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Mantovani A, Marchesi F, Malesci A, Laghi L, Allavena P. Tumour-associated macrophages as treatment targets in oncology. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2017; 14:399-416. [PMID: 28117416 DOI: 10.1038/nrclinonc.2016.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2536] [Impact Index Per Article: 362.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages are crucial drivers of tumour-promoting inflammation. Tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs) contribute to tumour progression at different levels: by promoting genetic instability, nurturing cancer stem cells, supporting metastasis, and taming protective adaptive immunity. TAMs can exert a dual, yin-yang influence on the effectiveness of cytoreductive therapies (chemotherapy and radiotherapy), either antagonizing the antitumour activity of these treatments by orchestrating a tumour-promoting, tissue-repair response or, instead, enhancing the overall antineoplastic effect. TAMs express molecular triggers of checkpoint proteins that regulate T-cell activation, and are targets of certain checkpoint-blockade immunotherapies. Other macrophage-centred approaches to anticancer therapy are under investigation, and include: inhibition of macrophage recruitment to, and/or survival in, tumours; functional re-education of TAMs to an antitumour, 'M1-like' mode; and tumour-targeting monoclonal antibodies that elicit macrophage-mediated extracellular killing, or phagocytosis and intracellular destruction of cancer cells. The evidence supporting these strategies is reviewed herein. We surmise that TAMs can provide tools to tailor the use of cytoreductive therapies and immunotherapy in a personalized medicine approach, and that TAM-focused therapeutic strategies have the potential to complement and synergize with both chemotherapy and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Mantovani
- Istituto Clinico Humanitas, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Via A. Manzoni 113, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy.,Humanitas University, Via A. Manzoni 113, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Marchesi
- Istituto Clinico Humanitas, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Via A. Manzoni 113, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy.,Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Via Vanvitelli 32, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Malesci
- Istituto Clinico Humanitas, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Via A. Manzoni 113, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy.,Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Via Vanvitelli 32, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Luigi Laghi
- Istituto Clinico Humanitas, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Via A. Manzoni 113, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Allavena
- Istituto Clinico Humanitas, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Via A. Manzoni 113, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy.,Humanitas University, Via A. Manzoni 113, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy
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52
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Korneev KV, Atretkhany KSN, Drutskaya MS, Grivennikov SI, Kuprash DV, Nedospasov SA. TLR-signaling and proinflammatory cytokines as drivers of tumorigenesis. Cytokine 2017; 89:127-135. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2016.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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53
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Kawata H, Kamiakito T, Nakaya T, Komatsubara M, Komatsu K, Morita T, Nagao Y, Tanaka A. Stimulation of cellular senescent processes, including secretory phenotypes and anti-oxidant responses, after androgen deprivation therapy in human prostate cancer. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 165:219-227. [PMID: 27329245 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Endocrine resistance is a major problem in prostate cancer. Recent studies suggest that cellular plasticity plays a key role in therapy resistance. Yet little is known about the cellular changes of human prostate cancer after androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). In this study, we investigated cellular senescence, senescence-associated secretory phenotypes (SASPs), and anti-oxidant responses. Hormone ablation upregulated senescence-associated (SA)-β-Gal activity in prostate glands, as well as the expressions of p27KIP1 and p53, in a mouse castration model. In line with this, the expressions of p21CIP1 and p27KIP1 were significantly more upregulated in human non-pathological prostatic glands after ADT than in untreated specimens. In a study of SASP markers, the expressions of IL6 and IL8 were also more upregulated in human non-pathological prostatic glands after ADT than in untreated specimens. IL6, IL8, and MMP2 were expressed more strongly in human prostate cancer specimens resected after ADT than in untreated tumors. Of note, treatment with the anti-oxidant reagent NAC significantly suppressed SA-β-Gal activity in androgen-sensitive human prostate cancer LNCaP cells. In immunohistochemical analyses on anti-oxidant response genes, NRF2 and NQO1 were more upregulated after hormone ablation in human prostate gland and carcinoma specimens after ADT than in untreated specimens or in murine prostate glands after castration. Taken together, these findings suggest that ADT induces cellular senescence processes accompanied by secretory phenotypes and anti-oxidant responses in prostate. These cellular changes may be attractive targets for preventing endocrine resistance in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotoshi Kawata
- Department of Pathology, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Tomoko Kamiakito
- Department of Pathology, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Takeo Nakaya
- Department of Pathology, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Maiko Komatsubara
- Department of Urology, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Kenji Komatsu
- Department of Urology, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Morita
- Department of Urology, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Yasumitsu Nagao
- Center for Experimental Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Akira Tanaka
- Department of Pathology, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan.
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54
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Reineri S, Agati S, Miano V, Sani M, Berchialla P, Ricci L, Iannello A, Coscujuela Tarrero L, Cutrupi S, De Bortoli M. A Novel Functional Domain of Tab2 Involved in the Interaction with Estrogen Receptor Alpha in Breast Cancer Cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0168639. [PMID: 27992601 PMCID: PMC5167418 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tab2, originally described as a component of the inflammatory pathway, has been implicated in phenomena of gene de-repression in several contexts, due to its ability to interact with the NCoR corepressor. Tab2 interacts also with steroid receptors and dismisses NCoR from antagonist-bound Estrogen and Androgen Receptors on gene regulatory regions, thus modifying their transcriptional activity and leading to pharmacological resistance in breast and prostate cancer cells. We demonstrated previously that either Tab2 knock-down, or a peptide mimicking the Estrogen Receptor alpha domain interacting with Tab2, restore the antiproliferative response to Tamoxifen in Tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer cells. In this work, we map the domain of Tab2 responsible of Estrogen Receptor alpha interaction. First, using both co-immunoprecipitation and pull-down with recombinant proteins, we found that the central part of Tab2 is primarily responsible for this interaction, and that this region also interacts with Androgen Receptor. Then, we narrowed down the essential interaction region by means of competition assays using recombinant protein pull-down. The interaction motif was finally identified as a small region adjacent to, but not overlapping, the Tab2 MEKK1 phosphorylation sites. A synthetic peptide mimicking this motif efficiently displaced Tab2 from interacting with recombinant Estrogen Receptor alpha in vitro, prompting us to test its efficacy using derivatives of the MCF7 breast carcinoma cell lines that are spontaneously resistant to Tamoxifen. Indeed, we observed that this mimic peptide, made cell-permeable by addition of the TAT minimal carrier domain, reduced the growth of Tamoxifen-resistant MCF7 cells in the presence of Tamoxifen. These data indicate a novel functional domain of the Tab2 protein with potential application in drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Reineri
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Silvia Agati
- Bioindustry Park Silvano Fumero, Colleretto Giacosa, Turin, Italy
| | - Valentina Miano
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- Center for Molecular Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Monica Sani
- CNR, i.c.r.m. Institute of Chemistry of Molecular Recognition, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Berchialla
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Laura Ricci
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- Bioindustry Park Silvano Fumero, Colleretto Giacosa, Turin, Italy
| | - Andrea Iannello
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Santina Cutrupi
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- Center for Molecular Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Michele De Bortoli
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- Center for Molecular Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- * E-mail:
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55
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Yaşar P, Ayaz G, User SD, Güpür G, Muyan M. Molecular mechanism of estrogen-estrogen receptor signaling. Reprod Med Biol 2016; 16:4-20. [PMID: 29259445 PMCID: PMC5715874 DOI: 10.1002/rmb2.12006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
17β‐Estradiol (E2), as the main circulating estrogen hormone, regulates many tissue and organ functions in physiology. The effects of E2 on cells are mediated by the transcription factors and estrogen receptor (ER)α and ERβ that are encoded by distinct genes. Localized at the peri‐membrane, mitochondria, and the nucleus of cells that are dependent on estrogen target tissues, the ERs share similar, as well as distinct, regulatory potentials. Different intracellular localizations of the ERs result in dynamically integrated and finely tuned E2 signaling cascades that orchestrate cellular growth, differentiation, and death. The deregulation of E2–ER signaling plays a critical role in the initiation and progression of target tissue malignancies. A better understanding of the complex regulatory mechanisms that underlie ER actions in response to E2 therefore holds a critical trajectory for the development of novel prognostic and therapeutic approaches with substantial impacts on the systemic management of target tissue diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pelin Yaşar
- Department of Biological Sciences Middle East Technical University Ankara Turkey
| | - Gamze Ayaz
- Department of Biological Sciences Middle East Technical University Ankara Turkey
| | - Sırma Damla User
- Department of Biological Sciences Middle East Technical University Ankara Turkey
| | - Gizem Güpür
- Department of Biological Sciences Middle East Technical University Ankara Turkey.,Present address: Cell and Molecular Biology Program Duke University Durham North Carolina USA
| | - Mesut Muyan
- Department of Biological Sciences Middle East Technical University Ankara Turkey
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56
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De Mol E, Fenwick RB, Phang CTW, Buzón V, Szulc E, de la Fuente A, Escobedo A, García J, Bertoncini CW, Estébanez-Perpiñá E, McEwan IJ, Riera A, Salvatella X. EPI-001, A Compound Active against Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer, Targets Transactivation Unit 5 of the Androgen Receptor. ACS Chem Biol 2016; 11:2499-505. [PMID: 27356095 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.6b00182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Castration-resistant prostate cancer is the lethal condition suffered by prostate cancer patients that become refractory to androgen deprivation therapy. EPI-001 is a recently identified compound active against this condition that modulates the activity of the androgen receptor, a nuclear receptor that is essential for disease progression. The mechanism by which this compound exerts its inhibitory activity is however not yet fully understood. Here we show, by using high resolution solution nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, that EPI-001 selectively interacts with a partially folded region of the transactivation domain of the androgen receptor, known as transactivation unit 5, that is key for the ability of prostate cells to proliferate in the absence of androgens, a distinctive feature of castration-resistant prostate cancer. Our results can contribute to the development of more potent and less toxic novel androgen receptor antagonists for treating this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva De Mol
- Institute
for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - R. Bryn Fenwick
- Institute
for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Christopher T. W. Phang
- Institute
for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Victor Buzón
- Departament
de Bioquímica i Biología Molecular, and Institute of
Biomedicine, University of Barcelona (IBUB), Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elzbieta Szulc
- Institute
for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alex de la Fuente
- Institute
for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Escobedo
- Institute
for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jesús García
- Institute
for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos W. Bertoncini
- Institute
for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eva Estébanez-Perpiñá
- Departament
de Bioquímica i Biología Molecular, and Institute of
Biomedicine, University of Barcelona (IBUB), Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Iain J. McEwan
- Institute
of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, IMS Building, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Antoni Riera
- Institute
for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Departament
de Química Orgànica, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí
i Franqués 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Salvatella
- Institute
for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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57
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Atretkhany KSN, Drutskaya MS, Nedospasov SA, Grivennikov SI, Kuprash DV. Chemokines, cytokines and exosomes help tumors to shape inflammatory microenvironment. Pharmacol Ther 2016; 168:98-112. [PMID: 27613100 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Relationship between inflammation and cancer is now well-established and represents a paradigm that our immune response does not necessarily serves solely to protect us from infections and cancer. Many specific mechanisms that link chronic inflammation to cancer promotion and metastasis have been uncovered in the recent years. Here we are focusing on the effects that tumors may exert on inflammatory cascades, tuning the immune system ability to cause tumor promotion or regression. In particular, we discuss the contributions of chemokines, cytokines and exosomes to the processes such as induction of inflammation and tumorigenesis. Overall, tumor-elicited inflammation is a key driver of tumor progression and an essential component of tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- K-S N Atretkhany
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Vavilova Str. 32, Russia; Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234, Moscow, Russia
| | - M S Drutskaya
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Vavilova Str. 32, Russia; Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234, Moscow, Russia
| | - S A Nedospasov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Vavilova Str. 32, Russia; Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234, Moscow, Russia; German Rheumatology Research Center (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - S I Grivennikov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Vavilova Str. 32, Russia; Fox Chase Cancer Center, Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - D V Kuprash
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Vavilova Str. 32, Russia; Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234, Moscow, Russia.
