neural stem and glial progenitor cells. Glia 2015; 63:1330-49. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.22839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Faissner
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology; Ruhr-University Bochum; Germany
| | - Jacqueline Reinhard
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology; Ruhr-University Bochum; Germany
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78
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Suksuphew S, Noisa P. Neural stem cells could serve as a therapeutic material for age-related neurodegenerative diseases. World J Stem Cells 2015; 7:502-511. [PMID: 25815135 PMCID: PMC4369507 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v7.i2.502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Progressively loss of neural and glial cells is the key event that leads to nervous system dysfunctions and diseases. Several neurodegenerative diseases, for instance Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and Huntington’s disease, are associated to aging and suggested to be a consequence of deficiency of neural stem cell pool in the affected brain regions. Endogenous neural stem cells exist throughout life and are found in specific niches of human brain. These neural stem cells are responsible for the regeneration of new neurons to restore, in the normal circumstance, the functions of the brain. Endogenous neural stem cells can be isolated, propagated, and, notably, differentiated to most cell types of the brain. On the other hand, other types of stem cells, such as mesenchymal stem cells, embryonic stem cells, and induced pluripotent stem cells can also serve as a source for neural stem cell production, that hold a great promise for regeneration of the brain. The replacement of neural stem cells, either endogenous or stem cell-derived neural stem cells, into impaired brain is highly expected as a possible therapeutic mean for neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, clinical features and current routinely treatments of age-related neurodegenerative diseases are documented. Noteworthy, we presented the promising evidence of neural stem cells and their derivatives in curing such diseases, together with the remaining challenges to achieve the best outcome for patients.
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79
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The postnatal origin of adult neural stem cells and the effects of glucocorticoids on their genesis. Behav Brain Res 2015; 279:166-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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80
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Influences of prenatal and postnatal stress on adult hippocampal neurogenesis: the double neurogenic niche hypothesis. Behav Brain Res 2014; 281:309-17. [PMID: 25546722 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN) is involved in learning, memory, and stress, and plays a significant role in neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders. As an age-dependent process, AHN is largely influenced by changes that occur during the pre- and postnatal stages of brain development, and constitutes an important field of research. This review examines the current knowledge regarding the regulators of AHN and the influence of prenatal and postnatal stress on later AHN. In addition, a hypothesis is presented suggesting that each kind of stress influences a specific neurogenic pool, developmental or postnatal, that later becomes a precursor with important repercussions for AHN. This hypothesis is referred to as "the double neurogenic niche hypothesis." Discovering what receptors, transcription factors, or genes are specifically activated by different stressors is proposed as an essential line of future research in the field. Such knowledge shall constitute an important starting point toward the goal of modifying AHN in neurodegenerative or psychiatric diseases.
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81
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Store-operated CRAC channels regulate gene expression and proliferation in neural progenitor cells. J Neurosci 2014; 34:9107-23. [PMID: 24990931 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0263-14.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcium signals regulate many critical processes during vertebrate brain development including neurogenesis, neurotransmitter specification, and axonal outgrowth. However, the identity of the ion channels mediating Ca(2+) signaling in the developing nervous system is not well defined. Here, we report that embryonic and adult mouse neural stem/progenitor cells (NSCs/NPCs) exhibit store-operated Ca(2+) entry (SOCE) mediated by Ca(2+) release-activated Ca(2+) (CRAC) channels. SOCE in NPCs was blocked by the CRAC channel inhibitors La(3+), BTP2, and 2-APB and Western blots revealed the presence of the canonical CRAC channel proteins STIM1 and Orai1. Knock down of STIM1 or Orai1 significantly diminished SOCE in NPCs, and SOCE was lost in NPCs from transgenic mice lacking Orai1 or STIM1 and in knock-in mice expressing the loss-of-function Orai1 mutant, R93W. Therefore, STIM1 and Orai1 make essential contributions to SOCE in NPCs. SOCE in NPCs was activated by epidermal growth factor and acetylcholine, the latter occurring through muscarinic receptors. Activation of SOCE stimulated gene transcription through calcineurin/NFAT (nuclear factor of activated T cells) signaling through a mechanism consistent with local Ca(2+) signaling by Ca(2+) microdomains near CRAC channels. Importantly, suppression or deletion of STIM1 and Orai1 expression significantly attenuated proliferation of embryonic and adult NPCs cultured as neurospheres and, in vivo, in the subventricular zone of adult mice. These findings show that CRAC channels serve as a major route of Ca(2+) entry in NPCs and regulate key effector functions including gene expression and proliferation, indicating that CRAC channels are important regulators of mammalian neurogenesis.
