51
|
Zhang H, Xiang B, Chen H, Chen X, Cai T. A novel deletion mutation in KMT2A identified in a child with ID/DD and blood eosinophilia. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2019; 20:38. [PMID: 30841869 PMCID: PMC6402113 DOI: 10.1186/s12881-019-0776-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Background The KMT2A gene encoded lysine methyltransferase plays an essential role in regulating gene expression during early development and hematopoiesis. To date, 92 different mutations of KMT2A have been curated in the human gene mutation database (HGMD), resulting in Wiedemann-Steiner syndrome (WDSTS) and intellectual disability (ID)/developmental delay (DD). Case presentation In this report, we present a de novo heterozygous deletion mutation [c.74delG; p. (Gly26Alafs*2)] in the KMT2A gene, which was identified by trio-based whole exome sequencing from a 5.5-year-old boy with ID/DD, stereotypic hand movements and blood eosinophilia. Many deleterious germline mutations of KMT2A have been documented to affect development of central nervous system, oral and craniofacial tissues, but not blood eosinophils. Conclusions This is the first report of a rare case with ID/DD as well as eosinophilia, resulting from a previously undescribed null mutation of KMT2A. Our findings expand the phenotypical spectrum in affected individuals with KMT2A mutations, and may shed some insight into the role of KMT2A in eosinophil metabolism. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12881-019-0776-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haixia Zhang
- Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410002, Hunan, China.,Experimental Medicine Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Bingwu Xiang
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hui Chen
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tao Cai
- Experimental Medicine Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Hoshii T, Cifani P, Feng Z, Huang CH, Koche R, Chen CW, Delaney CD, Lowe SW, Kentsis A, Armstrong SA. A Non-catalytic Function of SETD1A Regulates Cyclin K and the DNA Damage Response. Cell 2019; 172:1007-1021.e17. [PMID: 29474905 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
MLL/SET methyltransferases catalyze methylation of histone 3 lysine 4 and play critical roles in development and cancer. We assessed MLL/SET proteins and found that SETD1A is required for survival of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells. Mutagenesis studies and CRISPR-Cas9 domain screening show the enzymatic SET domain is not necessary for AML cell survival but that a newly identified region termed the "FLOS" (functional location on SETD1A) domain is indispensable. FLOS disruption suppresses DNA damage response genes and induces p53-dependent apoptosis. The FLOS domain acts as a cyclin-K-binding site that is required for chromosomal recruitment of cyclin K and for DNA-repair-associated gene expression in S phase. These data identify a connection between the chromatin regulator SETD1A and the DNA damage response that is independent of histone methylation and suggests that targeting SETD1A and cyclin K complexes may represent a therapeutic opportunity for AML and, potentially, for other cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Hoshii
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02210, USA; Center for Epigenetics Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Paolo Cifani
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065 USA
| | - Zhaohui Feng
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02210, USA; Center for Epigenetics Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Chun-Hao Huang
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Cell and Developmental Biology Program, Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Richard Koche
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02210, USA
| | - Chun-Wei Chen
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02210, USA; Center for Epigenetics Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Christopher D Delaney
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02210, USA; Center for Epigenetics Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Scott W Lowe
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Cell and Developmental Biology Program, Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Alex Kentsis
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065 USA
| | - Scott A Armstrong
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02210, USA; Center for Epigenetics Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Lu B, Klingbeil O, Tarumoto Y, Somerville TDD, Huang YH, Wei Y, Wai DC, Low JKK, Milazzo JP, Wu XS, Cao Z, Yan X, Demerdash OE, Huang G, Mackay JP, Kinney JB, Shi J, Vakoc CR. A Transcription Factor Addiction in Leukemia Imposed by the MLL Promoter Sequence. Cancer Cell 2018; 34:970-981.e8. [PMID: 30503706 PMCID: PMC6554023 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2018.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The Mixed Lineage Leukemia gene (MLL) is altered in leukemia by chromosomal translocations to produce oncoproteins composed of the MLL N-terminus fused to the C-terminus of a partner protein. Here, we used domain-focused CRISPR screening to identify ZFP64 as an essential transcription factor in MLL-rearranged leukemia. We show that the critical function of ZFP64 in leukemia is to maintain MLL expression via binding to the MLL promoter, which is the most enriched location of ZFP64 occupancy in the human genome. The specificity of ZFP64 for MLL is accounted for by an exceptional density of ZFP64 motifs embedded within the MLL promoter. These findings demonstrate how a sequence anomaly of an oncogene promoter can impose a transcriptional addiction in cancer.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- A549 Cells
- Animals
- Cell Line, Tumor
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic
- HEK293 Cells
- High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing
- Humans
- K562 Cells
- Leukemia, Biphenotypic, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Biphenotypic, Acute/metabolism
- Leukemia, Biphenotypic, Acute/pathology
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, SCID
- Myeloid-Lymphoid Leukemia Protein/genetics
- Myeloid-Lymphoid Leukemia Protein/metabolism
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/genetics
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/metabolism
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- THP-1 Cells
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Translocation, Genetic
- Transplantation, Heterologous
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Lu
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Olaf Klingbeil
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Yusuke Tarumoto
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | | | - Yu-Han Huang
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Yiliang Wei
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Dorothy C Wai
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Jason K K Low
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Joseph P Milazzo
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Xiaoli S Wu
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Zhendong Cao
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Xiaomei Yan
- Divisions of Pathology and Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | | | - Gang Huang
- Divisions of Pathology and Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Joel P Mackay
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Justin B Kinney
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Junwei Shi
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
54
|
Di Carlo V, Mocavini I, Di Croce L. Polycomb complexes in normal and malignant hematopoiesis. J Cell Biol 2018; 218:55-69. [PMID: 30341152 PMCID: PMC6314559 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201808028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Di Carlo et al. discuss how the regulation/dysregulation of Polycomb group proteins contributes to hematopoiesis and hematological disorders. Epigenetic mechanisms are crucial for sustaining cell type–specific transcription programs. Among the distinct factors, Polycomb group (PcG) proteins are major negative regulators of gene expression in mammals. These proteins play key roles in regulating the proliferation, self-renewal, and differentiation of stem cells. During hematopoietic differentiation, many PcG proteins are fundamental for proper lineage commitment, as highlighted by the fact that a lack of distinct PcG proteins results in embryonic lethality accompanied by differentiation biases. Correspondingly, proteins of these complexes are frequently dysregulated in hematological diseases. In this review, we present an overview of the role of PcG proteins in normal and malignant hematopoiesis, focusing on the compositional complexity of PcG complexes, and we briefly discuss the ongoing clinical trials for drugs targeting these factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valerio Di Carlo
- Centre for Genomic Regulation, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ivano Mocavini
- Centre for Genomic Regulation, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luciano Di Croce
- Centre for Genomic Regulation, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain .,Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.,Institucio Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
SETD1A protects HSCs from activation-induced functional decline in vivo. Blood 2018; 131:1311-1324. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2017-09-806844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Key Points
SETD1A regulates DNA damage signaling and repair in HSCs and hematopoietic precursors in the absence of reactive oxygen species accumulation. SETD1A is important for the survival of mice after inflammation-induced HSC activation in situ.