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58
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Infiltrating bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) increase prostate cancer cell invasion via altering the CCL5/HIF2α/androgen receptor signals. Oncotarget 2016; 6:27555-65. [PMID: 26342197 PMCID: PMC4695008 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Several infiltrating cells in the tumor microenvironment could influence the cancer progression via secreting various cytokines. Here, we found the CCL5 secreted from BM-MSCs suppressed androgen receptor (AR) signals via enhancing the expression of hypoxia inducible factor 2α (HIF2α) in prostate cancer (PCa) cells. Mechanism dissection revealed that the increased HIF2α might alter the AR-HSP90 interaction to suppress the AR transactivation, and inhibition of HIF2α reversed the BM-MSCs-increased PCa stem cell population and PCa cells invasion. Importantly, CCL5 could suppress the prolyl hydroxylases (PHDs) expression, which might then lead to suppress VHL-mediated HIF2α ubiquitination. Together, these results demonstrated that the CCL5 signals from infiltrating BM-MSC cells to HIF2α signals within PCa cells might play a key role to increase PCa stem cell population and PCa metastasis via altering the AR signals. Targeting this newly identified CCL5/HIF2α/AR axis signal axis may allow us to develop a novel way to suppress PCa metastasis.
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59
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Tong H, Ke JQ, Jiang FZ, Wang XJ, Wang FY, Li YR, Lu W, Wan XP. Tumor-associated macrophage-derived CXCL8 could induce ERα suppression via HOXB13 in endometrial cancer. Cancer Lett 2016; 376:127-36. [PMID: 27018308 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2016.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To elucidate the role of tumor-associated macrophage (TAM) in the loss of ERα in endometrial cancer (EC) and the underlying mechanism. MATERIALS AND METHODS Tissue microarrays and immunohistochemistry assays were performed using endometrial cancer tissue along with coculture, immunofluorescence, invasion assays and ChIP-qPCR using a human endometrial cancer cell line. RESULTS Compared with normal tissue, an increased number of TAM was found in EC tissue (34.0 ± 2.6 vs. 8.3 ± 1.1, respectively; p < 0.001), which may downregulate ERα (27.4%, p < 0.05 for HEC-1A and 16.9%, p < 0.05 for Ishikawa) and promote EC cell invasion (1.8-fold, p < 0.001 for HEC-1A and 2.0-fold, p < 0.001 for Ishikawa). Furthermore, we found that TAM-derived CXCL8 mediated the loss of ERα and cancer invasion via HOXB13. HOXB13 was highly expressed in the ERα-negative subtype (r = -0.204, p = 0.002) and low expression of ESR1 was associated with a poor prognosis for EC patients (log-rank p < 0.05). CONCLUSION TAM-secreted CXCL8 downregulated the ERα expression of EC cells via HOXB13, which may be associated with cancer invasion, metastasis and poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Tong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie-Qi Ke
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei-Zhou Jiang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fang-Yuan Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Ran Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen Lu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Wan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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60
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Frasor J, El-Shennawy L, Stender JD, Kastrati I. NFκB affects estrogen receptor expression and activity in breast cancer through multiple mechanisms. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 418 Pt 3:235-9. [PMID: 25450861 PMCID: PMC4402093 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2014.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen receptor (ER) and NFκB are two widely expressed, pleiotropic transcription factors that have been shown to interact and affect one another's activity. While the ability of ER to repress NFκB activity has been extensively studied and is thought to underlie the anti-inflammatory activity of estrogens, how NFκB signaling affects ER activity is less clear. This is a particularly important question in breast cancer since activation of NFκB in ER positive tumors is associated with failure of endocrine and chemotherapies. In this review, we provide an update on the multiple mechanisms by which NFκB can influence ER activity, including down-regulation of ER expression, enhanced ER recruitment to DNA, and increased transcriptional activity of both liganded and unliganded ER. Additionally, a novel example of NFκB potentiation of ER-dependent gene repression is reviewed. Together, these mechanisms can alter response to endocrine therapies and may underlie the poor outcome for women with ER positive tumors that have active NFκB signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonna Frasor
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - Lamiaa El-Shennawy
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Joshua D Stender
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Irida Kastrati
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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61
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Recouvreux S, Sampayo R, Bessone MID, Simian M. Microenvironment and endocrine resistance in breast cancer: Friend or foe? World J Clin Oncol 2015; 6:207-211. [PMID: 26677432 PMCID: PMC4675904 DOI: 10.5306/wjco.v6.i6.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer affects one in eight women around the world. Seventy five percent of these patients have tumors that are estrogen receptor positive and as a consequence receive endocrine therapy. However, about one third eventually develop resistance and cancer reappears. In the last decade our vision of cancer has evolved to consider it more of a tissue-related disease than a cell-centered one. This editorial argues that we are only starting to understand the role the tumor microenvironment plays in therapy resistance in breast cancer. The development of new therapeutic strategies that target the microenvironment will come when we clearly understand this extremely complicated scenario. As such, and as a scientific community, we have extremely challenging work ahead. We share our views regarding these matters.
