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Mollaei M, Hassan ZM, Khorshidi F, Langroudi L. Chemotherapeutic drugs: Cell death- and resistance-related signaling pathways. Are they really as smart as the tumor cells? Transl Oncol 2021; 14:101056. [PMID: 33684837 PMCID: PMC7938256 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2021.101056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapeutic drugs kill cancer cells or control their progression all over the patient's body, while radiation- and surgery-based treatments perform in a particular site. Based on their mechanisms of action, they are classified into different groups, including alkylating substrates, antimetabolite agents, anti-tumor antibiotics, inhibitors of topoisomerase I and II, mitotic inhibitors, and finally, corticosteroids. Although chemotherapeutic drugs have brought about more life expectancy, two major and severe complications during chemotherapy are chemoresistance and tumor relapse. Therefore, we aimed to review the underlying intracellular signaling pathways involved in cell death and resistance in different chemotherapeutic drug families to clarify the shortcomings in the conventional single chemotherapy applications. Moreover, we have summarized the current combination chemotherapy applications, including numerous combined-, and encapsulated-combined-chemotherapeutic drugs. We further discussed the possibilities and applications of precision medicine, machine learning, next-generation sequencing (NGS), and whole-exome sequencing (WES) in promoting cancer immunotherapies. Finally, some of the recent clinical trials concerning the application of immunotherapies and combination chemotherapies were included as well, in order to provide a practical perspective toward the future of therapies in cancer cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Mollaei
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
| | | | - Fatemeh Khorshidi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Immunology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ladan Langroudi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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Miricescu D, Balan DG, Tulin A, Stiru O, Vacaroiu IA, Mihai DA, Popa CC, Papacocea RI, Enyedi M, Sorin NA, Vatachki G, Georgescu DE, Nica AE, Stefani C. PI3K/AKT/mTOR signalling pathway involvement in renal cell carcinoma pathogenesis (Review). Exp Ther Med 2021; 21:540. [PMID: 33815613 PMCID: PMC8014975 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.9972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) accounts for over 90% of all renal malignancies, and mainly affects the male population. Obesity and smoking are involved in the pathogenesis of several systemic cancers including RCC. The phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signalling pathway regulates cell growth, differentiation, migration, survival, angiogenesis, and metabolism. Growth factors, hormones, cytokine and many extracellular cues activate PI3K/AKT/mTOR. Dysregulation of this molecular pathway is frequently reported in human cancers including RCC and is associated with aggressive development and poor survival rate. mTOR is the master regulator of cell metabolism and growth, and is activated in many pathological processes such as tumour formation, insulin resistance and angiogenesis. mTOR inhibitors are used at present as drug therapy for RCC to inhibit cell proliferation, growth, survival, and the cell cycle. Temsirolimus and everolimus are two mTOR inhibitors that are currently used for the treatment of RCC. Drugs targeting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signalling pathway may be one of the best therapeutic options for RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Miricescu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, ‘Carol Davila’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Daniela Gabriela Balan
- Discipline of Physiology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, ‘Carol Davila’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Adrian Tulin
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, ‘Carol Davila’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of General Surgery, ‘Prof. Dr. Agrippa Ionescu’ Clinical Emergency Hospital, 011356 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ovidiu Stiru
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, ‘Carol Davila’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, ‘Prof. Dr. C. C. Iliescu’ Emergency Institute for Cardiovascular Diseases, 022322 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ileana Adela Vacaroiu
- Department of Nephrology and Dialysis, ‘Sf. Ioan’ Emergency Clinical Hospital, 042122 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Nephrology, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, ‘Carol Davila’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Doina Andrada Mihai
- Discipline of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, ‘Carol Davila’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
- Department II of Diabetes, ‘Prof. N. Paulescu’ Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases National Institute of Diabetes, 020474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Cristian Constantin Popa
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, ‘Carol Davila’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Surgery, Emergency University Hospital, 050098 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Raluca Ioana Papacocea
- Discipline of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, ‘Carol Davila’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihaly Enyedi
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, ‘Carol Davila’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Radiology, ‘Victor Babes’ Private Medical Clinic, 030303 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Nedelea Andrei Sorin
- Division of Urology, ‘Prof. Dr. Agrippa Ionescu’ Clinical Emergency Hospital, 011356 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Guenadiy Vatachki
- Department of General Surgery, ‘Fundeni’ Clinical Institute 022328 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Dragoș Eugen Georgescu
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, ‘Carol Davila’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Adriana Elena Nica
- Department of Orthopedics, Anesthesia Intensive Care Unit, Faculty of Medicine, ‘Carol Davila’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Constantin Stefani
- Department of Family Medicine and Clinical Base, Dr. Carol Davila Central Military Emergency University Hospital, 010825 Bucharest, Romania
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53
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Johnson C, Kastelic J, Thundathil J. Role of Akt and mammalian target of rapamycin signalling in insulin-like growth factor 1-mediated cell proliferation in porcine Sertoli cells. Reprod Fertil Dev 2021; 32:929-940. [PMID: 32586423 DOI: 10.1071/rd19460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The critical role of insulin-like growth factor (IGF) 1 in promoting Sertoli cell proliferation invivo and invitro has been established, but its downstream signalling mechanisms remain unknown. In addition to mitogenic effects, a role for IGF1 in mediating cholesterol biosynthesis within testes has been implied. The aims of this study were to investigate the roles of: (1) phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signalling in IGF1-mediated Sertoli cell proliferation; and (2) IGF1 in mediating cholesterol biosynthesis in Sertoli cells. Primary cultures of Sertoli cells were prepared from 1-week-old porcine testes. On Day 3 of culture, Sertoli cells were treated with 300ng mL-1 IGF1, alone or in combination with inhibitors of IGF1 receptor (2μM picropodophyllotoxin), Akt (1μM wortmannin) or mTOR (200nM rapamycin). Cells were cultured for 30min and phosphorylation levels of Akt, mTOR and p70 ribosomal protein S6 kinase (p70S6K) were determined by immunoblotting. Cell proliferation and quantitative polymerase chain reaction assays were conducted using cells cultured for 24h. IGF1 increased phosphorylation of Akt, mTOR and p70S6K and cell proliferation, and these effects were inhibited by inhibitors of IGF1R, Akt and mTOR. Furthermore, IGF1 upregulated the expression of cholesterol biosynthetic genes (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGCR), 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase (HMGCS1) and cytochrome P450, family 5, subfamily A, polypeptide 1 (CYP5A1)), but not sterol regulatory element-binding transcription factor 1 (SREBF1). Increased phosphorylation of p70S6K, a major downstream target of mTOR, and upregulated expression of genes involved in cholesterol biosynthesis are indicative of the key role played by IGF1 in regulating the synthesis of cholesterol, the precursor for steroid hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinju Johnson
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - John Kastelic
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Jacob Thundathil
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; and Corresponding author.
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Gu W, Chen P, Ren P, Wang Y, Li X, Gong M. Downregulation of TAF9B by miR-7-5p Inhibits the Progression of Osteosarcoma. Onco Targets Ther 2021; 14:2917-2927. [PMID: 33958878 PMCID: PMC8096444 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s264786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Osteosarcoma (OS) is a malignant bone tumor with high metastatic potential. As a regulatory factor of apoptosis, TATA-box binding protein (TBP) associated factor 9B (TAF9B) is rarely studied in tumors. Methods We investigated the role and mechanism of TAF9B in OS cells by overexpression and knockdown. CCK8, colony formation, transwell, and flow cytometry analysis were performed to detect proliferation, migration, invasion, and apoptosis. Results TAF9B overexpression promotes the proliferation, migration, and invasion of OS cells, while TAF9B knockdown gives the opposite result. TAF9B inhibits apoptosis by upregulating Bcl-2 and downregulating Bax and Cleaved-caspase-3. Through starBase analysis, it was found that miR-7-5p can bind to the 3ʹUTR region of TAF9B, which is further confirmed by the dual luciferase reporter system assay. MiR-7-5p downregulates the expression of TAF9B in MG63 and U2OS cells. The proliferation and invasion of OS cells are inhibited after miR-7-5p mimics transfection and are promoted after miR-7-5p inhibitor transfection. TAF9B rescues the inhibitory effect of miR-7-5p on OS cells. TAF9B also activates the AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. Conclusion According to our results, miR-7-5p inhibits the translation of TAF9B and then suppresses growth and metastasis through the AKT/mTOR signaling pathway in OS cells, thereby indicating the potential value of miR-7-5p and TAF9B as therapeutic targets for human OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanli Gu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Ren
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanhai Wang
- Obstetrical Department, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaobing Li
- Institute of Basic Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingzhi Gong
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
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55
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Wiechmann S, Ruprecht B, Siekmann T, Zheng R, Frejno M, Kunold E, Bajaj T, Zolg DP, Sieber SA, Gassen NC, Kuster B. Chemical Phosphoproteomics Sheds New Light on the Targets and Modes of Action of AKT Inhibitors. ACS Chem Biol 2021; 16:631-641. [PMID: 33755436 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.0c00872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Due to its important roles in oncogenic signaling, AKT has been subjected to extensive drug discovery efforts leading to small molecule inhibitors investigated in advanced clinical trials. To better understand how these drugs exert their therapeutic effects at the molecular level, we combined chemoproteomic target affinity profiling using kinobeads and phosphoproteomics to analyze the five clinical AKT inhibitors AZD5363 (Capivasertib), GSK2110183 (Afuresertib), GSK690693, Ipatasertib, and MK-2206 in BT-474 breast cancer cells. Kinobead profiling identified between four and 29 nM targets for these compounds and showed that AKT1 and AKT2 were the only common targets. Similarly, measuring the response of the phosphoproteome to the same inhibitors identified ∼1700 regulated phosphorylation sites, 276 of which were perturbed by all five compounds. This analysis expanded the known AKT signaling network by 119 phosphoproteins that may represent direct or indirect targets of AKT. Within this new network, 41 regulated phosphorylation sites harbor the AKT substrate motif, and recombinant kinase assays validated 16 as novel AKT substrates. These included CEP170 and FAM83H, suggesting a regulatory function of AKT in mitosis and cytoskeleton organization. In addition, a specific phosphorylation pattern on the ULK1-FIP200-ATG13-VAPB complex was found to determine the active state of ULK1, leading to elevated autophagy in response to AKT inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Wiechmann
- Chair of Proteomics and Bioanalytics, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), 80336 Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Benjamin Ruprecht
- Chair of Proteomics and Bioanalytics, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Theresa Siekmann
- Chair of Proteomics and Bioanalytics, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Runsheng Zheng
- Chair of Proteomics and Bioanalytics, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Martin Frejno
- Chair of Proteomics and Bioanalytics, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Elena Kunold
- Organic Chemistry II, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Thomas Bajaj
- Department of Psychiatry, Bonn Clinical Center, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Daniel P. Zolg
- Chair of Proteomics and Bioanalytics, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Stephan A. Sieber
- Organic Chemistry II, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Nils C. Gassen
- Department of Psychiatry, Bonn Clinical Center, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Bernhard Kuster
- Chair of Proteomics and Bioanalytics, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), 80336 Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Bavarian Center for Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry, 85354 Freising, Germany
