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Interferon-Independent Restriction of RNA Virus Entry and Replication by a Class of Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns. mBio 2021; 12:mBio.00584-21. [PMID: 33849978 PMCID: PMC8092255 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00584-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, we explored how a class of oxidized lipids, spontaneously created during tissue damage and unprogrammed cell lysis, block the earliest events in RNA virus infection in the human epithelium. This gives us novel insight into the ways that we view infection models, unveiling a built-in mechanism to slow viral growth that neither engages the interferon response nor is subject to known viral antagonism. Mammalian cells detect microbial molecules known as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) as indicators of potential infection. Upon PAMP detection, diverse defensive responses are induced by the host, including those that promote inflammation and cell-intrinsic antimicrobial activities. Host-encoded molecules released from dying or damaged cells, known as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), also induce defensive responses. Both DAMPs and PAMPs are recognized for their inflammatory potential, but only the latter are well established to stimulate cell-intrinsic host defense. Here, we report a class of DAMPs that engender an antiviral state in human epithelial cells. These DAMPs include oxPAPC (oxidized 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine), PGPC (1-palmitoyl-2-glutaryl phosphatidylcholine), and POVPC [1-palmitoyl-2-(5-oxovaleroyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine], oxidized lipids that are naturally released from dead or dying cells. Exposing cells to these DAMPs prior to vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) infection limits viral replication. Mechanistically, these DAMPs prevent viral entry, thereby limiting the percentage of cells that are productively infected and consequently restricting viral load. We found that the antiviral actions of oxidized lipids are distinct from those mediated by the PAMP Poly I:C, in that the former induces a more rapid antiviral response without the induction of the interferon response. These data support a model whereby interferon-independent defensive activities can be induced by DAMPs, which may limit viral replication before PAMP-mediated interferon responses are induced. This antiviral activity may impact viruses that disrupt interferon responses in the oxygenated environment of the lung, such as influenza virus and SARS-CoV-2.
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52
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Budikhina AS, Murugina NE, Maximchik PV, Dagil YA, Nikolaeva AM, Balyasova LS, Murugin VV, Selezneva EM, Pashchenkova YG, Chkadua GZ, Pinegin BV, Pashenkov MV. Interplay between NOD1 and TLR4 Receptors in Macrophages: Nonsynergistic Activation of Signaling Pathways Results in Synergistic Induction of Proinflammatory Gene Expression. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 206:2206-2220. [PMID: 33846227 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Interactions between pattern-recognition receptors shape innate immune responses to pathogens. NOD1 and TLR4 are synergistically interacting receptors playing a pivotal role in the recognition of Gram-negative bacteria. However, mechanisms of their cooperation are poorly understood. It is unclear whether synergy is produced at the level of signaling pathways downstream of NOD1 and TLR4 or at more distal levels such as gene transcription. We analyzed sequential stages of human macrophage activation by a combination of NOD1 and TLR4 agonists (N-acetyl-d-muramyl-l-alanyl-d-isoglutamyl-meso-diaminopimelic acid [M-triDAP] and LPS, respectively). We show that events preceding or not requiring activation of transcription, such as activation of signaling kinases, rapid boost of glycolysis, and most importantly, nuclear translocation of NF-κB, are regulated nonsynergistically. However, at the output of the nucleus, the combination of M-triDAP and LPS synergistically induces expression of a subset of M-triDAP- and LPS-inducible genes, particularly those encoding proinflammatory cytokines (TNF, IL1B, IL6, IL12B, and IL23A). This synergistic response develops between 1 and 4 h of agonist treatment and requires continuous signaling through NOD1. The synergistically regulated genes have a lower basal expression and higher inducibility at 4 h than those regulated nonsynergistically. Both gene subsets include NF-κB-inducible genes. Therefore, activation of the NF-κB pathway does not explain synergistic gene induction, implying involvement of other transcription factors. Inhibition of IKKβ or p38 MAPK lowers agonist-induced TNF mRNA expression but does not abolish synergy. Thus, nonsynergistic activation of NOD1- and TLR4-dependent signaling pathways results in the synergistic induction of a proinflammatory transcriptional program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna S Budikhina
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, National Research Center Institute of Immunology of the Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nina E Murugina
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, National Research Center Institute of Immunology of the Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - Polina V Maximchik
- Faculty of Fundamental Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yulia A Dagil
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, National Research Center Institute of Immunology of the Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna M Nikolaeva
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, National Research Center Institute of Immunology of the Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, Moscow, Russia.,Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia; and
| | - Lyudmila S Balyasova
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, National Research Center Institute of Immunology of the Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir V Murugin
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, National Research Center Institute of Immunology of the Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Yulia G Pashchenkova
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, National Research Center Institute of Immunology of the Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - Georgy Z Chkadua
- Laboratory of Experimental Diagnostics and Biotherapy of Tumors, N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Boris V Pinegin
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, National Research Center Institute of Immunology of the Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail V Pashenkov
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, National Research Center Institute of Immunology of the Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, Moscow, Russia;
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Das Gupta K, Shakespear MR, Curson JEB, Murthy AMV, Iyer A, Hodson MP, Ramnath D, Tillu VA, von Pein JB, Reid RC, Tunny K, Hohenhaus DM, Moradi SV, Kelly GM, Kobayashi T, Gunter JH, Stevenson AJ, Xu W, Luo L, Jones A, Johnston WA, Blumenthal A, Alexandrov K, Collins BM, Stow JL, Fairlie DP, Sweet MJ. Class IIa Histone Deacetylases Drive Toll-like Receptor-Inducible Glycolysis and Macrophage Inflammatory Responses via Pyruvate Kinase M2. Cell Rep 2021; 30:2712-2728.e8. [PMID: 32101747 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylases (HDACs) drive innate immune cell-mediated inflammation. Here we identify class IIa HDACs as key molecular links between Toll-like receptor (TLR)-inducible aerobic glycolysis and macrophage inflammatory responses. A proteomic screen identified the glycolytic enzyme pyruvate kinase M isoform 2 (Pkm2) as a partner of proinflammatory Hdac7 in murine macrophages. Myeloid-specific Hdac7 overexpression in transgenic mice amplifies lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-inducible lactate and promotes a glycolysis-associated inflammatory signature. Conversely, pharmacological or genetic targeting of Hdac7 and other class IIa HDACs attenuates LPS-inducible glycolysis and accompanying inflammatory responses in macrophages. We show that an Hdac7-Pkm2 complex acts as an immunometabolism signaling hub, whereby Pkm2 deacetylation at lysine 433 licenses its proinflammatory functions. Disrupting this complex suppresses inflammatory responses in vitro and in vivo. Class IIa HDACs are thus pivotal intermediates connecting TLR-inducible glycolysis to inflammation via Pkm2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaustav Das Gupta
