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Stanchak KE, Miller KE, Shikiar D, Brunton BW, Perkel DJ. Mechanistic Hypotheses for Proprioceptive Sensing Within the Avian Lumbosacral Spinal Cord. Integr Comp Biol 2023; 63:474-483. [PMID: 37279454 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icad052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Animals need to accurately sense changes in their body position to perform complex movements. It is increasingly clear that the vertebrate central nervous system contains a variety of cells capable of detecting body motion, in addition to the comparatively well-understood mechanosensory cells of the vestibular system and the peripheral proprioceptors. One such intriguing system is the lower spinal cord and column in birds, also known as the avian lumbosacral organ (LSO), which is thought to act as a set of balance sensors that allow birds to detect body movements separately from head movements detected by the vestibular system. Here, we take what is known about proprioceptive, mechanosensory spinal neurons in other vertebrates to explore hypotheses for how the LSO might sense mechanical information related to movement. Although the LSO is found only in birds, recent immunohistochemical studies of the avian LSO have hinted at similarities between cells in the LSO and the known spinal proprioceptors in other vertebrates. In addition to describing possible connections between avian spinal anatomy and recent findings on spinal proprioception as well as sensory and sensorimotor spinal networks, we also present some new data that suggest a role for sensory afferent peptides in LSO function. Thus, this perspective articulates a set of testable ideas on mechanisms of LSO function grounded in the emerging spinal proprioception scientific literature.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kimberly E Miller
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle WA 98195, USA
| | - Devany Shikiar
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Bingni W Brunton
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - David J Perkel
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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2
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Jordans MJD, Bakolis I, Arnous M, Koppenol-Gonzalez GV, Tossyeh F, Chen A, Miller KE. Effectiveness of the caregiver support intervention on child psychosocial wellbeing among Syrian refugees in Lebanon: Mediation and secondary analysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial. Child Abuse Negl 2023:106335. [PMID: 37400323 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND War and violence have a serious negative impact on the wellbeing and mental health of many children. Caregivers play an important role in mitigating or exacerbating this impact. OBJECTIVE This study evaluates the impact of the nine session Caregiver Support Intervention on improving children's wellbeing and examines putative mediators of changes in children's psychosocial wellbeing. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING 240 female caregivers were randomly allocated (1:1) to the CSI or a waitlist control comparison condition. The study was implemented in Lebanon, in an area characterized by high levels of poverty and a high number of the Syrian refugees. METHODS A parallel group Randomized Controlled Trial reporting on caregiver-reported child-level wellbeing. We used a combination of the Kid- and Kiddy-KINDL (parent version) for index children ages three to 12. Putative mediators of the CSI on children's psychosocial wellbeing included harsh parenting, caregiver psychological distress, caregiver wellbeing. Measurements were conducted at baseline, post-intervention and 3-months follow-up. RESULTS We demonstrated a statistically significant change in caregiver reported children's psychosocial wellbeing at post-intervention (Mdiff =4.39, 95 % CI = 1.12, 7.65, p < 0.01, d = 0.28) but not at follow-up (Mdiff = -0.97, 95 % CI = -4.27, 2.32, p > 0.05). The proportion of the total effect of the CSI intervention on child psychosocial wellbeing mediated by caregiver distress, caregiver wellbeing and harsh parenting was 77 %. CONCLUSION The CSI holds potential for down-stream short-term effect on improving children's psychosocial wellbeing, beyond the previously reported positive caregiver outcomes. This effect was not sustained three months post intervention. The study confirms caregiver wellbeing and parenting support as dual pathways mediating child psychosocial wellbeing. Prospective trial registration: ISRCTN22321773.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J D Jordans
- Research and Development, War Child Holland, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Institute of Social Science Research, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Health Service and Population Research Department & Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.
| | - I Bakolis
- Health Service and Population Research Department & Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - A Chen
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, United States of America
| | - K E Miller
- Research and Development, War Child Holland, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Faculty of Education, University of British Columbia, Canada
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3
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Champoux KL, Miller KE, Perkel DJ. Differential development of myelin in zebra finch song nuclei. J Comp Neurol 2021; 529:1255-1265. [PMID: 32857415 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Songbirds learn vocalizations by hearing and practicing songs. As song develops, the tempo becomes faster and more precise. In the songbird brain, discrete nuclei form interconnected myelinated circuits that control song acquisition and production. The myelin sheath increases the speed of action potential propagation by insulating the axons of neurons and by reducing membrane capacitance. As the brain develops, myelin increases in density, but the time course of myelin development across discrete song nuclei has not been systematically studied in a quantitative fashion. We tested the hypothesis that myelination develops differentially across time and song nuclei. We examined myelin development in the brains of the zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata) from chick at posthatch day (d) 8 to adult (up to 147 d) in five major song nuclei: HVC (proper name), robust nucleus of the arcopallium (RA), Area X, lateral magnocellular nucleus of the anterior nidopallium, and medial portion of the dorsolateral thalamic nucleus (DLM). All of these nuclei showed an increase in the density of myelination during development but at different rates and to different final degrees. Exponential curve fits revealed that DLM showed earlier myelination than other nuclei, and HVC showed the slowest myelination of song nuclei. Together, these data show differential maturation of myelination in different portions of the song system. Such differential maturation would be well placed to play a role in regulating the development of learned song.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine L Champoux
- Department of Biology and Otolaryngology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Undergraduate Neurobiology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kimberly E Miller
- Department of Biology and Otolaryngology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - David J Perkel
- Department of Biology and Otolaryngology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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4
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Miller KE, Shea CP. Characterizing suitable habitat for the largest remaining population of the threatened Florida scrub-jay Aphelocoma coerulescens. ENDANGER SPECIES RES 2021. [DOI: 10.3354/esr01128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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5
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Williams CA, Miller KE, Williams NP, Portfors CV, Perkel DJ. Distribution and co-expression of adrenergic receptor-encoding mRNA in the mouse inferior colliculus. J Comp Neurol 2020; 529:1743-1755. [PMID: 33067825 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Adrenergic receptors are mediators of adrenergic and noradrenergic modulation throughout the brain. Previous studies have provided evidence for the expression of adrenergic receptors in the midbrain auditory nucleus, the inferior colliculus (IC), but have not examined the cellular patterns of expression in detail. Here, we utilize multichannel fluorescent in situ hybridization to detect the expression of adrenergic receptor-encoding mRNA in the inferior colliculus of male and female mice. We found expression of α1 , α2A , and β2 receptor-encoding mRNA throughout all areas of the IC. While we observed similar levels of expression of α1 receptor-encoding mRNA across the subregions of the IC, α2A and β2 receptor-encoding mRNA was expressed differentially. To account for developmental changes in noradrenergic receptor expression, we measured expression levels in mice aged P15, P20, and P60. We observed little change in levels of expression across these ages. To ascertain the modulatory potential of multiple adrenergic receptor subtypes in a single IC cell, we measured co-expression of α1 , α2A , and β2 receptor-encoding mRNA. We found greater proportions of cells in the IC that expressed no adrenergic receptor-encoding mRNA, α1 and α2A adrenergic receptor-encoding mRNA, and α1, α2A, and β2 receptor-encoding mRNA than would be predicted by independent expression of each receptor subtype. These data suggest a coordinated pattern of adrenergic receptor expression in the IC and provide the first evidence for adrenergic receptor expression and co-expression in the subregions of the mouse auditory midbrain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles A Williams
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kimberly E Miller
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Nisa P Williams
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Christine V Portfors
- Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience & School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University Vancouver, Vancouver, Washington, USA
| | - David J Perkel
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Otolaryngology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Miller KE, Boland EM, Klingaman EA, Gehrman PR. 0462 Identifying and Characterizing Insomnia Symptom Groups Across the Deployment Cycle in Current Army Soldiers. Sleep 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsaa056.459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction
Most research conducted on insomnia and its development in military personnel focuses on cross-sectional data, precluding examination of the course of sleep changes over time. The present study characterized Army Soldiers based on insomnia symptom status trajectory from pre to post-deployment and explored baseline factors predictive of these trajectories in a sample of 7,245 soldiers across 3 Brigade Combat Teams.
Methods
Data were analyzed from the Army Study to Assess Risk and Resilience in Service members (STARRS)-All-Army Study (AAS) Pre Post Deployment Study, using surveys that captured 1-2 months pre-deployment, during deployment, and 6-months post-deployment. Insomnia symptom status was defined at each timepoint as insomnia symptoms that interfered with one or more domains of functioning at least some of the time in the past month. Theoretically-derived variables linked to sleep disturbance were selected as predictors of insomnia symptom trajectory and evaluated using a general linear selection model.
Results
Four trajectories characterized the majority of the sample: ‘good sleepers’ (no insomnia symptoms across time; 44.4%), ‘non-remitting new onset insomnia’ (no pre-deployment insomnia, developed insomnia symptoms during deployment that remained at 6 months; 22.8%), ‘deployment-only insomnia symptoms’ (no pre-deployment insomnia, developed insomnia during deployment but recovered by follow-up; 12.8%), and ‘chronic insomnia’ (insomnia both pre- and post-deployment; 7.4%). Several pre-deployment factors predicted insomnia trajectory, the strongest of which were past six-month attention deficit disorder symptoms, number of lifetime exposures to potentially traumatic events, and past month depression symptoms.
Conclusion
Insomnia is one of the most common reasons that military personnel seek behavioral health treatment and is associated with poorer military readiness. Better characterization and identification of insomnia symptoms over time can improve intervention during post-deployment transitions, particularly for those with new onset insomnia that does not remit.