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82
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Markham NO, Doll CA, Dohn MR, Miller RK, Yu H, Coffey RJ, McCrea PD, Gamse JT, Reynolds AB. DIPA-family coiled-coils bind conserved isoform-specific head domain of p120-catenin family: potential roles in hydrocephalus and heterotopia. Mol Biol Cell 2014; 25:2592-603. [PMID: 25009281 PMCID: PMC4148249 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e13-08-0492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Isoform-specific expression of p120 affects cell motility and migration during development and tumor progression. The DIPA coiled-coil protein is a novel binding partner to the conserved isoform 1–specific head domain of p120 family members. Zebrafish data suggest that DIPA is mechanistically linked to p120 isoform–specific function in development. p120-catenin (p120) modulates adherens junction (AJ) dynamics by controlling the stability of classical cadherins. Among all p120 isoforms, p120-3A and p120-1A are the most prevalent. Both stabilize cadherins, but p120-3A is preferred in epithelia, whereas p120-1A takes precedence in neurons, fibroblasts, and macrophages. During epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, E- to N-cadherin switching coincides with p120-3A to -1A alternative splicing. These isoforms differ by a 101–amino acid “head domain” comprising the p120-1A N-terminus. Although its exact role is unknown, the head domain likely mediates developmental and cancer-associated events linked to p120-1A expression (e.g., motility, invasion, metastasis). Here we identified delta-interacting protein A (DIPA) as the first head domain–specific binding partner and candidate mediator of isoform 1A activity. DIPA colocalizes with AJs in a p120-1A- but not 3A-dependent manner. Moreover, all DIPA family members (Ccdc85a, Ccdc85b/DIPA, and Ccdc85c) interact reciprocally with p120 family members (p120, δ-catenin, p0071, and ARVCF), suggesting significant functional overlap. During zebrafish neural tube development, both knockdown and overexpression of DIPA phenocopy N-cadherin mutations, an effect bearing functional ties to a reported mouse hydrocephalus phenotype associated with Ccdc85c. These studies identify a novel, highly conserved interaction between two protein families that may participate either individually or collectively in N-cadherin–mediated development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas O Markham
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Cancer Biology Department, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Caleb A Doll
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235
| | - Michael R Dohn
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Cancer Biology Department, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Rachel K Miller
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Huapeng Yu
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Cancer Biology Department, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Robert J Coffey
- Epithelial Biology Center, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Pierre D McCrea
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Joshua T Gamse
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235
| | - Albert B Reynolds
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Cancer Biology Department, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
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83
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Braun SMG, Jessberger S. Adult neurogenesis: mechanisms and functional significance. Development 2014; 141:1983-6. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.104596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
New neurons are generated throughout life in distinct regions of the mammalian brain. This process, called adult neurogenesis, has been implicated in physiological brain function, and failing or altered neurogenesis has been associated with a number of neuropsychiatric diseases. Here, we provide an overview of the mechanisms governing the neurogenic process in the adult brain and describe how new neurons may contribute to brain function in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon M. G. Braun
- Brain Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Science, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Jessberger
- Brain Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Science, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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84
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Retinoic Acid, under Cerebrospinal Fluid Control, Induces Neurogenesis during Early Brain Development. J Dev Biol 2014. [DOI: 10.3390/jdb2020072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
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85
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Toxoplasma gondii induce apoptosis of neural stem cells via endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway. Parasitology 2014; 141:988-95. [PMID: 24612639 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182014000183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is a major cause of congenital brain disease; however, the underlying mechanism of neuropathogenesis in brain toxoplasmosis remains elusive. To explore the role of T. gondii in the development of neural stem cells (NSCs), NSCs were isolated from GD14 embryos of ICR mice and were co-cultured with tachyzoites of T. gondii RH strain. We found that apoptosis levels of the NSCs co-cultured with 1×106 RH tachyzoites for 24 and 48 h significantly increased in a dose-dependent manner, as compared with the control. Western blotting analysis displayed that the protein level of C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) was up-regulated, and caspase-12 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) were activated in the NSCs co-cultured with the parasites. Pretreatment with endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) inhibitor (TUDCA) and caspase-12 inhibitor (Z-ATAD-FMK) inhibited the expression or activation of the key molecules involved in the ERS-mediated apoptotic pathway, and subsequently decreased the apoptosis levels of the NSCs induced by the T. gondii. The findings here highlight that T. gondii induced apoptosis of the NSCs through the ERS signal pathway via activation of CHOP, caspase-12 and JNK, which may constitute a potential molecular mechanism responsible for the cognitive disturbance in neurological disorders of T. gondii.