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia; IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Melanie R Shakespear
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia; IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - James E B Curson
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia; IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Ambika M V Murthy
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia; IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Abishek Iyer
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia; IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, IMB, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Mark P Hodson
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia; Metabolomics Australia, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia; Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Divya Ramnath
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia; IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Vikas A Tillu
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Jessica B von Pein
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia; IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Robert C Reid
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia; IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, IMB, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Kathryn Tunny
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Daniel M Hohenhaus
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Shayli Varasteh Moradi
- CSIRO-QUT Synthetic Biology Alliance, Centre for Tropical Crops and Biocommodities, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Gardens Point Campus, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia
| | - Gregory M Kelly
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Takumi Kobayashi
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Jennifer H Gunter
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Alexander J Stevenson
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Weijun Xu
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia; IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, IMB, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Lin Luo
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia; IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Alun Jones
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Wayne A Johnston
- CSIRO-QUT Synthetic Biology Alliance, Centre for Tropical Crops and Biocommodities, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Gardens Point Campus, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia
| | - Antje Blumenthal
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Kirill Alexandrov
- CSIRO-QUT Synthetic Biology Alliance, Centre for Tropical Crops and Biocommodities, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Gardens Point Campus, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia
| | - Brett M Collins
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Jennifer L Stow
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia; IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - David P Fairlie
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia; IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, IMB, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Matthew J Sweet
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia; IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.
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54
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Zamyatina A, Heine H. Lipopolysaccharide Recognition in the Crossroads of TLR4 and Caspase-4/11 Mediated Inflammatory Pathways. Front Immunol 2020; 11:585146. [PMID: 33329561 PMCID: PMC7732686 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.585146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate immune response to lipopolysaccharide is essential for host defense against Gram-negative bacteria. In response to bacterial infection, the TLR4/MD-2 complex that is expressed on the surface of macrophages, monocytes, dendritic, and epithelial cells senses picomolar concentrations of endotoxic LPS and triggers the production of various pro-inflammatory mediators. In addition, LPS from extracellular bacteria which is either endocytosed or transfected into the cytosol of host cells or cytosolic LPS produced by intracellular bacteria is recognized by cytosolic proteases caspase-4/11 and hosts guanylate binding proteins that are involved in the assembly and activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. All these events result in the initiation of pro-inflammatory signaling cascades directed at bacterial eradication. However, TLR4-mediated signaling and caspase-4/11-induced pyroptosis are largely involved in the pathogenesis of chronic and acute inflammation. Both extra- and intracellular LPS receptors-TLR4/MD-2 complex and caspase-4/11, respectively-are able to directly bind the lipid A motif of LPS. Whereas the structural basis of lipid A recognition by the TLR4 complex is profoundly studied and well understood, the atomic mechanism of LPS/lipid A interaction with caspase-4/11 is largely unknown. Here we describe the LPS-induced TLR4 and caspase-4/11 mediated signaling pathways and their cross-talk and scrutinize specific structural features of the lipid A motif of diverse LPS variants that have been reported to activate caspase-4/11 or to induce caspase-4/11 mediated activation of NLRP3 inflammasome (either upon transfection of LPS in vitro or upon infection of cell cultures with intracellular bacteria or by LPS as a component of the outer membrane vesicles). Generally, inflammatory caspases show rather similar structural requirements as the TLR4/MD-2 complex, so that a "basic" hexaacylated bisphosphorylated lipid A architecture is sufficient for activation. However, caspase-4/11 can sense and respond to much broader variety of lipid A variants compared to the very "narrow" specificity of TLR4/MD-2 complex as far as the number and the length of lipid chains attached at the diglucosamine backbone of lipid A is concerned. Besides, modification of the lipid A phosphate groups with positively charged appendages such as phosphoethanolamine or aminoarabinose could be essential for the interaction of lipid A/LPS with inflammatory caspases and related proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alla Zamyatina
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Holger Heine
- Research Group Innate Immunity, Research Center Borstel—Leibniz Lung Center, Airway Research Center North (ARCN), German Center for Lung Disease (DZL), Borstel, Germany
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55
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Abstract