Support
Cooperative agreement U01MH087981 (Department of the Army; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Mental Health); U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Clinical Science Research and Development-IK2CX001874-PI:Katherine E. Miller, IK2CX001501-PI:Elaine M. Boland; Rehabilitation Research and Development-1IK2RX001836-PI:Elizabeth A. Klingaman. The views expressed here are those of the authors and do not represent the Department of Veterans Affairs.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Miller
- VISN, MIRECC, Cpl. Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA
| | - E M Boland
- VISN, MIRECC, Cpl. Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - E A Klingaman
- Department of Veterans Affairs VISN, MIRECC, Baltimore, MD
| | - P R Gehrman
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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Kranz TM, Lent KL, Miller KE, Chao MV, Brenowitz EA. Rapamycin blocks the neuroprotective effects of sex steroids in the adult birdsong system. Dev Neurobiol 2019; 79:794-804. [PMID: 31509642 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In adult songbirds, the telencephalic song nucleus HVC and its efferent target RA undergo pronounced seasonal changes in morphology. In breeding birds, there are increases in HVC volume and total neuron number, and RA neuronal soma area compared to nonbreeding birds. At the end of breeding, HVC neurons die through caspase-dependent apoptosis and thus, RA neuron size decreases. Changes in HVC and RA are driven by seasonal changes in circulating testosterone (T) levels. Infusing T, or its metabolites 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and 17 β-estradiol (E2), intracerebrally into HVC (but not RA) protects HVC neurons from death, and RA neuron size, in nonbreeding birds. The phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt (a serine/threonine kinase)-mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway is a point of convergence for neuroprotective effects of sex steroids and other trophic factors. We asked if mTOR activation is necessary for the protective effect of hormones in HVC and RA of adult male Gambel's white-crowned sparrows (Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii). We transferred sparrows from breeding to nonbreeding hormonal and photoperiod conditions to induce regression of HVC neurons by cell death and decrease of RA neuron size. We infused either DHT + E2, DHT + E2 plus the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin, or vehicle alone in HVC. Infusion of DHT + E2 protected both HVC and RA neurons. Coinfusion of rapamycin with DHT + E2, however, blocked the protective effect of hormones on HVC volume and neuron number, and RA neuron size. These results suggest that activation of mTOR is an essential downstream step in the neuroprotective cascade initiated by sex steroid hormones in the forebrain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten M Kranz
- Department of Psychiatry, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, Langone Medical Center, New York University, New York, New York
| | - Karin L Lent
- Departments of Psychology and Biology, Institute for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Kimberly E Miller
- Departments of Psychology and Biology, Institute for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Moses V Chao
- Department of Psychiatry, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, Langone Medical Center, New York University, New York, New York
| | - Eliot A Brenowitz
- Departments of Psychology and Biology, Institute for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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8
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Vaaga CE, Miller KE, Bodor ÁL, Perkel DJ. Expression of the potassium-chloride co-transporter, KCC2, within the avian song system. J Comp Neurol 2018; 526:944-956. [PMID: 29218745 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Songbirds learn to produce vocalizations early in life by listening to, then copying the songs of conspecific males. The anterior forebrain pathway, homologous to a basal ganglia-forebrain circuit, is essential for song learning. The projection between the striato-pallidal structure, Area X, and the medial portion of the dorsolateral thalamic nucleus (DLM) is strongly hyperpolarizing in adults, due to a very negative chloride reversal potential (Person & Perkel, Neuron 46:129-140, 2005). The chloride reversal potential is determined, in part, by the expression level of a neuron-specific potassium-chloride cotransporter, KCC2, which is developmentally upregulated in mammals. To determine whether a similar upregulation in KCC2 expression occurs at the Area X to DLM synapse during development, we examined the expression level of KCC2 in adult zebra finches across the song system as well as during development in the Area X - DLM synapse. We demonstrate that KCC2 is expressed in a subset of neurons throughout the song system, including HVC (used as a proper name), robust nucleus of the arcopallium (RA), lateral magnocellular nucleus of the anterior nidopallium (LMAN), Area X, and DLM. The majority of pallidal-like projection neurons in Area X showed KCC2 immunoreactivity. In adults, KCC2 expression was robust within DLM, and was upregulated between 14 and 24 days post hatching, before the onset of song learning. Light and electron microscopic analysis indicated that KCC2 immunoreactivity is strongly associated with the plasma membrane. Thus, in the song system as in the mammalian brain, KCC2 expression is well placed to modulate the GABAA reversal potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher E Vaaga
- Departments of Biology and Otolaryngology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Kimberly E Miller
- Departments of Biology and Otolaryngology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Ágnes L Bodor
- Departments of Biology and Otolaryngology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - David J Perkel
- Departments of Biology and Otolaryngology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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9
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Miller KE, Kuhn E, Weiss B, Owen J, Crowley JJ, Yu J, Taylor KL, Trockel M. 0356 CLINICIAN PERCEPTIONS RELATED TO THE USE OF CBT-I COACH MOBILE APP. Sleep 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/sleepj/zsx050.355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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10
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Abstract
Axons are living systems that display highly dynamic changes in stiffness, viscosity, and internal stress. However, the mechanistic origin of these phenomenological properties remains elusive. Here we establish a computational mechanics model that interprets cellular-level characteristics as emergent properties from molecular-level events. We create an axon model of discrete microtubules, which are connected to neighboring microtubules via discrete crosslinking mechanisms that obey a set of simple rules. We explore two types of mechanisms: passive and active crosslinking. Our passive and active simulations suggest that the stiffness and viscosity of the axon increase linearly with the crosslink density, and that both are highly sensitive to the crosslink detachment and reattachment times. Our model explains how active crosslinking with dynein motors generates internal stresses and actively drives axon elongation. We anticipate that our model will allow us to probe a wide variety of molecular phenomena-both in isolation and in interaction-to explore emergent cellular-level features under physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- R de Rooij
- Departments of Mechanical Engineering and Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - K E Miller
- Department of Integrative Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - E Kuhl
- Departments of Mechanical Engineering and Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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11
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Miller KE, Barr K, Krawczyk M, Covey E. Seasonal variations in auditory processing in the inferior colliculus of Eptesicus fuscus. Hear Res 2016; 341:91-99. [PMID: 27473507 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2016.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 06/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Eptesicus fuscus is typical of temperate zone bats in that both sexes undergo marked seasonal changes in behavior, endocrine status, and reproductive status. Acoustic communication plays a key role in many seasonal behaviors. For example, males emit specialized vocalizations during mating in the fall, and females use different specialized vocalizations to communicate with infants in late spring. Bats of both sexes use echolocation for foraging during times of activity, but engage in little sound-directed behavior during torpor and hibernation in winter. Auditory processing might be expected to reflect these marked seasonal changes. To explore the possibility that seasonal changes in hormonal status could drive functional plasticity in the central auditory system, we examined responses of single neurons in the inferior colliculus throughout the year. The average first spike latency in females varied seasonally, almost doubling in spring compared to other times of year. First spike latencies in males remained relatively stable throughout the year. Latency jitter for both sexes was higher in winter and spring than in summer or fall. Females had more burst responders than other discharge patterns throughout the year whereas males had more transient responders at all times of year except fall, when burst responses were the predominant type. The percentage of simple discharge patterns (sustained and transient) was higher in males than females in the spring and higher in females than males in the fall. In females, the percentage of shortpass duration-tuned neurons doubled in summer and remained elevated through fall and early winter. In males, the percentage of shortpass duration-tuned cells increased in spring and the percentage of bandpass duration-tuned cells doubled in the fall. These findings suggest that there are clear seasonal changes in basic response characteristics of midbrain auditory neurons in Eptesicus, especially in temporal response properties and duration sensitivity. Moreover, the pattern of changes is different in males and females, suggesting that hormone-driven plasticity adjusts central auditory processing to fit the characteristics of vocalizations specific to seasonal behavioral patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly E Miller
- University of Washington, Dept. of Psychology, Box 351525, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; University of Washington, Dept. of Otolaryngology, Box 356525, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - Kaitlyn Barr
- University of Washington, Dept. of Psychology, Box 351525, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Mitchell Krawczyk
- University of Washington, Dept. of Psychology, Box 351525, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Ellen Covey
- University of Washington, Dept. of Psychology, Box 351525, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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12
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Santana SE, Miller KE. Extreme Postnatal Scaling in Bat Feeding Performance: A View of Ecomorphology from Ontogenetic and Macroevolutionary Perspectives. Integr Comp Biol 2016; 56:459-68. [DOI: 10.1093/icb/icw075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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13
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Snyder JM, Treuting PM, Brabb T, Miller KE, Covey E, Lencioni KL. Hepatic Lipidosis in a Research Colony of Big Brown Bats (Eptesicus fuscus). Comp Med 2015; 65:133-139. [PMID: 25926399 PMCID: PMC4408899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
During a nearby construction project, a sudden decrease in food intake and guano production occurred in an outdoor colony of big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus), and one animal was found dead. Investigation revealed that the project was generating a large amount of noise and vibration, which disturbed the bats' feeding. Consequently the bats were moved into an indoor enclosure away from the construction noises, and the colony resumed eating. Over the next 3 wk, additional animals presented with clinical signs of lethargy, weight loss, ecchymoses, and icterus and were necropsied. Gross necropsy of the affected bats revealed large, pale yellow to tan, friable livers with rounded edges that floated when placed in 10% neutral-buffered formalin. Some bats had ecchymoses on the webbing and skin and gross perirenal hemorrhage. Histologic examination showed hepatic and renal tubular lipidosis. The clinical and pathologic signs of hemorrhage and icterus were suggestive of hepatic failure. Hepatic lipidosis was attributed to stress and inappetence associated with environmental perturbations. Once the environmental stressor was removed, the colony morbidity and mortality decreased. However, 2 y later, a series of new environmental stressors triggered additional deaths associated with hepatic lipidosis. Over a 9-y period, 21 cases of hepatic lipidosis were diagnosed in this bat colony.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Snyder