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62
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Adissu HA, McKerlie C, Di Grappa M, Waterhouse P, Xu Q, Fang H, Khokha R, Wood GA. Timp3 loss accelerates tumour invasion and increases prostate inflammation in a mouse model of prostate cancer. Prostate 2015; 75:1831-43. [PMID: 26332574 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Altered expression and activity of proteases is implicated in inflammation and cancer progression. An important negative regulator of protease activity is TIMP3 (tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 3). TIMP3 expression is lacking in many cancers including advanced prostate cancer, and this may facilitate invasion and metastasis by allowing unrestrained protease activity. METHODS To investigate the role of TIMP3 in prostate cancer progression, we crossed TIMP3-deficient mice (Timp3(-/-)) to mice with prostate-specific deletion of the tumor suppressor Pten (Pten(-/-)), a well-established mouse model of prostate cancer. Tumor growth and progression were compared between Pten(-/-), Timp3(-/-) and control (Pten(-/-), Timp3(+/+)) mice at 16 weeks of age by histopathology and markers of proliferation, vascularity, and tumor invasion. Metalloproteinase activity within the tumors was assessed by gelatin zymography. Inflammatory infiltrates were assessed by immunohistochemistry for macrophages and lymphocytes whereas expression of cytokines and other inflammatory mediators was assessed by quantitative real time PCR and multiplex ELISA. RESULTS Increased tumor growth, proliferation index, increased microvascular density, and invasion was observed in Pten(-/-), Timp3(-/-) prostate tumors compared to Pten(-/-), Timp3(+/+) tumors. Tumor cell invasion in Pten(-/-), Timp3(-/-) mice was associated with increased expression of matrix metalloprotease (MMP)-9 and activation of MMP-2. There was markedly increased inflammatory cell infiltration into the TIMP3-deficient prostate tumors along with increased expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, cyclooxygenase-2, TNF-α, and interleukin-1β; all of which are implicated in inflammation and cancer. CONCLUSIONS This study provides important insights into the role of altered protease activity in promoting prostate cancer invasion and implicates prostate inflammation as an important promoting factor in prostate cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hibret A Adissu
- Centre for Modeling Human Disease, Toronto Centre for Phenogenomics, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Physiology & Experimental Medicine Research Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Colin McKerlie
- Centre for Modeling Human Disease, Toronto Centre for Phenogenomics, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Physiology & Experimental Medicine Research Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marco Di Grappa
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto Medical Discovery Tower, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul Waterhouse
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto Medical Discovery Tower, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Qiang Xu
- Centre for Modeling Human Disease, Toronto Centre for Phenogenomics, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hui Fang
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto Medical Discovery Tower, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rama Khokha
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto Medical Discovery Tower, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Geoffrey A Wood
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Wen S, Niu Y, Yeh S, Chang C. BM-MSCs promote prostate cancer progression via the conversion of normal fibroblasts to cancer-associated fibroblasts. Int J Oncol 2015; 47:719-27. [PMID: 26095189 PMCID: PMC4501667 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2015.3060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have suggested that prostate cancer (PCa) is able to recruit bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) to promote metastasis. The detailed mechanisms, especially the involvement of stromal cells, remain unclear. We found that the recruited BM-MSCs might be able to convert the normal fibroblasts to more cancer associated fibroblast (CAF)-like characteristics via alteration of secreted TGFβ-1. The consequences of such conversion might then enhance the PCa growth and invasion. Addition of functional TGFβ-1 or interruption with TGFβ-1 inhibitor SB431542 led to alteration of the BM-MSCs-induced CAF conversion and influence on the PCa cell growth and invasion. Together, these results suggest that BM-MSCs not only can be directly recruited by PCa epithelial cells to promote PCa invasion, they can also go through conversion of normal fibroblasts to CAFs to enhance PCa cell growth and invasion. Targeting the infiltrating BM-MSCs via either interruption of the interaction between PCa and BM-MSCs or prevention of the conversion of NFs to CAFs via inhibition of TGFβ-1 signal may result in the suppression of PCa progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simeng Wen
- Chawnshang Chang Sex Hormone Research Center, Tianjin Institute of Urology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, P.R. China
| | - Yuanjie Niu
- Chawnshang Chang Sex Hormone Research Center, Tianjin Institute of Urology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, P.R. China
| | - Shuyuan Yeh
- George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology and Urology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Chawnshang Chang
- George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology and Urology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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Brand JS, Li J, Humphreys K, Karlsson R, Eriksson M, Ivansson E, Hall P, Czene K. Identification of two novel mammographic density loci at 6Q25.1. Breast Cancer Res 2015; 17:75. [PMID: 26036842 PMCID: PMC4501298 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-015-0591-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Mammographic density (MD) is a strong heritable and intermediate phenotype for breast cancer, but much of its genetic variation remains unexplained. We performed a large-scale genetic association study including 8,419 women of European ancestry to identify MD loci. Methods Participants of three Swedish studies were genotyped on a custom Illumina iSelect genotyping array and percent and absolute mammographic density were ascertained using semiautomated and fully automated methods from film and digital mammograms. Linear regression analysis was used to test for SNP-MD associations, adjusting for age, body mass index, menopausal status and six principal components. Meta-analyses were performed by combining P values taking sample size, study-specific inflation factor and direction of effect into account. Results Genome-wide significant associations were observed for two previously identified loci: ZNF365 (rs10995194, P = 2.3 × 10−8 for percent MD and P = 8.7 × 10−9 for absolute MD) and AREG (rs10034692, P = 6.7 × 10−9 for absolute MD). In addition, we found evidence of association for two variants at 6q25.1, both of which are known breast cancer susceptibility loci: rs9485370 in the TAB2 gene (P = 4.8 × 10−9 for percent MD and P = 2.5 × 10−8 for absolute MD) and rs60705924 in the CCDC170/ESR1 region (P = 2.2 × 10−8 for absolute MD). Both regions have been implicated in estrogen receptor signaling with TAB2 being a potential regulator of tamoxifen response. Conclusions We identified two novel MD loci at 6q25.1. These findings underscore the importance of 6q25.1 as a susceptibility region and provide more insight into the mechanisms through which MD influences breast cancer risk. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13058-015-0591-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith S Brand
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels Väg 12A, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Jingmei Li
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels Väg 12A, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Keith Humphreys
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels Väg 12A, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Robert Karlsson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels Väg 12A, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Mikael Eriksson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels Väg 12A, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Emma Ivansson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels Väg 12A, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Swedish eScience Research Centre (SeRC), Karolinska Institutet, Nobels Väg 12A, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Per Hall
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels Väg 12A, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Kamila Czene
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels Väg 12A, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Guo Z, Xing Z, Cheng X, Fang Z, Jiang C, Su J, Zhou Z, Xu Z, Holmberg A, Nilsson S, Liu Z. Somatostatin Derivate (smsDX) Attenuates the TAM-Stimulated Proliferation, Migration and Invasion of Prostate Cancer via NF-κB Regulation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124292. [PMID: 26010447 PMCID: PMC4444263 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor development and progression are influenced by macrophages of the surrounding microenvironment. To investigate the influences of an inflammatory tumor microenvironment on the growth and metastasis of prostate cancer, the present study used a co-culture model of prostate cancer (PCa) cells with tumor-associated macrophage (TAM)-conditioned medium (MCM). MCM promoted PCa cell (LNCaP, DU145 and PC-3) growth, and a xenograft model in nude mice consistently demonstrated that MCM could promote tumor growth. MCM also stimulated migration and invasion in vitro. Somatostatin derivate (smsDX) significantly attenuated the TAM-stimulated proliferation, migration and invasion of prostate cancer. Immunohistochemistry revealed that NF-κB was over-expressed in PCa and BPH with chronic inflammatory tissue specimens and was positively correlated with macrophage infiltration. Further investigation into the underlying mechanism revealed that NF-κB played an important role in macrophage infiltration. SmsDX inhibited the paracrine loop between TAM and PCa cells and may represent a potential therapeutic agent for PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoxin Guo
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji’nan, Shandong, China
| | - Zhaoquan Xing
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiangyu Cheng
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Zhiqing Fang
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji’nan, Shandong, China
| | - Chao Jiang
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jing Su
- School of Nursing, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Zunlin Zhou
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Zhonghua Xu
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Anders Holmberg
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sten Nilsson
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Zhaoxu Liu
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- School of Nursing, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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Escamilla J, Schokrpur S, Liu C, Priceman SJ, Moughon D, Jiang Z, Pouliot F, Magyar C, Sung JL, Xu J, Deng G, West BL, Bollag G, Fradet Y, Lacombe L, Jung ME, Huang J, Wu L. CSF1 receptor targeting in prostate cancer reverses macrophage-mediated resistance to androgen blockade therapy. Cancer Res 2015; 75:950-62. [PMID: 25736687 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-0992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests that tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) promote cancer progression and therapeutic resistance by enhancing angiogenesis, matrix-remodeling, and immunosuppression. In this study, prostate cancer under androgen blockade therapy (ABT) was investigated, demonstrating that TAMs contribute to prostate cancer disease recurrence through paracrine signaling processes. ABT induced the tumor cells to express macrophage colony-stimulating factor 1 (M-CSF1 or CSF1) and other cytokines that recruit and modulate macrophages, causing a significant increase in TAM infiltration. Inhibitors of CSF1 signaling through its receptor, CSF1R, were tested in combination with ABT, demonstrating that blockade of TAM influx in this setting disrupts tumor promotion and sustains a more durable therapeutic response compared with ABT alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jemima Escamilla
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Shiruyeh Schokrpur
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Connie Liu
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Saul J Priceman
- Department of Cancer Immunotherapeutics and Tumor Immunology, Beckman Research Institute at City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Diana Moughon
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Ziyue Jiang
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California. Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Frederic Pouliot
- Department of Surgery, Urology Division, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Clara Magyar
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - James L Sung
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jingying Xu
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Gang Deng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | | | | | - Yves Fradet
- Department of Surgery, Urology Division, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Louis Lacombe
- Department of Surgery, Urology Division, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Michael E Jung
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jiaoti Huang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Lily Wu
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California. Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.
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Ding X, Yang DR, Xia L, Chen B, Yu S, Niu Y, Wang M, Li G, Chang C. Targeting TR4 nuclear receptor suppresses prostate cancer invasion via reduction of infiltrating macrophages with alteration of the TIMP-1/MMP2/MMP9 signals. Mol Cancer 2015; 14:16. [PMID: 25623427 PMCID: PMC4316804 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-014-0281-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background TR4 nuclear receptor 4 (TR4) plays an important role in macrophages-associated foam cell formation of cardiovascular diseases and infiltrating macrophages are critical for prostate cancer (PCa) progression. However, the linkage of macrophages and TR4 and their impacts on PCa metastasis remains unclear. Results Knocking-down TR4 in human PCa cells (C4-2, CWR22Rv1), but not in human macrophages cells (THP-1), led to suppress the macrophages infiltration to PCa cells. The consequences of such suppression of the recruitment of macrophages toward PCa then resulted in suppressing the PCa cell invasion. Mechanism dissection found that knocking-down TR4 in PCa cells suppressed metastasis-related genes including MMP2, with induction of TIMP-1. Interruption assays using TIMP-1 neutralizing antibody could then reverse TR4-macrophage-mediated PCa invasion. IHC staining showed higher TR4 level, more macrophage infiltration, lower TIMP-1 and stronger MMP2/MMP9 in tumor tissues of the Gleason score 5 + 4 patients compared with the Gleason score 3 + 3 patients. Conclusion Targeting TR4 in prostate tumor microenvironment might represent a potential new therapeutic approach to better battle PCa metastasis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12943-014-0281-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianfan Ding
- Department of Urology and Chawnshang Chang Liver Cancer Center, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China. .,George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology, Urology and Radiation Oncology, and The Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14646, USA.
| | - Dong-Rong Yang
- George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology, Urology and Radiation Oncology, and The Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14646, USA. .,Department of Urology, the 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215004, China.
| | - Liqun Xia
- Department of Urology and Chawnshang Chang Liver Cancer Center, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China.
| | - Bide Chen
- Department of Urology and Chawnshang Chang Liver Cancer Center, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China.
| | - Shicheng Yu
- Department of Urology and Chawnshang Chang Liver Cancer Center, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China.
| | - Yuanjie Niu
- Chawnshang Chang Sex Hormone Research Center, Tianjin Institute of Urology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300211, China.
| | - Mingchao Wang
- Department of Urology and Chawnshang Chang Liver Cancer Center, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China.
| | - Gonghui Li
- Department of Urology and Chawnshang Chang Liver Cancer Center, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China.
| | - Chawnshang Chang
- George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology, Urology and Radiation Oncology, and The Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14646, USA. .,Sex Hormone Research Center, China Medical University/Hospital, Taichung, 404, Taiwan.