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86
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Lenkowski JR, Raymond PA. Müller glia: Stem cells for generation and regeneration of retinal neurons in teleost fish. Prog Retin Eye Res 2014; 40:94-123. [PMID: 24412518 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2013.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Revised: 12/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Adult zebrafish generate new neurons in the brain and retina throughout life. Growth-related neurogenesis allows a vigorous regenerative response to damage, and fish can regenerate retinal neurons, including photoreceptors, and restore functional vision following photic, chemical, or mechanical destruction of the retina. Müller glial cells in fish function as radial-glial-like neural stem cells. During adult growth, Müller glial nuclei undergo sporadic, asymmetric, self-renewing mitotic divisions in the inner nuclear layer to generate a rod progenitor that migrates along the radial fiber of the Müller glia into the outer nuclear layer, proliferates, and differentiates exclusively into rod photoreceptors. When retinal neurons are destroyed, Müller glia in the immediate vicinity of the damage partially and transiently dedifferentiate, re-express retinal progenitor and stem cell markers, re-enter the cell cycle, undergo interkinetic nuclear migration (characteristic of neuroepithelial cells), and divide once in an asymmetric, self-renewing division to generate a retinal progenitor. This daughter cell proliferates rapidly to form a compact neurogenic cluster surrounding the Müller glia; these multipotent retinal progenitors then migrate along the radial fiber to the appropriate lamina to replace missing retinal neurons. Some aspects of the injury-response in fish Müller glia resemble gliosis as observed in mammals, and mammalian Müller glia exhibit some neurogenic properties, indicative of a latent ability to regenerate retinal neurons. Understanding the specific properties of fish Müller glia that facilitate their robust capacity to generate retinal neurons will inform and inspire new clinical approaches for treating blindness and visual loss with regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny R Lenkowski
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, College of Literature, Science, and the Arts, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Pamela A Raymond
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, College of Literature, Science, and the Arts, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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87
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Theocharidis U, Long K, ffrench-Constant C, Faissner A. Regulation of the neural stem cell compartment by extracellular matrix constituents. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2014; 214:3-28. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63486-3.00001-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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88
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Lopez-Ramirez MA, Nicoli S. Role of miRNAs and epigenetics in neural stem cell fate determination. Epigenetics 2013; 9:90-100. [PMID: 24342893 DOI: 10.4161/epi.27536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulation of gene expression that determines stem cell fate determination is tightly controlled by both epigenetic and posttranscriptional mechanisms. Indeed, small non-coding RNAs such as microRNAs (miRNAs) are able to regulate neural stem cell fate by targeting chromatin-remodeling pathways. Here, we aim to summarize the latest findings regarding the feedback network of epigenetics and miRNAs during embryonic and adult neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Alejandro Lopez-Ramirez
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center; Section of Cardiovascular Medicine; Yale University School of Medicine; New Haven, CT USA
| | - Stefania Nicoli
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center; Section of Cardiovascular Medicine; Yale University School of Medicine; New Haven, CT USA
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89