Collapse
|
56
|
Folgiero V, Sorino C, Pallocca M, De Nicola F, Goeman F, Bertaina V, Strocchio L, Romania P, Pitisci A, Iezzi S, Catena V, Bruno T, Strimpakos G, Passananti C, Mattei E, Blandino G, Locatelli F, Fanciulli M. Che-1 is targeted by c-Myc to sustain proliferation in pre-B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. EMBO Rep 2018; 19:embr.201744871. [PMID: 29367285 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201744871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite progress in treating B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCP-ALL), disease recurrence remains the main cause of treatment failure. New strategies to improve therapeutic outcomes are needed, particularly in high-risk relapsed patients. Che-1/AATF (Che-1) is an RNA polymerase II-binding protein involved in proliferation and tumor survival, but its role in hematological malignancies has not been clarified. Here, we show that Che-1 is overexpressed in pediatric BCP-ALL during disease onset and at relapse, and that its depletion inhibits the proliferation of BCP-ALL cells. Furthermore, we report that c-Myc regulates Che-1 expression by direct binding to its promoter and describe a strict correlation between Che-1 expression and c-Myc expression. RNA-seq analyses upon Che-1 or c-Myc depletion reveal a strong overlap of the respective controlled pathways. Genomewide ChIP-seq experiments suggest that Che-1 acts as a downstream effector of c-Myc. These results identify the pivotal role of Che-1 in the control of BCP-ALL proliferation and present the protein as a possible therapeutic target in children with relapsed BCP-ALL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Folgiero
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina Sorino
- SAFU, Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostics, and Technological Innovation, Translational Research Area, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Matteo Pallocca
- SAFU, Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostics, and Technological Innovation, Translational Research Area, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca De Nicola
- SAFU, Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostics, and Technological Innovation, Translational Research Area, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Frauke Goeman
- Oncogenomic and Epigenetic, Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostics, and Technological Innovation, Translational Research Area, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Bertaina
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Luisa Strocchio
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Romania
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Angela Pitisci
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Iezzi
- SAFU, Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostics, and Technological Innovation, Translational Research Area, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria Catena
- SAFU, Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostics, and Technological Innovation, Translational Research Area, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Tiziana Bruno
- SAFU, Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostics, and Technological Innovation, Translational Research Area, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Georgios Strimpakos
- CNR-Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology CNR, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio Passananti
- CNR-Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Mattei
- CNR-Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology CNR, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Blandino
- Oncogenomic and Epigenetic, Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostics, and Technological Innovation, Translational Research Area, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Franco Locatelli
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Department of Pediatric Science, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Maurizio Fanciulli
- SAFU, Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostics, and Technological Innovation, Translational Research Area, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Abstract
Acute leukemias are hematologic malignancies with aggressive behavior especially in adult population. With the introduction of new gene expression and sequencing technologies there have been advances in the knowledge of the genetic landscape of acute leukemias. A more detailed analysis allows for the identification of additional alterations in epigenetic regulators that have a profound impact in cellular biology without changes in DNA sequence. These epigenetic alterations disturb the physiological balance between gene activation and gene repression and contribute to aberrant gene expression, contributing significantly to the leukemic pathogenesis and maintenance. We review epigenetic changes in acute leukemia in relation to what is known about their mechanism of action, their prognostic role and their potential use as therapeutic targets, with important implications for precision medicine.