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Thapa D, Ghosh R. Chronic inflammatory mediators enhance prostate cancer development and progression. Biochem Pharmacol 2015; 94:53-62. [PMID: 25593038 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 12/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation is postulated to influence prostate cancer progression. Preclinical studies have claimed that inflammatory mediators are involved in prostate cancer development and therefore suggested these as attractive targets for intervention. However, among the many pro-inflammatory mediators, there is no consensus regarding the identity of the primary one(s). In clinical studies, chronic inflammation has been found in prostate tumor specimens, and tissues resected for treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Although collective evidence from molecular, experimental and clinical data suggests that inflammation can contribute or promote prostate carcinogenesis, an etiologic link has not yet been established. Moreover, the role of chronic inflammation in the onset of castration resistant and metastatic disease is unclear. Therefore it is important to open a dialog regarding recent findings on how chronic inflammatory mediators contribute to prostate cancer progression, and their usefulness to prevent disease progression. In this commentary, we assess the current literature with respect to chronic inflammation as a potential initiator and promoter of prostate carcinogenesis and discuss the prospects for its potential clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Thapa
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Rita Ghosh
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA; Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA; Cancer Therapy and Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.
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69
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Androgen receptor: structure, role in prostate cancer and drug discovery. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2015; 36:3-23. [PMID: 24909511 PMCID: PMC4571323 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2014.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 541] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgens and androgen receptors (AR) play a pivotal role in expression of the male phenotype. Several diseases, such as androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS) and prostate cancer, are associated with alterations in AR functions. Indeed, androgen blockade by drugs that prevent the production of androgens and/or block the action of the AR inhibits prostate cancer growth. However, resistance to these drugs often occurs after 2–3 years as the patients develop castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). In CRPC, a functional AR remains a key regulator. Early studies focused on the functional domains of the AR and its crucial role in the pathology. The elucidation of the structures of the AR DNA binding domain (DBD) and ligand binding domain (LBD) provides a new framework for understanding the functions of this receptor and leads to the development of rational drug design for the treatment of prostate cancer. An overview of androgen receptor structure and activity, its actions in prostate cancer, and how structural information and high-throughput screening have been or can be used for drug discovery are provided herein.
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70
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Esquivel-Velázquez M, Ostoa-Saloma P, Palacios-Arreola MI, Nava-Castro KE, Castro JI, Morales-Montor J. The role of cytokines in breast cancer development and progression. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2015; 35:1-16. [PMID: 25068787 PMCID: PMC4291218 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2014.0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 318] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines are highly inducible, secretory proteins that mediate intercellular communication in the immune system. They are grouped into several protein families that are referred to as tumor necrosis factors, interleukins, interferons, and colony-stimulating factors. In recent years, it has become clear that some of these proteins as well as their receptors are produced in the organisms under physiological and pathological conditions. The exact initiation process of breast cancer is unknown, although several hypotheses have emerged. Inflammation has been proposed as an important player in tumor initiation, promotion, angiogenesis, and metastasis, all phenomena in which cytokines are prominent players. The data here suggest that cytokines play an important role in the regulation of both induction and protection in breast cancer. This knowledge could be fundamental for the proposal of new therapeutic approaches to particularly breast cancer and other cancer-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Esquivel-Velázquez
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, México
| | - Pedro Ostoa-Saloma
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, México
| | | | - Karen E. Nava-Castro
- Centro de Investigación Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, SSA, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Julieta Ivonne Castro
- Centro de Investigación Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, SSA, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Jorge Morales-Montor
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, México
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Nouri M, Ratther E, Stylianou N, Nelson CC, Hollier BG, Williams ED. Androgen-targeted therapy-induced epithelial mesenchymal plasticity and neuroendocrine transdifferentiation in prostate cancer: an opportunity for intervention. Front Oncol 2014; 4:370. [PMID: 25566507 PMCID: PMC4274903 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Androgens regulate biological pathways to promote proliferation, differentiation, and survival of benign and malignant prostate tissue. Androgen receptor (AR) targeted therapies exploit this dependence and are used in advanced prostate cancer to control disease progression. Contemporary treatment regimens involve sequential use of inhibitors of androgen synthesis or AR function. Although targeting the androgen axis has clear therapeutic benefit, its effectiveness is temporary, as prostate tumor cells adapt to survive and grow. The removal of androgens (androgen deprivation) has been shown to activate both epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and neuroendocrine transdifferentiation (NEtD) programs. EMT has established roles in promoting biological phenotypes associated with tumor progression (migration/invasion, tumor cell survival, cancer stem cell-like properties, resistance to radiation and chemotherapy) in multiple human cancer types. NEtD in prostate cancer is associated with resistance to therapy, visceral metastasis, and aggressive disease. Thus, activation of these programs via inhibition of the androgen axis provides a mechanism by which tumor cells can adapt to promote disease recurrence and progression. Brachyury, Axl, MEK, and Aurora kinase A are molecular drivers of these programs, and inhibitors are currently in clinical trials to determine therapeutic applications. Understanding tumor cell plasticity will be important in further defining the rational use of androgen-targeted therapies clinically and provides an opportunity for intervention to prolong survival of men with metastatic prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mannan Nouri
- Vancouver Prostate Centre , Vancouver, BC , Canada ; The University of British Columbia , Vancouver, BC , Canada
| | - Ellca Ratther
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Queensland University of Technology , Brisbane, QLD , Australia ; Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Queensland University of Technology , Brisbane, QLD , Australia
| | - Nataly Stylianou
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Queensland University of Technology , Brisbane, QLD , Australia ; Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Queensland University of Technology , Brisbane, QLD , Australia
| | - Colleen C Nelson
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Queensland University of Technology , Brisbane, QLD , Australia ; Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Queensland University of Technology , Brisbane, QLD , Australia
| | - Brett G Hollier
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Queensland University of Technology , Brisbane, QLD , Australia ; Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Queensland University of Technology , Brisbane, QLD , Australia
| | - Elizabeth D Williams
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Queensland University of Technology , Brisbane, QLD , Australia ; Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Queensland University of Technology , Brisbane, QLD , Australia ; Department of Surgery, St Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne , Melbourne, VIC , Australia ; Monash University , Melbourne, VIC , Australia
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Hayashi N, Kataoka H, Yano S, Tanaka M, Moriwaki K, Akashi H, Suzuki S, Mori Y, Kubota E, Tanida S, Takahashi S, Joh T. A novel photodynamic therapy targeting cancer cells and tumor-associated macrophages. Mol Cancer Ther 2014; 14:452-60. [PMID: 25512617 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-14-0348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) in cancer stroma play important roles for cancer cell growth, invasion, angiogenesis, and metastases. We synthesized a novel photosensitizer, mannose-conjugated chlorin (M-chlorin), designed to bind mannose receptors highly expressed on TAMs. We evaluated the newly available photodynamic therapy (PDT) with M-chlorin against gastric and colon cancer. We evaluated PDT with M-chlorin for in vitro cytotoxicity and apoptosis induction in cancer cells compared with chlorin alone and glucose-conjugated chlorin (G-chlorin). The subcellular localization of M-chlorin was observed by confocal microscopy, and the M-chlorin PDT effects against TAMs including THP-1-induced M2-polarized macrophages were evaluated. Anticancer effects were also investigated in an allograft model where cytotoxic effects against TAMs in the cancer cell stroma were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. M-chlorin PDT strongly induced cell death in cancer cells to almost the same extent as G-chlorin PDT by inducing apoptosis. M-chlorin was incorporated into cancer cells where it localized mainly in lysosomes and endoplasmic reticula. M-chlorin PDT revealed strong cytotoxicity for M2 macrophages induced from THP-1 cell lines, and it induced stronger cytotoxicity than G-chlorin PDT in the allograft model through killing both cancer cells and TAMs in the cancer stroma. The M-chlorin PDT produced strong cytotoxicity against cancer tissue by inducing apoptosis of both cancer cells and TAMs in the cancer stroma. This novel PDT thus stands as a new candidate for very effective, next-generation PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyuki Hayashi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiromi Kataoka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Japan.