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Comparative Pathology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
| | - Piper M Treuting
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Comparative Pathology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Thea Brabb
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kimberly E Miller
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Ellen Covey
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Karen L Lencioni
- Office of Laboratory Animal Resources, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
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Freissinet C, Glavin DP, Mahaffy PR, Miller KE, Eigenbrode JL, Summons RE, Brunner AE, Buch A, Szopa C, Archer PD, Franz HB, Atreya SK, Brinckerhoff WB, Cabane M, Coll P, Conrad PG, Des Marais DJ, Dworkin JP, Fairén AG, François P, Grotzinger JP, Kashyap S, ten Kate IL, Leshin LA, Malespin CA, Martin MG, Martin-Torres FJ, McAdam AC, Ming DW, Navarro-González R, Pavlov AA, Prats BD, Squyres SW, Steele A, Stern JC, Sumner DY, Sutter B, Zorzano MP. Organic molecules in the Sheepbed Mudstone, Gale Crater, Mars. J Geophys Res Planets 2015; 120:495-514. [PMID: 26690960 PMCID: PMC4672966 DOI: 10.1002/2014je004737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM) instrument on board the Mars Science Laboratory Curiosity rover is designed to conduct inorganic and organic chemical analyses of the atmosphere and the surface regolith and rocks to help evaluate the past and present habitability potential of Mars at Gale Crater. Central to this task is the development of an inventory of any organic molecules present to elucidate processes associated with their origin, diagenesis, concentration, and long-term preservation. This will guide the future search for biosignatures. Here we report the definitive identification of chlorobenzene (150-300 parts per billion by weight (ppbw)) and C2 to C4 dichloroalkanes (up to 70 ppbw) with the SAM gas chromatograph mass spectrometer (GCMS) and detection of chlorobenzene in the direct evolved gas analysis (EGA) mode, in multiple portions of the fines from the Cumberland drill hole in the Sheepbed mudstone at Yellowknife Bay. When combined with GCMS and EGA data from multiple scooped and drilled samples, blank runs, and supporting laboratory analog studies, the elevated levels of chlorobenzene and the dichloroalkanes cannot be solely explained by instrument background sources known to be present in SAM. We conclude that these chlorinated hydrocarbons are the reaction products of Martian chlorine and organic carbon derived from Martian sources (e.g., igneous, hydrothermal, atmospheric, or biological) or exogenous sources such as meteorites, comets, or interplanetary dust particles. KEY POINTS First in situ evidence of nonterrestrial organics in Martian surface sediments Chlorinated hydrocarbons identified in the Sheepbed mudstone by SAM Organics preserved in sample exposed to ionizing radiation and oxidative condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Freissinet
- Solar System Exploration Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbelt, Maryland, USA
- NASA Postdoctoral Program, Oak Ridge Associated UniversitiesOak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
- Correspondence to:
C. Freissinet and P. R. Mahaffy,, ,
| | - D P Glavin
- Solar System Exploration Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbelt, Maryland, USA
| | - P R Mahaffy
- Solar System Exploration Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbelt, Maryland, USA
- Correspondence to:
C. Freissinet and P. R. Mahaffy,, ,
| | - K E Miller
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - J L Eigenbrode
- Solar System Exploration Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbelt, Maryland, USA
| | - R E Summons
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - A E Brunner
- Solar System Exploration Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbelt, Maryland, USA
- Center for Research and Exploration in Space Science & Technology, University of MarylandCollege Park, Maryland, USA
| | - A Buch
- Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés et Matériaux, Ecole Centrale ParisChâtenay-Malabry, France
| | - C Szopa
- Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales, Pierre and Marie Curie University, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, and CNRSParis, France
| | - P D Archer
- Jacobs, NASA Johnson Space CenterHouston, Texas, USA
| | - H B Franz
- Solar System Exploration Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbelt, Maryland, USA
- Center for Research and Exploration in Space Science & Technology, University of Maryland, Baltimore CountyBaltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - S K Atreya
- Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic and Space Sciences, University of MichiganAnn Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - W B Brinckerhoff
- Solar System Exploration Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbelt, Maryland, USA
| | - M Cabane
- Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales, Pierre and Marie Curie University, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, and CNRSParis, France
| | - P Coll
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Paris VII–Denis Diderot University, and CNRSCréteil, France
| | - P G Conrad
- Solar System Exploration Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbelt, Maryland, USA
| | - D J Des Marais
- Exobiology Branch, NASA Ames Research CenterMoffett Field, California, USA
| | - J P Dworkin
- Solar System Exploration Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbelt, Maryland, USA
| | - A G Fairén
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell UniversityIthaca, New York, USA
- Centro de Astrobiología, INTA-CSICMadrid, Spain
| | - P François
- Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic and Space Sciences, University of MichiganAnn Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - J P Grotzinger
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of TechnologyPasadena, California, USA
| | - S Kashyap
- Solar System Exploration Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbelt, Maryland, USA
- Center for Research and Exploration in Space Science & Technology, University of Maryland, Baltimore CountyBaltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - I L ten Kate
- Earth Sciences Department, Utrecht UniversityUtrecht, Netherlands
| | - L A Leshin
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences and School of Science, Rensselaer Polytechnic InstituteTroy, New York, USA
| | - C A Malespin
- Solar System Exploration Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbelt, Maryland, USA
- Goddard Earth Sciences and Technologies and Research, Universities Space Research AssociationColumbia, Maryland, USA
| | - M G Martin
- Solar System Exploration Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbelt, Maryland, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Catholic University of AmericaWashington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - F J Martin-Torres
- Instituto Andaluz de Ciencias de la Tierra (CSIC-UGR)Granada, Spain
- Division of Space Technology, Department of Computer Science, Electrical and Space Engineering, Luleå University of TechnologyKiruna, Sweden
| | - A C McAdam
- Solar System Exploration Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbelt, Maryland, USA
| | - D W Ming
- Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science Directorate, NASA Johnson Space CenterHouston, Texas, USA
| | - R Navarro-González
- Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad UniversitariaMéxico City, Mexico
| | - A A Pavlov
- Solar System Exploration Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbelt, Maryland, USA
| | - B D Prats
- Solar System Exploration Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbelt, Maryland, USA
| | - S W Squyres
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell UniversityIthaca, New York, USA
| | - A Steele
- Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution of WashingtonWashington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - J C Stern
- Solar System Exploration Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbelt, Maryland, USA
| | - D Y Sumner
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of CaliforniaDavis, California, USA
| | - B Sutter
- Jacobs, NASA Johnson Space CenterHouston, Texas, USA
| | - M-P Zorzano
- Centro de Astrobiologia (INTA-CSIC)Madrid, Spain
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Freissinet C, Glavin DP, Mahaffy PR, Miller KE, Eigenbrode JL, Summons RE, Brunner AE, Buch A, Szopa C, Archer PD, Franz HB, Atreya SK, Brinckerhoff WB, Cabane M, Coll P, Conrad PG, Des Marais DJ, Dworkin JP, Fairén AG, François P, Grotzinger JP, Kashyap S, Ten Kate IL, Leshin LA, Malespin CA, Martin MG, Martin-Torres FJ, McAdam AC, Ming DW, Navarro-González R, Pavlov AA, Prats BD, Squyres SW, Steele A, Stern JC, Sumner DY, Sutter B, Zorzano MP. Organic molecules in the Sheepbed Mudstone, Gale Crater, Mars. J Geophys Res Planets 2015; 120:495-514. [PMID: 26690960 DOI: 10.1002/2015je004884.received] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM) instrument on board the Mars Science Laboratory Curiosity rover is designed to conduct inorganic and organic chemical analyses of the atmosphere and the surface regolith and rocks to help evaluate the past and present habitability potential of Mars at Gale Crater. Central to this task is the development of an inventory of any organic molecules present to elucidate processes associated with their origin, diagenesis, concentration, and long-term preservation. This will guide the future search for biosignatures. Here we report the definitive identification of chlorobenzene (150-300 parts per billion by weight (ppbw)) and C2 to C4 dichloroalkanes (up to 70 ppbw) with the SAM gas chromatograph mass spectrometer (GCMS) and detection of chlorobenzene in the direct evolved gas analysis (EGA) mode, in multiple portions of the fines from the Cumberland drill hole in the Sheepbed mudstone at Yellowknife Bay. When combined with GCMS and EGA data from multiple scooped and drilled samples, blank runs, and supporting laboratory analog studies, the elevated levels of chlorobenzene and the dichloroalkanes cannot be solely explained by instrument background sources known to be present in SAM. We conclude that these chlorinated hydrocarbons are the reaction products of Martian chlorine and organic carbon derived from Martian sources (e.g., igneous, hydrothermal, atmospheric, or biological) or exogenous sources such as meteorites, comets, or interplanetary dust particles. KEY POINTS First in situ evidence of nonterrestrial organics in Martian surface sediments Chlorinated hydrocarbons identified in the Sheepbed mudstone by SAM Organics preserved in sample exposed to ionizing radiation and oxidative condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Freissinet
- Solar System Exploration Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, Maryland, USA ; NASA Postdoctoral Program, Oak Ridge Associated Universities Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - D P Glavin
- Solar System Exploration Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
| | - P R Mahaffy
- Solar System Exploration Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
| | - K E Miller
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - J L Eigenbrode
- Solar System Exploration Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
| | - R E Summons
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - A E Brunner
- Solar System Exploration Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, Maryland, USA ; Center for Research and Exploration in Space Science & Technology, University of Maryland College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - A Buch
- Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés et Matériaux, Ecole Centrale Paris Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - C Szopa
- Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales, Pierre and Marie Curie University, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, and CNRS Paris, France
| | - P D Archer
- Jacobs, NASA Johnson Space Center Houston, Texas, USA
| | - H B Franz
- Solar System Exploration Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, Maryland, USA ; Center for Research and Exploration in Space Science & Technology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - S K Atreya
- Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic and Space Sciences, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - W B Brinckerhoff
- Solar System Exploration Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
| | - M Cabane
- Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales, Pierre and Marie Curie University, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, and CNRS Paris, France
| | - P Coll
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Paris VII-Denis Diderot University, and CNRS Créteil, France
| | - P G Conrad
- Solar System Exploration Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
| | - D J Des Marais
- Exobiology Branch, NASA Ames Research Center Moffett Field, California, USA
| | - J P Dworkin
- Solar System Exploration Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
| | - A G Fairén
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University Ithaca, New York, USA ; Centro de Astrobiología, INTA-CSIC Madrid, Spain
| | - P François
- Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic and Space Sciences, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - J P Grotzinger
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology Pasadena, California, USA
| | - S Kashyap
- Solar System Exploration Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, Maryland, USA ; Center for Research and Exploration in Space Science & Technology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - I L Ten Kate
- Earth Sciences Department, Utrecht University Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - L A Leshin
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences and School of Science, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Troy, New York, USA
| | - C A Malespin
- Solar System Exploration Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, Maryland, USA ; Goddard Earth Sciences and Technologies and Research, Universities Space Research Association Columbia, Maryland, USA
| | - M G Martin
- Solar System Exploration Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, Maryland, USA ; Department of Chemistry, Catholic University of America Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - F J Martin-Torres
- Instituto Andaluz de Ciencias de la Tierra (CSIC-UGR) Granada, Spain ; Division of Space Technology, Department of Computer Science, Electrical and Space Engineering, Luleå University of Technology Kiruna, Sweden
| | - A C McAdam
- Solar System Exploration Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
| | - D W Ming
- Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science Directorate, NASA Johnson Space Center Houston, Texas, USA
| | - R Navarro-González
- Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria México City, Mexico
| | - A A Pavlov
- Solar System Exploration Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
| | - B D Prats
- Solar System Exploration Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
| | - S W Squyres
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - A Steele
- Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution of Washington Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - J C Stern
- Solar System Exploration Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
| | - D Y Sumner
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California Davis, California, USA
| | - B Sutter
- Jacobs, NASA Johnson Space Center Houston, Texas, USA
| | - M-P Zorzano
- Centro de Astrobiologia (INTA-CSIC) Madrid, Spain
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16
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Ming DW, Archer PD, Glavin DP, Eigenbrode JL, Franz HB, Sutter B, Brunner AE, Stern JC, Freissinet C, McAdam AC, Mahaffy PR, Cabane M, Coll P, Campbell JL, Atreya SK, Niles PB, Bell JF, Bish DL, Brinckerhoff WB, Buch A, Conrad PG, Des Marais DJ, Ehlmann BL, Fairén AG, Farley K, Flesch GJ, Francois P, Gellert R, Grant JA, Grotzinger JP, Gupta S, Herkenhoff KE, Hurowitz JA, Leshin LA, Lewis KW, McLennan SM, Miller KE, Moersch J, Morris RV, Navarro-González R, Pavlov AA, Perrett GM, Pradler I, Squyres SW, Summons RE, Steele A, Stolper EM, Sumner DY, Szopa C, Teinturier S, Trainer MG, Treiman AH, Vaniman DT, Vasavada AR, Webster CR, Wray JJ, Yingst RA. Volatile and organic compositions of sedimentary rocks in Yellowknife Bay, Gale crater, Mars. Science 2013; 343:1245267. [PMID: 24324276 DOI: 10.1126/science.1245267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
H2O, CO2, SO2, O2, H2, H2S, HCl, chlorinated hydrocarbons, NO, and other trace gases were evolved during pyrolysis of two mudstone samples acquired by the Curiosity rover at Yellowknife Bay within Gale crater, Mars. H2O/OH-bearing phases included 2:1 phyllosilicate(s), bassanite, akaganeite, and amorphous materials. Thermal decomposition of carbonates and combustion of organic materials are candidate sources for the CO2. Concurrent evolution of O2 and chlorinated hydrocarbons suggests the presence of oxychlorine phase(s). Sulfides are likely sources for sulfur-bearing species. Higher abundances of chlorinated hydrocarbons in the mudstone compared with Rocknest windblown materials previously analyzed by Curiosity suggest that indigenous martian or meteoritic organic carbon sources may be preserved in the mudstone; however, the carbon source for the chlorinated hydrocarbons is not definitively of martian origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- D W Ming
- Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science Directorate, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
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Larson TA, Wang TW, Gale SD, Miller KE, Thatra NM, Caras ML, Perkel DJ, Brenowitz EA. Postsynaptic neural activity regulates neuronal addition in the adult avian song control system. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:16640-4. [PMID: 24062453 PMCID: PMC3799304 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1310237110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A striking feature of the nervous system is that it shows extensive plasticity of structure and function that allows animals to adjust to changes in their environment. Neural activity plays a key role in mediating experience-dependent neural plasticity and, thus, creates a link between the external environment, the nervous system, and behavior. One dramatic example of neural plasticity is ongoing neurogenesis in the adult brain. The role of neural activity in modulating neuronal addition, however, has not been well studied at the level of neural circuits. The avian song control system allows us to investigate how activity influences neuronal addition to a neural circuit that regulates song, a learned sensorimotor social behavior. In adult white-crowned sparrows, new neurons are added continually to the song nucleus HVC (proper name) and project their axons to its target nucleus, the robust nucleus of the arcopallium (RA). We report here that electrical activity in RA regulates neuronal addition to HVC. Decreasing neural activity in RA by intracerebral infusion of the GABAA receptor agonist muscimol decreased the number of new HVC neurons by 56%. Our results suggest that postsynaptic electrical activity influences the addition of new neurons into a functional neural circuit in adult birds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Samuel D. Gale
- Graduate Program in Neurobiology and Behavior, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | | | | | - Melissa L. Caras
- Graduate Program in Neurobiology and Behavior, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
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Thomas JM, Morse C, Kishline L, O’Brien-Lambert A, Simonton A, Miller KE, Covey E. Stimulus-specific adaptation in specialized neurons in the inferior colliculus of the big brown bat, Eptesicus fuscus. Hear Res 2012; 291:34-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2012.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Revised: 06/09/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Hoffman EM, Zhang Z, Anderson MB, Schechter R, Miller KE. Potential mechanisms for hypoalgesia induced by anti-nerve growth factor immunoglobulin are identified using autoimmune nerve growth factor deprivation. Neuroscience 2011; 193:452-65. [PMID: 21802499 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.06.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Revised: 06/22/2011] [Accepted: 06/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Nerve growth factor (NGF) antagonism has long been proposed as a chronic pain treatment. In 2010, the FDA suspended clinical trials using tanezumab, a humanized monoclonal anti-NGF antibody, to treat osteoarthritis due to worsening joint damage in 16 patients. Increased physical activity in the absence of acute pain which normally prevents self-harm was purported as a potential cause. Such an adverse effect is consistent with an extension of tanezumab's primary mechanism of action by decreasing pain sensitivity below baseline levels. In animal inflammatory pain models, NGF antagonism decreases intraepidermal nerve fiber (IENF) density and attenuates increases in expression of nociception-related proteins, such as calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and substance P (SP). Little is known of the effects of NGF antagonism in noninflamed animals and the hypoalgesia that ensues. In the current study, we immunized rats with NGF or cytochrome C (cytC) and examined (1) nocifensive behaviors with thermal latencies, mechanical thresholds, the hot plate test, and the tail flick test, (2) IENF density, and (3) expression of CGRP, SP, voltage-gated sodium channel 1.8 (Nav1.8), and glutaminase in subpopulations of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons separated by size and isolectin B4 (IB4) labeling. Rats with high anti-NGF titers had delayed responses on the hot plate test but no other behavioral abnormalities. Delayed hot plate responses correlated with lower IENF density. CGRP and SP expression was decreased principally in medium (400-800 μm(2)) and small neurons (<400 μm(2)), respectively, regardless of IB4 labeling. Expression of Nav1.8 was only decreased in small and medium IB4 negative neurons. NGF immunization appears to result in a more profound antagonism of NGF than tanezumab therapy, but we hypothesize that decreases in IENF density and nociception-related protein expression are potential mechanisms for tanezumab-induced hypoalgesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Hoffman
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, 1111 West 17th Street, Tulsa, OK 74107, USA
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20
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Monroy JA, Carter ME, Miller KE, Covey E. Development of echolocation and communication vocalizations in the big brown bat, Eptesicus fuscus. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2011; 197:459-67. [PMID: 21327335 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-010-0614-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2010] [Revised: 11/19/2010] [Accepted: 11/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Big brown bats form large maternity colonies of up to 200 mothers and their pups. If pups are separated from their mothers, they can locate each other using vocalizations. The goal of this study was to systematically characterize the development of echolocation and communication calls from birth through adulthood to determine whether they develop from a common precursor at the same or different rates, or whether both types are present initially. Three females and their six pups were isolated from our captive breeding colony. We recorded vocal activity from postnatal day 1 to 35, both when the pups were isolated and when they were reunited with their mothers. At birth, pups exclusively emitted isolation calls, with a fundamental frequency range <20 kHz, and duration >30 ms. By the middle of week 1, different types of vocalizations began to emerge. Starting in week 2, pups in the presence of their mothers emitted sounds that resembled adult communication vocalizations, with a lower frequency range and longer durations than isolation calls or echolocation signals. During weeks 2 and 3, these vocalizations were extremely heterogeneous, suggesting that the pups went through a babbling stage before establishing a repertoire of stereotyped adult vocalizations around week 4. By week 4, vocalizations emitted when pups were alone were identical to adult echolocation signals. Echolocation and communication signals both appear to develop from the isolation call, diverging during week 2 and continuing to develop at different rates for several weeks until the adult vocal repertoire is established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna A Monroy
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86001, USA
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22
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Craven I, Haselden J, Miller KE, Miller GV, Bradford I, Sebag-Montefiore D. Omission of concurrent chemoradiation after a response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in locally advanced rectal cancer with a synchronous liver metastasis: a note of caution. Br J Radiol 2007; 80:e257-9. [DOI: 10.1259/bjr/38988181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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23