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Omori H, Otsu M, Suzuki A, Nakayama T, Akama K, Watanabe M, Inoue N. Effects of heat shock on survival, proliferation and differentiation of mouse neural stem cells. Neurosci Res 2013; 79:13-21. [PMID: 24316183 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2013.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 11/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Hyperthermia during pregnancy is a significant cause of reproductive problems ranging from abortion to congenital defects of the central nervous system (CNS), including neural tube defects and microcephaly. Neural stem cells (NSCs) can proliferate and differentiate into neurons and glia, playing a key role in the formation of the CNS. Here, we examined the effects of heat shock on homogeneous proliferating NSCs derived from mouse embryonic stem cells. After heat shock at 42 °C for 20 min, the proliferating NSCs continued to proliferate, although subtle changes were observed in gene expression and cell survival and proliferation. In contrast, heat shock at 43 °C caused a variety of responses: the up-regulation of genes encoding heat shock proteins (HSP), induction of apoptosis, temporal inhibition of cell proliferation and retardation of differentiation. Finally, effects of heat shock at 44 °C were severe, with almost all cells disappearing and the remaining cells losing the capacity to proliferate and differentiate. These temperature-dependent effects of heat shock on NSCs may be valuable in elucidating the mechanisms by which hyperthermia during pregnancy causes various reproductive problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Omori
- Laboratory of Regenerative Neurosciences, Department of Frontier Health Sciences, Graduate School of Human Health Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 7-2-10 Higashi-ogu, Arakawa-ku, Tokyo, 116-8551, Japan.
| | - Masahiro Otsu
- Department of Chemistry, Kyorin University School of Medicine, 6-20-2 Shinkawa, Mitaka, Tokyo, 181-8611, Japan.
| | - Asami Suzuki
- Laboratory of Regenerative Neurosciences, Department of Frontier Health Sciences, Graduate School of Human Health Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 7-2-10 Higashi-ogu, Arakawa-ku, Tokyo, 116-8551, Japan.
| | - Takashi Nakayama
- Department of Biochemistry, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan.
| | - Kuniko Akama
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-Cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan; Center for General Education, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.
| | - Masaru Watanabe
- Department of Frontier Health Sciences, Graduate School of Human Health Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 7-2-10 Higashi-ogu, Arakawa-ku, Tokyo, 116-8551, Japan.
| | - Nobuo Inoue
- Laboratory of Regenerative Neurosciences, Department of Frontier Health Sciences, Graduate School of Human Health Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 7-2-10 Higashi-ogu, Arakawa-ku, Tokyo, 116-8551, Japan.
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90
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Molecular events in the cell types of the olfactory epithelium during adult neurogenesis. Mol Brain 2013; 6:49. [PMID: 24267470 PMCID: PMC3907027 DOI: 10.1186/1756-6606-6-49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Adult neurogenesis, fundamental for cellular homeostasis in the mammalian olfactory epithelium, requires major shifts in gene expression to produce mature olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) from multipotent progenitor cells. To understand these dynamic events requires identifying not only the genes involved but also the cell types that express each gene. Only then can the interrelationships of the encoded proteins reveal the sequences of molecular events that control the plasticity of the adult olfactory epithelium. Results Of 4,057 differentially abundant mRNAs at 5 days after lesion-induced OSN replacement in adult mice, 2,334 were decreased mRNAs expressed by mature OSNs. Of the 1,723 increased mRNAs, many were expressed by cell types other than OSNs and encoded proteins involved in cell proliferation and transcriptional regulation, consistent with increased basal cell proliferation. Others encoded fatty acid metabolism and lysosomal proteins expressed by infiltrating macrophages that help scavenge debris from the apoptosis of mature OSNs. The mRNAs of immature OSNs behaved dichotomously, increasing if they supported early events in OSN differentiation (axon initiation, vesicular trafficking, cytoskeletal organization and focal adhesions) but decreasing if they supported homeostatic processes that carry over into mature OSNs (energy production, axon maintenance and protein catabolism). The complexity of shifts in gene expression responsible for converting basal cells into neurons was evident in the increased abundance of 203 transcriptional regulators expressed by basal cells and immature OSNs. Conclusions Many of the molecular changes evoked during adult neurogenesis can now be ascribed to specific cellular events in the OSN cell lineage, thereby defining new stages in the development of these neurons. Most notably, the patterns of gene expression in immature OSNs changed in a characteristic fashion as these neurons differentiated. Initial patterns were consistent with the transition into a neuronal morphology (neuritogenesis) and later patterns with neuronal homeostasis. Overall, gene expression patterns during adult olfactory neurogenesis showed substantial similarity to those of embryonic brain.