Collapse
|
58
|
Castelli G, Pelosi E, Testa U. Targeting histone methyltransferase and demethylase in acute myeloid leukemia therapy. Onco Targets Ther 2017; 11:131-155. [PMID: 29343972 PMCID: PMC5749389 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s145971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a clonal disorder of myeloid progenitors characterized by the acquisition of chromosomal abnormalities, somatic mutations, and epigenetic changes that determine a consistent degree of biological and clinical heterogeneity. Advances in genomic technologies have increasingly shown the complexity and heterogeneity of genetic and epigenetic alterations in AML. Among the genetic alterations occurring in AML, frequent are the genetic alterations at the level of various genes involved in the epigenetic control of the DNA methylome and histone methylome. In fact, genes involved in DNA demethylation (such as DNMT3A, TET2, IDH1, and IDH2) or histone methylation and demethylation (EZH2, MLL, DOT1L) are frequently mutated in primary and secondary AML. Furthermore, some histone demethylases, such as LSD1, are frequently overexpressed in AML. These observations have strongly supported a major role of dysregulated epigenetic regulatory processes in leukemia onset and development. This conclusion was further supported by the observation that mutations in genes encoding epigenetic modifiers, such as DMT3A, ASXL1, TET2, IDH1, and IDH2, are usually acquired early and are present in the founding leukemic clone. These observations have contributed to development of the idea that targeting epigenetic abnormalities could represent a potentially promising strategy for the development of innovative treatments of AML. In this review, we analyze those proteins and their inhibitors that have already reached the first stages of clinical trials in AML, namely the histone methyltransferase DOT1L, the demethylase LSD1, and the MLL-interacting protein menin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Germana Castelli
- Department of Oncology, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Elvira Pelosi
- Department of Oncology, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Ugo Testa
- Department of Oncology, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Krivtsov AV, Hoshii T, Armstrong SA. Mixed-Lineage Leukemia Fusions and Chromatin in Leukemia. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2017; 7:cshperspect.a026658. [PMID: 28242784 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a026658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown the importance of chromatin-modifying complexes in the maintenance of developmental gene expression and human disease. The mixed lineage leukemia gene (MLL1) encodes a chromatin-modifying protein and was discovered as a result of the cloning of translocations involved in human leukemias. MLL1 is a histone lysine 4 (H3K4) methyltransferase that supports transcription of genes that are important for normal development including homeotic (Hox) genes. MLL1 rearrangements result in expression of fusion proteins without H3K4 methylation activity but may gain the ability to recruit other chromatin-associated complexes such as the H3K79 methyltransferase DOT1L and the super elongation complex. Therefore, chromosomal translocations involving MLL1 appear to directly perturb the regulation of multiple chromatin-associated complexes to allow inappropriate expression of developmentally regulated genes and thus drive leukemia development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrei V Krivtsov
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
| | - Takayuki Hoshii
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
| | - Scott A Armstrong
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Distinct functions of histone H3, lysine 4 methyltransferases in normal and malignant hematopoiesis. Curr Opin Hematol 2017; 24:322-328. [PMID: 28375985 DOI: 10.1097/moh.0000000000000346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Histone H3, lysine 4 (H3K4) methylation is one chromatin modification that defines distinct regulatory states of euchromatin. Mammals express six main histone methyltransferase (HMT) enzymes that modify H3K4 by monomethylation, dimethylation or trimethylation. Recent studies examine roles of some of these HMTs and their cofactors in hematopoiesis and leukemia. We discuss these emerging studies together with prior embryonic stem data, revealing how these enzymes function. RECENT FINDINGS Murine models have been employed to conditionally or constitutively knockout HMTs (MLL1/KMT2A, MLL2/KMT2B, MLL3/KMT2C, MLL4/KMT2D, SETD1A/KMT2F and SETD1B/KMT2G) as well as specific domains or partners of these enzymes in normal hematopoietic populations and in the context of hematologic malignancies. These studies demonstrate that global or gene-specific changes in H3K4 modification levels can be attributed to particular enzymes in particular tissues. SUMMARY Loss-of-function studies indicate largely nonoverlapping roles of the six H3K4 HMTs. These roles are not all necessarily due to differences in enzymatic activity and are not always accompanied by large global changes in histone modification. Both gain-of-function and loss-of-function mutations in hematologic malignancy are restricted to MLL1 and MLL3/MLL4, but emerging data indicate that SETD1A/SETD1B and MLL2 can be critical in leukemia as well.
Collapse
|
61
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW HOXA9 is a homeodomain transcription factor that plays an essential role in normal hematopoiesis and acute leukemia, in which its overexpression is strongly correlated with poor prognosis. The present review highlights recent advances in the understanding of genetic alterations leading to deregulation of HOXA9 and the downstream mechanisms of HOXA9-mediated transformation. RECENT FINDINGS A variety of genetic alterations including MLL translocations, NUP98-fusions, NPM1 mutations, CDX deregulation, and MOZ-fusions lead to high-level HOXA9 expression in acute leukemias. The mechanisms resulting in HOXA9 overexpression are beginning to be defined and represent attractive therapeutic targets. Small molecules targeting MLL-fusion protein complex members, such as DOT1L and menin, have shown promising results in animal models, and a DOT1L inhibitor is currently being tested in clinical trials. Essential HOXA9 cofactors and collaborators are also being identified, including transcription factors PU.1 and C/EBPα, which are required for HOXA9-driven leukemia. HOXA9 targets including IGF1, CDX4, INK4A/INK4B/ARF, mir-21, and mir-196b and many others provide another avenue for potential drug development. SUMMARY HOXA9 deregulation underlies a large subset of aggressive acute leukemias. Understanding the mechanisms regulating the expression and activity of HOXA9, along with its critical downstream targets, shows promise for the development of more selective and effective leukemia therapies.
Collapse
|
62
|
Ali A, Veeranki SN, Chinchole A, Tyagi S. MLL/WDR5 Complex Regulates Kif2A Localization to Ensure Chromosome Congression and Proper Spindle Assembly during Mitosis. Dev Cell 2017. [PMID: 28633016 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2017.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mixed-lineage leukemia (MLL), along with multisubunit (WDR5, RbBP5, ASH2L, and DPY30) complex catalyzes the trimethylation of H3K4, leading to gene activation. Here, we characterize a chromatin-independent role for MLL during mitosis. MLL and WDR5 localize to the mitotic spindle apparatus, and loss of function of MLL complex by RNAi results in defects in chromosome congression and compromised spindle formation. We report interaction of MLL complex with several kinesin and dynein motors. We further show that the MLL complex associates with Kif2A, a member of the Kinesin-13 family of microtubule depolymerase, and regulates the spindle localization of Kif2A during mitosis. We have identified a conserved WDR5 interaction (Win) motif, so far unique to the MLL family, in Kif2A. The Win motif of Kif2A engages in direct interactions with WDR5 for its spindle localization. Our findings highlight a non-canonical mitotic function of MLL complex, which may have a direct impact on chromosomal stability, frequently compromised in cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aamir Ali
- Laboratory of Cell Cycle Regulation, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD), Nampally, Hyderabad 500001, India; Graduate Studies, Manipal University, Manipal, India
| | - Sailaja Naga Veeranki
- Laboratory of Cell Cycle Regulation, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD), Nampally, Hyderabad 500001, India
| | - Akash Chinchole
- Laboratory of Cell Cycle Regulation, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD), Nampally, Hyderabad 500001, India; Graduate Studies, Manipal University, Manipal, India
| | - Shweta Tyagi
- Laboratory of Cell Cycle Regulation, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD), Nampally, Hyderabad 500001, India.