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Guo HY, Hoffman AL, Steinhauer LC, Miller KE, Milroy RD. Evidence of relaxation and spontaneous transition to a high-confinement state in high-beta steady-state plasmas sustained by rotating magnetic fields. Phys Rev Lett 2006; 97:235002. [PMID: 17280209 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.97.235002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2006] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Evidence of relaxation has appeared, for the first time, in the extremely high-beta, steady-state field-reversed configuration plasma states driven by rotating magnetic fields (RMF) in the translation, confinement, and sustainment experiment. The plasma self-organizes into a near-force-free state in the vicinity of the magnetic axis, with significant improvement in confinement. Associated with this change in magnetic topology is the appearance of an axial RMF component; this would, in turn, generate a current drive in the poloidal direction, thus sustaining the magnetic helicity. A newly developed two-dimensional "equilibrium-lite" model is employed to analyze the magnetic properties of the final high-confinement state, and shows a large q and a significant magnetic shear in the core.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Y Guo
- Redmond Plasma Physics Laboratory, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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24
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Miller KE, Casseday JH, Covey E. Relation between intrinsic connections and isofrequency contours in the inferior colliculus of the big brown bat, Eptesicus fuscus. Neuroscience 2006; 136:895-905. [PMID: 16344159 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2004] [Revised: 03/21/2005] [Accepted: 04/05/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Information processing in the inferior colliculus depends on interactions between ascending pathways and intrinsic circuitry, both of which exist within a functional tonotopic organization. To determine how local projections of neurons in the inferior colliculus are related to tonotopy, we placed a small iontophoretic injection of biodextran amine at a physiologically characterized location in the inferior colliculus. We then used electrophysiological recording to place a grid of small deposits of Chicago Sky Blue throughout the same frequency range to specify an isofrequency contour. Using three-dimensional computer reconstructions, we analyzed patterns of transport relative to the physiologically determined isofrequency contour to quantify the extent of the intrinsic connection lamina in all three dimensions. We also performed a quantitative analysis of the numbers of cells in different regions relative to the biodextran amine injection. Biodextran amine-labeled fibers were mainly located dorsomedial to the injection site, confined within the isofrequency contour, but biodextran amine-labeled cells were mainly located ventrolateral to the injection site. When we counted numbers of labeled cells classified by morphological type, we found that both elongate and multipolar cells were labeled within the isofrequency contour. Because the dendrites of multipolar cells typically extend outside the isofrequency lamina, it is likely that they receive input from other isofrequency contours and relay it to more dorsomedial portions of their specific isofrequency contour, along with the frequency-specific projections of the elongate cells. Within a given isofrequency contour, there is a consistent organization in which intrinsic connections ascend from the ventrolateral portion to more dorsomedial points along the contour, forming a cascaded system of intrinsic feedforward connections that seem ideally suited to provide the delay lines necessary to produce several forms of selectivity for temporal patterns in inferior colliculus neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Miller
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Box 351525, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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25
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Guo HY, Hoffman AL, Steinhauer LC, Miller KE. Observations of improved stability and confinement in a high-beta self-organized spherical-torus-like field-reversed configuration. Phys Rev Lett 2005; 95:175001. [PMID: 16383833 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.95.175001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2005] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
An extremely high-beta (over 85%) self-organized field-reversed configuration (FRC) with a spherical-torus- (ST-)like core is produced in the translation, confinement, and sustainment experiment by highly super-Alfvénic translation of a spheromaklike plasmoid. Substantial flux conversion from toroidal into poloidal occurs during the capture process, resulting in the ST-like core. This plasma state exhibits a remarkable stabilizing property for the ubiquitous centrifugally driven interchange modes present in theta-pinch formed FRCs. This is explained, for the first time, by a simple model taking into account magnetic shear and centrifugal effects. The FRC-ST configuration has up to 4 times improvement in flux confinement times over the scaling of conventional theta-pinch formed FRCs and, thus, a significant improvement in the resistivity and transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Y Guo
- Redmond Plasma Physics Laboratory, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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26
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Guo HY, Hoffman AL, Milroy RD, Miller KE, Votroubek GR. Stabilization of interchange modes by rotating magnetic fields. Phys Rev Lett 2005; 94:185001. [PMID: 15904379 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.94.185001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2004] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Interchange modes have been a key limiting instability for many magnetic confinement fusion configurations. In previous studies intended to deal with these ubiquitous instabilities, complex, transport enhancing, minimum-B producing coils were added to the otherwise simple linear mirror plasma. Possible solutions for returning to a simple symmetric mirror configuration, such as ponderomotive fields, are weak and difficult to apply. A new method is demonstrated here for the first time, utilizing rotating magnetic fields that are simple to apply and highly effective. A simple and easily comprehensible theory has also been developed to explain the remarkable stabilizing properties. Although this work has been performed on field reversed configurations, it should have a wide application to other confinement schemes, and could become a cornerstone for high-beta plasma stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Y Guo
- Redmond Plasma Physics Laboratory, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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27
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Foster SB, Tang H, Miller KE, Dryhurst G. Increased extracellular glutamate evoked by 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium [MPP(+)] in the rat striatum is not essential for dopaminergic neurotoxicity and is not derived from released glutathione. Neurotox Res 2005; 7:251-63. [PMID: 16179262 DOI: 10.1007/bf03033883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A number of studies have implicated the interactions of the excitatory amino acid L-glutamate (Glu) with its ionotropic and metabotropic receptors as important components of the mechanism underlying the dopaminergic neurotoxicity of 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium [MPP(+)]. Furthermore, microdialysis experiments have demonstrated that perfusion of relatively high concentrations of MPP(+) into the rat striatum evoke a delayed, massive release of Glu. Interestingly, perfusion of MPP(+) also mediates a similar release of glutathione (GSH). Together, these observations raise the possibility that the rise of extracellular Glu mediated by MPP(+) may be the result of hydrolysis of released GSH by gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma-GT). In the present investigation it is demonstrated that perfusions of solutions of 0.7 and 1.3 mM MPP(+) dissolved in artificial cerebrospinal fluid into the rat striatum evoke neurotoxic damage to dopaminergic terminals, assessed by both a two-day test/challenge procedure and tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity, but without the release of Glu. Perfusions of 2.5 mM MPP(+) cause more extensive dopaminergic neurotoxicity and a dose-dependent release of Glu. However, neither this release of Glu nor MPP(+)-induced dopaminergic neurotoxicity are blocked by the irreversible gamma-GT inhibitor acivicin. Together, these observations indicate that a rise of extracellular levels of Glu is not essential for the dopaminergic neurotoxicity of MPP(+). Furthermore, the rise of extracellular Glu caused by perfusion of 2.5 mM MPP(+) is not the result of the gamma-GT-mediated hydrolysis of released GSH. It is possible that the rise of extracellular levels of Glu, L-aspartate, L-glycine and L-taurine evoked by perfusions of 2.5 mM MPP(+) into the rat striatum may reflect, at least in part, the release of these amino acids from astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Foster
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
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Guo HY, Hoffman AL, Miller KE, Steinhauer LC. Flux conversion and evidence of relaxation in a high-beta plasma formed by high-speed injection into a mirror confinement structure. Phys Rev Lett 2004; 92:245001. [PMID: 15245090 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.92.245001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2003] [Revised: 08/14/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
High-beta plasmoids can survive the violent dynamics of supersonic reflection off mirror structures, producing a stable high-beta field-reversed configuration (FRC). This shows both the robustness of FRCs and their tendency to assume a preferred plasma state, possibly conforming to a relaxation principle. The key observations are (1) approximate preservation of the magnetic helicity, (2) substantial conversion from toroidal to poloidal magnetic flux, (3) substantial toroidal flow, and (4) a high-beta quiescent final state. These results are from the Translation, Confinement, and Sustainment experiment where a disorganized plasmoid is injected at super-Alfvenic speed into a confinement chamber. After successive reflections from end mirrors, the plasmoid settled into a near-FRC state with high beta and low toroidal magnetic field. The flux conversion and helicity preservation are inferred by an interpretive model.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Y Guo
- Redmond Plasma Physics Laboratory, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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29
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Barber BL, Jacobson KC, Miller KE, Petersen AC. Ups and downs: daily cycles of adolescent moods. New Dir Child Adolesc Dev 2003:23-36. [PMID: 12794949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
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30
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Melnick MJ, Miller KE, Sabo DF, Farrell MP, Barnes GM. Tobacco use among high school athletes and nonatieletes: results of the 1997 youth risk behavior survey. Adolescence 2002; 36:727-47. [PMID: 11928879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
In the United States today, the use of tobacco has become an entrenched part of teenage culture. The present study used the 1997 Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS), which collected data from a nationally representative sample of 16,262 students in public and private high schools, to compare the tobacco use patterns of athletes and nonathletes. The independent variable, athletic participation, differentiated between moderately involved (1 or 2 teams) and highly involved (3 or more teams) athletes. Frequency of cigarette and cigar smoking and smokeless tobacco use served as the operational measure of tobacco use. Age, race/ethnicity, parental education, and residence were controlled. Logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios for female and male athletes and nonathletes for each of the tobacco use variables. It was found that both male and female athletes were less likely to have ever smoked regularly, the effect being stronger for more highly involved athletes of both genders. Cigar smoking was unrelated to athlete status. Both female and male athletes were more likely to have used smokeless tobacco, the effect being stronger for more highly involved athletes of both genders. The findings are discussed in terms of access to health information, performance considerations, social status factors, the salience of an athletic identity, and the influence of the athletic subculture on its members.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Melnick
- Research Institute on Addictions, University of Buffalo, New York, USA.