The innate immune system relies on a germ-line-encoded repertoire of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), activated by deeply conserved pathogen signatures, such as bacterial cell wall components or foreign nucleic acids. To enable effective defence against invading pathogens and prevent from deleterious inflammation, PRR-driven immune responses are tightly controlled by a dense network of nuclear and cytoplasmic regulators. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are increasingly recognized as important components of these regulatory circuitries, providing positive and negative control of PRR-induced innate immune responses. The present review provides an overview of the presently known roles of lncRNAs in human and murine innate antiviral and antibacterial immunity. The emerging roles in host defence and inflammation suggest that further mechanistic insights into the cellular functions of lncRNAs will decisively advance our molecular understanding of immune-associated diseases and open new avenues for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Walther
- Institute for Lung Research, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Leon N Schulte
- Institute for Lung Research, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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56
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Weiss HJ, O'Neill LA. Bridging the gap - a new role for STAT3 in TLR4-mediated metabolic reprogramming. Immunol Cell Biol 2020; 99:122-125. [PMID: 33179321 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Balic et al. describe a new role for STAT3 in TLR4 signalling in macrophages, linking LPS mediated activation of this innate immune receptor to phosphorylation of mitochondrial STAT3, resulting in distinct metabolic reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hauke J Weiss
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Luke Aj O'Neill
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Dublin 2, Ireland
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57
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Revach OY, Liu S, Jenkins RW. Targeting TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) in cancer. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2020; 24:1065-1078. [PMID: 32962465 PMCID: PMC7644630 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2020.1826929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) is a Ser/Thr kinase with a central role in coordinating the cellular response to invading pathogens and regulating key inflammatory signaling cascades. While intact TBK1 signaling is required for successful anti-viral signaling, dysregulated TBK1 signaling has been linked to a variety of pathophysiologic conditions, including cancer. Several lines of evidence support a role for TBK1 in cancer pathogenesis, but the specific roles and regulation of TBK1 remain incompletely understood. A key challenge is the diversity of cellular processes that are regulated by TBK1, including inflammation, cell cycle, autophagy, energy homeostasis, and cell death. Nevertheless, evidence from pre-clinical cancer models suggests that targeting TBK1 may be an effective strategy for anti-cancer therapy in specific settings. AREAS COVERED This review provides an overview of the roles and regulation of TBK1 with a focus on cancer pathogenesis and drug targeting of TBK1 as an anti-cancer strategy. Relevant literature was derived from a PubMed search encompassing studies from 1999 to 2020. EXPERT OPINION TBK1 is emerging as a potential target for anti-cancer therapy. Inhibition of TBK1 alone may be insufficient to restrain the growth of most cancers; hence, combination strategies will likely be necessary. Improved understanding of tumor-intrinsic and tumor-extrinsic TBK1 signaling will inform novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Or-yam Revach
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shuming Liu
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Russell W. Jenkins
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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58
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Zhao P, Saltiel AR. Interaction of Adipocyte Metabolic and Immune Functions Through TBK1. Front Immunol 2020; 11:592949. [PMID: 33193441 PMCID: PMC7606291 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.592949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipocytes and adipose tissue play critical roles in the regulation of metabolic homeostasis. In obesity and obesity-associated metabolic diseases, immune cells infiltrate into adipose tissues. Interaction between adipocytes and immune cells re-shapes both metabolic and immune properties of adipose tissue and dramatically changes metabolic set points. Both the expression and activity of the non-canonical IKK family member TBK1 are induced in adipose tissues during diet-induced obesity. TBK1 plays important roles in the regulation of both metabolism and inflammation in adipose tissue and thus affects glucose and energy metabolism. Here we review the regulation and functions of TBK1 and the molecular mechanisms by which TBK1 regulates both metabolism and inflammation in adipose tissue. Finally, we discuss the potential of a TBK1/IKKε inhibitor as a new therapy for metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhao
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Alan R Saltiel
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
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59
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Ciesielska A, Matyjek M, Kwiatkowska K. TLR4 and CD14 trafficking and its influence on LPS-induced pro-inflammatory signaling. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 78:1233-1261. [PMID: 33057840 PMCID: PMC7904555 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03656-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 549] [Impact Index Per Article: 137.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 belongs to the TLR family of receptors inducing pro-inflammatory responses to invading pathogens. TLR4 is activated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS, endotoxin) of Gram-negative bacteria and sequentially triggers two signaling cascades: the first one involving TIRAP and MyD88 adaptor proteins is induced in the plasma membrane, whereas the second engaging adaptor proteins TRAM and TRIF begins in early endosomes after endocytosis of the receptor. The LPS-induced internalization of TLR4 and hence also the activation of the TRIF-dependent pathway is governed by a GPI-anchored protein, CD14. The endocytosis of TLR4 terminates the MyD88-dependent signaling, while the following endosome maturation and lysosomal degradation of TLR4 determine the duration and magnitude of the TRIF-dependent one. Alternatively, TLR4 may return to the plasma membrane, which process is still poorly understood. Therefore, the course of the LPS-induced pro-inflammatory responses depends strictly on the rates of TLR4 endocytosis and trafficking through the endo-lysosomal compartment. Notably, prolonged activation of TLR4 is linked with several hereditary human diseases, neurodegeneration and also with autoimmune diseases and cancer. Recent studies have provided ample data on the role of diverse proteins regulating the functions of early, late, and recycling endosomes in the TLR4-induced inflammation caused by LPS or phagocytosis of E. coli. In this review, we focus on the mechanisms of the internalization and intracellular trafficking of TLR4 and CD14, and also of LPS, in immune cells and discuss how dysregulation of the endo-lysosomal compartment contributes to the development of diverse human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ciesielska
- Laboratory of Molecular Membrane Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur St., 02-093, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Marta Matyjek
- Laboratory of Molecular Membrane Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur St., 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kwiatkowska
- Laboratory of Molecular Membrane Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur St., 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