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56
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Long HZ, Cheng Y, Zhou ZW, Luo HY, Wen DD, Gao LC. PI3K/AKT Signal Pathway: A Target of Natural Products in the Prevention and Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease and Parkinson's Disease. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:648636. [PMID: 33935751 PMCID: PMC8082498 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.648636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD) are two typical neurodegenerative diseases that increased with aging. With the emergence of aging population, the health problem and economic burden caused by the two diseases also increase. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases/protein kinase B (PI3K/AKT) signaling pathway regulates signal transduction and biological processes such as cell proliferation, apoptosis and metabolism. According to reports, it regulates neurotoxicity and mediates the survival of neurons through different substrates such as forkhead box protein Os (FoxOs), glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β), and caspase-9. Accumulating evidences indicate that some natural products can play a neuroprotective role by activating PI3K/AKT pathway, providing an effective resource for the discovery of potential therapeutic drugs. This article reviews the relationship between AKT signaling pathway and AD and PD, and discusses the potential natural products based on the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway to treat two diseases in recent years, hoping to provide guidance and reference for this field. Further development of Chinese herbal medicine is needed to treat these two diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Zhi Long
- Department of Pharmacy, Cancer Institute, Phase I Clinical Trial Centre, Changsha Central Hospital Affiliated to University of South China, School of Pharmacy, University of South China, Changsha, China.,Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hengyang, China
| | - Yan Cheng
- Department of Pharmacy, Cancer Institute, Phase I Clinical Trial Centre, Changsha Central Hospital Affiliated to University of South China, School of Pharmacy, University of South China, Changsha, China.,Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hengyang, China
| | - Zi-Wei Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Cancer Institute, Phase I Clinical Trial Centre, Changsha Central Hospital Affiliated to University of South China, School of Pharmacy, University of South China, Changsha, China.,Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hengyang, China
| | - Hong-Yu Luo
- Department of Pharmacy, Cancer Institute, Phase I Clinical Trial Centre, Changsha Central Hospital Affiliated to University of South China, School of Pharmacy, University of South China, Changsha, China.,Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hengyang, China
| | - Dan-Dan Wen
- Department of Pharmacy, Cancer Institute, Phase I Clinical Trial Centre, Changsha Central Hospital Affiliated to University of South China, School of Pharmacy, University of South China, Changsha, China
| | - Li-Chen Gao
- Department of Pharmacy, Cancer Institute, Phase I Clinical Trial Centre, Changsha Central Hospital Affiliated to University of South China, School of Pharmacy, University of South China, Changsha, China.,Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hengyang, China
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57
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Rodrigues ACBDC, Costa RGA, Silva SLR, Dias IRSB, Dias RB, Bezerra DP. Cell signaling pathways as molecular targets to eliminate AML stem cells. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2021; 160:103277. [PMID: 33716201 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2021.103277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) remains the most lethal of leukemias and a small population of cells called leukemic stem cells (LSCs) has been associated with disease relapses. Some cell signaling pathways play an important role in AML survival, proliferation and self-renewal properties and are abnormally activated or suppressed in LSCs. This includes the NF-κB, Wnt/β-catenin, Hedgehog, Notch, EGFR, JAK/STAT, PI3K/AKT/mTOR, TGF/SMAD and PPAR pathways. This review aimed to discuss these pathways as molecular targets for eliminating AML LSCs. Herein, inhibitors/activators of these pathways were summarized as a potential new anti-AML therapy capable of eliminating LSCs to guide future researches. The clinical use of cell signaling pathways data can be useful to enhance the anti-AML therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rafaela G A Costa
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (IGM-FIOCRUZ/BA), Salvador, Bahia, 40296-710, Brazil
| | - Suellen L R Silva
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (IGM-FIOCRUZ/BA), Salvador, Bahia, 40296-710, Brazil
| | - Ingrid R S B Dias
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (IGM-FIOCRUZ/BA), Salvador, Bahia, 40296-710, Brazil
| | - Rosane B Dias
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (IGM-FIOCRUZ/BA), Salvador, Bahia, 40296-710, Brazil
| | - Daniel P Bezerra
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (IGM-FIOCRUZ/BA), Salvador, Bahia, 40296-710, Brazil.
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Barrea L, Caprio M, Tuccinardi D, Moriconi E, Di Renzo L, Muscogiuri G, Colao A, Savastano S. Could ketogenic diet "starve" cancer? Emerging evidence. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 62:1800-1821. [PMID: 33274644 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1847030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells (CCs) predominantly use aerobic glycolysis (Warburg effect) for their metabolism. This important characteristic of CCs represents a potential metabolic pathway to be targeted in the context of tumor treatment. Being this mechanism related to nutrient oxidation, dietary manipulation has been hypothesized as an important strategy during tumor treatment. Ketogenic diet (KD) is a dietary pattern characterized by high fat intake, moderate-to-low protein consumption, and very-low-carbohydrate intake (<50 g), which in cancer setting may target CCs metabolism, potentially influencing both tumor treatment and prognosis. Several mechanisms, far beyond the originally proposed inhibition of glucose/insulin signaling, can underpin the effectiveness of KD in cancer management, ranging from oxidative stress, mitochondrial metabolism, and inflammation. The role of a qualified Nutritionist is essential to reduce and manage the short and long-term complications of this dietary therapy, which must be personalized to the individual patient for the planning of tailored KD protocol in cancer patients. In the present review, we summarize the proposed antitumor mechanisms of KD, the application of KD in cancer patients with obesity and cachexia, and the preclinical and clinical evidence on KD therapy in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Barrea
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Unit of Endocrinology, Federico II University Medical School of Naples, Naples, Italy.,Centro Italiano per la cura e il Benessere del paziente con Obesità (C.I.B.O.), Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Endocrinology Unit, University Medical School of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Caprio
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Endocrinology, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy.,Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Roma Open University, Rome, Italy
| | - Dario Tuccinardi
- Unit of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Eleonora Moriconi
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Endocrinology, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Di Renzo
- Section of Clinical Nutrition and Nutrigenomic, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanna Muscogiuri
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Unit of Endocrinology, Federico II University Medical School of Naples, Naples, Italy.,Centro Italiano per la cura e il Benessere del paziente con Obesità (C.I.B.O.), Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Endocrinology Unit, University Medical School of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Annamaria Colao
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Unit of Endocrinology, Federico II University Medical School of Naples, Naples, Italy.,Centro Italiano per la cura e il Benessere del paziente con Obesità (C.I.B.O.), Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Endocrinology Unit, University Medical School of Naples, Naples, Italy.,Cattedra Unesco "Educazione alla salute e allo sviluppo sostenibile", University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Silvia Savastano
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Unit of Endocrinology, Federico II University Medical School of Naples, Naples, Italy.,Centro Italiano per la cura e il Benessere del paziente con Obesità (C.I.B.O.), Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Endocrinology Unit, University Medical School of Naples, Naples, Italy
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Daks AA, Fedorova OA, Shuvalov OY, Parfenev SE, Barlev NA. The Role of ERBB2/HER2 Tyrosine Kinase Receptor in the Regulation of Cell Death. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2020; 85:1277-1287. [PMID: 33202212 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297920100156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
HER2 (Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2), also known as ERBB2, CD340, and Neu protooncogene, is a member of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGRF) family. Members of the ERBB family, including HER2, activate molecular cascades that stimulate proliferation and migration of cancer cells, as well as their resistance to the anticancer therapy. These proteins are often overexpressed and/or mutated in various cancer types and represent promising targets for the anti-cancer therapy. Currently, anti-HER2 drugs have been approved for the treatment of several types of solid tumors. HER2-specific therapy includes monoclonal antibodies and low-molecular weight inhibitors of tyrosine kinase receptors, such as lapatinib, neratinib, and pyrotinib. In addition to the activation of molecular pathways responsible for cell proliferation and survival under stress conditions, HER2 directly regulates programmed cell death. Here, we review the studies focused on the involvement of HER2 in various signaling pathways and its role in the regulation of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Daks
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, 194064, Russia
| | - O A Fedorova
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, 194064, Russia
| | - O Y Shuvalov
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, 194064, Russia
| | - S E Parfenev
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, 194064, Russia
| | - N A Barlev
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, 194064, Russia. .,Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (MIPT), Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141701, Russia
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60
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Jiang SL, Mo JL, Peng J, Lei L, Yin JY, Zhou HH, Liu ZQ, Hong WX. Targeting translation regulators improves cancer therapy. Genomics 2020; 113:1247-1256. [PMID: 33189778 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2020.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Deregulation of protein synthesis may be involved in multiple aspects of cancer, such as gene expression, signal transduction and drive specific cell biological responses, resulting in promoting cancer growth, invasion and metastasis. Study the molecular mechanisms about translational control may help us to find more effective anti-cancer drugs and develop novel therapeutic opportunities. Recently, the researchers had focused on targeting translational machinery to overcome cancer, and various small molecular inhibitors targeting translation factors or pathways have been tested in clinical trials and exhibited improving outcomes in several cancer types. There is no doubt that an insight into the class of translation regulation protein would provide new target for pharmacologic intervention and further provide opportunities to develop novel anti-tumor therapeutic interventions. In this review, we summarized the developments of translational control in cancer survival and progression et al, and highlighted the therapeutic approach targeted translation regulation to overcome the cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Long Jiang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, PR China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Engineering Research Center for applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics of Ministry of Education, Central South University, Changsha 410078, PR China
| | - Jun-Luan Mo
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, PR China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Engineering Research Center for applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics of Ministry of Education, Central South University, Changsha 410078, PR China; Shenzhen Center for Chronic Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518020, PR China
| | - Ji Peng
- Shenzhen Center for Chronic Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518020, PR China
| | - Lin Lei
- Shenzhen Center for Chronic Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518020, PR China
| | - Ji-Ye Yin
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, PR China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Engineering Research Center for applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics of Ministry of Education, Central South University, Changsha 410078, PR China
| | - Hong-Hao Zhou
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, PR China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Engineering Research Center for applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics of Ministry of Education, Central South University, Changsha 410078, PR China
| | - Zhao-Qian Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, PR China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Engineering Research Center for applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics of Ministry of Education, Central South University, Changsha 410078, PR China.
| | - Wen-Xu Hong
- Shenzhen Center for Chronic Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518020, PR China.