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91
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Hartman NW, Lin TV, Zhang L, Paquelet GE, Feliciano DM, Bordey A. mTORC1 targets the translational repressor 4E-BP2, but not S6 kinase 1/2, to regulate neural stem cell self-renewal in vivo. Cell Rep 2013; 5:433-44. [PMID: 24139800 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2013.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Revised: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) integrates signals important for cell growth, and its dysregulation in neural stem cells (NSCs) is implicated in several neurological disorders associated with abnormal neurogenesis and brain size. However, the function of mTORC1 on NSC self-renewal and the downstream regulatory mechanisms are ill defined. Here, we found that genetically decreasing mTORC1 activity in neonatal NSCs prevented their differentiation, resulting in reduced lineage expansion and aborted neuron production. Constitutive activation of the translational repressor 4E-BP1, which blocked cap-dependent translation, had similar effects and prevented hyperactive mTORC1 induction of NSC differentiation and promoted self-renewal. Although 4E-BP2 knockdown promoted NSC differentiation, p70 S6 kinase 1 and 2 (S6K1/S6K2) knockdown did not affect NSC differentiation but reduced NSC soma size and prevented hyperactive mTORC1-induced increase in soma size. These data demonstrate a crucial role of mTORC1 and 4E-BP for switching on and off cap-dependent translation in NSC differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel W Hartman
- Departments of Neurosurgery, and Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8082, USA
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92
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Ramaiah MJ, Pushpavalli SNCVL, Lavanya A, Bhadra K, Haritha V, Patel N, Tamboli JR, Kamal A, Bhadra U, Pal-Bhadra M. Novel anthranilamide-pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine conjugates modulate the expression of p53-MYCN associated micro RNAs in neuroblastoma cells and cause cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:5699-706. [PMID: 23992861 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Revised: 07/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
It has previously been shown that anthranilamide-pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine conjugates activate p53 and cause apoptosis in cervical cancer cells such as HeLa and SiHa. Here we establish the role of these conjugates in activating p53 pathway by phosphorylation at Ser15, 20 and 46 residues and downregulate key oncogenic proteins such as MYCN and Mdm2 in IMR-32 neuroblastoma cells. Compounds decreased the proliferation rate of neuroblastoma cells such as IMR-32, Neuro-2a, SK-N-SH. Compound treatment resulted in G2/M cell cycle arrest. The expression of p53 dependent genes such as p21, Bax, caspases was increased with concomitant decrease of the survival proteins as well as anti-apoptotic proteins such as Akt1, E2F1 and Bcl2. In addition the expression of important microRNAs such as miR-34a, c, miR-200b, miR-107, miR-542-5p and miR-605 were significantly increased that eventually lead to the activation of apoptotic pathway. Our data revealed that conjugates of this nature cause cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in IMR-32 cells [MYCN (+) with intact wild-type p53] by activating p53 signalling and provides a lead for the development of anti-cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Janaki Ramaiah
- Department of Chemical Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500 007, India
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93
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Rhee YH, Choi M, Lee HS, Park CH, Kim SM, Yi SH, Oh SM, Cha HJ, Chang MY, Lee SH. Insulin concentration is critical in culturing human neural stem cells and neurons. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4:e766. [PMID: 23928705 PMCID: PMC3763456 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Revised: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cell culture of human-derived neural stem cells (NSCs) is a useful tool that contributes to our understanding of human brain development and allows for the development of therapies for intractable human brain disorders. Human NSC (hNSC) cultures, however, are not commonly used, mainly because of difficulty with consistently maintaining the cells in a healthy state. In this study, we show that hNSC cultures, unlike NSCs of rodent origins, are extremely sensitive to insulin, an indispensable culture supplement, and that the previously reported difficulty in culturing hNSCs is likely because of a lack of understanding of this relationship. Like other neural cell cultures, insulin is required for hNSC growth, as withdrawal of insulin supplementation results in massive cell death and delayed cell growth. However, severe apoptotic cell death was also detected in insulin concentrations optimized to rodent NSC cultures. Thus, healthy hNSC cultures were only produced in a narrow range of relatively low insulin concentrations. Insulin-mediated cell death manifested not only in all human NSCs tested, regardless of origin, but also in differentiated human neurons. The underlying cell death mechanism at high insulin concentrations was similar to insulin resistance, where cells became less responsive to insulin, resulting in a reduction in the activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway critical to cell survival signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y-H Rhee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