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Zhong J, Ji L, Chen H, Li X, Zhang J, Wang X, Wu W, Xu Y, Huang F, Cai W, Sun ZS. Acetylation of hMOF Modulates H4K16ac to Regulate DNA Repair Genes in Response to Oxidative Stress. Int J Biol Sci 2017; 13:923-934. [PMID: 28808424 PMCID: PMC5555109 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.17260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is considered to be a key risk state for a variety of human diseases. In response to oxidative stress, the regulation of transcriptional expression of DNA repair genes would be important to DNA repair and genomic stability. However, the overall pattern of transcriptional expression of DNA repair genes and the underlying molecular response mechanism to oxidative stress remain unclear. Here, by employing colorectal cancer cell lines following exposure to hydrogen peroxide, we generated expression profiles of DNA repair genes via RNA-seq and identified gene subsets that are induced or repressed following oxidative stress exposure. RRBS-seq analyses further indicated that transcriptional regulation of most of the DNA repair genes that were induced or repressed is independent of their DNA methylation status. Our analyses also indicate that hydrogen peroxide induces deacetylase SIRT1 which decreases chromatin affinity and the activity of histone acetyltransferase hMOF toward H4K16ac and results in decreased transcriptional expression of DNA repair genes. Taken together, our findings provide a potential mechanism by which oxidative stress suppresses DNA repair genes which is independent of the DNA methylation status of their promoters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianing Zhong
- The Science Research Center, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Liying Ji
- Institute of Genomic Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Huiqian Chen
- Institute of Genomic Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Xianfeng Li
- Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jian'an Zhang
- Institute of Genomic Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Xingxing Wang
- Institute of Genomic Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Weilin Wu
- The Science Research Center, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Ying Xu
- The Science Research Center, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Fei Huang
- The Science Research Center, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Wanshi Cai
- Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhong Sheng Sun
- Institute of Genomic Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
- Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| |
Collapse
|
64
|
Abstract
Conflicting data exist on the requirement for wild-type MLL1 in MLL-rearranged leukemia. In this issue of Cancer Cell, Chen et al. describe complementary approaches demonstrating that MLL1 is dispensable for MLL-fusion-mediated leukemogenesis. They also observe an unexpected role for MLL2 in MLL-rearranged leukemia cells and identify potential therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Thirman
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Abstract
In this review, Hu and Shilatifard summarize recent advances in our understanding of the role of chromatin modifiers in normal hematopoiesis and their contributions in hematopoietic transformation. Hematological malignancies comprise a diverse set of lymphoid and myeloid neoplasms in which normal hematopoiesis has gone awry and together account for ∼10% of all new cancer cases diagnosed in the United States in 2016. Recent intensive genomic sequencing of hematopoietic malignancies has identified recurrent mutations in genes that encode regulators of chromatin structure and function, highlighting the central role that aberrant epigenetic regulation plays in the pathogenesis of these neoplasms. Deciphering the molecular mechanisms for how alterations in epigenetic modifiers, specifically histone and DNA methylases and demethylases, drive hematopoietic cancer could provide new avenues for developing novel targeted epigenetic therapies for treating hematological malignancies. Just as past studies of blood cancers led to pioneering discoveries relevant to other cancers, determining the contribution of epigenetic modifiers in hematologic cancers could also have a broader impact on our understanding of the pathogenesis of solid tumors in which these factors are mutated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deqing Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics
| | - Ali Shilatifard
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics.,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| |
Collapse
|
66
|
Chen Y, Anastassiadis K, Kranz A, Stewart AF, Arndt K, Waskow C, Yokoyama A, Jones K, Neff T, Lee Y, Ernst P. MLL2, Not MLL1, Plays a Major Role in Sustaining MLL-Rearranged Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Cancer Cell 2017; 31:755-770.e6. [PMID: 28609655 PMCID: PMC5598468 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The MLL1 histone methyltransferase gene undergoes many distinct chromosomal rearrangements to yield poor-prognosis leukemia. The remaining wild-type allele is most commonly, but not always, retained. To what extent the wild-type allele contributes to leukemogenesis is unclear. Here we show, using rigorous, independent animal models, that endogenous MLL1 is dispensable for MLL-rearranged leukemia. Potential redundancy was addressed by co-deleting the closest paralog, Mll2. Surprisingly, Mll2 deletion alone had a significant impact on survival of MLL-AF9-transformed cells, and additional Mll1 loss further reduced viability and proliferation. We show that MLL1/MLL2 collaboration is not through redundancy, but regulation of distinct pathways. These findings highlight the relevance of MLL2 as a drug target in MLL-rearranged leukemia and suggest its broader significance in AML.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology/Oncology/BMT, University of Colorado, Denver/Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Genetics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Konstantinos Anastassiadis
- Genomics and Stem Cell Engineering, Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, BioInnovations Zentrum, Tatzberg 47, Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - Andrea Kranz
- Genomics and Stem Cell Engineering, Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, BioInnovations Zentrum, Tatzberg 47, Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - A Francis Stewart
- Genomics and Stem Cell Engineering, Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, BioInnovations Zentrum, Tatzberg 47, Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - Kathrin Arndt
- Regeneration in Hematopoiesis and Animal Models in Hematopoiesis, Institute for Immunology, Medical Faculty, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Claudia Waskow
- Regeneration in Hematopoiesis and Animal Models in Hematopoiesis, Institute for Immunology, Medical Faculty, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Akihiko Yokoyama
- Tsuruoka Metabolomics Laboratory, National Cancer Center, Mizukami 246-2, Kakuganji, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-0052, Japan
| | - Kenneth Jones
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology/Oncology/BMT, University of Colorado, Denver/Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Tobias Neff
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology/Oncology/BMT, University of Colorado, Denver/Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Yoo Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology/Oncology/BMT, University of Colorado, Denver/Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Patricia Ernst
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology/Oncology/BMT, University of Colorado, Denver/Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado, Denver/Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
Ash1l and lnc-Smad3 coordinate Smad3 locus accessibility to modulate iTreg polarization and T cell autoimmunity. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15818. [PMID: 28598443 PMCID: PMC5472765 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells are important for the maintenance of immune homoeostasis and prevention of autoimmune diseases. Epigenetic modifications have been reported to modulate autoimmunity by altering Treg cell fate. Here we show that the H3K4 methyltransferase Ash1l facilitates TGF-β-induced Treg cell polarization in vitro and protects mice from T cell-mediated colitis in vivo. Ash1l upregulates Smad3 expression by directly targeting Smad3 promoter to increase local H3K4 trimethylation. Furthermore, we identify an lncRNA, namely lnc-Smad3, which interacts with the histone deacetylase HDAC1 and silences Smad3 transcription. After TGF-β stimulation, activated Smad3 suppresses lnc-Smad3 transcription, thereby recovering the Smad3 promoter accessibility to Ash1l. By revealing the opposite regulatory functions of Ash1l and lnc-Smad3 in Smad3 expression, our data provide insights for the epigenetic control of Treg cell fate to potentially aid in the development of therapeutic intervention for autoimmune diseases. The transcriptional program activated by Smad2/Smad3 is critical for the induction and function of regulatory T cells. Here the authors show that the expression of Smad3 is modulated by the complementary functions of a methyltransferase Ash1l and an lncRNA lnc-Smad3 on the promoter accessibility of the mouse Smad3 locus.