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Li X, Ni M, Xing S, Yu Y, Zhou Y, Yang S, Li H, Zhu R, Han M. Reactive Oxygen Species Secreted by Leukocytes in Semen Induce Self-Expression of Interleukin-6 and Affect Sperm Quality. Am J Mens Health 2020; 14:1557988320970053. [PMID: 33131385 PMCID: PMC7607761 DOI: 10.1177/1557988320970053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Reproductive tract inflammation is considered an important cause of male infertility. Increased leukocytes in semen can produce many reactive oxygen species (ROS), which affect sperm function. The aim of this study is to identify the main source of ROS in seminal plasma and to assess the effect of ROS on leukocytes. Semen samples (n = 20) with leukocyte concentration >1 × 106 were collected from a male infertility clinic. This study mainly compares the sperm function parameters of the normal group and the semen white blood cell group >1 × 106. The results identified that ROS in semen was closely related to sperm function parameters, and CD45+ leucocytes were the main source of ROS. Compared with the control group, the concentration of IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IFN-γ, and TNF-α was higher in the experimental group. Leukocytes in semen may regulate the secretion of ROS through the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. A considerable amount of ROS can upregulate the expression of IL-6 in leukocytes via the nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-kB) pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Li
- Center for Reproduction and Genetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, SuZhou, Jiangsu, China.,Biomedical Research Institute, Soochow University, SuZhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mengxia Ni
- Center for Reproduction and Genetics, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Suzhou Hospital, SuZhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shiyu Xing
- Center for Reproduction and Genetics, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Suzhou Hospital, SuZhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yi Yu
- Center for Reproduction and Genetics, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Suzhou Hospital, SuZhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Center for Reproduction and Genetics, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Suzhou Hospital, SuZhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shenmin Yang
- Center for Reproduction and Genetics, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Suzhou Hospital, SuZhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hong Li
- Center for Reproduction and Genetics, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Suzhou Hospital, SuZhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rui Zhu
- Center for Reproduction and Genetics, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Suzhou Hospital, SuZhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mutian Han
- Department of Immunology, Anhui Medical University, HeFei, China.,Center for Reproduction and Genetics, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Suzhou Hospital, SuZhou, Jiangsu, China
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62
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Lichý M, Szobi A, Hrdlička J, Neckář J, Kolář F, Adameová A. Programmed Cell Death in the Left and Right Ventricle of the Late Phase of Post-Infarction Heart Failure. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7782. [PMID: 33096720 PMCID: PMC7589581 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
While necroptosis has been shown to contribute to the pathogenesis of post-infarction heart failure (HF), the role of autophagy remains unclear. Likewise, linkage between these two cell death modalities has not been sufficiently investigated. HF was induced by 60-min left coronary occlusion in adult Wistar rats and heart function was assessed 6 weeks later followed by immunoblotting analysis of necroptotic and autophagic proteins in both the left (LV) and right ventricle (RV). HF had no effect on RIP1 and RIP3 expression. PhosphoSer229-RIP3, acting as a pro-necroptotic signal, was increased in LV while deceased in RV of failing hearts. Total MLKL was elevated in RV only. Decrease in pSer555-ULK1, increase in pSer473-Akt and no significant elevation in beclin-1 and LC3-II/I ratio indicated rather a lowered rate of autophagy in LV. No beclin-1 upregulation and decreased LC3 processing also suggested the inhibition of both autophagosome formation and maturation in RV of failing hearts. In contrast, p89 PARP1 fragment, a marker of executed apoptosis, was increased in RV only. This is the first study showing a different signaling in ventricles of the late phase of post-infarction HF, highlighting necroptosis itself rather than its linkage with autophagy in LV, and apoptosis in RV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Lichý
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Kalinčiakova 8, 83232 Bratislava, Slovakia; (M.L.); (A.S.)
| | - Adrián Szobi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Kalinčiakova 8, 83232 Bratislava, Slovakia; (M.L.); (A.S.)
| | - Jaroslav Hrdlička
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic; (J.H.); (J.N.); (F.K.)
| | - Jan Neckář
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic; (J.H.); (J.N.); (F.K.)
| | - František Kolář
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic; (J.H.); (J.N.); (F.K.)
| | - Adriana Adameová
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Kalinčiakova 8, 83232 Bratislava, Slovakia; (M.L.); (A.S.)
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63
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Chen YL, Yen IC, Lin KT, Lai FY, Lee SY. 4-Acetylantrocamol LT3, a New Ubiquinone from Antrodia cinnamomea, Inhibits Hepatocellular Carcinoma HepG2 Cell Growth by Targeting YAP/TAZ, mTOR, and WNT/β-Catenin Signaling. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2020; 48:1243-1261. [PMID: 32668963 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x20500615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
4-acetylantrocamol LT3 (4AALT3), a new ubiquinone from the mycelium of Antrodia cinnamomea (Polyporaceae), has been recently shown to possess anticancer activity. However, the detailed mechanisms of such action remain unclear. In this study, the molecular mechanisms of 4AALT3 on hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HCC) were investigated. Human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line HepG2 cells were treated with concentrations of 4AALT3. Cell viability, colony formation, and the underlying mechanisms were then analyzed by CCK-8, colony formation, qPCR, and Western blotting assays. We found that 4AALT3 significantly decreased cell viability and colony formation in a dose-dependent manner. Accordingly, 4AALT3 significantly decreased protein levels of cyclin B, E1, D1, and D3, thereby facilitating cell cycle arrest. In addition, 4AALT3 significantly suppressed the nuclear localization of Yes-associated protein (YAP)/transcriptional co-activator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and WNT/[Formula: see text]-catenin signaling pathways, all of which are well-known signaling pathways that contribute to the malignant properties of HCC. These effects are associated with activation of 5' AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and autophagy. Our findings indicate that 4AALT3 exerts inhibitory effects on HepG2 cell growth via multiple signaling pathways and may be a potential agent for HCC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Lin Chen
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Radiology, Taoyuan Armed Forces General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - I-Chuan Yen
- School of Pharmacy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuen-Tze Lin
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Feng-Yi Lai
- Graduate Institute of Aerospace and Undersea Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Yu Lee
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Aerospace and Undersea Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
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64
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Song X, Hu Y, Li Y, Shao R, Liu F, Liu Y. Overview of current targeted therapy in gallbladder cancer. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2020; 5:230. [PMID: 33028805 PMCID: PMC7542154 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-00324-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is rare, but is the most malignant type of biliary tract tumor. Unfortunately, only a small population of cancer patients is acceptable for the surgical resection, the current effective regimen; thus, the high mortality rate has been static for decades. To substantially circumvent the stagnant scenario, a number of therapeutic approaches owing to the creation of advanced technologic measures (e.g., next-generation sequencing, transcriptomics, proteomics) have been intensively innovated, which include targeted therapy, immunotherapy, and nanoparticle-based delivery systems. In the current review, we primarily focus on the targeted therapy capable of specifically inhibiting individual key molecules that govern aberrant signaling cascades in GBC. Global clinical trials of targeted therapy in GBC are updated and may offer great value for novel pathologic and therapeutic insights of this deadly disease, ultimately improving the efficacy of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Song
- Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, 200092, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease Research, 1665 Kongjiang Road, 200092, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200127, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunping Hu
- Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, 200092, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease Research, 1665 Kongjiang Road, 200092, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200127, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongsheng Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease Research, 1665 Kongjiang Road, 200092, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200127, Shanghai, China
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200127, Shanghai, China
| | - Rong Shao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease Research, 1665 Kongjiang Road, 200092, Shanghai, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200127, Shanghai, China.
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025, Shanghai, China.
| | - Fatao Liu
- Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, 200092, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease Research, 1665 Kongjiang Road, 200092, Shanghai, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200127, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yingbin Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease Research, 1665 Kongjiang Road, 200092, Shanghai, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200127, Shanghai, China.
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200127, Shanghai, China.
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65
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Mustapic M, Tran J, Craft S, Kapogiannis D. Extracellular Vesicle Biomarkers Track Cognitive Changes Following Intranasal Insulin in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 69:489-498. [PMID: 30958348 DOI: 10.3233/jad-180578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insulin resistance is implicated in Alzheimer's disease (AD), whereas intranasal insulin is an experimental treatment in clinical trials. We previously proposed insulin signaling mediators in plasma neuronal-enriched extracellular vesicles (EVs) as biomarkers of brain insulin resistance. OBJECTIVE We sought to demonstrate the capacity of neuronal-enriched EV biomarkers to demonstrate target engagement in response to intranasal insulin and their ability to track treatment-associated cognitive changes in AD. METHODS We isolated neuronal-enriched EVs from plasma samples of participants with amnestic mild cognitive impairment or probable AD involved in a 4-month duration placebo-controlled clinical trial of 20 or 40 IU intranasal insulin. We measured insulin signaling mediators as biomarkers and examined treatment-associated changes and their relationship with cognitive performance (ADAS-Cog). RESULTS There were no EV biomarker changes from baseline in any of the treatment groups. In participants treated with 20 IU insulin, EV biomarkers of insulin resistance (pS312-IRS-1, pY-IRS-1) showed strong positive correlations with ADAS-Cog changes, especially in ApoE ɛ4 non-carriers. CONCLUSION Neuronal EV biomarkers of insulin resistance (pS312-IRS-1, pY-IRS-1) were associated with cognitive changes in response to low dose intranasal insulin suggesting engagement of the insulin cascade in neurons of origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Mustapic
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joyce Tran
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Suzanne Craft
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Dimitrios Kapogiannis
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA
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66
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Design and Applications of Bifunctional Small Molecules in Biology. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2020; 1869:140534. [PMID: 32871274 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2020.140534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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67
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Ashrafizadeh M, Zarrabi A, Orouei S, Saberifar S, Salami S, Hushmandi K, Najafi M. Recent advances and future directions in anti-tumor activity of cryptotanshinone: A mechanistic review. Phytother Res 2020; 35:155-179. [PMID: 33507609 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In respect to the enhanced incidence rate of cancer worldwide, studies have focused on cancer therapy using novel strategies. Chemotherapy is a common strategy in cancer therapy, but its adverse effects and chemoresistance have limited its efficacy. So, attempts have been directed towards minimally invasive cancer therapy using plant derived-natural compounds. Cryptotanshinone (CT) is a component of salvia miltiorrihiza Bunge, well-known as Danshen and has a variety of therapeutic and biological activities such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic and neuroprotective. Recently, studies have focused on anti-tumor activity of CT against different cancers. Notably, this herbal compound is efficient in cancer therapy by targeting various molecular signaling pathways. In the present review, we mechanistically describe the anti-tumor activity of CT with an emphasis on molecular signaling pathways. Then, we evaluate the potential of CT in cancer immunotherapy and enhancing the efficacy of chemotherapy by sensitizing cancer cells into anti-tumor activity of chemotherapeutic agents, and elevating accumulation of anti-tumor drugs in cancer cells. Finally, we mention strategies to enhance the anti-tumor activity of CT, for instance, using nanoparticles to provide targeted drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Ashrafizadeh
- Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali Zarrabi
- Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM), Tuzla, 34956, Istanbul, Turkey.,Center of Excellence for Functional Surfaces and Interfaces (EFSUN), Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Tuzla, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sima Orouei
- MSc. Student, Department of Genetics, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sedigheh Saberifar
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Saeed Salami
- DVM. Graduated, Kazerun Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kazeroon, Iran
| | - Kiavash Hushmandi
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Division of Epidemiology & Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Najafi
- Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Department, School of Paramedical Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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68
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Fakih W, Mroueh A, Salah H, Eid AH, Obeid M, Kobeissy F, Darwish H, El-Yazbi AF. Dysfunctional cerebrovascular tone contributes to cognitive impairment in a non-obese rat model of prediabetic challenge: Role of suppression of autophagy and modulation by anti-diabetic drugs. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 178:114041. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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69
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Expression of upstream and downstream targets of mTOR pathway in seven cases of secretory carcinoma of salivary gland origin. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2020; 278:279-283. [PMID: 32577896 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-020-06146-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the expression of upstream and downstream targets of mTOR signalling pathway in the secretory carcinoma of salivary gland origin (SCsg). METHODS Seven cases of secretory carcinoma diagnosed by a combination of immunohistochemistry and/or molecular testing were retrieved from our pathology files. For comparison purposes, 27 other salivary carcinomas were selected. Immunohistochemical staining was performed against phospho-Akt, PTEN, phospho-mTOR, phospho-4E-BP, eIF4E and phospho-S6 ribosomal protein. RESULTS With the exception of Akt, all the other proteins were present at some level in the SCsg and in other salivary carcinomas. PTEN was diffusely expressed in 57.1% of SCsg, but only in 14.8% of other salivary carcinomas. mTOR is expressed in more than half of the cases both for SCsg and other salivary tumour types. Most cases of SCsg showed negative expression for S6 ribosomal protein (71.4%) and 4E-BP1 (57.1%). For both groups evaluated, eIF4E was the most expressed protein. CONCLUSION SCsg shows different expression patterns for the mTOR signalling molecules, but only eIF4E was highly expressed. This may suggest alternative signalling pathways other than Akt and mTOR in this group of tumours.