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94
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N-arachidonoyl-L-serine (AraS) possesses proneurogenic properties in vitro and in vivo after traumatic brain injury. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2013; 33:1242-50. [PMID: 23695434 PMCID: PMC3734775 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2013.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Revised: 03/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
N-arachidonoyl-L-serine (AraS) is a novel neuroprotective endocannabinoid. We aimed to test the effects of exogenous AraS on neurogenesis after traumatic brain injury (TBI). The effects of AraS on neural progenitor cells (NPC) proliferation, survival, and differentiation were examined in vitro. Next, mice underwent TBI and were treated with AraS or vehicle. Lesion volumes and clinical outcome were evaluated and the effects on neurogenesis were tested using immunohistochemistry. Treatment with AraS led to a dose-dependent increase in neurosphere size without affecting cell survival. These effects were partially reversed by CB1, CB2, or TRPV1 antagonists. AraS significantly reduced the differentiation of NPC in vitro to astrocytes or neurons and led to a 2.5-fold increase in expression of the NPC marker nestin. Similar effects were observed in vivo in mice treated with AraS 7 days after TBI. These effects were accompanied by a reduction in lesion volume and an improvement in neurobehavioral function compared with controls. AraS increases proliferation of NPCs in vitro in cannabinoid-receptor-mediated mechanisms and maintains NPC in an undifferentiated state in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, although given at 7 days post injury, these effects are associated with significant neuroprotective effects leading to an improvement in neurobehavioral functions.
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95
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Jha RM, Chrenek R, Magnotti LM, Cardozo DL. The isolation, differentiation, and survival in vivo of multipotent cells from the postnatal rat filum terminale. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65974. [PMID: 23762453 PMCID: PMC3675200 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) are undifferentiated cells in the central nervous system (CNS) that are capable of self-renewal and can be induced to differentiate into neurons and glia. Current sources of mammalian NSCs are confined to regions of the CNS that are critical to normal function and surgically difficult to access, which limits their therapeutic potential in human disease. We have found that the filum terminale (FT), a previously unexplored, expendable, and easily accessible tissue at the caudal end of the spinal cord, is a source of multipotent cells in postnatal rats and humans. In this study, we used a rat model to isolate and characterize the potential of these cells. Neurospheres derived from the rat FT are amenable to in vitro expansion in the presence of a combination of growth factors. These proliferating, FT-derived cells formed neurospheres that could be induced to differentiate into neural progenitor cells, neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes by exposure to serum and/or adhesive substrates. Through directed differentiation using sonic hedgehog and retinoic acid in combination with various neurotrophic factors, FT-derived neurospheres generated motor neurons that were capable of forming neuromuscular junctions in vitro. In addition, FT-derived progenitors that were injected into chick embryos survived and could differentiate into both neurons and glia in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchira M. Jha
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ryan Chrenek
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Laura M. Magnotti
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - David L. Cardozo
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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96