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60
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Prestes EB, Alves LS, Rodrigues DAS, Dutra FF, Fernandez PL, Paiva CN, Kagan JC, Bozza MT. Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species Participate in Signaling Triggered by Heme in Macrophages and upon Hemolysis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 205:2795-2805. [PMID: 33037139 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Hemolysis causes an increase of intravascular heme, oxidative damage, and inflammation in which macrophages play a critical role. In these cells, heme can act as a prototypical damage-associated molecular pattern, inducing TLR4-dependent cytokine production through the MyD88 pathway, independently of TRIF. Heme promotes reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation independently of TLR4. ROS and TNF production contribute to heme-induced necroptosis and inflammasome activation; however, the role of ROS in proinflammatory signaling and cytokine production remains unknown. In this study, we demonstrate that heme activates at least three signaling pathways that contribute to a robust MAPK phosphorylation and cytokine expression in mouse macrophages. Although heme did not induce a detectable Myddosome formation, the TLR4/MyD88 axis was important for phosphorylation of p38 and secretion of cytokines. ROS generation and spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) activation induced by heme were critical for most proinflammatory signaling pathways, as the antioxidant N-acetyl-l-cysteine and a Syk inhibitor differentially blocked heme-induced ROS, MAPK phosphorylation, and cytokine production in macrophages. Early generated mitochondrial ROS induced by heme was Syk dependent, selectively promoted the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 without affecting JNK or p38, and contributed to CXCL1 and TNF production. Finally, lethality caused by sterile hemolysis in mice required TLR4, TNFR1, and mitochondrial ROS, supporting the rationale to target these pathways to mitigate tissue damage of hemolytic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa B Prestes
- Laboratório de Inflamação e Imunidade, Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Letícia S Alves
- Laboratório de Inflamação e Imunidade, Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Danielle A S Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Inflamação e Imunidade, Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fabianno F Dutra
- Laboratório de Inflamação e Imunidade, Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Patricia L Fernandez
- Centro de Biología Molecular y Celular de Enfermedades, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología, 0843-01103 Panama City, Panama; and
| | - Claudia N Paiva
- Laboratório de Inflamação e Imunidade, Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jonathan C Kagan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Marcelo T Bozza
- Laboratório de Inflamação e Imunidade, Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil;
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61
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Bao W, Sun C, Sun X, He M, Yu H, Yan W, Wen F, Zhang L, Yang C. Targeting BCL10 by small peptides for the treatment of B cell lymphoma. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:11622-11636. [PMID: 33052237 PMCID: PMC7546004 DOI: 10.7150/thno.47533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Constitutive activation of the NF-κB signalling pathway plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of activated B cell-like diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (ABC-DLBCLs), the most aggressive and chemoresistant form of DLBCL. In ABC-DLBCLs, the CARMA1-BCL10 (CB) complex forms a filamentous structure and functions as a supramolecular organizing centre (CB-SMOC) that is required for constitutive NF-κB activation, making it an attractive drug target for ABC-DLBCL treatment. However, a pharmaceutical approach targeting CB-SMOC has been lacking. Here, we developed Bcl10 peptide inhibitors (BPIs) that specifically target the BCL10 filamentation process. Methods: Electron microscopy and immunofluorescence imaging were used to visualize the effect of the BPIs on the BCL10 filamentation process. The cytotoxicity of the tested BPIs was evaluated in DLBCL cell lines according to cell proliferation assays. Different in vitro experiments (pharmacokinetics, immunoprecipitation, western blotting, annexin V and PI staining) were conducted to determine the functional mechanisms of the BPIs. The in vivo therapeutic effect of the BPIs was examined in different xenograft DLBCL mouse models. Finally, Ki67 and TUNEL staining and histopathology analysis were used to evaluate the antineoplastic mechanisms and systemic toxicity of the BPIs. Results: We showed that these BPIs can effectively disrupt the BCL10 filamentation process, destabilize BCL10 and suppress NF-κB signalling in ABC-DLBCL cells. By examining a panel of DLBCL cell lines, we found that these BPIs selectively repressed the growth of CB-SMOC-dependent DLBCL cells by inducing apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. Moreover, by converting the BPIs to acquire a D-retro inverso (DRI) configuration, we developed DRI-BPIs with significantly improved intracellular stability and unimpaired BPI activity. These DRI-BPIs selectively repressed the growth of CB-SMOC-dependent DLBCL tumors in mouse xenograft models without eliciting discernible adverse effects. Conclusion: We developed novel BPIs to target the BCL10 filamentation process and demonstrated that targeting BCL10 by BPIs is a potentially safe and effective pharmaceutical approach for the treatment of ABC-DLBCL and other CB-SMOC-dependent malignancies.
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62
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Chen L, Zheng L, Chen P, Liang G. Myeloid Differentiation Primary Response Protein 88 (MyD88): The Central Hub of TLR/IL-1R Signaling. J Med Chem 2020; 63:13316-13329. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lingfeng Chen
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325001, China
| | - Lulu Zheng
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, China
| | - Pengqin Chen
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Guang Liang
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325001, China
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63
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STAT3 serine phosphorylation is required for TLR4 metabolic reprogramming and IL-1β expression. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3816. [PMID: 32732870 PMCID: PMC7393113 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17669-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Detection of microbial components such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) by Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) on macrophages induces a robust pro-inflammatory response that is dependent on metabolic reprogramming. These innate metabolic changes have been compared to aerobic glycolysis in tumour cells. However, the mechanisms by which TLR4 activation leads to mitochondrial and glycolytic reprogramming are unknown. Here we show that TLR4 activation induces a signalling cascade recruiting TRAF6 and TBK-1, while TBK-1 phosphorylates STAT3 on S727. Using a genetically engineered mouse model incapable of undergoing STAT3 Ser727 phosphorylation, we show ex vivo and in vivo that STAT3 Ser727 phosphorylation is critical for LPS-induced glycolytic reprogramming, production of the central immune response metabolite succinate and inflammatory cytokine production in a model of LPS-induced inflammation. Our study identifies non-canonical STAT3 activation as the crucial signalling intermediary for TLR4-induced glycolysis, macrophage metabolic reprogramming and inflammation.