| | - Shigenobu Yano
- Graduate School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, Japan. Office of Society-Academia Collaboration for Innovation, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Mamoru Tanaka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Moriwaki
- Reseach Institute of Natural Sciences, Okayama University of Science, Kita-ku, Okayama-shi, Okayama, Japan
| | - Haruo Akashi
- Reseach Institute of Natural Sciences, Okayama University of Science, Kita-ku, Okayama-shi, Okayama, Japan
| | - Shugo Suzuki
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Tumor Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Mori
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Eiji Kubota
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Satoshi Tanida
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Satoru Takahashi
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Tumor Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takashi Joh
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Japan
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73
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Brand JS, Humphreys K, Thompson DJ, Li J, Eriksson M, Hall P, Czene K. Volumetric Mammographic Density: Heritability and Association With Breast Cancer Susceptibility Loci. J Natl Cancer Inst 2014; 106:dju334. [DOI: 10.1093/jnci/dju334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
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74
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El-Gamal MI, Abdel-Maksoud MS, El-Din MMG, Yoo KH, Baek D, Oh CH. Cell-based biological evaluation of a new bisamide FMS kinase inhibitor possessing pyrrolo[3,2-c]pyridine scaffold. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2014; 347:635-41. [PMID: 24942978 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201400051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A bisamide compound 1 possessing the pyrrolo[3,2-c]pyridine nucleus was synthesized and biologically evaluated. It was tested for kinase inhibitory activity over a panel of 47 kinases, and its selectivity toward the FMS kinase was accidentally discovered. Compound 1 was tested over a panel of seven ovarian, two prostate, and six breast cancer cell lines at a single dose concentration of 10 µM and showed high activity. It was further tested in a 5-dose mode to determine its IC50 and total growth inhibition (TGI) values over the 15 cell lines. Compound 1 showed high potency on the submicromolar scale and good efficacy. The cytotoxic effect of compound 1 over peritoneal macrophages was also investigated. Compound 1 demonstrated higher selectivity against different cancer cell lines compared with HS-27 fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed I El-Gamal
- Center for Biomaterials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Mansoura, Mansoura, Egypt
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75
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Yuan X, Cai C, Chen S, Chen S, Yu Z, Balk SP. Androgen receptor functions in castration-resistant prostate cancer and mechanisms of resistance to new agents targeting the androgen axis. Oncogene 2014; 33:2815-25. [PMID: 23752196 PMCID: PMC4890635 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2013] [Revised: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The metabolic functions of androgen receptor (AR) in normal prostate are circumvented in prostate cancer (PCa) to drive tumor growth, and the AR also can acquire new growth-promoting functions during PCa development and progression through genetic and epigenetic mechanisms. Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT, surgical or medical castration) is the standard treatment for metastatic PCa, but patients invariably relapse despite castrate androgen levels (castration-resistant PCa, CRPC). Early studies from many groups had shown that AR was highly expressed and transcriptionally active in CRPC, and indicated that steroids from the adrenal glands were contributing to this AR activity. More recent studies showed that CRPC cells had increased expression of enzymes mediating androgen synthesis from adrenal steroids, and could synthesize androgens de novo from cholesterol. Phase III clinical trials showing a survival advantage in CRPC for treatment with abiraterone (inhibitor of the enzyme CYP17A1 required for androgen synthesis that markedly reduces androgens and precursor steroids) and for enzalutamide (new AR antagonist) have now confirmed that AR activity driven by residual androgens makes a major contribution to CRPC, and led to the recent Food and Drug Administration approval of both agents. Unfortunately, patients treated with these agents for advanced CRPC generally relapse within a year and AR appears to be active in the relapsed tumors, but the molecular mechanisms mediating intrinsic or acquired resistance to these AR-targeted therapies remain to be defined. This review outlines AR functions that contribute to PCa development and progression, the roles of intratumoral androgen synthesis and AR structural alterations in driving AR activity in CRPC, mechanisms of action for abiraterone and enzalutamide, and possible mechanisms of resistance to these agents.
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MESH Headings
- Androgen Receptor Antagonists/therapeutic use
- Androgens/metabolism
- Animals
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/metabolism
- Disease Progression
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Male
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/drug therapy
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/genetics
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/metabolism
- Receptors, Androgen/chemistry
- Receptors, Androgen/metabolism
- Repressor Proteins/metabolism
- Steroid 17-alpha-Hydroxylase/antagonists & inhibitors
- Steroid 17-alpha-Hydroxylase/metabolism
- Trans-Activators/metabolism
- Transcription, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- X Yuan
- Hematology Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - C Cai
- Hematology Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - S Chen
- Hematology Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - S Chen
- Hematology Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Z Yu
- Hematology Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - S P Balk
- Hematology Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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76
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Han AL, Kumar S, Fok JY, Tyagi AK, Mehta K. Tissue transglutaminase expression promotes castration-resistant phenotype and transcriptional repression of androgen receptor. Eur J Cancer 2014; 50:1685-96. [PMID: 24656569 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2014.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Revised: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Many studies have supported a role for inflammation in prostate tumour growth. However, the contribution of inflammation to the development of castration-resistant prostate cancer remains largely unknown. Based on observations that aberrant expression of the proinflammatory protein tissue transglutaminase (TG2) is associated with development of drug resistance and metastatic phenotype in multiple cancer types, we determined TG2 expression in prostate cancer cells. Herein we report that human prostate cancer cell lines with low expression of androgen receptor (AR) had high basal levels of TG2 expression. Also, overexpression of TG2 negatively regulated AR mRNA and protein expression and attenuated androgen sensitivity of prostate cancer cells. TG2 expression in prostate cancer cells was associated with increased invasion and resistance to chemotherapy. Mechanistically, TG2 activated nuclear factor (NF)-κB and induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition. TG2/NF-κB-mediated decrease in AR expression resulted from transcriptional repression involving cis-interaction of NF-κB in a complex with TG2 with the 5'-untranslated region of AR. Negative regulation of AR could be partially abrogated by repression of TG2 or NF-κB (p65/RelA) by gene-specific small interfering RNA. These results suggested that a novel pathway links androgen dependence with TG2-regulated inflammatory signalling and hence may make TG2 a novel therapeutic target for the prevention and treatment of castration-resistant prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Lee Han
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Santosh Kumar
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Jansina Y Fok
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Amit K Tyagi
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Kapil Mehta
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, United States.
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77
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Bardan R, Dumache R, Dema A, Cumpanas A, Bucuras V. The role of prostatic inflammation biomarkers in the diagnosis of prostate diseases. Clin Biochem 2014; 47:909-15. [PMID: 24560954 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2014.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Revised: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer (PCa) are chronic conditions, which are hormone-dependent and epidemiologically associated with prostate inflammation. As a large number of studies have demonstrated, the stimulation of T-cells at the level of prostatic chronic inflammatory infiltrates is followed by stromal and epithelial cell proliferation. The aim of this review is to present the actual level of knowledge in the field of prostatic immune response and chronic inflammation, and to analyze the relationships between chronic inflammation and BPH/PCa. The most studied prostatic inflammation biomarkers detected in biological fluids are also presented, together with their potential roles in the diagnosis and prognosis of prostatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razvan Bardan
- Department of Urology, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania.
| | - Raluca Dumache
- Department of Biochemistry, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Alis Dema
- Department of Pathology, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Alin Cumpanas
- Department of Urology, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Viorel Bucuras
- Department of Urology, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
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78
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Lin WJ, Izumi K. Androgen receptor, ccl2, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition: A dangerous affair in the tumor microenvironment. Oncoimmunology 2014; 3:e27871. [PMID: 25339999 PMCID: PMC4203538 DOI: 10.4161/onci.27871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
High levels of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2) promote the metastatic dissemination of prostate cancer by recruiting macrophages to neoplastic lesions. We have recently discovered that inhibiting the androgen receptor (AR) in prostate cancer cells or tumor-infiltrating macrophages results in the upregulation CCL2 and promotes disease progression by activating signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and by favoring the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Our results indicate that the sole inhibition of AR as a therapeutic intervention against prostate cancer is intrinsically destined to failed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jye Lin
- Immunology Research Center; National Health Research Institutes; Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Kouji Izumi
- Department of Integrative Cancer Therapy and Urology; Kanazawa University; Kanazawa, Japan
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79
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Kwon SJ, Lee GT, Lee JH, Iwakura Y, Kim WJ, Kim IY. Mechanism of pro-tumorigenic effect of BMP-6: neovascularization involving tumor-associated macrophages and IL-1a. Prostate 2014; 74:121-33. [PMID: 24185914 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION. Overexpression of bone morphogenetic protein-6 (BMP-6) has been reported in human prostate cancer tissues. Previously we have demonstrated that BMP-6 enhances prostate cancer growth in mice and not in tissue culture. Herein, we have investigated the mechanism of BMP-6’s pro-tumorigenic effect in prostate cancer. METHODS. Tramp C2 murine and LNCaP human prostate cancer cell lines were co-cultured with RAW 264.7 and THP-1 cells, respectively. IL-1a knockout mice were used to confirm the role of BMP-6/IL-1a loop in vivo. Lastly, conditional macrophage null mice cd11b-DTR was used. RESULTS. The results demonstrated that BMP-6 induced the expression of IL-1a in macrophages via a cross-talk between NF-kB1 p50 and Smad1. When endothelial cells were treated with conditioned media harvested from macrophages incubated with BMP-6, tube formation was detected. In the presence of IL-1a neutralizing antibody, endothelial tube formation was blocked. In vivo, tumor growth and neovascularization decreased significantly when BMP-6 was expressed in IL-1a knockout and conditional macrophage-null mice. CONCLUSIONS. Prostate cancer-derived BMP-6 stimulates tumor-associated macrophages to produce IL-1a through a crosstalk between Smad1 and NF-kB1; IL-1a, in turn, promotes angiogenesis and prostate cancer growth.