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England B, Huang T, Karsy M. Current understanding of the role and targeting of tumor suppressor p53 in glioblastoma multiforme. Tumour Biol 2013; 34:2063-74. [PMID: 23737287 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-013-0871-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common primary malignancy in the brain and confers a uniformly poor prognosis. Despite decades of research on the topic, limited progress has been made to improve the poor survival associated with this disease. GBM arises de novo (primary GBM) or via dedifferentiation of lower grade glioma (secondary GBM). While distinct mutations are predominant in each subtype, alterations of tumor suppressor p53 are the most common, seen in 25-30 % of primary GBM and 60-70 % of secondary GBM. Various roles of p53 that protect against neoplastic transformation include modulation of cell cycle, DNA repair, apoptosis, senescence, angiogenesis, and metabolism, resulting in an extremely complex signaling network. Mutations of p53 in GBM are most common in the DNA-binding domain, namely within six hotspot mutation sites (codons 175, 245, 248, 249, 273, and 282). These alterations generally result in loss-of-function, gain-of-function, and dominant-negative mutational effects for p53, however, the distinct effect of these mutation types in GBM pathogenesis remain unclear. Signaling alterations downstream from p53 (e.g., MDM2, MDM4, INK4/ARF), p53 isoforms (e.g., p63, p73), and microRNAs (e.g., miR-34) also play critical roles in modulating the p53 pathway. Despite novel mouse models of GBM showing that p53 combined with other mutation generate tumors de novo, the role of p53 as a molecular marker of GBM remains controversial with most studies failing to show an association with prognosis. Regarding treatment in GBM, p53 targeted-gene therapy and vaccinations have reached phase I clinical trials while therapeutic drugs are still in preclinical development. This review aims to discuss the most recent findings regarding the impact of p53 mutations on GBM pathogenesis, prognosis, and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryant England
- Department of Neurosurgery, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
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97
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Bian S, Hong J, Li Q, Schebelle L, Pollock A, Knauss JL, Garg V, Sun T. MicroRNA cluster miR-17-92 regulates neural stem cell expansion and transition to intermediate progenitors in the developing mouse neocortex. Cell Rep 2013; 3:1398-1406. [PMID: 23623502 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2013.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Revised: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
During development of the embryonic neocortex, tightly regulated expansion of neural stem cells (NSCs) and their transition to intermediate progenitors (IPs) are critical for normal cortical formation and function. Molecular mechanisms that regulate NSC expansion and transition remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate that the microRNA (miRNA) miR-17-92 cluster is required for maintaining proper populations of cortical radial glial cells (RGCs) and IPs through repression of Pten and Tbr2 protein. Knockout of miR-17-92 and its paralogs specifically in the developing neocortex restricts NSC proliferation, suppresses RGC expansion, and promotes transition of RGCs to IPs. Moreover, Pten and Tbr2 protectors specifically block silencing activities of endogenous miR-17-92 and control proper numbers of RGCs and IPs in vivo. Our results demonstrate a critical role for miRNAs in promoting NSC proliferation and modulating the cell-fate decision of generating distinct neural progenitors in the developing neocortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Bian
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, Box 60, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Janet Hong
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, Box 60, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Qingsong Li
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, Box 60, New York, NY 10065, USA.,The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Laura Schebelle
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, Box 60, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Andrew Pollock
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, Box 60, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jennifer L Knauss
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, Box 60, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Vidur Garg
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Tao Sun
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, Box 60, New York, NY 10065, USA
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98