Collapse
|
68
|
SETD4 Regulates Cell Quiescence and Catalyzes the Trimethylation of H4K20 during Diapause Formation in Artemia. Mol Cell Biol 2017; 37:MCB.00453-16. [PMID: 28031330 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00453-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
As a prominent characteristic of cell life, the regulation of cell quiescence is important for proper development, regeneration, and stress resistance and may play a role in certain degenerative diseases. However, the mechanism underlying quiescence remains largely unknown. Encysted embryos of Artemia are useful for studying the regulation of this state because they remain quiescent for prolonged periods during diapause, a state of obligate dormancy. In the present study, SET domain-containing protein 4, a histone lysine methyltransferase from Artemia, was identified, characterized, and named Ar-SETD4. We found that Ar-SETD4 was expressed abundantly in Artemia diapause embryos, in which cells were in a quiescent state. Meanwhile, trimethylated histone H4K20 (H4K20me3) was enriched in diapause embryos. The knockdown of Ar-SETD4 reduced the level of H4K20me3 significantly and prevented the formation of diapause embryos in which neither the cell cycle nor embryogenesis ceased. The catalytic activity of Ar-SETD4 on H4K20me3 was confirmed by an in vitro histone methyltransferase (HMT) assay and overexpression in cell lines. This study provides insights into the function of SETD4 and the mechanism of cell quiescence regulation.
Collapse
|
69
|
Vedadi M, Blazer L, Eram MS, Barsyte-Lovejoy D, Arrowsmith CH, Hajian T. Targeting human SET1/MLL family of proteins. Protein Sci 2017; 26:662-676. [PMID: 28160335 PMCID: PMC5368065 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The SET1 family of proteins, and in particular MLL1, are essential regulators of transcription and key mediators of normal development and disease. Here, we summarize the detailed characterization of the methyltransferase activity of SET1 complexes and the role of the key subunits, WDR5, RbBP5, ASH2L, and DPY30. We present new data on full kinetic characterization of human MLL1, MLL3, SET1A, and SET1B trimeric, tetrameric, and pentameric complexes to elaborate on substrate specificities and compare our findings with what has been reported before. We also review exciting recent work identifying potent inhibitors of oncogenic MLL1 function through disruption of protein–protein interactions within the MLL1 complex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Vedadi
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8
| | - Levi Blazer
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7
| | - Mohammad S Eram
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7
| | | | - Cheryl H Arrowsmith
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7.,Princess Margaret Cancer Centre and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9
| | - Taraneh Hajian
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7
| |
Collapse
|
70
|
Meeks JJ, Shilatifard A. Multiple Roles for the MLL/COMPASS Family in the Epigenetic Regulation of Gene Expression and in Cancer. ANNUAL REVIEW OF CANCER BIOLOGY-SERIES 2017. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cancerbio-050216-034333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J. Meeks
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Ali Shilatifard
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
Valerio DG, Xu H, Chen CW, Hoshii T, Eisold ME, Delaney C, Cusan M, Deshpande AJ, Huang CH, Lujambio A, Zheng YG, Zuber J, Pandita TK, Lowe SW, Armstrong SA. Histone Acetyltransferase Activity of MOF Is Required for MLL-AF9 Leukemogenesis. Cancer Res 2017; 77:1753-1762. [PMID: 28202522 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-2374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Chromatin-based mechanisms offer therapeutic targets in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) that are of great current interest. In this study, we conducted an RNAi-based screen to identify druggable chromatin regulator-based targets in leukemias marked by oncogenic rearrangements of the MLL gene. In this manner, we discovered the H4K16 histone acetyltransferase (HAT) MOF to be important for leukemia cell growth. Conditional deletion of Mof in a mouse model of MLL-AF9-driven leukemogenesis reduced tumor burden and prolonged host survival. RNA sequencing showed an expected downregulation of genes within DNA damage repair pathways that are controlled by MOF, as correlated with a significant increase in yH2AX nuclear foci in Mof-deficient MLL-AF9 tumor cells. In parallel, Mof loss also impaired global H4K16 acetylation in the tumor cell genome. Rescue experiments with catalytically inactive mutants of MOF showed that its enzymatic activity was required to maintain cancer pathogenicity. In support of the role of MOF in sustaining H4K16 acetylation, a small-molecule inhibitor of the HAT component MYST blocked the growth of both murine and human MLL-AF9 leukemia cell lines. Furthermore, Mof inactivation suppressed leukemia development in an NUP98-HOXA9-driven AML model. Taken together, our results establish that the HAT activity of MOF is required to sustain MLL-AF9 leukemia and may be important for multiple AML subtypes. Blocking this activity is sufficient to stimulate DNA damage, offering a rationale to pursue MOF inhibitors as a targeted approach to treat MLL-rearranged leukemias. Cancer Res; 77(7); 1753-62. ©2017 AACR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daria G Valerio
- Center for Epigenetics Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.,Cancer Biology & Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Haiming Xu
- Center for Epigenetics Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.,Cancer Biology & Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.,Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Chun-Wei Chen
- Center for Epigenetics Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.,Cancer Biology & Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.,Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Takayuki Hoshii
- Center for Epigenetics Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.,Cancer Biology & Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.,Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Meghan E Eisold
- Center for Epigenetics Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.,Cancer Biology & Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Christopher Delaney
- Center for Epigenetics Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.,Cancer Biology & Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.,Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Monica Cusan
- Center for Epigenetics Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.,Cancer Biology & Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Aniruddha J Deshpande
- Center for Epigenetics Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.,Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Chun-Hao Huang
- Cancer Biology & Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Amaia Lujambio
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - YuJun George Zheng
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Johannes Zuber
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Tej K Pandita
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas
| | - Scott W Lowe