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70
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Alborzi P, Jafari Atrabi M, Akbarinejad V, Khanbabaei R, Fathi R. Incorporation of arginine, glutamine or leucine in culture medium accelerates in vitro activation of primordial follicles in 1-day-old mouse ovary. ZYGOTE 2020; 28:1-8. [PMID: 32482183 DOI: 10.1017/s096719942000026x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In vitro activation of primordial follicles provides cancer patients subjected to oncotherapy with a safe therapeutic strategy for fertility preservation, however a successful protocol for activation of primordial follicles in prepubertal patients has not yet been defined comprehensively. There is evidence that amino acids such as leucine, arginine and glutamine could stimulate the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, which plays a pivotal role in primordial follicle activation. Nevertheless, there has been no report that elucidates the effect of these amino acids on in vitro development of ovarian follicles. Therefore, the present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of these amino acids and their combination on the formation and activation of primordial follicles in 1-day-old murine ovaries during an 11-day culture period. The experimental groups consisted of base medium (BM), base medium + arginine (ARG), base medium + glutamine (GLU), base medium + leucine (LEU) and base medium + a combination of arginine, glutamine and leucine (AGL). The proportions of different stages of ovarian follicles and gene expression of regulatory factors were assessed using histology and quantitative real-time PCR on days 5 and 11 of culture. The proportion of transitional and primary follicles was greater in all amino acid-treated groups compared with the BM group (P < 0.05). Moreover, leucine resulted in elevated expression of Gdf9 and Bmp15, and glutamine augmented the expression of Pi3k on day 11 of culture. In conclusion, the present study showed that inclusion of leucine, glutamine, arginine or their combination in the culture medium for murine ovarian tissue could accelerate the activation of primordial follicles and alter the expression of the corresponding factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parimah Alborzi
- Department of Embryology, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Jafari Atrabi
- Department of Embryology, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahid Akbarinejad
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ramezan Khanbabaei
- Department of Biology, Qaemshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qaemshahr, Iran
| | - Rouhollah Fathi
- Department of Embryology, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
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Notch3 signalling and vascular remodelling in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Clin Sci (Lond) 2020; 133:2481-2498. [PMID: 31868216 PMCID: PMC6928565 DOI: 10.1042/cs20190835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Notch signalling is critically involved in vascular morphogenesis and function. Four Notch isoforms (Notch1–4) regulating diverse cellular processes have been identified. Of these, Notch3 is expressed almost exclusively in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), where it is critically involved in vascular development and differentiation. Under pathological conditions, Notch3 regulates VSMC switching between the contractile and synthetic phenotypes. Abnormal Notch3 signalling plays an important role in vascular remodelling, a hallmark of several cardiovascular diseases, including pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Because of the importance of Notch3 in VSMC (de)differentiation, Notch3 has been implicated in the pathophysiology of pulmonary vascular remodelling in PAH. Here we review the current literature on the role of Notch in VSMC function with a focus on Notch3 signalling in pulmonary artery VSMCs, and discuss potential implications in pulmonary artery remodelling in PAH.
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72
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Prossomariti A, Piazzi G, Alquati C, Ricciardiello L. Are Wnt/β-Catenin and PI3K/AKT/mTORC1 Distinct Pathways in Colorectal Cancer? Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 10:491-506. [PMID: 32334125 PMCID: PMC7369353 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2020.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Wnt/β-catenin and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (PI3K/AKT/mTORC1) pathways both are critically involved in colorectal cancer (CRC) development, although they are implicated in the modulation of distinct oncogenic mechanisms. In homeostatic and pathologic conditions, these pathways show a fine regulation based mainly on feedback mechanisms, and are connected at multiple levels involving both upstream and downstream common effectors. The ability of the Wnt/β-catenin and PI3K/AKT/mTORC1 pathways to reciprocally control themselves represents one of the main resistance mechanisms to selective inhibitors in CRC, leading to the hypothesis that in specific settings, particularly in cancer driven by genetic alterations in Wnt/β-catenin signaling, the relationship between Wnt/β-catenin and PI3K/AKT/mTORC1 pathways could be so close that they should be considered as a unique therapeutic target. This review provides an update on the Wnt/β-catenin and PI3K/AKT/mTORC1 pathway interconnections in CRC, describing the main molecular players and the potential implications of combined inhibitors as an approach for CRC chemoprevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Prossomariti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy,Center for Applied Biomedical Research, S. Orsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy,Anna Prossomariti, PhD, Center for Applied Biomedical Research, S. Orsola Hospital, Via Massarenti 9, 40138, Bologna, Italy. fax: (39) 051-2143902.
| | - Giulia Piazzi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy,Center for Applied Biomedical Research, S. Orsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Chiara Alquati
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy,Center for Applied Biomedical Research, S. Orsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Luigi Ricciardiello
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy,Center for Applied Biomedical Research, S. Orsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Luigi Ricciardiello, MD, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Via Massarenti 9, 40138, Bologna, Italy. fax: (39) 051-2143381
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Bautista-Sánchez D, Arriaga-Canon C, Pedroza-Torres A, De La Rosa-Velázquez IA, González-Barrios R, Contreras-Espinosa L, Montiel-Manríquez R, Castro-Hernández C, Fragoso-Ontiveros V, Álvarez-Gómez RM, Herrera LA. The Promising Role of miR-21 as a Cancer Biomarker and Its Importance in RNA-Based Therapeutics. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2020; 20:409-420. [PMID: 32244168 PMCID: PMC7118281 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2020.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs are small noncoding transcripts that posttranscriptionally regulate gene expression via base-pairing complementarity. Their role in cancer can be related to tumor suppression or oncogenic function. Moreover, they have been linked to processes recognized as hallmarks of cancer, such as apoptosis, invasion, metastasis, and proliferation. Particularly, one of the first oncomiRs found upregulated in a variety of cancers, such as gliomas, breast cancer, and colorectal cancer, was microRNA-21 (miR-21). Some of its target genes associated with cancer are PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog), PDCD4 (programmed cell death protein 4), RECK (reversion-inducing cysteine-rich protein with Kazal motifs), and STAT3 (signal transducer activator of transcription 3). As a result, miR-21 has been proposed as a plausible diagnostic and prognostic biomarker, as well as a therapeutic target for several types of cancer. Currently, research and clinical trials to inhibit miR-21 through anti-miR-21 oligonucleotides and ADM-21 are being conducted. As all of the evidence suggests, miR-21 is involved in carcinogenic processes; therefore, inhibiting it could have effects on more than one type of cancer. However, whether miR-21 can be used as a tissue-specific biomarker should be analyzed with caution. Consequently, the purpose of this review is to outline the available information and recent advances regarding miR-21 as a potential biomarker in the clinical setting and as a therapeutic target in cancer to highlight its importance in the era of precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Bautista-Sánchez
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Avenida San Fernando No. 22, Colonia Sección XVI, Tlalpan, CP 14080, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Cristian Arriaga-Canon
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Avenida San Fernando No. 22, Colonia Sección XVI, Tlalpan, CP 14080, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Abraham Pedroza-Torres
- CONACYT-Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Avenida San Fernando No. 22, Colonia Sección XVI, Tlalpan, CP 14080, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Rodrigo González-Barrios
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Avenida San Fernando No. 22, Colonia Sección XVI, Tlalpan, CP 14080, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Laura Contreras-Espinosa
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Avenida San Fernando No. 22, Colonia Sección XVI, Tlalpan, CP 14080, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rogelio Montiel-Manríquez
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Avenida San Fernando No. 22, Colonia Sección XVI, Tlalpan, CP 14080, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Clementina Castro-Hernández
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Avenida San Fernando No. 22, Colonia Sección XVI, Tlalpan, CP 14080, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Verónica Fragoso-Ontiveros
- Clínica de Cáncer Hereditario, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Avenida San Fernando No. 22, Colonia Sección XVI, Tlalpan, CP 14080, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rosa María Álvarez-Gómez
- Clínica de Cáncer Hereditario, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Avenida San Fernando No. 22, Colonia Sección XVI, Tlalpan, CP 14080, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Luis A Herrera
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Avenida San Fernando No. 22, Colonia Sección XVI, Tlalpan, CP 14080, Mexico City, Mexico; Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Periferico Sur 4809, Arenal Tepepan, Tlalpan, CP 14610, Mexico City, Mexico.
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miR-27a is a master regulator of metabolic reprogramming and chemoresistance in colorectal cancer. Br J Cancer 2020; 122:1354-1366. [PMID: 32132656 PMCID: PMC7188668 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-020-0773-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic reprogramming towards aerobic glycolysis in cancer supports unrestricted cell proliferation, survival and chemoresistance. The molecular bases of these processes are still undefined. Recent reports suggest crucial roles for microRNAs. Here, we provide new evidence of the implication of miR-27a in modulating colorectal cancer (CRC) metabolism and chemoresistance. METHODS A survey of miR-27a expression profile in TCGA-COAD dataset revealed that miR-27a-overexpressing CRCs are enriched in gene signatures of mitochondrial dysfunction, deregulated oxidative phosphorylation, mTOR activation and reduced chemosensitivity. The same pathways were analysed in cell lines in which we modified miR-27a levels. The response to chemotherapy was investigated in an independent cohort and cell lines. RESULTS miR-27a upregulation in vitro associated with impaired oxidative phosphorylation, overall mitochondrial activities and slight influence on glycolysis. miR-27a hampered AMPK, enhanced mTOR signalling and acted in concert with oncogenes and tumour cell metabolic regulators to force an aerobic glycolytic metabolism supporting biomass production, unrestricted growth and chemoresistance. This latter association was confirmed in our cohort of patients and cell lines. CONCLUSIONS We disclose an unprecedented role for miR-27a as a master regulator of cancer metabolism reprogramming that impinges on CRC response to chemotherapy, underscoring its theragnostic properties.