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80
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Brand LJ, Dehm SM. Androgen receptor gene rearrangements: new perspectives on prostate cancer progression. Curr Drug Targets 2014; 14:441-9. [PMID: 23410127 DOI: 10.2174/1389450111314040005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Revised: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) is a master regulator transcription factor in normal and cancerous prostate cells. Canonical AR activation requires binding of androgen ligand to the AR ligand binding domain, translocation to the nucleus, and transcriptional activation of AR target genes. This regulatory axis is targeted for systemic therapy of advanced prostate cancer. However, a new paradigm for AR activation in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) has emerged wherein alternative splicing of AR mRNA promotes synthesis of constitutively active AR variants that lack the AR ligand binding domain (LBD). Recent work has indicated that structural alteration of the AR gene locus represents a key mechanism by which alterations in AR mRNA splicing arise. In this review, we examine the role of truncated AR variants (ARVs) and their corresponding genomic origins in models of prostate cancer progression, as well as the challenges they pose to the current standard of prostate cancer therapies targeting the AR ligand binding domain. Since ARVs lack the COOH-terminal LBD, the genesis of these AR gene rearrangements and their resulting ARVs provides strong rationale for the pursuit of new avenues of therapeutic intervention targeted at the AR NH2-terminal domain. We further suggest that genomic events leading to ARV expression could act as novel biomarkers of disease progression that may guide the optimal use of current and next-generation AR-targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas J Brand
- Graduate Program in Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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81
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Jiang X, Shapiro DJ. The immune system and inflammation in breast cancer. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2014; 382:673-682. [PMID: 23791814 PMCID: PMC4919022 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Revised: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
During different stages of tumor development the immune system can either identify and destroy tumors, or promote their growth. Therapies targeting the immune system have emerged as a promising treatment modality for breast cancer, and immunotherapeutic strategies are being examined in preclinical and clinical models. However, our understanding of the complex interplay between cells of the immune system and breast cancer cells is incomplete. In this article, we review recent findings showing how the immune system plays dual host-protective and tumor-promoting roles in breast cancer initiation and progression. We then discuss estrogen receptor α (ERα)-dependent and ERα-independent mechanisms that shield breast cancers from immunosurveillance and enable breast cancer cells to evade immune cell induced apoptosis and produce an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Finally, we discuss protumorigenic inflammation that is induced during tumor progression and therapy, and how inflammation promotes more aggressive phenotypes in ERα positive breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinguo Jiang
- Department of Medicine, VA Palo Alto Health Care System/Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - David J Shapiro
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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82
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Dowling JK, Becker CE, Bourke NM, Corr SC, Connolly DJ, Quinn SR, Pandolfi PP, Mansell A, O'Neill LAJ. Promyelocytic leukemia protein interacts with the apoptosis-associated speck-like protein to limit inflammasome activation. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:6429-6437. [PMID: 24407287 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.539692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase-activating recruitment domain (ASC) is an essential component of several inflammasomes, multiprotein complexes that regulate caspase-1 activation and inflammation. We report here an interaction between promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML) and ASC. We observed enhanced formation of ASC dimers in PML-deficient macrophages. These macrophages also display enhanced levels of ASC in the cytosol. Furthermore, IL-1β production was markedly enhanced in these macrophages in response to both NLRP3 and AIM2 inflammasome activation and following bone marrow-derived macrophage infection with herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) and Salmonella typhimurium. Collectively, our data indicate that PML limits ASC function, retaining ASC in the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer K Dowling
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Christine E Becker
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Nollaig M Bourke
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Disease, MIMR-PHI Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Sinead C Corr
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Dympna J Connolly
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Susan R Quinn
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Paolo P Pandolfi
- Cancer Genetics Program, Beth Israel Deaconess Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Ashley Mansell
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Disease, MIMR-PHI Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Luke A J O'Neill
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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83
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Van Tilborgh N, Spans L, Helsen C, Clinckemalie L, Dubois V, Lerut E, Boonen S, Vanderschueren D, Claessens F. The transcription intermediary factor 1β coactivates the androgen receptor. J Endocrinol Invest 2013; 36:699-706. [PMID: 23563173 DOI: 10.3275/8927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) is a ligand-inducible transcription factor. Its transcription activation domain consists of the two transcription activation units called Tau-1 and Tau- 5. Tau-5 interacts with p160 coactivators like the transcription intermediary factor 2 (TIF2), which in their turn recruit histone modifiers and chromatin-remodelling complexes. The mechanism of action of Tau-1, however, remains elusive. Here, we demonstrate that transcription intermediary factor 1β (TIF1β) can induce the activity of the AR up to five fold when tested in vitro. Although there is no evidence for direct interactions between TIF1β and AR, mutation studies show that the activity of TIF1β depends on the integrity of Tau-1 in AR on the one hand, and the so-called tripartite motif domain in TIF1β on the other. Surprisingly, the coactivation by TIF1β via Tau-1 seems additive rather than cooperative with the AR coactivation by TIF2. Some mutations naturally occurring in androgen-insensitivity syndrome patients that reside in Tau-1 seem to impair the TIF1β coactivation of the AR, indicating that TIF1β could also be relevant for the in vivo androgen response in humans. Moreover, since TIF1β is well expressed in prostate cancer cells, its functional interaction with androgen signalling could in the long run be a therapeutic target for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Van Tilborgh
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium
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84
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Zheng Y, Yang W, Aldape K, He J, Lu Z. Epidermal growth factor (EGF)-enhanced vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) expression promotes macrophage and glioblastoma cell interaction and tumor cell invasion. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:31488-95. [PMID: 24045955 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.499020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Activated EGF receptor (EGFR) signaling plays an instrumental role in glioblastoma (GBM) progression. However, how EGFR activation regulates the tumor microenvironment to promote GBM cell invasion remains to be clarified. Here, we demonstrate that the levels of EGFR activation in tumor cells correlated with the levels of macrophage infiltration in human GBM specimens. This was supported by our observation that EGFR activation enhanced the interaction between macrophages and GBM cells. In addition, EGF treatment induced up-regulation of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) expression in a PKCε- and NF-κB-dependent manner. Depletion of VCAM-1 interrupted the binding of macrophages to GBM cells and inhibited EGF-induced and macrophage-promoted GBM cell invasion. These results demonstrate an instrumental role for EGF-induced up-regulation of VCAM-1 expression in EGFR activation-promoted macrophage-tumor cell interaction and tumor cell invasion and indicate that VCAM-1 is a potential molecular target for improving cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhua Zheng
- From the Brain Tumor Center and Department of Neuro-Oncology
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85
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Izumi K, Fang LY, Mizokami A, Namiki M, Li L, Lin WJ, Chang C. Targeting the androgen receptor with siRNA promotes prostate cancer metastasis through enhanced macrophage recruitment via CCL2/CCR2-induced STAT3 activation. EMBO Mol Med 2013; 5:1383-401. [PMID: 23982944 PMCID: PMC3799493 DOI: 10.1002/emmm.201202367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Revised: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased CCL2 expression in prostate cancer (PCa) cells enhanced metastasis via macrophage recruitment. However, its linkage to androgen receptor (AR)-mediated PCa progression remains unclear. Here, we identified a previously unrecognized regulation: targeting AR with siRNA in PCa cells increased macrophage recruitment via CCL2 up-regulation, which might then result in enhancing PCa invasiveness. Molecular mechanism dissection revealed that targeting PCa AR with siRNA promoted PCa cell migration/invasion via CCL2-dependent STAT3 activation and epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) pathways. Importantly, pharmacologic interruption of the CCL2/CCR2-STAT3 axis suppressed EMT and PCa cell migration, providing a new mechanism linking CCL2 and EMT. Simultaneously targeting PCa AR with siRNA and the CCL2/CCR2-STAT3 axis resulted in better suppression of PCa growth and metastasis in a xenograft PCa mouse model. Human PCa tissue microarray analysis suggests that increased CCL2 expression may be potentially associated with poor prognosis of PCa patients. Together, these results may provide a novel therapeutic approach to better battle PCa progression and metastasis at the castration resistant stage via the combination of targeting AR with siRNA and anti-CCL2/CCR2-STAT3 signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouji Izumi
- George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology, Urology, and Radiation Oncology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
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86
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Kim TE, Seo JS, Yang JW, Kim MW, Kausar R, Joe E, Kim BY, Lee MA. Nurr1 represses tyrosine hydroxylase expression via SIRT1 in human neural stem cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71469. [PMID: 23977047 PMCID: PMC3743743 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nurr1 is an orphan nuclear receptor best known for its essential role in the development and maintenance of midbrain dopaminergic (DA) neurons. During DA neurogenesis, Nurr1 directly targets human tyrosine hydroxylase (hTH). Here we investigated this targeting to identify the molecular mechanisms by which Nurr1 regulates DA neurogenesis. We previously cloned the hTH promoter and found three consensus elements for Nurr1 binding: NBRE-A, -B, and -C. In the present study, gel retardation and luciferase assays using hTH constructs showed that Nurr1 preferentially bound to NBRE-A, through which it mediated transcriptional activity. Furthermore, Nurr1 displayed dual-function transcriptional activities depending on the cell type. In DA-like SH-SY5Y cells, Nurr1 dose-dependently stimulated hTH-3174 promoter activity by 7- to 11-fold. However, in the human neural stem cell (hNSC) line HB1.F3, Nurr1 strongly repressed transcription from the same promoter. This repression was relieved by mutation of only the NBRE-A element and by nicotinamide [an inhibitor of class III histone deacetylases (HDACs), such as SIRT1], but not by trichostatin A (an inhibitor of class I and II HDACs). SIRT1 was strongly expressed in the nucleus of HB1.F3 cells, while it was localized in the cytoplasm in SH-SY5Y cells. ChIP assays of HB1.F3 cells showed that Nurr1 overexpression significantly increased the SIRT1 occupancy of the NBRE-A hTH promoter region, while low SIRT1 levels were observed in control cells. In contrast, no significant SIRT1 recruitment was observed in SH-SY5Y cells. These results indicate that differential SIRT1 localization may be involved in hTH gene regulation. Overall, our findings suggest that Nurr1 exists in dual transcriptional complexes, including co-repressor complexes that can be remodeled to become co-activators and can fine-tune hTH gene transcription during human DA neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Eun Kim
- Brain Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Ji Sun Seo
- Brain Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Jae Won Yang
- Brain Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Min Woong Kim
- Brain Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Rukhsana Kausar
- Brain Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Eunhye Joe
- Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Bo Yeon Kim
- Chemical Biology Research Center, and World Class Institute, KRIBB, Ochang, Korea
| | - Myung Ae Lee
- Brain Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
- * E-mail:
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87