- Cancer Biology & Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Scott A Armstrong
- Center for Epigenetics Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York. .,Cancer Biology & Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.,Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| |
Collapse
|
72
|
Lu C, Paschall AV, Shi H, Savage N, Waller JL, Sabbatini ME, Oberlies NH, Pearce C, Liu K. The MLL1-H3K4me3 Axis-Mediated PD-L1 Expression and Pancreatic Cancer Immune Evasion. J Natl Cancer Inst 2017; 109:2962333. [PMID: 28131992 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djw283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic cancer is one of the cancers where anti-PD-L1/PD-1 immunotherapy has been unsuccessful. What confers pancreatic cancer resistance to checkpoint immunotherapy is unknown. The aim of this study is to elucidate the underlying mechanism of PD-L1 expression regulation in the context of pancreatic cancer immune evasion. METHODS Pancreatic cancer mouse models and human specimens were used to determine PD-L1 and PD-1 expression and cancer immune evasion. Histone methyltransferase inhibitors, RNAi, and overexpression were used to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanism of PD-L1 expression regulation. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS PD-L1 is expressed in 60% to 90% of tumor cells in human pancreatic carcinomas and in nine of 10 human pancreatic cancer cell lines. PD-1 is expressed in 51.2% to 52.1% of pancreatic tumor-infiltrating cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). Tumors grow statistically significantly faster in FasL-deficient mice than in wild-type mice (P = .03-.001) and when CTLs are neutralized (P = .03-<.001). H3K4 trimethylation (H3K4me3) is enriched in the cd274 promoter in pancreatic tumor cells. MLL1 directly binds to the cd274 promoter to catalyze H3K4me3 to activate PD-L1 transcription in tumor cells. Inhibition or silencing of MLL1 decreases the H3K4me3 level in the cd274 promoter and PD-L1 expression in tumor cells. Accordingly, inhibition of MLL1 in combination with anti-PD-L1 or anti-PD-1 antibody immunotherapy effectively suppresses pancreatic tumor growth in a FasL- and CTL-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS The Fas-FasL/CTLs and the MLL1-H3K4me3-PD-L1 axis play contrasting roles in pancreatic cancer immune surveillance and evasion. Targeting the MLL1-H3K4me3 axis is an effective approach to enhance the efficacy of checkpoint immunotherapy against pancreatic cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunwan Lu
- Affiliations of authors: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (CL, AVP, KL), Department of Pathology (NS), and Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology (JLW), Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA; Georgia Cancer Center (CL, AVP, HS, KL) and Department of Biological Sciences (MES), Augusta University, Augusta, GA; Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA (CL, AVP, KL); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC (NHO); Mycosynthetix, Inc., Hillsborough, NC (CP)
| | - Amy V Paschall
- Affiliations of authors: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (CL, AVP, KL), Department of Pathology (NS), and Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology (JLW), Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA; Georgia Cancer Center (CL, AVP, HS, KL) and Department of Biological Sciences (MES), Augusta University, Augusta, GA; Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA (CL, AVP, KL); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC (NHO); Mycosynthetix, Inc., Hillsborough, NC (CP)
| | - Huidong Shi
- Affiliations of authors: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (CL, AVP, KL), Department of Pathology (NS), and Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology (JLW), Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA; Georgia Cancer Center (CL, AVP, HS, KL) and Department of Biological Sciences (MES), Augusta University, Augusta, GA; Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA (CL, AVP, KL); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC (NHO); Mycosynthetix, Inc., Hillsborough, NC (CP)
| | - Natasha Savage
- Affiliations of authors: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (CL, AVP, KL), Department of Pathology (NS), and Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology (JLW), Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA; Georgia Cancer Center (CL, AVP, HS, KL) and Department of Biological Sciences (MES), Augusta University, Augusta, GA; Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA (CL, AVP, KL); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC (NHO); Mycosynthetix, Inc., Hillsborough, NC (CP)
| | - Jennifer L Waller
- Affiliations of authors: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (CL, AVP, KL), Department of Pathology (NS), and Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology (JLW), Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA; Georgia Cancer Center (CL, AVP, HS, KL) and Department of Biological Sciences (MES), Augusta University, Augusta, GA; Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA (CL, AVP, KL); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC (NHO); Mycosynthetix, Inc., Hillsborough, NC (CP)
| | - Maria E Sabbatini
- Affiliations of authors: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (CL, AVP, KL), Department of Pathology (NS), and Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology (JLW), Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA; Georgia Cancer Center (CL, AVP, HS, KL) and Department of Biological Sciences (MES), Augusta University, Augusta, GA; Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA (CL, AVP, KL); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC (NHO); Mycosynthetix, Inc., Hillsborough, NC (CP)
| | - Nicholas H Oberlies
- Affiliations of authors: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (CL, AVP, KL), Department of Pathology (NS), and Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology (JLW), Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA; Georgia Cancer Center (CL, AVP, HS, KL) and Department of Biological Sciences (MES), Augusta University, Augusta, GA; Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA (CL, AVP, KL); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC (NHO); Mycosynthetix, Inc., Hillsborough, NC (CP)
| | - Cedric Pearce
- Affiliations of authors: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (CL, AVP, KL), Department of Pathology (NS), and Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology (JLW), Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA; Georgia Cancer Center (CL, AVP, HS, KL) and Department of Biological Sciences (MES), Augusta University, Augusta, GA; Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA (CL, AVP, KL); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC (NHO); Mycosynthetix, Inc., Hillsborough, NC (CP)
| | - Kebin Liu
- Affiliations of authors: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (CL, AVP, KL), Department of Pathology (NS), and Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology (JLW), Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA; Georgia Cancer Center (CL, AVP, HS, KL) and Department of Biological Sciences (MES), Augusta University, Augusta, GA; Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA (CL, AVP, KL); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC (NHO); Mycosynthetix, Inc., Hillsborough, NC (CP)