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75
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Shen H, Wang J, Shen L, Wang H, Li W, Ding X. Phosphatase and tensin homolog deletion enhances neurite outgrowth during neural stem cell differentiation. Neuropathology 2020; 40:224-231. [PMID: 32037610 DOI: 10.1111/neup.12633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huachao Shen
- Department of Neurology, BenQ Medical CenterThe Affiliated BenQ Hospital of Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
- BenQ Neurological Institute of Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of NeurologyThe Affiliated Jiangning Hospital of Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
| | - Lihua Shen
- Department of NeurologyThe Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University Nantong China
| | - Huamei Wang
- Department of NeurologyThe Affiliated Jiangning Hospital of Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
| | - Wenlei Li
- Department of NeurologyJiangsu Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Nanjing China
| | - Xinsheng Ding
- Department of NeurologyThe Affiliated Sir Run Run Hospital and First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
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76
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Reddy D, Ghosh P, Kumavath R. Strophanthidin Attenuates MAPK, PI3K/AKT/mTOR, and Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Pathways in Human Cancers. Front Oncol 2020; 9:1469. [PMID: 32010609 PMCID: PMC6978703 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the most prevalent in cancer-related deaths, while breast carcinoma is the second most dominant cancer in women, accounting for the most number of deaths worldwide. Cancers are heterogeneous diseases that consist of several subtypes based on the presence or absence of hormone receptors and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2. Several drugs have been developed targeting cancer biomarkers; nonetheless, their efficiency are not adequate due to the high reemergence rate of cancers and fundamental or acquired resistance toward such drugs, which leads to partial therapeutic possibilities. Recent studies on cardiac glycosides (CGs) positioned them as potent cytotoxic agents that target multiple pathways to initiate apoptosis and autophagic cell death in many cancers. In the present study, our aim is to identify the anticancer activity of a naturally available CG (strophanthidin) in human breast (MCF-7), lung (A549), and liver cancer (HepG2) cells. Our results demonstrate a dose-dependent cytotoxic effect of strophanthidin in MCF-7, A549, and HepG2 cells, which was further supported by DNA damage on drug treatment. Strophanthidin arrested the cell cycle at the G2/M phase; this effect was further validated by checking the inhibited expressions of checkpoint and cyclin-dependent kinases in strophanthidin-induced cells. Moreover, strophanthidin inhibited the expression of several key proteins such as MEK1, PI3K, AKT, mTOR, Gsk3α, and β-catenin from MAPK, PI3K/AKT/mTOR, and Wnt/β-catenin signaling. The current study adequately exhibits the role of strophanthidin in modulating the expression of various key proteins involved in cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and autophagic cell death. Our in silico studies revealed that strophanthidin can interact with several key proteins from various pathways. Taken together, this study demonstrates the viability of strophanthidin as a promising anticancer agent, which may serve as a new anticancer drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhanasekhar Reddy
- Department of Genomic Science, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod, India
| | - Preetam Ghosh
- Department of Computer Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Ranjith Kumavath
- Department of Genomic Science, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod, India
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77
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Antipova TV, Zaitsev KV, Oprunenko YF, Ya. Zherebker A, Rystsov GK, Zemskova MY, Zhelifonova VP, Ivanushkina NE, Kozlovsky AG. Austalides V and W, new meroterpenoids from the fungus Aspergillus ustus and their antitumor activities. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:126708. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.126708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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McKeown CR, Cline HT. Nutrient restriction causes reversible G2 arrest in Xenopus neural progenitors. Development 2019; 146:146/20/dev178871. [PMID: 31649012 DOI: 10.1242/dev.178871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Nutrient status affects brain development; however, the effects of nutrient availability on neural progenitor cell proliferation in vivo are poorly understood. Without food, Xenopus laevis tadpoles enter a period of stasis during which neural progenitor proliferation is drastically reduced, but resumes when food becomes available. Here, we investigate how neural progenitors halt cell division in response to nutrient restriction and subsequently re-enter the cell cycle upon feeding. We demonstrate that nutrient restriction causes neural progenitors to arrest in G2 of the cell cycle with increased DNA content, and that nutrient availability triggers progenitors to re-enter the cell cycle at M phase. Initiation of the nutrient restriction-induced G2 arrest is rapamycin insensitive, but cell cycle re-entry requires mTOR. Finally, we show that activation of insulin receptor signaling is sufficient to increase neural progenitor cell proliferation in the absence of food. A G2 arrest mechanism provides an adaptive strategy to control brain development in response to nutrient availability by triggering a synchronous burst of cell proliferation when nutrients become available. This may be a general cellular mechanism that allows developmental flexibility during times of limited resources.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hollis T Cline
- Department of Neuroscience, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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79
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Duan X, Chen B, Cui Y, Zhou L, Wu C, Yang Z, Wen Y, Miao X, Li Q, Xiong L, He J. Ready player one? Autophagy shapes resistance to photodynamic therapy in cancers. Apoptosis 2019; 23:587-606. [PMID: 30288638 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-018-1489-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a procedure used in cancer therapy that has been shown to be useful for certain indications. Considerable evidence suggests that PDT might be superior to conventional modalities for some indications. In this report, we examine the relationship between PDT responsiveness and autophagy, which can exert a cytoprotective effect. Autophagy is an essential physiological process that maintains cellular homeostasis by degrading dysfunctional or impaired cellular components and organelles via a lysosome-based pathway. Autophagy, which includes macroautophagy and microautophagy, can be a factor that decreases or abolishes responses to various therapeutic protocols. We systematically discuss the mechanisms underlying cell-fate decisions elicited by PDT; analyse the principles of PDT-induced autophagy, macroautophagy and microautophagy; and present evidence to support the notion that autophagy is a critical mechanism in resistance to PDT. A combined strategy involving autophagy inhibitors may be able to further enhance PDT efficacy. Finally, we provide suggestions for future studies, note where our understanding of the relevant molecular regulators is deficient, and discuss the correlations among PDT-induced resistance and autophagy, especially microautophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Duan
- Department of Geriatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bo Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yanan Cui
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lin Zhou
- Department of Geriatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chenkai Wu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhulin Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yu Wen
- Department of General Surgery, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiongying Miao
- Department of General Surgery, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qinglong Li
- Department of General Surgery, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Li Xiong
- Department of General Surgery, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | - Jun He
- Department of General Surgery, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
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80
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Kranz TM, Lent KL, Miller KE, Chao MV, Brenowitz EA. Rapamycin blocks the neuroprotective effects of sex steroids in the adult birdsong system. Dev Neurobiol 2019; 79:794-804. [PMID: 31509642 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In adult songbirds, the telencephalic song nucleus HVC and its efferent target RA undergo pronounced seasonal changes in morphology. In breeding birds, there are increases in HVC volume and total neuron number, and RA neuronal soma area compared to nonbreeding birds. At the end of breeding, HVC neurons die through caspase-dependent apoptosis and thus, RA neuron size decreases. Changes in HVC and RA are driven by seasonal changes in circulating testosterone (T) levels. Infusing T, or its metabolites 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and 17 β-estradiol (E2), intracerebrally into HVC (but not RA) protects HVC neurons from death, and RA neuron size, in nonbreeding birds. The phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt (a serine/threonine kinase)-mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway is a point of convergence for neuroprotective effects of sex steroids and other trophic factors. We asked if mTOR activation is necessary for the protective effect of hormones in HVC and RA of adult male Gambel's white-crowned sparrows (Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii). We transferred sparrows from breeding to nonbreeding hormonal and photoperiod conditions to induce regression of HVC neurons by cell death and decrease of RA neuron size. We infused either DHT + E2, DHT + E2 plus the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin, or vehicle alone in HVC. Infusion of DHT + E2 protected both HVC and RA neurons. Coinfusion of rapamycin with DHT + E2, however, blocked the protective effect of hormones on HVC volume and neuron number, and RA neuron size. These results suggest that activation of mTOR is an essential downstream step in the neuroprotective cascade initiated by sex steroid hormones in the forebrain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten M Kranz
- Department of Psychiatry, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, Langone Medical Center, New York University, New York, New York
| | - Karin L Lent
- Departments of Psychology and Biology, Institute for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Kimberly E Miller
- Departments of Psychology and Biology, Institute for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Moses V Chao
- Department of Psychiatry, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, Langone Medical Center, New York University, New York, New York
| | - Eliot A Brenowitz
- Departments of Psychology and Biology, Institute for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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81
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Ong ST, Ng AS, Ng XR, Zhuang Z, Wong BHS, Prasannan P, Kok YJ, Bi X, Shim H, Wulff H, Chandy KG, Verma NK. Extracellular K + Dampens T Cell Functions: Implications for Immune Suppression in the Tumor Microenvironment. Bioelectricity 2019; 1:169-179. [PMID: 34471819 DOI: 10.1089/bioe.2019.0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Dying tumor cells release intracellular potassium (K+), raising extracellular K+ ([K+]e) in the tumor microenvironment (TME) to 40-50 mM (high-[K+]e). Here, we investigated the effect of high-[K+]e on T cell functions. Materials and Methods: Functional impacts of high-[K+]e on human T cells were determined by cellular, molecular, and imaging assays. Results: Exposure to high-[K+]e suppressed the proliferation of central memory and effector memory T cells, while T memory stem cells were unaffected. High-[K+]e inhibited T cell cytokine production and dampened antitumor cytotoxicity, by modulating the Akt signaling pathway. High-[K+]e caused significant upregulation of the immune checkpoint protein PD-1 in activated T cells. Although the number of KCa3.1 calcium-activated potassium channels expressed in T cells remained unaffected under high-[K+]e, a novel KCa3.1 activator, SKA-346, rescued T cells from high-[K+]e-mediated suppression. Conclusion: High-[K+]e represents a so far overlooked secondary checkpoint in cancer. KCa3.1 activators could overcome such "ionic-checkpoint"-mediated immunosuppression in the TME, and be administered together with known PD-1 inhibitors and other cancer therapeutics to improve outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seow Theng Ong
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Aik Seng Ng
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xuan Rui Ng
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zhong Zhuang
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Brandon Han Siang Wong
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Praseetha Prasannan
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yee Jiun Kok
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xuezhi Bi
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore.,Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Heesung Shim
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California.,Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Heike Wulff
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | | | - Navin Kumar Verma
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
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82
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Butturini E, Carcereri de Prati A, Boriero D, Mariotto S. Tumor Dormancy and Interplay with Hypoxic Tumor Microenvironment. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20174305. [PMID: 31484342 PMCID: PMC6747268 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20174305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment is a key factor in disease progression, local resistance, immune-escaping, and metastasis. The rapid proliferation of tumor cells and the aberrant structure of the blood vessels within tumors result in a marked heterogeneity in the perfusion of the tumor tissue with regions of hypoxia. Although most of the tumor cells die in these hypoxic conditions, a part of them can adapt and survive for many days or months in a dormant state. Dormant tumor cells are characterized by cell cycle arrest in G0/G1 phase as well as a low metabolism, and are refractive to common chemotherapy, giving rise to metastasis. Despite these features, the cells retain their ability to proliferate when conditions improve. An understanding of the regulatory machinery of tumor dormancy is essential for identifying early cancer biomarkers and could provide a rationale for the development of novel agents to target dormant tumor cell populations. In this review, we examine the current knowledge of the mechanisms allowing tumor dormancy and discuss the crucial role of the hypoxic microenvironment in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Butturini
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Biological Chemistry, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Carcereri de Prati
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Biological Chemistry, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy.
| | - Diana Boriero
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Biological Chemistry, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy.
| | - Sofia Mariotto
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Biological Chemistry, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy.
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83
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Kalhori MR, Irani S, Soleimani M, Arefian E, Kouhkan F. The effect of miR‐579 on the PI3K/AKT pathway in human glioblastoma PTEN mutant cell lines. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:16760-16774. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Kalhori
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch Islamic Azad University Tehran Iran
| | - Shiva Irani
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch Islamic Azad University Tehran Iran
| | - Masoud Soleimani
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medical Sciences Tarbiat Modares University Tehran Iran
| | - Ehsan Arefian
- Molecular Virology Lab, Department of Microbiology, School of Biology, College of Science University of Tehran Tehran Iran
| | - Fatemeh Kouhkan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering Stem Cell Technology Research Center Tehran Iran
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mTOR and Aging: An Old Fashioned Dress. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20112774. [PMID: 31174250 PMCID: PMC6600378 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20112774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is a physiologic/pathologic process characterized by a progressive impairment of cellular functions, supported by the alterations of several molecular pathways, leading to an increased cell susceptibility to injury. This deterioration is the primary risk factor for several major human pathologies. Numerous cellular processes, including genomic instability, telomere erosion, epigenetic alterations, loss of proteostasis, deregulated nutrient-sensing, mitochondrial dysfunction, stem cell exhaustion, and altered intercellular signal transduction represent common denominators of aging in different organisms. Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is an evolutionarily conserved nutrient sensing protein kinase that regulates growth and metabolism in all eukaryotic cells. Studies in flies, worms, yeast, and mice support the hypothesis that the mTOR signalling network plays a pivotal role in modulating aging. mTOR is emerging as the most robust mediator of the protective effects of various forms of dietary restriction, which has been shown to extend lifespan and slow the onset of age-related diseases across species. Herein we discuss the role of mTor signalling network in the development of classic age-related diseases, focused on cardiovascular system, immune response, and cancer.