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64
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Cuny GD, Degterev A. RIPK protein kinase family: Atypical lives of typical kinases. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 109:96-105. [PMID: 32732131 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Receptor Interacting Protein Kinases (RIPKs) are a family of Ser/Thr/Tyr kinases whose functions, regulation and pathophysiologic roles have remained an enigma for a long time. In recent years, these proteins garnered significant interest due to their roles in regulating a variety of host defense functions including control of inflammatory gene expression, different forms of cell death, and cutaneous and intestinal barrier functions. In addition, there is accumulating evidence that while these kinases seemingly follow typical kinase blueprints, their functioning in cells can take forms that are atypical for protein kinases. Lastly, while these kinases generally belong to distinct areas of innate immune regulation, there are emerging overarching themes that may unify the functions of this kinase family. Our review seeks to discuss the biology of RIPKs, and how typical and atypical features of this family informs the activity of a rapidly growing repertoire of RIPK inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory D Cuny
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Alexei Degterev
- Department of Developmental, Molecular & Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
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65
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Sušjan P, Lainšček D, Strmšek Ž, Hodnik V, Anderluh G, Hafner-Bratkovič I. Selective inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome by designed peptide originating from ASC. FASEB J 2020; 34:11068-11086. [PMID: 32648626 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201902938rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
NACHT, LRR, and PYD domains-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is a multiprotein complex which forms within cells in response to various microbial and self-derived triggers. Mutations in the gene encoding NLRP3 cause rare cryopyrin-associated periodic syndromes (CAPS) and growing evidence links NLRP3 inflammasome to common diseases such as Alzheimer´s disease. In order to modulate different stages of NLRP3 inflammasome assembly nine peptides whose sequences correspond to segments of inflammasome components NLRP3 and apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (ASC) were selected. Five peptides inhibited IL-1β release, caspase-1 activation and ASC oligomerization in response to soluble and particulate NLRP3 triggers. Modulatory peptides also attenuated IL-1β maturation induced by constitutive CAPS-associated NLRP3 mutants. Peptide corresponding to H2-H3 segment of ASC pyrin domain selectively inhibited NLRP3 inflammasome by binding to NLRP3 pyrin domain in the micromolar range. The peptide had no effect on AIM2 and NLRC4 inflammasomes as well as NF-κB pathway. The peptide effectively dampened neutrophil infiltration in the silica-induced peritonitis and when equipped with Antennapedia or Angiopep-2 motifs crossed the blood-brain barrier in a mouse model. Our study demonstrates that peptides represent an important tool for targeting multiprotein inflammatory complexes and can serve as the basis for the development of novel anti-inflammatory strategies for neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Sušjan
- Department of Synthetic Biology and Immunology, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Graduate School of Biomedicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Duško Lainšček
- Department of Synthetic Biology and Immunology, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Žiga Strmšek
- Department of Synthetic Biology and Immunology, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Graduate School of Biomedicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Vesna Hodnik
- Department of Molecular Biology and Nanobiotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gregor Anderluh
- Department of Molecular Biology and Nanobiotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Iva Hafner-Bratkovič
- Department of Synthetic Biology and Immunology, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,EN-FIST Centre of Excellence, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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66
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de Oliveira Mann CC, Orzalli MH, King DS, Kagan JC, Lee ASY, Kranzusch PJ. Modular Architecture of the STING C-Terminal Tail Allows Interferon and NF-κB Signaling Adaptation. Cell Rep 2020; 27:1165-1175.e5. [PMID: 31018131 PMCID: PMC7733315 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.03.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Stimulator of interferon genes (STING) is a key regulator of type I interferon and pro-inflammatory responses during infection, cellular stress, and cancer. Here, we reveal a mechanism for how STING balances activation of IRF3- and NF-κB-dependent transcription and discover that acquisition of discrete signaling modules in the vertebrate STING C-terminal tail (CTT) shapes downstream immunity. As a defining example, we identify a motif appended to the CTT of zebrafish STING that inverts the typical vertebrate signaling response and results in dramatic NF-κB activation and weak IRF3-interferon signaling. We determine a co-crystal structure that explains how this CTT sequence recruits TRAF6 as a new binding partner and demonstrate that the minimal motif is sufficient to reprogram human STING and immune activation in macrophage cells. Together, our results define the STING CTT as a linear signaling hub that can acquire modular motifs to readily adapt downstream immunity. de Oliveira Mann et al. define a mechanism that allows emergence of a signaling response in an innate immune pathway. Modular motifs in the STING CTT control the strength and specificity of downstream responses, and evolutionary acquisition of new signaling elements is facilitated by the linear arrangement of the CTT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina C de Oliveira Mann
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Megan H Orzalli
- Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - David S King
- HHMI Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Jonathan C Kagan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Amy S Y Lee
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02453, USA.
| | - Philip J Kranzusch
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy at Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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67
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Åsberg SE, Mediaas SD, Marstad A, Ryan L, Louet C, Sporsheim B, Beckwith KS, Underhill DM, Gidon A, Flo TH. Frontline Science: Antibiotic treatment routes Mycobacterium avium to phagolysosomes without triggering proinflammatory cytokine production in human Mϕs. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 109:23-33. [PMID: 32531827 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4hi0420-306r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium (Mav) causes chronic infections in immunocompromised patients that require long-term antibiotic treatment. We have previously shown that Mav takes residence in host Mϕs and establishes a compartment (MavC) in which it is hidden from host defenses. Failure to establish the MavC traps Mav in Lamp1+ phagolysosomes where growth is prevented, and inflammatory signaling activated through TLRs 7/8. To elucidate how antibiotic treatment affects mycobacterial trafficking and host defenses, we infected human primary Mϕs with Mav for 4 days prior to treatment with a macrolide, aminoglycoside, and ethambutol. We show that Mav is killed and the MavC fuses with Lamp1+ lysosomes following antibiotic treatment. However, this does not result in nuclear translocation of NF-κB or production of inflammatory cytokines, suggesting different Lamp1+ lysosomal compartments can form that differ in their innate signaling capabilities. Thus, we show that upon antibiotic treatment of a chronic infection, Mav is quietly disposed of by Mϕs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Signe Elisabeth Åsberg
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Sindre Dahl Mediaas
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Anne Marstad
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Liv Ryan
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Claire Louet
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Bjørnar Sporsheim
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kai Sandvold Beckwith
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - David Michael Underhill
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.,Research Division of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Alexandre Gidon
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Trude Helen Flo
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
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68
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The interactions between cGAS-STING pathway and pathogens. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2020; 5:91. [PMID: 32532954 PMCID: PMC7293265 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-0198-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytosolic DNA is an indicator of pathogen invasion or DNA damage. The cytosolic DNA sensor cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate (cGAMP) synthase (cGAS) detects DNA and then mediates downstream immune responses through the molecule stimulator of interferon genes (STING, also known as MITA, MPYS, ERIS and TMEM173). Recent studies focusing on the roles of the cGAS-STING pathway in evolutionary distant species have partly sketched how the mammalian cGAS-STING pathways are shaped and have revealed its evolutionarily conserved mechanism in combating pathogens. Both this pathway and pathogens have developed sophisticated strategies to counteract each other for their survival. Here, we summarise current knowledge on the interactions between the cGAS-STING pathway and pathogens from both evolutionary and mechanistic perspectives. Deeper insight into these interactions might enable us to clarify the pathogenesis of certain infectious diseases and better harness the cGAS-STING pathway for antimicrobial methods.