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31
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Miller KE, Miller MM, Jolley MR. Challenges in pain management at the end of life. Am Fam Physician 2001; 64:1227-34. [PMID: 11601805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
Effective pain management in the terminally ill patient requires an understanding of pain control strategies. Ongoing assessment of pain is crucial and can be accomplished using various forms and scales. It is also important to determine if the pain is nociceptive (somatic or visceral pain) or neuropathic (continuous dysesthesias or chronic lancinating or paroxysmal pain). Nociceptive pain can usually be controlled with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs or corticosteroids, whereas neuropathic pain responds to tricyclic antidepressants or anticonvulsants. Relief of breakthrough pain requires the administration of an immediate-release analgesic medication. If a significant amount of medication for breakthrough pain is already being given, the baseline dose of sustained-release analgesic medication should be increased. If pain does not respond to one analgesic medication, physicians should use an equianalgesic dose chart when changing the medication or route of administration. Opioid rotation can be used if pain can no longer be controlled on a specific regimen. The impact of unresolved psychosocial or spiritual issues on pain management may need to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Miller
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Tennessee College of Medicine, Chattanooga 37403, USA.
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Qin C, Chandler MJ, Miller KE, Foreman RD. Responses and afferent pathways of superficial and deeper c(1)-c(2) spinal cells to intrapericardial algogenic chemicals in rats. J Neurophysiol 2001; 85:1522-32. [PMID: 11287476 DOI: 10.1152/jn.2001.85.4.1522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrical stimulation of vagal afferents or cardiopulmonary sympathetic afferent fibers excites C(1)--C(2) spinal neurons. The purposes of this study were to compare the responses of superficial (depth <0.35 mm) and deeper C(1)--C(2) spinal neurons to noxious chemical stimulation of cardiac afferents and determine the relative contribution of vagal and sympathetic afferent pathways for transmission of noxious cardiac afferent input to C(1)--C(2) neurons. Extracellular potentials of single C(1)--C(2) neurons were recorded in pentobarbital anesthetized and paralyzed male rats. A catheter was placed in the pericardial sac to administer a mixture of algogenic chemicals (0.2 ml) that contained adenosine (10(-3) M), bradykinin, histamine, serotonin, and prostaglandin E(2) (10(-5) M each). Intrapericardial chemicals changed the activity of 20/106 (19%) C(1)--C(2) spinal neurons in the superficial laminae, whereas 76/147 (52%) deeper neurons responded to cardiac noxious input (P < 0.01). Of 96 neurons responsive to cardiac inputs, 48 (50%) were excited (E), 41 (43%) were inhibited (I), and 7 were excited/inhibited (E-I) by intrapericardial chemicals. E or I neurons responsive to intrapericardial chemicals were subdivided into two groups: short-lasting (SL) and long-lasting (LL) response patterns. In superficial gray matter, excitatory responses to cardiac inputs were more likely to be LL-E than SL-E neurons. Mechanical stimulation of the somatic field from the head, neck, and shoulder areas excited 85 of 95 (89%) C(1)--C(2) spinal neurons that responded to intrapericardial chemicals; 31 neurons were classified as wide dynamic range, 49 were high threshold, 5 responded only to joint movement, and no neuron was classified as low threshold. For superficial neurons, 53% had small somatic fields and 21% had bilateral fields. In contrast, 31% of the deeper neurons had small somatic fields and 46% had bilateral fields. Ipsilateral cervical vagotomy interrupted cardiac noxious input to 8/30 (6 E, 2 I) neurons; sequential transection of the contralateral cervical vagus nerve (bilateral vagotomy) eliminated the responses to intrapericardial chemicals in 4/22 (3 E, 1 I) neurons. Spinal transection at C(6)--C(7) segments to interrupt effects of sympathetic afferent input abolished responses to cardiac input in 10/10 (7 E, 3 I) neurons that still responded after bilateral vagotomy. Results of this study support the concept that C(1)-C(2) superficial and deeper spinal neurons play a role in integrating cardiac noxious inputs that travel in both the cervical vagal and/or thoracic sympathetic afferent nerves.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Qin
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73190
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33
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Inman KG, Baldisseri DM, Miller KE, Weber DJ. Backbone dynamics of the calcium-signaling protein apo-S100B as determined by 15N NMR relaxation. Biochemistry 2001; 40:3439-48. [PMID: 11297409 DOI: 10.1021/bi0027478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Backbone dynamics of homodimeric apo-S100B were studied by (15)N nuclear magnetic resonance relaxation at 9.4 and 14.1 T. Longitudinal relaxation (T(1)), transverse relaxation (T(2)), and the (15)N-[(1)H] NOE were measured for 80 of 91 backbone amide groups. Internal motional parameters were determined from the relaxation data using the model-free formalism while accounting for diffusion anisotropy. Rotational diffusion of the symmetric homodimer has moderate but statistically significant prolate axial anisotropy (D( parallel)/D( perpendicular) = 1.15 +/- 0.02), a global correlation time of tau(m) = 7.80 +/- 0.03 ns, and a unique axis in the plane normal to the molecular symmetry axis. Of 29 residues at the dimer interface (helices 1 and 4), only one has measurable internal motion (Q71), and the order parameters of the remaining 28 were the highest in the protein (S(2) = 0.80 to 0.91). Order parameters in the typical EF hand calcium-binding loop (S(2) = 0.73 to 0.87) were slightly lower than in the pseudo-EF hand (S(2) = 0.75 to 0.89), and effective internal correlation times, tau(e), distinct from global tumbling, were detected in the calcium-binding loops. Helix 3, which undergoes a large, calcium-induced conformational change necessary for target-protein binding, does not show evidence of interchanging between the apo and Ca(2+)-bound orientations in the absence of calcium but has rapid motion in several residues throughout the helix (S(2) = 0.78 to 0.88; 10 < or = tau(e) < or = 30 ps). The lowest order parameters were found in the C-terminal tail (S(2) = 0.62 to 0.83). Large values for chemical exchange also occur in this loop and in regions nearby in space to the highly mobile C-terminal loop, consistent with exchange broadening effects observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K G Inman
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
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Abstract
The amino acid taurine serves many functions in the nervous system serving as inhibitory neurotransmitter/neuromodulator, neurotrophin, antioxidant, and osmolyte. Taurine levels are increased following brain injury and glucocorticoid administration. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine spinal taurine concentrations following spinal cord injury (SCI) and methylprednisolone (MP) treatment of SCI. A total of 44 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into control and lesion groups. Control rats received a T6 vertebral laminectomy while lesioned rats received a laminectomy followed by complete spinal transection. Half of the animals in each group received MP intravenously following sham-operation or SCI. Rats survived for 7 or 30 days and concentrations of taurine in spinal gray and white matter, in spinal segments both near and distant from the injury epicenter, were resolved by HPLC analysis. Taurine levels were increased 7 and 30 days following transection in spinal segments immediately adjacent to the lesion and were further elevated by MP treatment. No increases were seen in far rostral/caudal segments, and MP treatment alone had no effect on spinal taurine levels. These findings demonstrate that spinal injury results in increased taurine concentrations in spinal segments undergoing the greatest degree of cellular reactivity and tissue reorganization and that MP therapy potentiates these increases. These findings are significant in that they further characterize the effects of acute MP therapy in spinal tissue. Since taurine is thought to be involved in neuroprotection and/or regeneration following injury, the potentiation of taurine levels by MP treatment may relate to its therapeutic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Benton
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Post Office Box 26901, Biomedical Sciences Building Room 553, Oklahoma City, OK 73190, USA.
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Abstract
The glial enzyme glutamine synthetase (GS) is critical for central nervous system catabolism of glutamate and glutamine production. Upregulation of GS is a hallmark of reactive astrocytosis, although such induction following spinal cord injury (SCI) has not been reported. This study's purpose was to determine if GS activity is increased following SCI. Experimental rats received a complete spinal transection at the T5 segment and control rats received a laminectomy only. GS activities were determined using an enzymatic microassay. Glutamine levels were resolved in semi-adjacent sections. At 7 days following SCI, GS activity increased an average of 170-190% in white matter and 15-25% in gray matter immediately adjacent to the transection, and 70-90% in white matter and 40-45% in gray matter from cervical and lumbar enlargements. Correlative increases in glutamine were observed also. These findings further characterize the astrocytic response to SCI, which may contribute to altered glutamine metabolism in injured spinal tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Benton
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, PO Box 26901, Biomedical Sciences Building Room 553, OK 73190, Oklahoma City, USA.