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Fang LY, Izumi K, Lai KP, Liang L, Li L, Miyamoto H, Lin WJ, Chang C. Infiltrating macrophages promote prostate tumorigenesis via modulating androgen receptor-mediated CCL4-STAT3 signaling. Cancer Res 2013; 73:5633-46. [PMID: 23878190 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-3228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Infiltrating macrophages are a key component of inflammation during tumorigenesis, but the direct evidence of such linkage remains unclear. We report here that persistent coculturing of immortalized prostate epithelial cells with macrophages, without adding any carcinogens, induces prostate tumorigenesis and that induction involves the alteration of signaling of macrophage androgen receptor (AR)-inflammatory chemokine CCL4-STAT3 activation as well as epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and downregulation of p53/PTEN tumor suppressors. In vivo studies further showed that PTEN(+/-) mice lacking macrophage AR developed far fewer prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) lesions, supporting an in vivo role for macrophage AR during prostate tumorigenesis. CCL4-neutralizing antibody effectively blocked macrophage-induced prostate tumorigenic signaling and targeting AR via an AR-degradation enhancer, ASC-J9, reduced CCL4 expression, and xenografted tumor growth in vivo. Importantly, CCL4 upregulation was associated with increased Snail expression and downregulation of p53/PTEN in high-grade PIN and prostate cancer. Together, our results identify the AR-CCL4-STAT3 axis as key regulators during prostate tumor initiation and highlight the important roles of infiltrating macrophages and inflammatory cytokines for the prostate tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei-Ya Fang
- Authors' Affiliations: George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology, Urology, and Radiation Oncology, The Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York; Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County, and Sex Hormone Research Center, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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88
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Korpal M, Korn JM, Gao X, Rakiec DP, Ruddy DA, Doshi S, Yuan J, Kovats SG, Kim S, Cooke VG, Monahan JE, Stegmeier F, Roberts TM, Sellers WR, Zhou W, Zhu P. An F876L mutation in androgen receptor confers genetic and phenotypic resistance to MDV3100 (enzalutamide). Cancer Discov 2013; 3:1030-43. [PMID: 23842682 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-13-0142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 414] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) is the most aggressive, incurable form of prostate cancer. MDV3100 (enzalutamide), an antagonist of the androgen receptor (AR), was approved for clinical use in men with metastatic CRPC. Although this compound showed clinical efficacy, many initial responders later developed resistance. To uncover relevant resistant mechanisms, we developed a model of spontaneous resistance to MDV3100 in LNCaP prostate cancer cells. Detailed characterization revealed that emergence of an F876L mutation in AR correlated with blunted AR response to MDV3100 and sustained proliferation during treatment. Functional studies confirmed that AR(F876L) confers an antagonist-to-agonist switch that drives phenotypic resistance. Finally, treatment with distinct antiandrogens or cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)4/6 inhibitors effectively antagonized AR(F876L) function. Together, these findings suggest that emergence of F876L may (i) serve as a novel biomarker for prediction of drug sensitivity, (ii) predict a "withdrawal" response to MDV3100, and (iii) be suitably targeted with other antiandrogens or CDK4/6 inhibitors. SIGNIFICANCE We uncovered an F876L agonist-switch mutation in AR that confers genetic and phenotypic resistance to the antiandrogen drug MDV3100. On the basis of this fi nding, we propose new therapeutic strategies to treat patients with prostate cancer presenting with this AR mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manav Korpal
- 1Oncology Disease Area, 2Department of Oncology Translational Medicine, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge; and 3Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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89
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Lee GT, Jung YS, Ha YS, Kim JH, Kim WJ, Kim IY. Bone morphogenetic protein-6 induces castration resistance in prostate cancer cells through tumor infiltrating macrophages. Cancer Sci 2013; 104:1027-32. [PMID: 23710822 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Revised: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) is a pleiotropic growth factor that has been implicated in inflammation and prostate cancer (CaP) progression. We investigated the potential role of BMP-6 in the context of macrophages and castration-resistant prostate cancer. When the androgen-responsive murine (Tramp-C1 and PTENCaP8) and human (LNCaP) CaP cell lines were cocultured with macrophages in the presence of dihydrotestosterone, BMP-6 increased androgen-responsive promoter activity and cell count significantly. Subsequent studies revealed that BMP-6 increased the expression level of androgen receptor (AR) mRNA and protein in CaP cell lines only in the presence of macrophages. Simultaneously, the AR antagonists bicalutamide and MDV3100 partially or completely blocked BMP-6-induced macrophage-mediated androgen hypersensitivity in CaP cells. Abolishing interleukin-6 signaling with neutralizing antibody in CaP/macrophage cocultures inhibited the BMP-6-mediated AR upregulation in CaP cells. Using Tramp-C1 and PTENCaP8 cells with a tetracycline-inducible expression of BMP-6, the induction of BMP-6 in vivo resulted in a significant resistance to castration. However, this resistance was blocked after the removal of macrophages with clodronate liposomes. Taken together, these results show that BMP-6 induces castration resistance by increasing the expression of AR through macrophage-derived interleukin-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geun Taek Lee
- Section of Urologic Oncology and Dean and Betty Gallo Prostate Cancer Center, The Cancer Institute of New Jersey and Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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90
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Infiltrating bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells increase prostate cancer stem cell population and metastatic ability via secreting cytokines to suppress androgen receptor signaling. Oncogene 2013; 33:2768-78. [PMID: 23792449 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Revised: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Although the contribution of the bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) in cancer progression is emerging, their potential roles in prostate cancer (PCa) remain unclear. Here, we showed that PCa cells could recruit BM-MSCs and consequently the metastatic ability of PCa cells was increased. We also found that the increased metastatic ability of PCa cells could be due to the increased PCa stem cell population. Mechanism dissection studies found that the upregulation of Chemokine ligand 5 (CCL5) expression in BM-MSCs and PCa cells, after MSCs infiltrated into the PCa cells, subsequently downregulated androgen receptor (AR) signaling, which was due to inhibition of AR nuclear translocation. Interruption of such signaling led to suppression of the BM-MSCs-induced PCa stem cell population increase and thereby inhibited the metastatic ability of PCa cells. The PCa stem cell increase then led to the upregulation of matrix metalloproteinase 9, ZEB-1, CD133 and CXCR4 molecules, and enhanced the metastatic ability of PCa cells. Therefore, we conclude that the BM-MSCs-mediated increased metastatic ability of PCa cells can be due to the PCa stem cell increase via alteration of the CCL5-AR signaling pathway. Together, these results uncover the important roles of BM-MSCs as key components in the prostate tumor microenvironment to promote PCa metastasis and may provide a new potential target to suppress PCa metastasis by blocking BM-MSCs infiltration into PCa.
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91
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Nelius T, Samathanam C, Martinez-Marin D, Gaines N, Stevens J, Hickson J, de Riese W, Filleur S. Positive correlation between PEDF expression levels and macrophage density in the human prostate. Prostate 2013; 73:549-61. [PMID: 23038613 PMCID: PMC3600115 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this study, we investigated the capacity of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) to modulate the recruitment and the differentiation of monocytes/macrophages both in vitro and in human prostate. METHODS Using Boyden chambers, we assessed PEDF effect on the migration of monocytes and chemically activated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Normal, prostatitis, and prostate cancer specimens were retrospectively selected and examined by immunohistochemistry for PEDF expression and infiltration of immune CD68 + macrophagic cells. PEDF expression and macrophage density were then correlated with each other and clinicopathological parameters. M1 and M2 differentiation markers were quantified by qRT-PCR, Western blotting, and ELISA. RESULTS In chemotaxis, PEDF induced the migration of monocytes/macrophages. In immunohistochemistry, macrophages were markedly increased in prostatitis and malignant compared to normal tissues. PEDF was expressed at variable levels in the stroma and epithelium. PEDF mRNA was down-regulated in both prostate cancer and prostatitis compared to normal tissues. In correlation studies, macrophage density and PEDF expression were respectively positively and negatively associated with prostate size. Most importantly, PEDF expression positively correlated with macrophage density. Finally, PEDF stimulated the expression of iNOS, IL12, and TNFα; and inhibited IL10 and arginase 1 in mouse and human macrophages confirming a M1-type differentiation. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that PEDF acts directly on monocytes/macrophages by inducing their migration and differentiation into M1-type cells. These findings suggest a possible role of macrophages in PEDF anti-tumor properties and may support further development of PEDF-based anti-cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Nelius
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Department of Urology, Lubbock-TX
| | - Christina Samathanam
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Medical School, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Houston-TX
| | | | - Natalie Gaines
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Department of Urology, Lubbock-TX
| | - Jessica Stevens
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Department of Urology, Lubbock-TX
| | - Johnny Hickson
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Department of Urology, Lubbock-TX
| | - Werner de Riese
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Department of Urology, Lubbock-TX
| | - Stéphanie Filleur
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Department of Urology, Lubbock-TX
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Lubbock-TX
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92
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Usami Y, Ishida K, Sato S, Kishino M, Kiryu M, Ogawa Y, Okura M, Fukuda Y, Toyosawa S. Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression correlates with oral cancer progression and induces macrophage/cancer cell adhesion. Int J Cancer 2013; 133:568-78. [PMID: 23364881 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Revised: 12/25/2012] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) is a transmembrane glycoprotein in the immunoglobulin superfamily, which plays an important role in cell adhesion and signal transduction. Although ICAM-1 is believed to play a role in several malignancies, it is still uncertain whether or not ICAM-1 expression contributes to cancer progression. In this study, we performed clinicopathological and cell biological analyses of ICAM-1 expression in oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). First, we examined the ICAM-1 expression in tongue SCC immunohistochemically, and revealed that ICAM-1 was expressed predominantly at the invasive front area of tongue SCC. ICAM-1 expression at the invasive front area was correlated with invasion, lymph node metastasis and increased blood and lymphatic vessel density of the tongue SCC. The relationship between ICAM-1 expression and clinicopathological factors were consistent with the increased proliferation, invasion and cytokine-production activities of ICAM-1-transfected SCC cells. Second, we analyzed the relationship between macrophages and ICAM-1-expressing tongue SCC cells because ICAM-1 is known to act as a ligand for adhesion of immune cells. Increased ICAM-1 expression in tongue SCC was correlated with increased macrophage infiltration within SCC nests. Moreover, macrophage/SCC-cell adhesion through ICAM-1 molecule was revealed using an in vitro cell adhesion and blockade assay. These findings indicate that ICAM-1 plays an important role in tongue SCC progression, which may result from the SCC-cell activity, angiogenic activity, lymphangiogenic activity and macrophage/SCC-cell adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Usami
- Clinical Laboratory, Osaka University Dental Hospital, Osaka, Japan
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93
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Racioppi L. CaMKK2: a novel target for shaping the androgen-regulated tumor ecosystem. Trends Mol Med 2013; 19:83-8. [PMID: 23332598 PMCID: PMC3565098 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2012.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Revised: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) is pivotal in the biology of sex hormone-regulated malignancies, with prostate cancer (PC) the most affected tumor. AR signals control the growth, survival, and migration of cancer cells, and they regulate the activation of macrophages, a cell type pivotal to the tumor ecosystem. Intriguingly, CaMKK2 has recently been identified as both an important AR-regulated gene in the context of PC and as a critical regulator of macrophage activation. By contrast, CaMKK2 is barely detectable in normal prostate or immune cells that mediate the response against tumorigenesis. These novel findings suggest that CaMKK2 resides at a critical molecular node that shapes the cancer ecosystem, and identifies this kinase as a novel therapeutic target for sex hormone-regulated cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Racioppi
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27707, USA.