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69
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Magdalena Estirado E, Rosier BJHM, de Greef TFA, Brunsveld L. Dynamic modulation of proximity-induced enzyme activity using supramolecular polymers. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:5747-5750. [PMID: 32319466 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc02120b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic supramolecular polymers are used as dynamic nanoscaffolds for the activation of the apoptotic signalling enzyme caspase-9. Recruitment of caspase-9 to the nanoscaffold results in an increase in enzymatic activity due to enhanced proximity, with a bell-shaped response as a function of nanoscaffold concentration. The modularity of the system allows for dynamic regulation of enzyme activity through variation of the recruitment-motif density along the supramolecular polymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Magdalena Estirado
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Bas J H M Rosier
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Tom F A de Greef
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands. and Computational Biology Group, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands and Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Luc Brunsveld
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
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70
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Toll-like Receptors and the Control of Immunity. Cell 2020; 180:1044-1066. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 567] [Impact Index Per Article: 141.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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71
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Murugina NE, Budikhina AS, Dagil YA, Maximchik PV, Balyasova LS, Murugin VV, Melnikov MV, Sharova VS, Nikolaeva AM, Chkadua GZ, Pinegin BV, Pashenkov MV. Glycolytic reprogramming of macrophages activated by NOD1 and TLR4 agonists: No association with proinflammatory cytokine production in normoxia. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:3099-3114. [PMID: 32005665 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.010589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon activation with pathogen-associated molecular patterns, metabolism of macrophages and dendritic cells is shifted from oxidative phosphorylation to aerobic glycolysis, which is considered important for proinflammatory cytokine production. Fragments of bacterial peptidoglycan (muramyl peptides) activate innate immune cells through nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD) 1 and/or NOD2 receptors. Here, we show that NOD1 and NOD2 agonists induce early glycolytic reprogramming of human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM), which is similar to that induced by the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) agonist lipopolysaccharide. This glycolytic reprogramming depends on Akt kinases, independent of mTOR complex 1 and is efficiently inhibited by 2-deoxy-d-glucose (2-DG) or by glucose starvation. 2-DG inhibits proinflammatory cytokine production by MDM and monocyte-derived dendritic cells activated by NOD1 or TLR4 agonists, except for tumor necrosis factor production by MDM, which is inhibited initially, but augmented 4 h after addition of agonists and later. However, 2-DG exerts these effects by inducing unfolded protein response rather than by inhibiting glycolysis. By contrast, glucose starvation does not cause unfolded protein response and, in normoxic conditions, only marginally affects proinflammatory cytokine production triggered through NOD1 or TLR4. In hypoxia mimicked by treating MDM with oligomycin (a mitochondrial ATP synthase inhibitor), both 2-DG and glucose starvation strongly suppress tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-6 production and compromise cell viability. In summary, the requirement of glycolytic reprogramming for proinflammatory cytokine production in normoxia is not obvious, and effects of 2-DG on cytokine responses should be interpreted cautiously. In hypoxia, however, glycolysis becomes critical for cytokine production and cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina E Murugina
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, National Research Center, Institute of Immunology, Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, Kashirskoe shosse 24, 115522 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna S Budikhina
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, National Research Center, Institute of Immunology, Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, Kashirskoe shosse 24, 115522 Moscow, Russia
| | - Yulia A Dagil
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, National Research Center, Institute of Immunology, Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, Kashirskoe shosse 24, 115522 Moscow, Russia
| | - Polina V Maximchik
- Faculty of Fundamental Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Lyudmila S Balyasova
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, National Research Center, Institute of Immunology, Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, Kashirskoe shosse 24, 115522 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir V Murugin
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, National Research Center, Institute of Immunology, Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, Kashirskoe shosse 24, 115522 Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail V Melnikov
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, National Research Center, Institute of Immunology, Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, Kashirskoe shosse 24, 115522 Moscow, Russia; Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Medical Genetics, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ostrovityanova street 1, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Viktoriya S Sharova
- Koltsov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova street 26, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna M Nikolaeva
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, National Research Center, Institute of Immunology, Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, Kashirskoe shosse 24, 115522 Moscow, Russia; Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Georgy Z Chkadua
- Laboratory of Experimental Diagnostics and Biotherapy of Tumors, N. N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Kashirskoe shosse 24 Building 2, 115522 Moscow, Russia
| | - Boris V Pinegin
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, National Research Center, Institute of Immunology, Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, Kashirskoe shosse 24, 115522 Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail V Pashenkov
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, National Research Center, Institute of Immunology, Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, Kashirskoe shosse 24, 115522 Moscow, Russia.