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85
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Piazzi M, Bavelloni A, Gallo A, Faenza I, Blalock WL. Signal Transduction in Ribosome Biogenesis: A Recipe to Avoid Disaster. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20112718. [PMID: 31163577 PMCID: PMC6600399 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20112718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Energetically speaking, ribosome biogenesis is by far the most costly process of the cell and, therefore, must be highly regulated in order to avoid unnecessary energy expenditure. Not only must ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis, ribosomal protein (RP) transcription, translation, and nuclear import, as well as ribosome assembly, be tightly controlled, these events must be coordinated with other cellular events, such as cell division and differentiation. In addition, ribosome biogenesis must respond rapidly to environmental cues mediated by internal and cell surface receptors, or stress (oxidative stress, DNA damage, amino acid depletion, etc.). This review examines some of the well-studied pathways known to control ribosome biogenesis (PI3K-AKT-mTOR, RB-p53, MYC) and how they may interact with some of the less well studied pathways (eIF2α kinase and RNA editing/splicing) in higher eukaryotes to regulate ribosome biogenesis, assembly, and protein translation in a dynamic manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Piazzi
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare-Luigi Luca Cavalli Sforza, UOS Bologna, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IGM-CNR), 40136 Bologna, Italy.
- IRCCS, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy.
| | | | - Angela Gallo
- RNA Editing Laboratory, Dipartimento di Oncoematologia, IRCCS, Ospedale Pediatrica Bambino Gesù, 00146 Rome, Italy.
| | - Irene Faenza
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie, Università di Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - William L Blalock
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare-Luigi Luca Cavalli Sforza, UOS Bologna, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IGM-CNR), 40136 Bologna, Italy.
- IRCCS, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy.
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86
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Kawakami Y, Hambright WS, Takayama K, Mu X, Lu A, Cummins JH, Matsumoto T, Yurube T, Kuroda R, Kurosaka M, Fu FH, Robbins PD, Niedernhofer LJ, Huard J. Rapamycin Rescues Age-Related Changes in Muscle-Derived Stem/Progenitor Cells from Progeroid Mice. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2019; 14:64-76. [PMID: 31312666 PMCID: PMC6610712 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2019.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Aging-related loss of adult stem cell function contributes to impaired tissue regeneration. Mice deficient in zinc metalloproteinase STE24 (Zmpste24−/−) exhibit premature age-related musculoskeletal pathologies similar to those observed in children with Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS). We have reported that muscle-derived stem/progenitor cells (MDSPCs) isolated from Zmpste24−/− mice are defective in their proliferation and differentiation capabilities in culture and during tissue regeneration. The mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) regulates cell growth, and inhibition of the mTORC1 pathway extends the lifespan of several animal species. We therefore hypothesized that inhibition of mTORC1 signaling would rescue the differentiation defects observed in progeroid MDSPCs. MDSPCs were isolated from Zmpste24−/− mice, and the effects of mTORC1 on MDSPC differentiation and function were examined. We found that mTORC1 signaling was increased in senescent Zmpste24−/− MDSPCs, along with impaired chondrogenic, osteogenic, and myogenic differentiation capacity versus wild-type MDSPCs. Interestingly, we observed that mTORC1 inhibition with rapamycin improved myogenic and chondrogenic differentiation and reduced levels of apoptosis and senescence in Zmpste24−/− MDSPCs. Our results demonstrate that age-related adult stem/progenitor cell dysfunction contributes to impaired regenerative capacities and that mTORC1 inhibition may represent a potential therapeutic strategy for improving differentiation capacities of senescent stem and muscle progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Kawakami
- Stem Cell Research Center, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - William S Hambright
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77054, USA.,Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Vail, CO 81657, USA
| | - Koji Takayama
- Stem Cell Research Center, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Xiaodong Mu
- Stem Cell Research Center, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77054, USA.,Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Vail, CO 81657, USA
| | - Aiping Lu
- Stem Cell Research Center, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77054, USA.,Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Vail, CO 81657, USA
| | - James H Cummins
- Stem Cell Research Center, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Tomoyuki Matsumoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Takashi Yurube
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Kuroda
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kurosaka
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Freddie H Fu
- Stem Cell Research Center, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Paul D Robbins
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Institute on Biology of Aging and Metabolism, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Laura J Niedernhofer
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Institute on Biology of Aging and Metabolism, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Johnny Huard
- Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Vail, CO 81657, USA
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87
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Domingo-Fernández D, Mubeen S, Marín-Llaó J, Hoyt CT, Hofmann-Apitius M. PathMe: merging and exploring mechanistic pathway knowledge. BMC Bioinformatics 2019; 20:243. [PMID: 31092193 PMCID: PMC6521546 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-019-2863-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The complexity of representing biological systems is compounded by an ever-expanding body of knowledge emerging from multi-omics experiments. A number of pathway databases have facilitated pathway-centric approaches that assist in the interpretation of molecular signatures yielded by these experiments. However, the lack of interoperability between pathway databases has hindered the ability to harmonize these resources and to exploit their consolidated knowledge. Such a unification of pathway knowledge is imperative in enhancing the comprehension and modeling of biological abstractions. Results Here, we present PathMe, a Python package that transforms pathway knowledge from three major pathway databases into a unified abstraction using Biological Expression Language as the pivotal, integrative schema. PathMe is complemented by a novel web application (freely available at https://pathme.scai.fraunhofer.de/) which allows users to comprehensively explore pathway crosstalk and compare areas of consensus and discrepancies. Conclusions This work has harmonized three major pathway databases and transformed them into a unified schema in order to gain a holistic picture of pathway knowledge. We demonstrate the utility of the PathMe framework in: i) integrating pathway landscapes at the database level, ii) comparing the degree of consensus at the pathway level, and iii) exploring pathway crosstalk and investigating consensus at the molecular level. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12859-019-2863-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Domingo-Fernández
- Department of Bioinformatics, Fraunhofer Institute for Algorithms and Scientific Computing, 53754, Sankt Augustin, Germany. .,Bonn-Aachen International Center for IT, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, 53115, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Sarah Mubeen
- Department of Bioinformatics, Fraunhofer Institute for Algorithms and Scientific Computing, 53754, Sankt Augustin, Germany.,Bonn-Aachen International Center for IT, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Josep Marín-Llaó
- Department of Bioinformatics, Fraunhofer Institute for Algorithms and Scientific Computing, 53754, Sankt Augustin, Germany
| | - Charles Tapley Hoyt
- Department of Bioinformatics, Fraunhofer Institute for Algorithms and Scientific Computing, 53754, Sankt Augustin, Germany.,Bonn-Aachen International Center for IT, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Martin Hofmann-Apitius
- Department of Bioinformatics, Fraunhofer Institute for Algorithms and Scientific Computing, 53754, Sankt Augustin, Germany.,Bonn-Aachen International Center for IT, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, 53115, Bonn, Germany
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88
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Stump B, Shrestha S, Lamattina AM, Louis PH, Cho W, Perrella MA, Ai X, Rosas IO, Wagner FF, Priolo C, Astin J, El-Chemaly S. Glycogen synthase kinase 3-β inhibition induces lymphangiogenesis through β-catenin-dependent and mTOR-independent pathways. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213831. [PMID: 30964887 PMCID: PMC6456176 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic vessels play an important role in health and in disease. In this study, we evaluated the effects of GSK3-β inhibition on lung lymphatic endothelial cells in vitro. Pharmacological inhibition and silencing of GSK3-β resulted in increased lymphangiogenesis of lung lymphatic endothelial cells. To investigate mechanisms of GSK3-β-mediated lymphangiogenesis, we interrogated the mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin pathway and found that inhibition of GSK3-β resulted in PTEN activation and subsequent decreased activation of AKT, leading to decreased p-P70S6kinase levels, indicating inhibition of the mTOR pathway. In addition, consistent with a negative role of GSK3-β in β-catenin stability through protein phosphorylation, we found that GSK3-β inhibition resulted in an increase in β-catenin levels. Simultaneous silencing of β-catenin and inhibition of GSK3-β demonstrated that β-catenin is required for GSK3-β-induced lymphangiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Stump
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Shikshya Shrestha
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Anthony M. Lamattina
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Pierce H. Louis
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Woohyun Cho
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mark A. Perrella
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Xingbin Ai
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ivan O. Rosas
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Florence F. Wagner
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Carmen Priolo
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Astin
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Souheil El-Chemaly
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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89
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Djuzenova CS, Fiedler V, Memmel S, Katzer A, Sisario D, Brosch PK, Göhrung A, Frister S, Zimmermann H, Flentje M, Sukhorukov VL. Differential effects of the Akt inhibitor MK-2206 on migration and radiation sensitivity of glioblastoma cells. BMC Cancer 2019; 19:299. [PMID: 30943918 PMCID: PMC6446411 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-019-5517-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Most tumor cells show aberrantly activated Akt which leads to increased cell survival and resistance to cancer radiotherapy. Therefore, targeting Akt can be a promising strategy for radiosensitization. Here, we explore the impact of the Akt inhibitor MK-2206 alone and in combination with the dual PI3K and mTOR inhibitor PI-103 on the radiation sensitivity of glioblastoma cells. In addition, we examine migration of drug-treated cells. Methods Using single-cell tracking and wound healing migration tests, colony-forming assay, Western blotting, flow cytometry and electrorotation we examined the effects of MK-2206 and PI-103 and/or irradiation on the migration, radiation sensitivity, expression of several marker proteins, DNA damage, cell cycle progression and the plasma membrane properties in two glioblastoma (DK-MG and SNB19) cell lines, previously shown to differ markedly in their migratory behavior and response to PI3K/mTOR inhibition. Results We found that MK-2206 strongly reduces the migration of DK-MG but only moderately reduces the migration of SNB19 cells. Surprisingly, MK-2206 did not cause radiosensitization, but even increased colony-forming ability after irradiation. Moreover, MK-2206 did not enhance the radiosensitizing effect of PI-103. The results appear to contradict the strong depletion of p-Akt in MK-2206-treated cells. Possible reasons for the radioresistance of MK-2206-treated cells could be unaltered or in case of SNB19 cells even increased levels of p-mTOR and p-S6, as compared to the reduced expression of these proteins in PI-103-treated samples. We also found that MK-2206 did not enhance IR-induced DNA damage, neither did it cause cell cycle distortion, nor apoptosis nor excessive autophagy. Conclusions Our study provides proof that MK-2206 can effectively inhibit the expression of Akt in two glioblastoma cell lines. However, due to an aberrant activation of mTOR in response to Akt inhibition in PTEN mutated cells, the therapeutic window needs to be carefully defined, or a combination of Akt and mTOR inhibitors should be considered. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12885-019-5517-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cholpon S Djuzenova