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Slough JT, Miller KE. Enhanced confinement and stability of a field-reversed configuration with rotating magnetic field current drive. Phys Rev Lett 2000; 85:1444-1447. [PMID: 10970525 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.85.1444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2000] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A new experiment has been constructed to study the sustainment of a field-reversed configuration (FRC) with a rotating magnetic field (RMF). FRCs were formed with cold, unmagnetized ions and thus without a kinetic ion component that was believed to provide stability to internal tilt modes. No destructive instabilities were observed for the RMF FRC. Only peripheral radial penetration of the RMF was observed. The radially inward flow arising from axial screening currents at the FRC edge reduced convective and conductive losses to the measurement limit of the diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- JT Slough
- Redmond Plasma Physics Laboratory, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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37
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Miller KE, Zylstra RG, Standridge JB. The geriatric patient: a systematic approach to maintaining health. Am Fam Physician 2000; 61:1089-104. [PMID: 10706161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
The number of persons 65 years of age and older continues to increase dramatically in the United States. Comprehensive health maintenance screening of this population is becoming an important task for primary care physicians. As outlined by the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force, assessment categories unique to elderly patients include sensory perception and injury prevention. Geriatric patients are at higher risk of falling for a number of reasons, including postural hypotension, balance or gait impairment, polypharmacy (more than three prescription medications) and use of sedative-hypnotic medications. Interventional areas that are common to other age groups but have special implications for older patients include immunizations, diet and exercise, and sexuality. Cognitive ability and mental health issues should also be evaluated within the context of the individual patient's social situation-not by screening all patients but by being alert to the occurrence of any change in mental function. Using an organized approach to the varied aspects of geriatric health, primary care physicians can improve the care that they provide for their older patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Miller
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Tennessee College of Medicine, Chattanooga 37403, USA
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Abstract
Myosin II and V are important for the generation and segregation of subcellular compartments. We observed that vesicular myosin II and V were associated with the protein scaffolding of a common subset of vesicles by density sedimentation, electron microscopy, and immunofluorescence. Solubilization of either myosin II or V was caused by polyphosphates with the following efficacy at 10 mM: for myosin II ATP-Mg(2+) = ATP = AMP-PNP (5'-adenylyl imidodiphosphate) > pyrophosphate = tripolyphosphate > tetrapolyphosphate = ADP > cAMP = Mg(2+); and for myosin V pyrophosphate = tripolyphosphate > ATP-Mg(2+) = ATP = AMP-PNP > ADP = tetrapolyphosphate > cAMP = Mg(2+). Consequently, we suggest solubilization was not an effect of phosphorylation, hydrolysis, or disassociation of myosin from actin filaments. Scatchard analysis of myosin V binding to stripped dense vesicles showed saturable binding with a K(m) of 10 nM. Analysis of native vesicles indicates that these sites are fully occupied. Together, these data show there are over 100 myosin Vs/vesicle (100-nm radius). We propose that polyphosphate anions bind to myosin II and V and induce a conformational change that disrupts binding to a receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Miller
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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Miller KE, Graves JC. Update on the prevention and treatment of sexually transmitted diseases. Am Fam Physician 2000; 61:379-86. [PMID: 10670504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention updated its guidelines for the treatment of sexually transmitted diseases. The guidelines include the following information: recommendations for hepatitis A immunization and expanded indications for hepatitis B vaccination; updated diagnostic criteria for pelvic inflammatory disease and parenteral treatment regimens; information on two additional antiviral agents for the treatment of genital herpes; a recommendation for use of a single 1-g dose of azithromycin (Zithromax) to treat urethritis and chlamydial cervicitis; information on the use of quinolones in the treatment of gonococcal infections; information on podofilox and imiquimod, which are both patient-applied medications, in the treatment of noncervical human papillomavirus infection; updated guidelines for the prevention and detection of congenital syphilis; and information on how to prevent the spread of sexually transmitted diseases by educating patients about the importance of changing their sexual behaviors. To have a significant impact on the current rate of transmission of sexually transmitted diseases, family physicians should develop a plan to integrate the guidelines into their practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Miller
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Tennessee College of Medicine, Chattanooga 37403, USA
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Qin C, Chandler MJ, Miller KE, Foreman RD. Chemical activation of cervical cell bodies: effects on responses to colorectal distension in lumbosacral spinal cord of rats. J Neurophysiol 1999; 82:3423-33. [PMID: 10601473 DOI: 10.1152/jn.1999.82.6.3423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We have shown that stimulation of cardiopulmonary sympathetic afferent fibers activates relays in upper cervical segments to suppress activity of lumbosacral spinal cells. The purpose of this study was to determine if chemical excitation (glutamate) of upper cervical cell bodies changes the spontaneous activity and evoked responses of lumbosacral spinal cells to colorectal distension (CRD). Extracellular potentials were recorded in pentobarbital-anesthetized male rats. CRD (80 mmHg) was produced by inflating a balloon inserted in the descending colon and rectum. A total of 135 cells in the lumbosacral segments (L(6)-S(2)) were activated by CRD. Seventy-five percent (95/126) of tested cells received convergent somatic input from the scrotum, perianal region, hindlimb, and tail; 99/135 (73%) cells were excited or excited/inhibited by CRD; and 36 (27%) cells were inhibited or inhibited/excited by CRD. A glutamate (1 M) pledget placed on the surface of C(1)-C(2) segments decreased spontaneous activity and excitatory CRD responses of 33/56 cells and increased spontaneous activity of 13/19 cells inhibited by CRD. Glutamate applied to C(6)-C(7) segments decreased activity of 10/18 cells excited by CRD, and 9 of these also were inhibited by glutamate at C(1)-C(2) segments. Glutamate at C(6)-C(7) increased activity of 4/6 cells inhibited by CRD and excited by glutamate at C(1)-C(2) segments. After transection at rostral C(1) segment, glutamate at C(1)-C(2) still reduced excitatory responses of 7/10 cells. Further, inhibitory effects of C(6)-C(7) glutamate on excitatory responses to CRD still occurred after rostral C(1) transection but were abolished after a rostral C(6) transection in 4/4 cells. These data showed that C(1)-C(2) cells activated with glutamate primarily produced inhibition of evoked responses to visceral stimulation of lumbosacral spinal cells. Inhibition resulting from activation of cells in C(6)-C(7) segments required connections in the upper cervical segments. These results provide evidence that upper cervical cells integrate information that modulates activity of distant spinal neurons responding to visceral input.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Qin
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73190, USA
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Miller KE, Akesson E, Seiger A. Nerve growth factor-induced stimulation of dorsal root ganglion/spinal cord co-grafts in oculo: enhanced survival and growth of CGRP-immunoreactive sensory neurons. Cell Tissue Res 1999; 298:243-53. [PMID: 10571113 DOI: 10.1007/s004419900097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Intraocular co-grafts of rat fetal spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia were used to examine the enhanced survival, growth, and differentiation of sensory neurons by nerve growth factor. E14 lumbar spinal segments were implanted into the anterior eye chamber of capsaicin-pretreated rats. Two weeks later, an E14 dorsal root ganglion was implanted beside the spinal cord graft. Nerve growth factor or vehicle was injected weekly for 4 weeks into the anterior eye chamber. Co-grafts were examined weekly and, at 6 weeks, processed for calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) immunofluorescence. No differences in overall size were determined for the grafts. Co-grafts treated with nerve growth factor contained many more CGRP neurons (19.4 cells/20 microm) that were significantly larger (mean 764 microm2) than neurons from control co-grafts (8.6 cells/20 microm; mean 373 microm2). In co-grafts treated with nerve growth factor, CGRP-immunoreactive fibers were extensive in the dorsal root ganglion, adjacent iris, and spinal cord compared to control co-grafts. A few CGRP-positive motoneurons were observed in the spinal cord, but no differences in number or size of motoneurons were found. The current report demonstrates that spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia can be co-grafted in oculo for long periods of time. Many dorsal root ganglion neurons survive and send peripheral processes into the iris and central processes into the spinal cord under the influence of exogenous nerve growth factor. The intraocular graft paradigm can be of use to further examine the role of neurotrophic factors in regulating or modulating dorsal root ganglion and spinal cord neurons.
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MESH Headings
- Analysis of Variance
- Animals
- Cell Differentiation/drug effects
- Cell Differentiation/physiology
- Cell Division
- Cell Survival
- Coculture Techniques
- Female
- Ganglia, Spinal/cytology
- Ganglia, Spinal/drug effects
- Ganglia, Spinal/metabolism
- Ganglia, Spinal/transplantation
- Immunohistochemistry
- Iris/cytology
- Microscopy, Confocal
- Microscopy, Fluorescence
- Nerve Growth Factor/metabolism
- Nerve Growth Factor/pharmacology
- Neurons, Afferent/cytology
- Neurons, Afferent/drug effects
- Neurons, Afferent/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide/metabolism
- Retina/cytology
- Retina/metabolism
- Retina/surgery
- Spinal Cord/cytology
- Spinal Cord/drug effects
- Spinal Cord/metabolism
- Spinal Cord/transplantation
- Transplants
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Miller
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, 73190, USA.