| |
Collapse
|
73
|
Liang K, Volk AG, Haug JS, Marshall SA, Woodfin AR, Bartom ET, Gilmore JM, Florens L, Washburn MP, Sullivan KD, Espinosa JM, Cannova J, Zhang J, Smith ER, Crispino JD, Shilatifard A. Therapeutic Targeting of MLL Degradation Pathways in MLL-Rearranged Leukemia. Cell 2017; 168:59-72.e13. [PMID: 28065413 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Chromosomal translocations of the mixed-lineage leukemia (MLL) gene with various partner genes result in aggressive leukemia with dismal outcomes. Despite similar expression at the mRNA level from the wild-type and chimeric MLL alleles, the chimeric protein is more stable. We report that UBE2O functions in regulating the stability of wild-type MLL in response to interleukin-1 signaling. Targeting wild-type MLL degradation impedes MLL leukemia cell proliferation, and it downregulates a specific group of target genes of the MLL chimeras and their oncogenic cofactor, the super elongation complex. Pharmacologically inhibiting this pathway substantially delays progression, and it improves survival of murine leukemia through stabilizing wild-type MLL protein, which displaces the MLL chimera from some of its target genes and, therefore, relieves the cellular oncogenic addiction to MLL chimeras. Stabilization of MLL provides us with a paradigm in the development of therapies for aggressive MLL leukemia and perhaps for other cancers caused by translocations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaiwei Liang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 320 E. Superior St., Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 E. 50th St., Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Andrew G Volk
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 320 E. Superior St., Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Division of Hematology and Oncology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E. Superior St., Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Haug
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 E. 50th St., Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Stacy A Marshall
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 320 E. Superior St., Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Ashley R Woodfin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 320 E. Superior St., Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Elizabeth T Bartom
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 320 E. Superior St., Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Joshua M Gilmore
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 E. 50th St., Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Laurence Florens
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 E. 50th St., Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Michael P Washburn
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 E. 50th St., Kansas City, MO 64110, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66150, USA
| | - Kelly D Sullivan
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome & Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Joaquin M Espinosa
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome & Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Joseph Cannova
- Oncology Institute, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA; Department of Pathology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - Jiwang Zhang
- Oncology Institute, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA; Department of Pathology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - Edwin R Smith
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 320 E. Superior St., Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - John D Crispino
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 320 E. Superior St., Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Division of Hematology and Oncology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E. Superior St., Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 320 E. Superior St., Chicago, Il 60611, USA
| | - Ali Shilatifard
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 320 E. Superior St., Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 E. 50th St., Kansas City, MO 64110, USA; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 320 E. Superior St., Chicago, Il 60611, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
74
|
Winters AC, Bernt KM. MLL-Rearranged Leukemias-An Update on Science and Clinical Approaches. Front Pediatr 2017; 5:4. [PMID: 28232907 PMCID: PMC5299633 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2017.00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The mixed-lineage leukemia 1 (MLL1) gene (now renamed Lysine [K]-specific MethylTransferase 2A or KMT2A) on chromosome 11q23 is disrupted in a unique group of acute leukemias. More than 80 different partner genes in these fusions have been described, although the majority of leukemias result from MLL1 fusions with one of about six common partner genes. Approximately 10% of all leukemias harbor MLL1 translocations. Of these, two patient populations comprise the majority of cases: patients younger than 1 year of age at diagnosis (primarily acute lymphoblastic leukemias) and young- to-middle-aged adults (primarily acute myeloid leukemias). A much rarer subgroup of patients with MLL1 rearrangements develop leukemia that is attributable to prior treatment with certain chemotherapeutic agents-so-called therapy-related leukemias. In general, outcomes for all of these patients remain poor when compared to patients with non-MLL1 rearranged leukemias. In this review, we will discuss the normal biological roles of MLL1 and its fusion partners, how these roles are hypothesized to be dysregulated in the context of MLL1 rearrangements, and the clinical manifestations of this group of leukemias. We will go on to discuss the progress in clinical management and promising new avenues of research, which may lead to more effective targeted therapies for affected patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda C Winters
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology/BMT, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado , Aurora, CO , USA
| | - Kathrin M Bernt
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology/BMT, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado , Aurora, CO , USA
| |
Collapse
|
75
|
Xu H, Valerio DG, Eisold ME, Sinha A, Koche RP, Hu W, Chen CW, Chu SH, Brien GL, Park CY, Hsieh JJ, Ernst P, Armstrong SA. NUP98 Fusion Proteins Interact with the NSL and MLL1 Complexes to Drive Leukemogenesis. Cancer Cell 2016; 30:863-878. [PMID: 27889185 PMCID: PMC5501282 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2016.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The nucleoporin 98 gene (NUP98) is fused to a variety of partner genes in multiple hematopoietic malignancies. Here, we demonstrate that NUP98 fusion proteins, including NUP98-HOXA9 (NHA9), NUP98-HOXD13 (NHD13), NUP98-NSD1, NUP98-PHF23, and NUP98-TOP1 physically interact with mixed lineage leukemia 1 (MLL1) and the non-specific lethal (NSL) histone-modifying complexes. Chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing illustrates that NHA9 and MLL1 co-localize on chromatin and are found associated with Hox gene promoter regions. Furthermore, MLL1 is required for the proliferation of NHA9 cells in vitro and in vivo. Inactivation of MLL1 leads to decreased expression of genes bound by NHA9 and MLL1 and reverses a gene expression signature found in NUP98-rearranged human leukemias. Our data reveal a molecular dependency on MLL1 function in NUP98-fusion-driven leukemogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haiming Xu