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 11, 97080, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Vanessa Fiedler
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 11, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Simon Memmel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 11, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Astrid Katzer
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 11, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Dmitri Sisario
- Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, University of Würzburg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Philippa K Brosch
- Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, University of Würzburg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Göhrung
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 11, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Svenja Frister
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 11, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Heiko Zimmermann
- Fraunhofer-Institut für Biomedizinische Technik, Joseph-von-Fraunhofer-Weg 1, 66280, Sulzbach, Germany.,Professur für Molekulare und Zelluläre Biotechnologie/Nanotechnologie, Universität des Saarlandes, Campus Saarbrücken, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany.,Marine Sciences, Universidad Católica del Norte, Casa Central, Angamos 0610, Antafogasta/Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Michael Flentje
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 11, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Vladimir L Sukhorukov
- Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, University of Würzburg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
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90
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Norum HM, Michelsen AE, Lekva T, Arora S, Otterdal K, Olsen MB, Kong XY, Gude E, Andreassen AK, Solbu D, Karason K, Dellgren G, Gullestad L, Aukrust P, Ueland T. Circulating delta-like Notch ligand 1 is correlated with cardiac allograft vasculopathy and suppressed in heart transplant recipients on everolimus-based immunosuppression. Am J Transplant 2019; 19:1050-1060. [PMID: 30312541 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.15141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV) causes heart failure after heart transplantation (HTx), but its pathogenesis is incompletely understood. Notch signaling, possibly modulated by everolimus (EVR), is essential for processes involved in CAV. We hypothesized that circulating Notch ligands would be dysregulated after HTx. We studied circulating delta-like Notch ligand 1 (DLL1) and periostin (POSTN) and CAV in de novo HTx recipients (n = 70) randomized to standard or EVR-based, calcineurin inhibitor-free immunosuppression and in maintenance HTx recipients (n = 41). Compared to healthy controls, plasma DLL1 and POSTN were elevated in de novo (P < .01; P < .001) and maintenance HTx recipients (P < .001; P < .01). Use of EVR was associated with a treatment effect for DLL1. For de novo HTx recipients, a change in DLL1 correlated with a change in CAV at 1 (P = .021) and 3 years (P = .005). In vitro, activation of T cells increased DLL1 secretion, attenuated by EVR. In vitro data suggest that also endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) could contribute to circulating DLL1. Immunostaining of myocardial specimens showed colocalization of DLL1 with T cells, endothelial cells, and VSMCs. Our findings suggest a role of DLL1 in CAV progression, and that the beneficial effect of EVR on CAV could reflect a suppressive effect on DLL1. Trial registration numbers-SCHEDULE trial: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01266148; NOCTET trial: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00377962.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilde M Norum
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Division of Emergencies and Critical Care, Department for Research and Development, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Annika E Michelsen
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tove Lekva
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Satish Arora
- Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Center for Heart Failure Research, Medical Faculty, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kari Otterdal
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Maria Belland Olsen
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Xiang Yi Kong
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Einar Gude
- Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Arne K Andreassen
- Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Kristjan Karason
- Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Transplant Institute, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Göran Dellgren
- Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Transplant Institute, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lars Gullestad
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Pål Aukrust
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Thor Ueland
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,K.G. Jebsen TREC, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
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91
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Staphylococcal Superantigens: Pyrogenic Toxins Induce Toxic Shock. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11030178. [PMID: 30909619 PMCID: PMC6468478 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11030178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) and related superantigenic toxins produced by Staphylococcus aureus are potent activators of the immune system. These protein toxins bind to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules and specific Vβ regions of T-cell receptors (TCRs), resulting in the activation of both monocytes/macrophages and T lymphocytes. The bridging of TCRs with MHC class II molecules by superantigens triggers an early “cytokine storm” and massive polyclonal T-cell proliferation. Proinflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin 1 (IL-1), IL-2, interferon γ (IFNγ), and macrophage chemoattractant protein 1 elicit fever, inflammation, multiple organ injury, hypotension, and lethal shock. Upon MHC/TCR ligation, superantigens induce signaling pathways, including mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades and cytokine receptor signaling, which results in NFκB activation and the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/mammalian target of rapamycin pathways. In addition, gene profiling studies have revealed the essential roles of innate antimicrobial defense genes in the pathogenesis of SEB. The genes expressed in a murine model of SEB-induced shock include intracellular DNA/RNA sensors, apoptosis/DNA damage-related molecules, endoplasmic reticulum/mitochondrial stress responses, immunoproteasome components, and IFN-stimulated genes. This review focuses on the signaling pathways induced by superantigens that lead to the activation of inflammation and damage response genes. The induction of these damage response genes provides evidence that SEB induces danger signals in host cells, resulting in multiorgan injury and toxic shock. Therapeutics targeting both host inflammatory and cell death pathways can potentially mitigate the toxic effects of staphylococcal superantigens.
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92
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Gorvin CM, Newey PJ, Rogers A, Stokes V, Neville MJ, Lines KE, Ntali G, Lees P, Morrison PJ, Singhellakis PN, Malandrinou FC, Karavitaki N, Grossman AB, Karpe F, Thakker RV. Association of prolactin receptor (PRLR) variants with prolactinomas. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 28:1023-1037. [PMID: 30445560 PMCID: PMC6400049 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Prolactinomas are the most frequent type of pituitary tumors, which represent 10-20% of all intracranial neoplasms in humans. Prolactinomas develop in mice lacking the prolactin receptor (PRLR), which is a member of the cytokine receptor superfamily that signals via Janus kinase-2-signal transducer and activator of transcription-5 (JAK2-STAT5) or phosphoinositide 3-kinase-Akt (PI3K-Akt) pathways to mediate changes in transcription, differentiation and proliferation. To elucidate the role of the PRLR gene in human prolactinomas, we determined the PRLR sequence in 50 DNA samples (35 leucocytes, 15 tumors) from 46 prolactinoma patients (59% males, 41% females). This identified six germline PRLR variants, which comprised four rare variants (Gly57Ser, Glu376Gln, Arg453Trp and Asn492Ile) and two low-frequency variants (Ile76Val, Ile146Leu), but no somatic variants. The rare variants, Glu376Gln and Asn492Ile, which were in complete linkage disequilibrium, and are located in the PRLR intracellular domain, occurred with significantly higher frequencies (P < 0.0001) in prolactinoma patients than in 60 706 individuals of the Exome Aggregation Consortium cohort and 7045 individuals of the Oxford Biobank. In vitro analysis of the PRLR variants demonstrated that the Asn492Ile variant, but not Glu376Gln, when compared to wild-type (WT) PRLR, increased prolactin-induced pAkt signaling (>1.3-fold, P < 0.02) and proliferation (1.4-fold, P < 0.02), but did not affect pSTAT5 signaling. Treatment of cells with an Akt1/2 inhibitor or everolimus, which acts on the Akt pathway, reduced Asn492Ile signaling and proliferation to WT levels. Thus, our results identify an association between a gain-of-function PRLR variant and prolactinomas and reveal a new etiology and potential therapeutic approach for these neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline M Gorvin
- Academic Endocrine Unit, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Paul J Newey
- Academic Endocrine Unit, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Angela Rogers
- Academic Endocrine Unit, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Victoria Stokes
- Academic Endocrine Unit, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Matt J Neville
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
- Metabolic Research Group, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Kate E Lines
- Academic Endocrine Unit, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Georgia Ntali
- Academic Endocrine Unit, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Peter Lees
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, Hampshire
| | - Patrick J Morrison
- Northern Ireland Regional Genetics Centre, Belfast City Hospital, Lisburn Road, Belfast, UK
| | - Panagiotis N Singhellakis
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes Mellitus, St Savvas Cancer Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Fotini Ch Malandrinou
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes Mellitus, St Savvas Cancer Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Niki Karavitaki
- Department of Endocrinology, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Ashley B Grossman
- Department of Endocrinology, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Fredrik Karpe
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
- Metabolic Research Group, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Rajesh V Thakker
- Academic Endocrine Unit, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
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93
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Avgerinos KI, Spyrou N, Mantzoros CS, Dalamaga M. Obesity and cancer risk: Emerging biological mechanisms and perspectives. Metabolism 2019; 92:121-135. [PMID: 30445141 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 749] [Impact Index Per Article: 149.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Continuously rising trends in obesity-related malignancies render this disease spectrum a public health priority. Worldwide, the burden of cancer attributable to obesity, expressed as population attributable fraction, is 11.9% in men and 13.1% in women. There is convincing evidence that excess body weight is associated with an increased risk for cancer of at least 13 anatomic sites, including endometrial, esophageal, renal and pancreatic adenocarcinomas; hepatocellular carcinoma; gastric cardia cancer; meningioma; multiple myeloma; colorectal, postmenopausal breast, ovarian, gallbladder and thyroid cancers. We first synopsize current epidemiologic evidence; the obesity paradox in cancer risk and mortality; the role of weight gain and weight loss in the modulation of cancer risk; reliable somatometric indicators for obesity and cancer research; and gender differences in obesity related cancers. We critically summarize emerging biological mechanisms linking obesity to cancer encompassing insulin resistance and abnormalities of the IGF-I system and signaling; sex hormones biosynthesis and pathway; subclinical chronic low-grade inflammation and oxidative stress; alterations in adipokine pathophysiology; factors deriving from ectopic fat deposition; microenvironment and cellular perturbations including vascular perturbations, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, endoplasmic reticulum stress and migrating adipose progenitor cells; disruption of circadian rhythms; dietary nutrients; factors with potential significance such as the altered intestinal microbiome; and mechanic factors in obesity and cancer. Future perspectives regarding prevention, diagnosis and therapeutics are discussed. The aim of this review is to investigate how the interplay of these main potential mechanisms and risk factors, exerts their effects on target tissues provoking them to acquire a cancerous phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nikolaos Spyrou
- 251 Airforce General Hospital, Kanellopoulou 3, 11525, Athens, Greece
| | - Christos S Mantzoros
- Section of Endocrinology, VA Boston Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Maria Dalamaga
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Mikras Asias 75, Goudi, 11527 Athens, Greece.