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72
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Jagtap P, Prasad P, Pateria A, Deshmukh SD, Gupta S. A Single Step in vitro Bioassay Mimicking TLR4-LPS Pathway and the Role of MD2 and CD14 Coreceptors. Front Immunol 2020; 11:5. [PMID: 32038655 PMCID: PMC6992608 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute systemic Gram-negative bacterial infections are accompanied by release of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) endotoxins into the bloodstream and an innate immune host response via the well-known toll like receptor 4 (TLR4) pathway. In this, LPS associates non-covalently with TLR4 to form an activated heterodimer (LPS/MD2/TLR4)2 complex in vivo, assisted by a coreceptor CD14. This complexation process has been illustrated ex vivo using indirect methods such as cytokine, interleukin, TNF-α measurements and by direct demonstration of sequential binding events on a surface using advanced optics. We are the first ones to carry out homogeneous self-assembly of LPS-rTLR4-MD2 conjugates in vitro in a single step, and further demonstrate the role of CD14 as a catalyst during this process. The assay comprises of LPS, MD2, CD14, and recombinant TLR4-conjugated magnetic particles co-incubated in a buffer at room temperature. The complexes are removed by magnetic separation and the extent of binding is estimated by quantifying the unbound biomolecules in the supernatant using standard biophysical techniques. Our results show that rTLR4-MD2-LPS complexes form in an hour and follow a 1:1:1 stoichiometry, in agreement with the in vivo/ex vivo studies. The assay is also highly specific; addition of known LPS-binding ligands decreased the LPS-rTLR4 complexation, allowing its use as a rapid tool for molecular inhibitor screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pramod Jagtap
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Puja Prasad
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Abhishek Pateria
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Sachin D Deshmukh
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Shalini Gupta
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
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73
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Rosier BJHM, Markvoort AJ, Gumí Audenis B, Roodhuizen JAL, den Hamer A, Brunsveld L, de Greef TFA. Proximity-induced caspase-9 activation on a DNA origami-based synthetic apoptosome. Nat Catal 2020; 3:295-306. [PMID: 32190819 PMCID: PMC7080557 DOI: 10.1038/s41929-019-0403-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Living cells regulate key cellular processes by spatial organisation of catalytically active proteins in higher-order signalling complexes. These act as organising centres to facilitate proximity-induced activation and inhibition of multiple intrinsically weakly associating signalling components, which makes elucidation of the underlying protein-protein interactions challenging. Here we show that DNA origami nanostructures provide a programmable molecular platform for the systematic analysis of signalling proteins by engineering a synthetic DNA origami-based version of the apoptosome, a multi-protein complex that regulates apoptosis by co-localizing multiple caspase-9 monomers. Tethering of both wildtype and inactive caspase-9 variants to a DNA origami platform demonstrates that enzymatic activity is induced by proximity-driven dimerization with half-of-sites reactivity, and additionally, reveals a multivalent activity enhancement in oligomers of three and four enzymes. Our results offer fundamental insights in caspase-9 activity regulation and demonstrate that DNA origami-based protein assembly platforms have the potential to inform the function of other multi-enzyme complexes involved in inflammation, innate immunity and cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bas J H M Rosier
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands.,Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands
| | - Albert J Markvoort
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands.,Computational Biology Group, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands
| | - Berta Gumí Audenis
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands.,Laboratory of Self-Organising Soft Matter and Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands
| | - Job A L Roodhuizen
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands.,Computational Biology Group, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands
| | - Anniek den Hamer
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands.,Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands
| | - Luc Brunsveld
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands.,Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands
| | - Tom F A de Greef
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands.,Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands.,Computational Biology Group, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands.,Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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74
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Hidden Aspects of Valency in Immune System Regulation. Trends Immunol 2019; 40:1082-1094. [PMID: 31734148 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2019.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Valency can be defined as the number of discrete interactions a biomolecule can engage in. Valency can be critical for function, such as determining whether a molecule acts as a scaffold for assembling large supramolecular complexes or forms a functional dimer. Here, we highlight the importance of the role of valency in regulating immune responses, with a focus on innate immunity. We discuss some of the ways in which valency itself is regulated through transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and post-translational modifications. Finally, we propose that the valency model can be applied at the whole cell level to study differences in individual cell responses with relevance to putative therapeutic applications.