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Verdiev BI, Milyushina LA, Podgornyi OV, Poltavtseva RA, Zinov'eva RD, Sukhikh GT, Aleksandrova MA. Comparative analysis of the expression of neural stem cell-associated genes during neocortex and retina development in human. Bull Exp Biol Med 2013; 154:529-36. [PMID: 23486598 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-013-1994-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We compared the expression of Sox2, Oct4, Nanog, Pax6, Prox1 genes associated with plasticity of neural stem and progenitor cells during human neocortex and retina development and in cell cultures. At the analyzed stages of neurogenesis, Pax6 gene is expressed in the neocortex and retina at constant levels, the expression is by one order of magnitude higher in the retina. The dynamics of Sox2 and Pax6 expression in the neocortex was similar. The expression of Oct4 and Nanog genes during neurogenesis in the neocortex and human fetal retina reflects the existence of a high-plasticity cell pool. The dynamics of βIII-tubulin expression indicates that the retina develops more rapidly than the neocortex. Our experiments showed that genetically determined cell potencies typical of native cells are realized in primary cultures without specific stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- B I Verdiev
- N. K. Kol'tsov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
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99
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Silvestroff L, Franco P, Pasquini J. Neural and oligodendrocyte progenitor cells: transferrin effects on cell proliferation. ASN Neuro 2013; 5:e00107. [PMID: 23368675 PMCID: PMC3592559 DOI: 10.1042/an20120075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Revised: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
NSC (neural stem cells)/NPC (neural progenitor cells) are multipotent and self-renew throughout adulthood in the SVZ (subventricular zone) of the mammalian CNS (central nervous system). These cells are considered interesting targets for CNS neurodegenerative disorder cell therapies, and understanding their behaviour in vitro is crucial if they are to be cultured prior to transplantation. We cultured the SVZ tissue belonging to newborn rats under the form of NS (neurospheres) to evaluate the effects of Tf (transferrin) on cell proliferation. The NS were heterogeneous in terms of the NSC/NPC markers GFAP (glial fibrillary acidic protein), Nestin and Sox2 and the OL (oligodendrocyte) progenitor markers NG2 (nerve/glia antigen 2) and PDGFRα (platelet-derived growth factor receptor α). The results of this study indicate that aTf (apoTransferrin) is able to increase cell proliferation of SVZ-derived cells in vitro, and that these effects were mediated at least in part by the TfRc1 (Tf receptor 1). Since OPCs (oligodendrocyte progenitor cells) represent a significant proportion of the proliferating cells in the SVZ-derived primary cultures, we used the immature OL cell line N20.1 to show that Tf was able to augment the proliferation rate of OPC, either by adding aTf to the culture medium or by overexpressing rat Tf in situ. The culture medium supplemented with ferric iron, together with aTf, increased the DNA content, while ferrous iron did not. The present work provides data that could have a potential application in human cell replacement therapies for neurodegenerative disease and/or CNS injury that require the use of in vitro amplified NPCs.
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Key Words
- nerve/glia antigen 2 (ng2)
- oligodendrocyte
- platelet-derived growth factor receptor α (pdgfrα)
- progenitor
- proliferation
- transferrin
- atf, apotransferrin
- bfgf, basic fibroblast growth factor
- brdu, bromodeoxyuridine
- cns, central nervous system
- csf, cerebrospinal fluid
- dmem, dulbecco’s modified eagle’s medium
- egf, epidermal growth factor
- fcs, fetal calf serum
- gfap, glial fibrillary acidic protein
- icc, immunocytochemistry
- ng2, nerve/glia antigen 2
- npc, neural progenitor cell
- ns, neurosphere
- nsc, neural stem cell
- ol, oligodendrocyte
- opc, oligodendrocyte progenitor cell
- os, oligosphere
- pdgfrα, platelet-derived growth factor receptor α
- pexptf, pexpresstf
- pfa, paraformaldehyde
- po, polyornithine
- rt–pcr, reverse transcription–pcr
- svz, subventricular zone
- tf, transferrin
- tfrc, tf receptor
- tf-tr, texas red-labelled tf
- wb, western blotting
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Silvestroff
- Cátedra de Química Biológica Patológica, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica (FFyB), Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Paula Gabriela Franco
- Cátedra de Química Biológica Patológica, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica (FFyB), Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juana María Pasquini
- Cátedra de Química Biológica Patológica, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica (FFyB), Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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100
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Carnicero E, Alonso M, Carretero R, Lamus F, Moro J, de la Mano A, Fernández J, Gato A. Embryonic Cerebrospinal Fluid Activates Neurogenesis of Neural Precursors within the Subventricular Zone of the Adult Mouse Brain. Cells Tissues Organs 2013; 198:398-404. [DOI: 10.1159/000356983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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