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Handoko M, Emrick LT, Rosenfeld JA, Wang X, Tran AA, Turner A, Belmont JW, Lee BH, Bacino CA, Chao HT. Recurrent mosaic MTOR c.5930C > T (p.Thr1977Ile) variant causing megalencephaly, asymmetric polymicrogyria, and cutaneous pigmentary mosaicism: Case report and review of the literature. Am J Med Genet A 2019; 179:475-479. [PMID: 30569621 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.61007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Genetic alterations leading to overactivation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling result in brain overgrowth syndromes such as focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) and megalencephaly. Megalencephaly with cutis tri-color of the Blaschko-linear type pigmentary mosaicism and intellectual disability is a rare neurodevelopmental disorder attributed to the recurrent mosaic c.5930C > T (p.Thr1977Ile) MTOR variant. This variant was previously reported at low to intermediate levels of mosaicism in the peripheral blood of three unrelated individuals with consistent clinical findings. We report a fourth case of a 3-year-old female presenting with megalencephaly, obstructive hydrocephalus due to cerebral aqueductal stenosis, asymmetric polymicrogyria, dysgenesis of the corpus callosum, hypotonia, developmental delay, and cutaneous pigmentary mosaicism. Oligonucleotide and SNP chromosomal microarray (CMA), karyotype, and trio whole exome sequencing (WES) in the peripheral blood, as well as a targeted gene variant panel from fibroblasts derived from hyperpigmented and non-hyperpigmented skin did not detect any abnormalities in MTOR or other genes associated with brain overgrowth syndromes. Unlike the previously reported cases, the de novo c.5930C > T (p.Thr1977Ile) MTOR variant was detected at 32% mosaicism in our patient only after WES was performed on fibroblast-derived DNA from the hyperpigmented skin. This case demonstrates the tissue variability in mosaic expression of the recurrent p.Thr1977Ile MTOR variant, emphasizes the need for skin biopsies in the genetic evaluation of patients with skin pigmentary mosaicism, and expands the clinical phenotype associated with this pathogenic MTOR variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen Handoko
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Section of Child Neurology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Lisa T Emrick
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Section of Child Neurology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Jill A Rosenfeld
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Xia Wang
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Alyssa A Tran
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Alicia Turner
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - John W Belmont
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Brendan H Lee
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Carlos A Bacino
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Hsiao-Tuan Chao
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Section of Child Neurology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Houston, Texas
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95
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Uchenunu O, Pollak M, Topisirovic I, Hulea L. Oncogenic kinases and perturbations in protein synthesis machinery and energetics in neoplasia. J Mol Endocrinol 2019; 62:R83-R103. [PMID: 30072418 PMCID: PMC6347283 DOI: 10.1530/jme-18-0058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Notwithstanding that metabolic perturbations and dysregulated protein synthesis are salient features of cancer, the mechanism underlying coordination of cellular energy balance with mRNA translation (which is the most energy consuming process in the cell) is poorly understood. In this review, we focus on recently emerging insights in the molecular underpinnings of the cross-talk between oncogenic kinases, translational apparatus and cellular energy metabolism. In particular, we focus on the central signaling nodes that regulate these processes (e.g. the mechanistic/mammalian target of rapamycin MTOR) and the potential implications of these findings on improving the anti-neoplastic efficacy of oncogenic kinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oro Uchenunu
- Lady Davis Institute, SMBD JGH, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Michael Pollak
- Lady Davis Institute, SMBD JGH, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Gerald Bronfman Department of Oncology, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ivan Topisirovic
- Lady Davis Institute, SMBD JGH, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Gerald Bronfman Department of Oncology, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Biochemistry Department, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Laura Hulea
- Lady Davis Institute, SMBD JGH, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Gerald Bronfman Department of Oncology, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Correspondence should be addressed to L Hulea:
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96
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Ross JA, Dungen KV, Bressler KR, Fredriksen M, Khandige Sharma D, Balasingam N, Thakor N. Eukaryotic initiation factor 5B (eIF5B) provides a critical cell survival switch to glioblastoma cells via regulation of apoptosis. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:57. [PMID: 30670698 PMCID: PMC6342974 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-1283-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Physiological stress conditions attenuate global mRNA translation via modifications of key eukaryotic initiation factors. However, non-canonical translation initiation mechanisms allow cap-independent translation of certain mRNAs. We have previously demonstrated that eIF5B promotes cap-independent translation of the mRNA encoding the antiapoptotic factor, XIAP, during cellular stress. Here, we show that depletion of eIF5B sensitizes glioblastoma multiforme cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis by a pathway involving caspases-8, −9, and −7, with no significant effect on cell cycle progression. eIF5B promotes evasion of apoptosis by promoting the translation of several IRES-containing mRNAs, encoding the antiapoptotic proteins XIAP, Bcl-xL, cIAP1, and c-FLIPS. We also show that eIF5B promotes translation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 and suggest that reactive oxygen species contribute to increased apoptosis under conditions of eIF5B depletion. Finally, eIF5B depletion leads to decreased activation of the canonical NF-κB pathway. Taken together, our data suggest that eIF5B represents a regulatory node, allowing cancer cells to evade apoptosis by promoting the translation of pro-survival proteins from IRES-containing mRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Ross
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive W, Lethbridge, AB, T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Keiran Vanden Dungen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive W, Lethbridge, AB, T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Kamiko R Bressler
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive W, Lethbridge, AB, T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Mikayla Fredriksen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive W, Lethbridge, AB, T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Divya Khandige Sharma
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive W, Lethbridge, AB, T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Nirujah Balasingam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive W, Lethbridge, AB, T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Nehal Thakor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive W, Lethbridge, AB, T1K 3M4, Canada. .,Canadian Centre for Behavioral Neuroscience (CCBN), Department of Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive W, Lethbridge, AB, T1K 3M4, Canada. .,Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4Z6, Canada.
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97
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Zhang C, Hu J, Sheng L, Yuan M, Wu Y, Chen L, Zheng G, Qiu Z. Metformin delays AKT/c-Met-driven hepatocarcinogenesis by regulating signaling pathways for de novo lipogenesis and ATP generation. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2019; 365:51-60. [PMID: 30625338 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a lethal malignancy with few effective options for therapeutic treatment in its advanced stages. Metformin, a first-line oral agent used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes, exhibits efficacy in metabolic reprogramming fueling changes in cell growth and proliferation for multiple cancer types, including HCC. However, the molecular mechanism by which metformin delays hepatocarcinogenesis in individuals with hepatic steatosis remains rare. Here, we investigate the preventive efficacy of metformin in a rapid AKT/c-Met-triggered HCC mouse model featuring excessive levels of steatosis. Hematoxylin and eosin staining, Oil Red O staining and immunoblotting were applied for mechanistic investigations. Pharmacological and biochemical strategies were employed to illuminate molecular evidence for HCC cell lines. The results show that metformin obstructs the malignant transformation of hepatocytes in AKT/c-Met mice. Mechanistically, metformin reduces the expression of phospho-ERK (Thr202/Tyr204) and two forms of proto-oncogenes, Cyclin D1 and c-Myc, in AKT/c-Met mice. Moreover, metformin ameliorates FASN-mediated aberrant lipogenesis and HK2/PKM2-driven ATP generation in vivo. Furthermore, metformin represses the expression of FASN and HK-2 by targeting c-Myc in an AMPK-dependent manner in vitro. In addition, metformin is effective at inhibiting PKM2 expression in the presence of an AMPK inhibitor compound C, suggesting that its functioning in PKM2 is AMPK-independent. Our study experimentally validates a novel molecular mechanism by which metformin alleviates enhanced lipogenesis and high energy metabolism during hepatocarcinogenesis, indicating that metformin may serve as an agent for the prevention of HCC in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Junjie Hu
- College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Sheng
- College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Yuan
- College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Wu
- College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Guohua Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Resource and Compound Prescription, Ministry of Education, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenpeng Qiu
- College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.
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98
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Polis B, Srikanth KD, Gurevich V, Gil-Henn H, Samson AO. L-Norvaline, a new therapeutic agent against Alzheimer's disease. Neural Regen Res 2019; 14:1562-1572. [PMID: 31089055 PMCID: PMC6557086 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.255980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence highlights the role of arginase activity in the manifestation of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Upregulation of arginase was shown to contribute to neurodegeneration. Regulation of arginase activity appears to be a promising approach for interfering with the pathogenesis of AD. Therefore, the enzyme represents a novel therapeutic target. In this study, we administered an arginase inhibitor, L-norvaline (250 mg/L), for 2.5 months to a triple-transgenic model (3×Tg-AD) harboring PS1M146V, APPSwe, and tauP301L transgenes. Then, the neuroprotective effects of L-norvaline were evaluated using immunohistochemistry, proteomics, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction assays. Finally, we identified the biological pathways activated by the treatment. Remarkably, L-norvaline treatment reverses the cognitive decline in AD mice. The treatment is neuroprotective as indicated by reduced beta-amyloidosis, alleviated microgliosis, and reduced tumor necrosis factor transcription levels. Moreover, elevated levels of neuroplasticity related postsynaptic density protein 95 were detected in the hippocampi of mice treated with L-norvaline. Furthermore, we disclosed several biological pathways, which were involved in cell survival and neuroplasticity and were activated by the treatment. Through these modes of action, L-norvaline has the potential to improve the symptoms of AD and even interferes with its pathogenesis. As such, L-norvaline is a promising neuroprotective molecule that might be tailored for the treatment of a range of neurodegenerative disorders. The study was approved by the Bar-Ilan University Animal Care and Use Committee (approval No. 82-10-2017) on October 1, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baruh Polis
- Drug Discovery Laboratory, The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine; Laboratory of Cell Migration and Invasion, The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Kolluru D Srikanth
- Laboratory of Cell Migration and Invasion, The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Vyacheslav Gurevich
- Laboratory of Cancer Personalized Medicine and Diagnostic Genomics, The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Hava Gil-Henn
- Laboratory of Cell Migration and Invasion, The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Abraham O Samson
- Drug Discovery Laboratory, The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
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99
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Lin ZP, Zhu YL, Lo YC, Moscarelli J, Xiong A, Korayem Y, Huang PH, Giri S, LoRusso P, Ratner ES. Combination of triapine, olaparib, and cediranib suppresses progression of BRCA-wild type and PARP inhibitor-resistant epithelial ovarian cancer. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207399. [PMID: 30444904 PMCID: PMC6239325 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
PARP inhibitors target BRCA mutations and defective homologous recombination repair (HRR) for the treatment of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). However, the treatment of HRR-proficient EOC with PARP inhibitors remains challenging. The objective of this study was to determine whether the combination of triapine (ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor), cediranib (vascular endothelial growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor), and the PARP inhibitor olaparib synergized against BRCA wild-type and HRR-proficient EOC in xenograft mouse models. In addition, the mechanisms by which cediranib augmented the efficacy of triapine and olaparib were investigated. BRCA-wild type and PARP inhibitor-resistant EOC cell lines were implanted subcutaneously (s.c.) into nude mice or injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) into SCID-Beige mice. Mice were then treated i.p. with olaparib, cediranib, triapine, various double and triple combinations. The volume of s.c tumor in nude mice and the abdominal circumference of SCID-Beige mice were measured to evaluate the effectiveness of the treatment to delay tumor growth and prolong the survival time of mice. In both xenograft mouse models, the combination of triapine, olaparib and cediranib resulted in marked suppression of BRCA-wild type EOC growth and significant prolongation of the survival time of mice, with efficacy greater than any double combinations and single drugs. Furthermore, we identified that cediranib abrogated pro-survival and anti-apoptotic AKT signaling, thereby enhancing the efficacy of triapine and olaparib against BRCA-wild type EOC cells. Taken together, our results demonstrate a proof-of-principle approach and the combination regiment holds promise in treating BRCA-wild type and PARP inhibitor-resistant EOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z. Ping Lin
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- * E-mail: (ESR); (ZPL)
| | - Yong-Lian Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Ying-Chun Lo
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Jake Moscarelli
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Amy Xiong
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Yasmin Korayem
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Pamela H. Huang
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Smith Giri
- Section of Medical Oncology, Yale Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Patricia LoRusso
- Section of Medical Oncology, Yale Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Elena S. Ratner
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- * E-mail: (ESR); (ZPL)
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100
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Duan J, Zhan JC, Wang GZ, Zhao XC, Huang WD, Zhou GB. The red wine component ellagic acid induces autophagy and exhibits anti-lung cancer activity in vitro and in vivo. J Cell Mol Med 2018; 23:143-154. [PMID: 30353639 PMCID: PMC6307804 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Red wine consists of a large amount of compounds such as resveratrol, which exhibits chemopreventive and therapeutic effects against several types of cancers by targeting cancer driver molecules. In this study, we tested the anti‐lung cancer activity of 11 red wine components and reported that a natural polyphenol compound ellagic acid (EA) inhibited lung cancer cell proliferation at an efficacy approximately equal to that of resveratrol. EA markedly increased the expression of the autophagosomal marker LC3‐II as well as inactivation of the mechanistic target of rapamycin signalling pathway. EA elevated autophagy‐associated cell death by down‐regulating the expression of cancerous inhibitor of protein phosphatase 2A (CIP2A), and CIP2A overexpression attenuated EA‐induced autophagy of lung cancer cells. Treating tumour‐bearing mice with EA resulted in significant inhibition of tumour growth with suppression of CIP2A levels and increased autophagy. In addition, EA potentiated the inhibitory effects of the natural compound celastrol on lung cancer cells in vitro and in vivo by enhancing autophagy and down‐regulating CIP2A. These findings indicate that EA may be a promising chemotherapeutic agent for lung cancer, and that the combination of EA and celastrol may have applicability for the treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Duan
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Heath, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ji-Cheng Zhan
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Heath, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Gui-Zhen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xin-Chun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei-Dong Huang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Heath, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Guang-Biao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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