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75
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Musilova J, Mulcahy ME, Kuijk MM, McLoughlin RM, Bowie AG. Toll-like receptor 2-dependent endosomal signaling by Staphylococcus aureus in monocytes induces type I interferon and promotes intracellular survival. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:17031-17042. [PMID: 31558608 PMCID: PMC6851302 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.009302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogen activation of innate immune pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs) stimulates cellular signaling pathways. This often leads to outcomes that contribute to pathogen clearance. Alternatively, activation of specific PRR pathways can aid pathogen survival. The human pathogen Staphylococcus aureus is a case in point, employing strategies to escape innate immune recognition and killing by the host. As for other bacteria, PRR-stimulated type I interferon (IFN-I) induction has been proposed as one such immune escape pathway that may favor S. aureus. Cell wall components of S. aureus elicit TLR2-dependent cellular responses, but the exact signaling pathways activated by S. aureus–TLR2 engagement and the consequences of their activation for the host and bacterium are not fully known. We previously showed that TLR2 activates both a cytoplasmic and an endosome-dependent signaling pathway, the latter leading to IFN-I production. Here, we demonstrate that S. aureus infection of human monocytes activates a TLR2-dependent endosomal signaling pathway, leading to IFN-I induction. We mapped the signaling components of this pathway and identified roles in IFN-I stimulation for the Toll-interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) adaptor Myd88 adaptor-like (Mal), TNF receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6), and IκB kinase (IKK)-related kinases, but not for TRIF-related adaptor molecule (TRAM) and TRAF3. Importantly, monocyte TLR2-dependent endosomal signaling enabled immune escape for S. aureus, because this pathway, but not IFN-I per se, contributed to intracellular bacterial survival. These results reveal a TLR2-dependent mechanism in human monocytes whereby S. aureus manipulates innate immune signaling for its survival in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Musilova
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Michelle E Mulcahy
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Marieke M Kuijk
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Rachel M McLoughlin
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Andrew G Bowie
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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76
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Vanpouille-Box C, Hoffmann JA, Galluzzi L. Pharmacological modulation of nucleic acid sensors - therapeutic potential and persisting obstacles. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2019; 18:845-867. [PMID: 31554927 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-019-0043-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Nucleic acid sensors, primarily TLR and RLR family members, as well as cGAS-STING signalling, play a critical role in the preservation of cellular and organismal homeostasis. Accordingly, deregulated nucleic acid sensing contributes to the origin of a diverse range of disorders, including infectious diseases, as well as cardiovascular, autoimmune and neoplastic conditions. Accumulating evidence indicates that normalizing aberrant nucleic acid sensing can mediate robust therapeutic effects. However, targeting nucleic acid sensors with pharmacological agents, such as STING agonists, presents multiple obstacles, including drug-, target-, disease- and host-related issues. Here, we discuss preclinical and clinical data supporting the potential of this therapeutic paradigm and highlight key limitations and possible strategies to overcome them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Vanpouille-Box
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.,Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jules A Hoffmann
- University of Strasbourg Institute for Advanced Studies, Strasbourg, France.,CNRS UPR 9022, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Biology, Strasbourg, France.,Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA. .,Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA. .,Department of Dermatology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA. .,Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.
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77
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Evavold CL, Kagan JC. Inflammasomes: Threat-Assessment Organelles of the Innate Immune System. Immunity 2019; 51:609-624. [PMID: 31473100 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Inflammasomes are supramolecular organizing centers that operate to drive interleukin-1 (IL-1)-dependent inflammation. Depending on context, inflammatory caspases act upstream or downstream of inflammasome assembly, serving as the principal enzymes that control activities of these organelles. In this review, we discuss mechanisms of inflammasome assembly and signaling. We posit that upstream regulatory proteins, classically known as pattern-recognition receptors, operate to assess infectious and non-infectious threats to the host. Threat assessment is achieved through two general strategies: (1) direct binding of receptors to microbial or host-derived ligands or (2) indirect detection of changes in cellular homeostasis. Upon activation, these upstream regulatory factors seed the assembly of inflammasomes, leading to IL-1 family cytokine release from living (hyperactive) or dead (pyroptotic) cells. The molecular and physiological consequences of these distinct cell fate decisions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles L Evavold
- Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Program in Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jonathan C Kagan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Program in Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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78
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Khan NS, Lukason DP, Feliu M, Ward RA, Lord AK, Reedy JL, Ramirez-Ortiz ZG, Tam JM, Kasperkovitz PV, Negoro PE, Vyas TD, Xu S, Brinkmann MM, Acharaya M, Artavanis-Tsakonas K, Frickel EM, Becker CE, Dagher Z, Kim YM, Latz E, Ploegh HL, Mansour MK, Miranti CK, Levitz SM, Vyas JM. CD82 controls CpG-dependent TLR9 signaling. FASEB J 2019; 33:12500-12514. [PMID: 31408613 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201901547r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The tetraspanin CD82 is a potent suppressor of tumor metastasis and regulates several processes including signal transduction, cell adhesion, motility, and aggregation. However, the mechanisms by which CD82 participates in innate immunity are unknown. We report that CD82 is a key regulator of TLR9 trafficking and signaling. TLR9 recognizes unmethylated cytosine-phosphate-guanine (CpG) motifs present in viral, bacterial, and fungal DNA. We demonstrate that TLR9 and CD82 associate in macrophages, which occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and post-ER. Moreover, CD82 is essential for TLR9-dependent myddosome formation in response to CpG stimulation. Finally, CD82 modulates TLR9-dependent NF-κB nuclear translocation, which is critical for inflammatory cytokine production. To our knowledge, this is the first time a tetraspanin has been implicated as a key regulator of TLR signaling. Collectively, our study demonstrates that CD82 is a specific regulator of TLR9 signaling, which may be critical in cancer immunotherapy approaches and coordinating the innate immune response to pathogens.-Khan, N. S., Lukason, D. P., Feliu, M., Ward, R. A., Lord, A. K., Reedy, J. L., Ramirez-Ortiz, Z. G., Tam, J. M., Kasperkovitz, P. V., Negoro, P. E., Vyas, T. D., Xu, S., Brinkmann, M. M., Acharaya, M., Artavanis-Tsakonas, K., Frickel, E.-M., Becker, C. E., Dagher, Z., Kim, Y.-M., Latz, E., Ploegh, H. L., Mansour, M. K., Miranti, C. K., Levitz, S. M., Vyas, J. M. CD82 controls CpG-dependent TLR9 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nida S Khan
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Biomedical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA.,Biomedical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Daniel P Lukason
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Marianela Feliu
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rebecca A Ward
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Allison K Lord
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jennifer L Reedy
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Zaida G Ramirez-Ortiz
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jenny M Tam
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Paige E Negoro
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tammy D Vyas
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shuying Xu
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Melanie M Brinkmann
- Viral Immune Modulation Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.,Institute of Genetics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Mridu Acharaya
- Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Center for Immunity and Immunotherapy, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Eva-Maria Frickel
- Host-Toxoplasma Interaction Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christine E Becker
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Zeina Dagher
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - You-Me Kim
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Eicke Latz
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Institute of Innate Immunity, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Michael K Mansour
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Cindy K Miranti
- Laboratory of Integrin Signaling and Tumorigenesis, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Stuart M Levitz
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jatin M Vyas
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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