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42
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Prater CD, Miller KE, Zylstra RG. Outpatient detoxification of the addicted or alcoholic patient. Am Fam Physician 1999; 60:1175-83. [PMID: 10507746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
Outpatient detoxification of patients with alcohol or other drug addiction is being increasingly undertaken. This type of management is appropriate for patients in stage I or stage II of withdrawal who have no significant comorbid conditions and have a support person willing to monitor their progress. Adequate dosages of appropriate substitute medications are important for successful detoxification. In addition, comorbid psychiatric, personality and medical disorders must be managed, and social and environmental concerns need to be addressed. By providing supportive, nonjudgmental, yet assertive care, the family physician can facilitate the best possible chance for a patient's successful recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Prater
- Department of Family Medicine at the University of Tennessee College of Medicine, Chattanooga 37403, USA
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43
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Abstract
PURPOSE To determine whether high school athletic participation among adolescents in Western New York was associated with reduced rates of sexual behavior and pregnancy involvement. METHODS A secondary analysis of data from the Family and Adolescent Study, a longitudinal study of a random sample of adolescents (ages 13-16 years) from 699 families living in households in Western New York. A general population sample was obtained with characteristics closely matching the census distributions in the area. Interview and survey methods provided data on athletic participation, frequency of sexual relations during the past year, and risk for pregnancy. Bivariate correlations were used to examine relationships among athletic participation, demographic and control variables, and measures of sexual behavior and pregnancy rates. Next, path analyses were done in order to test for hypothesized relationships between athletic participation, sexual behavior, and pregnancy involvement while controlling for age, race, income, family cohesion, and non-athletic forms of extracurricular activity. Variables that were significantly associated with sexual behavior and/or pregnancy involvement were presented for both sexes within the resulting multivariate models. RESULTS Lower income and higher rates of sexual activity were associated with higher rates of pregnancy involvement for both sexes. Family cohesion was associated with lower sexual activity rates for both sexes. For girls, athletic participation was directly related to reduced frequency of sexual behavior and, indirectly, to pregnancy risk. Male athletes did not exhibit lower rates of sexual behavior and involvement with pregnancy than male non-athletes. Boys who participated in the arts, however, did report lower rates of sexual behavior and, indirectly, less involvement with pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS Female adolescents who participated in sports were less likely than their non-athletic peers to engage in sexual activity and/or report a pregnancy. Among male adolescents, athletic participation was unrelated to sexual behavior and pregnancy involvement. Teen pregnancy prevention efforts for girls should consider utilizing sport as a strategic tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- D F Sabo
- Department of Sociology, D'Youville College, Buffalo, New York 14201, USA
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Barber BL, Jacobson KC, Miller KE, Petersen AC. Ups and downs: daily cycles of adolescent moods. New Dir Child Dev 1999:23-36. [PMID: 9881068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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Miller KE, Sabo DF, Farrell MP, Barnes GM, Melnick MJ. Sports, sexual behavior, contraceptive use, and pregnancy among female and male high school students: testing cultural resource theory. Sociol Sport J 1999; 16:366-387. [PMID: 12322496 DOI: 10.1123/ssj.16.4.366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we examine the relationships among athletic participation and sexual behavior, contraceptive use, and pregnancy in female and male high school students. Analyses of covariance and multiple analyses of covariance were performed on a nationally representative sample of 8,979 high school students (the 1995 Youth Risk Behavior Survey). After controlling for race and ethnicity, age, and mother’s education, girls who participated in sports had lower rates of sexual experience, fewer sex partners, later age of first intercourse, higher rates of contraceptive use, and lower rates of past pregnancy than girls who did not participate. Male high school athletes reported higher rates of sexual experience and more partners than nonathletes, but—like their female counterparts—were also more likely to have used birth control during their most recent intercourse. Cultural resource theory suggests that athletic participation may reduce girls’ adherence to conventional cultural scripts while providing them with additional social and personal resources on which to draw in the sexual bargaining process. Sports provides boys with similar resources while strengthening their commitment to traditional masculine scripts.
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Tsyv'ian PB, Rutkevich SM, Protsenko IL, Tsyv'ian EP, Miller KE, Keller BB. [The role of intra- and extracellular calcium sources in the rhythmic inotropic regulation of isometric contractions in the chick embryo myocardium]. Ross Fiziol Zh Im I M Sechenova 1998; 84:1402-11. [PMID: 10204187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Isometric contractions and force-frequency relationships (FFR) were assessed in isolated ventricular preparations of 3- and 4-day chick embryos (EM) and posthatched (PH) chicks. Pacing protocols for the FFR assessment were applied in normal buffer, buffer with 50% and 25% of normal Na+ concentration, and in buffer with ryanodine. PH myocardium showed greater peak force and more prominent FFR than EM. 50% low Na+ superfusion induced positive inotropic effect and increase in the FFR in PH and EM. 25% low Na+ superfusion induced negative inotropic effect and suppressed FFR more prominent in EM. Ryanodine more suppressed FFR in PH myocardium. The observed age-dependent differences substantiate the fact that Na-Ca exchange plays a leading role in the FFR regulation in early embryonic myocardium and sarcoplasmic reticulum plays a leading role in PH myocardium.
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Affiliation(s)
- P B Tsyv'ian
- Institute of Physiology, Ural Branch of the Russian Acad. Ekaterinburg, Russia
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Miller KE, Douglas VD, Richards AB, Chandler MJ, Foreman RD. Propriospinal neurons in the C1-C2 spinal segments project to the L5-S1 segments of the rat spinal cord. Brain Res Bull 1998; 47:43-7. [PMID: 9766388 DOI: 10.1016/s0361-9230(98)00065-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Physiological studies indicate that neurons in the upper cervical spinal cord have descending projections to the lumbosacral spinal cord and mediate inhibition of dorsal horn neurons activated from afferent input. In the present study, retrograde tracing techniques were used to examine the distribution of propriospinal neurons in C1-C2 spinal segments that project to lumbosacral spinal segments. Fluorogold or horseradish peroxidase were injected unilaterally or bilaterally into the L5-S1 spinal segments. After 2-4 days, rats were perfused with fixative and C1-C2 spinal segments were processed for retrograde labeling. Numerous neurons were found in the C1-C2 segments. In unilaterally and bilaterally injected rats, retrogradely labeled neurons were located on both the ipsilateral and contralateral sides. Retrogradely labeled neurons were located in the following locations: lateral cervical and spinal nuclei, nucleus proprius, ventral horn and the central gray region (area X). These studies demonstrate a descending projection from C1-C2 segments to the lower lumbar and sacral spinal cord. We hypothesize that many of these C1-C2 propriospinal neurons are important in modulating responses of spinal neurons at lower segmental levels to various peripheral stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Miller
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City 73190, USA.
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Miller KE, Salvatierra AT. Apposition of enkephalin- and neurotensin-immunoreactive neurons by serotonin-immunoreactive varicosities in the rat spinal cord. Neuroscience 1998; 85:837-46. [PMID: 9639277 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(97)00522-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The descending serotonergic system provides a powerful inhibitory input to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. Little is known about the chemical identity of the spinal neurons that the serotonergic system innervates, although spinal enkephalinergic neurons are likely candidates. This study investigated the apposition of serotonin-immunoreactive varicosities onto enkephalin- and neurotensin-immunoreactive neurons in the rat lumbosacral spinal cord. Using a double immunofluorescence technique, serotonin-immunoreactive varicosities were observed to abut the soma or proximal dendrites of [Met]enkephalin- and neurotensin-immunoreactive neurons. Nearly 75% of all [Met]enkephalin- and neurotensin-immunoreactive neurons were apposed by serotonin-immunoreactive varicosities in the marginal zone and dorsal gray commissure. In substantia gelatinosa, approximately half of the [Met]enkephalin- and neurotensin-immunoreactive neurons were juxtaposed by serotonin-immunoreactive varicosities. [Met]enkephalin-immunoreactive neurons also were bordered by serotonin-immunoreactive varicosities in the nucleus proprius (65%) and sacral parasympathetic nucleus (75%). The results of this study suggest that the descending serotonergic system mediates nociception via probable contacts with intrinsic enkephalin and neurotensin spinal systems. The mode of action of spinal serotonin on enkephalin and neurotensin neurons may be through "volume" transmission vs synaptic or "wiring" transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Miller
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City 73190, USA
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Komori N, Cain SD, Roch JM, Miller KE, Matsumoto H. Differential expression of alternative splice variants of beta-arrestin-1 and -2 in rat central nervous system and peripheral tissues. Eur J Neurosci 1998; 10:2607-16. [PMID: 9767391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Members of arrestin/beta-arrestin protein family are thought to participate in agonist-mediated desensitization of G-protein-coupled receptors, including rhodopsin and beta2-adrenergic receptor. Unlike in human and cow, splice variants of this protein family in rat have not been studied extensively, and there has been no report on their existence at protein level. Hence, a previous report by others on the localization of both beta-arrestin-1 and -2 in a wide range of innervated rat tissues could imply their broad receptor specificity. In this report we show the presence of two alternatively spliced forms of beta-arrestin-1 in several rat tissues using both reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Western immunoblot. Splicing of beta-arrestin-1 pre-mRNA appears to be subject to differential regulation between the rat CNS and peripheral tissues. In contrast, we detected no splice variants of beta-arrestin-2 in rat. A comparison of the genomic DNA sequences of bovine and rat beta-arrestin-2, where the splicing of bovine beta-arrestin-2 mRNA has been reported, revealed a high degree of homology in their organization of exons and introns as well as certain differences that might be responsible for the different processing of beta-arrestin-2 mRNA in the two species. Our two-dimensional isoelectric focusing gels using rat spinal cord and heart tissues demonstrate isoelectric heterogeneity of rat beta-arrestin-1, suggesting that beta-arrestin-1 is subject to post-translational modification unlike beta-arrestin-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Komori
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, 73190, USA.
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Miller KE, Sabo DF, Farrell MP, Barnes GM, Melnick MJ. Athletic participation and sexual behavior in adolescents: the different worlds of boys and girls. J Health Soc Behav 1998; 39:108-123. [PMID: 9642902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Using multivariate analysis of covariance to test hypotheses about the effects of sports and sexual behavior on a sample of 611 Western New York adolescents, this study concludes that athletic participation and gender interact to influence adolescent sexual outcomes. Female athletes report significantly lower rates of sexual activity than female nonathletes; male athletes report slightly (though not significantly) higher rates than male nonathletes. The gender-specific effect of sports on sexual behavior remains, net of the impacts of race, age, socioeconomic status, quality of family relations, and participation in other extracurricular activities. This paper introduces cultural resource theory to explain how athletic participation influences both traditional cultural scripts and exchange resources, which, in turn, condition the sexual bargaining process and its outcomes for adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Miller
- Department of Sociology, University at Buffalo, State University of New York 14260, USA.
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