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94
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Mechanisms of resistance to endocrine therapy in breast cancer: focus on signaling pathways, miRNAs and genetically based resistance. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 14:108-45. [PMID: 23344024 PMCID: PMC3565254 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14010108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Revised: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most frequent malignancy diagnosed in women. Approximately 70% of breast tumors express the estrogen receptor (ER). Tamoxifen and aromatase inhibitors (AIs) are the most common and effective therapies for patients with ERα-positive breast cancer. Alone or combined with chemotherapy, tamoxifen significantly reduces disease progression and is associated with more favorable impact on survival in patients. Unfortunately, endocrine resistance occurs, either de novo or acquired during the course of the treatment. The mechanisms that contribute to hormonal resistance include loss or modification in the ERα expression, regulation of signal transduction pathways, altered expression of specific microRNAs, balance of co-regulatory proteins, and genetic polymorphisms involved in tamoxifen metabolic activity. Because of the clinical consequences of endocrine resistance, new treatment strategies are arising to make the cells sensitive to tamoxifen. Here, we will review the current knowledge on mechanisms of endocrine resistance in breast cancer cells. In addition, we will discuss novel therapeutic strategies to overcome such resistance. Undoubtedly, circumventing endocrine resistance should help to improve therapy for the benefit of breast cancer patients.
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95
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Matsumoto T, Sakari M, Okada M, Yokoyama A, Takahashi S, Kouzmenko A, Kato S. The androgen receptor in health and disease. Annu Rev Physiol 2012; 75:201-24. [PMID: 23157556 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-030212-183656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Androgens play pivotal roles in the regulation of male development and physiological processes, particularly in the male reproductive system. Most biological effects of androgens are mediated by the action of nuclear androgen receptor (AR). AR acts as a master regulator of downstream androgen-dependent signaling pathway networks. This ligand-dependent transcriptional factor modulates gene expression through the recruitment of various coregulator complexes, the induction of chromatin reorganization, and epigenetic histone modifications at target genomic loci. Dysregulation of androgen/AR signaling perturbs normal reproductive development and accounts for a wide range of pathological conditions such as androgen-insensitive syndrome, prostate cancer, and spinal bulbar muscular atrophy. In this review we summarize recent advances in understanding of the epigenetic mechanisms of AR action as well as newly recognized aspects of AR-mediated androgen signaling in both men and women. In addition, we offer a perspective on the use of animal genetic model systems aimed at eventually developing novel therapeutic AR ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Matsumoto
- Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan.
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96
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Abstract
MEKK1 [MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase)/ERK (extracellular-signal-regulated kinase) kinase kinase 1] is a MAP3K (MAPK kinase kinase) that regulates MAPK activation, and is the only known mammalian kinase that is also a ubiquitin ligase. MEKK1 contains a RING domain within its N-terminal regulatory region, and MEKK1 has been shown to ubiquitylate the AP-1 (activator protein 1) transcription factor protein c-Jun, but the mechanism by which MEKK1 interacts with c-Jun to induce ubiquitylation has not been defined. Proximal to the RING domain is a SWIM (SWI2/SNF2 and MuDR) domain of undetermined function. In the present study, we demonstrate that the MEKK1 SWIM domain, but not the RING domain, directly associates with the c-Jun DNA-binding domain, and that the SWIM domain is required for MEKK1-dependent c-Jun ubiquitylation. We further show that this MEKK1 SWIM-Jun interaction is specific, as SWIM domains from other proteins failed to bind c-Jun. We reveal that, although the Jun and Fos DNA-binding domains are highly conserved, the MEKK1 SWIM domain does not bind Fos. Finally, we identify the sequence unique to Jun proteins required for specific interaction with the MEKK1 SWIM domain. Therefore we propose that the MEKK1 SWIM domain represents a novel substrate-binding domain necessary for direct interaction between c-Jun and MEKK1 that promotes MEKK1-dependent c-Jun ubiquitylation.
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97
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Nakajima T, Sano K, Mitsunaga M, Choyke PL, Kobayashi H. Real-time monitoring of in vivo acute necrotic cancer cell death induced by near infrared photoimmunotherapy using fluorescence lifetime imaging. Cancer Res 2012; 72:4622-8. [PMID: 22800710 PMCID: PMC3445723 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-1298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A new type of monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based, highly specific phototherapy (photoimmunotherapy; PIT) that uses a near infrared (NIR) phthalocyanine dye, IRDye700DX (IR700) conjugated with a mAb, has recently been described. NIR light exposure leads to immediate, target-selective necrotic cell death in vitro. Detecting immediate in vivo cell death is more difficult because it takes at least 3 days for the tumor to begin to shrink in size. In this study, fluorescence lifetime (FLT) was evaluated before and after PIT for monitoring the immediate cytotoxic effects of NIR mediated mAb-IR700 PIT. Anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) panitumumab-IR700 was used for targeting EGFR-expressing A431 tumor cells. PIT with various doses of NIR light was conducted in cell pellets in vitro and in subcutaneously xenografted tumors in mice in vivo. FLT measurements were obtained before and 0, 6, 24, and 48 hours after PIT. In vitro, PIT at higher doses of NIR light immediately led to FLT shortening in A431 cells. In vivo PIT induced immediate shortening of FLT in treated tumors after a threshold NIR dose of 30 J/cm(2) or greater. In contrast, lower levels of NIR light (10 J/cm(2) or smaller) did not induce shortening of FLT. Prolongation of FLT in tissue surrounding the tumor site was noted 6 hours after PIT, likely reflecting phagocytosis by macrophages. In conclusion, FLT imaging can be used to monitor the acute cytotoxic effects of mAb-IR700-induced PIT even before morphological changes can be seen in the targeted tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahito Nakajima
- Molecular Imaging Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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98
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Green SM, Mostaghel EA, Nelson PS. Androgen action and metabolism in prostate cancer. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 360:3-13. [PMID: 22453214 PMCID: PMC4124858 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.09.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2011] [Revised: 09/26/2011] [Accepted: 09/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The transcriptional programs regulated through the activity of the androgen receptor (AR) modulate normal prostate development and the maintenance of prostatic functions at maturity. AR signaling also controls key survival and growth functions operative in prostate cancer. Inhibiting the AR program remains the key target in the treatment of advanced prostate cancer, and suppressing AR also holds great potential for preventing the development or progression of early stage prostate cancer. In this review, we detail molecular mechanisms of AR activity, cellular components contributing to the maintenance of AR signaling despite AR-ligand suppression, and discuss treatment strategies designed to target components of resistance to AR-directed therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean M. Green
- Divisions of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle WA
| | - Elahe A Mostaghel
- Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle WA
| | - Peter S. Nelson
- Divisions of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle WA
- Corresponding Author Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center 1100 Fairview Ave NE, MS D4-100 Seattle, WA 98109 phone 206-667-3377 fax 206-667-2917
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99
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Lee JH, Kim HN, Kim KO, Jin WJ, Lee S, Kim HH, Ha H, Lee ZH. CXCL10 promotes osteolytic bone metastasis by enhancing cancer outgrowth and osteoclastogenesis. Cancer Res 2012; 72:3175-86. [PMID: 22562465 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-0481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Amplification of the chemokines CXCL10 and RANKL has been suggested to promote osteoclast differentiation and osteolytic bone metastasis, but a function for endogenous CXCL10 in these processes is not well established. In this study, we show that endogenous CXCL10 is critical to recruit cancer cells to bone, support osteoclast differentiation and promote for the formation of osteolytic bone metastases. Neutralizing CXCL10 antibody reduced migration of cancer cells expressing the CXCL10 receptor CXCR3, and loss of CXCR3 or CXCL10 decreased bone tumor burden in vivo. Bone colonization augmented host production of CXCL10, which was required for cancer growth and subsequent osteolysis. Direct interactions between cancer cells and macrophages further stimulated CXCL10 production from macrophages. Growth of bone metastases required CXCL10-stimulated adhesion of cancer cells to type I collagen as well as RANKL-mediated osteoclast formation. Together, our findings show that CXCL10 facilitates trafficking of CXCR3-expressing cancer cells to bone, which augments its own production and promotes osteoclastic differentiation. CXCL10 therefore may represent a therapeutic target for osteolytic bone metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Ho Lee
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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100
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Multhoff G, Radons J. Radiation, inflammation, and immune responses in cancer. Front Oncol 2012; 2:58. [PMID: 22675673 PMCID: PMC3366472 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2012.00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation has emerged as one of the hallmarks of cancer. Inflammation also plays a pivotal role in modulating radiation responsiveness of tumors. As discussed in this review, ionizing radiation (IR) leads to activation of several transcription factors modulating the expression of numerous mediators in tumor cells and cells of the microenvironment promoting cancer development. Novel therapeutic approaches thus aim to interfere with the activity or expression of these factors, either in single-agent or combinatorial treatment or as supplements of the existing therapeutic concepts. Among them, NF-κB, STAT-3, and HIF-1 play a crucial role in radiation-induced inflammatory responses embedded in a complex inflammatory network. A great variety of classical or novel drugs including nutraceuticals such as plant phytochemicals have the capacity to interfere with the inflammatory network in cancer and are considered as putative radiosensitizers. Thus, targeting the inflammatory signaling pathways induced by IR offers the opportunity to improve the clinical outcome of radiation therapy by enhancing radiosensitivity and decreasing putative metabolic effects. Since inflammation and sex steroids also impact tumorigenesis, a therapeutic approach targeting glucocorticoid receptors and radiation-induced production of tumorigenic factors might be effective in sensitizing certain tumors to IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Multhoff
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München Munich, Germany
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