- Cancer Biology & Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Daria G Valerio
- Cancer Biology & Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Meghan E Eisold
- Cancer Biology & Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Amit Sinha
- Cancer Biology & Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Richard P Koche
- Cancer Biology & Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Wenhuo Hu
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Chun-Wei Chen
- Cancer Biology & Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - S Haihua Chu
- Cancer Biology & Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Gerard L Brien
- Cancer Biology & Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Christopher Y Park
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - James J Hsieh
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Patricia Ernst
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Scott A Armstrong
- Cancer Biology & Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
76
|
Trompouki E, Flores-Figueroa E, Lucas D, Bowman TV. From the bedside to the bench: new discoveries on blood cell fate and function. Exp Hematol 2016; 47:24-30. [PMID: 27931853 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2016.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Controversy and context: two words that exemplified this year's International Society for Experimental Hematology meeting. Leaders in the field of hematology from around the world gathered in San Diego in August of 2016 to discuss cutting-edge research on diverse topics such as hemoglobin switching, hematopoietic stem cell emergence, leukemogenesis, and aging. Major questions discussed included the "when, where, and how" of hematopoietic emergence, bone marrow residence, and disease origination. This meeting summary covers some of the conference highlights.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eirini Trompouki
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Eugenia Flores-Figueroa
- Oncology Research Unit, Oncology Hospital, National Medical Center, Mexican Social Security Institute (Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Daniel Lucas
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Teresa V Bowman
- Departments of Developmental and Molecular Biology and Medicine (Oncology), Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
77
|
Yokoyama A. Transcriptional activation by MLL fusion proteins in leukemogenesis. Exp Hematol 2016; 46:21-30. [PMID: 27865805 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2016.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Chromosomal translocations involving the mixed lineage leukemia (MLL) gene cause aggressive leukemia. Fusion proteins of MLL and a component of the AF4 family/ENL family/P-TEFb complex (AEP) are responsible for two-thirds of MLL-associated leukemia cases. MLL-AEP fusion proteins trigger aberrant self-renewal of hematopoietic progenitors by constitutively activating self-renewal-related genes. MLL-AEP fusion proteins activate transcription initiation by loading the TATA-binding protein (TBP) to the TATA element via selectivity factor 1. Although AEP retains transcription elongation and mediator recruiting activities, the rate-limiting step activated by MLL-AEP fusion proteins appears to be the TBP-loading step. This is contrary to prevailing views, in which the recruitment of transcription elongation activities are emphasized. Here, I review recent advances towards elucidating the mechanisms underlying gene activation by MLL-AEP fusion proteins in leukemogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko Yokoyama
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan; Division of Hematological Malignancy, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
78
|
Dafflon C, Craig VJ, Méreau H, Gräsel J, Schacher Engstler B, Hoffman G, Nigsch F, Gaulis S, Barys L, Ito M, Aguadé-Gorgorió J, Bornhauser B, Bourquin JP, Proske A, Stork-Fux C, Murakami M, Sellers WR, Hofmann F, Schwaller J, Tiedt R. Complementary activities of DOT1L and Menin inhibitors in MLL-rearranged leukemia. Leukemia 2016; 31:1269-1277. [PMID: 27840424 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2016.327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Chromosomal rearrangements of the mixed lineage leukemia (MLL/KMT2A) gene leading to oncogenic MLL-fusion proteins occur in ~10% of acute leukemias and are associated with poor clinical outcomes, emphasizing the need for new treatment modalities. Inhibition of the DOT1-like histone H3K79 methyltransferase (DOT1L) is a specific therapeutic approach for such leukemias that is currently being tested in clinical trials. However, in most MLL-rearranged leukemia models responses to DOT1L inhibitors are limited. Here, we performed deep-coverage short hairpin RNA sensitizer screens in DOT1L inhibitor-treated MLL-rearranged leukemia cell lines and discovered that targeting additional nodes of MLL complexes concomitantly with DOT1L inhibition bears great potential for superior therapeutic results. Most notably, combination of a DOT1L inhibitor with an inhibitor of the MLL-Menin interaction markedly enhanced induction of differentiation and cell killing in various MLL disease models including primary leukemia cells, while sparing normal hematopoiesis and leukemias without MLL rearrangements. Gene expression analysis on human and murine leukemic cells revealed that target genes of MLL-fusion proteins and MYC were suppressed more profoundly upon combination treatment. Our findings provide a strong rationale for a novel targeted combination therapy that is expected to improve therapeutic outcomes in patients with MLL-rearranged leukemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Dafflon
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Disease Area Oncology, Basel, Switzerland
| | - V J Craig
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Disease Area Oncology, Basel, Switzerland
| | - H Méreau
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - J Gräsel
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Disease Area Oncology, Basel, Switzerland
| | - B Schacher Engstler
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Disease Area Oncology, Basel, Switzerland
| | - G Hoffman
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - F Nigsch
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Basel, Switzerland
| | - S Gaulis
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Disease Area Oncology, Basel, Switzerland
| | - L Barys
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Disease Area Oncology, Basel, Switzerland
| | - M Ito
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Disease Area Oncology, Basel, Switzerland
| | - J Aguadé-Gorgorió
- Department of Oncology, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - B Bornhauser
- Department of Oncology, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - J-P Bourquin
- Department of Oncology, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - A Proske
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Disease Area Oncology, Basel, Switzerland
| | - C Stork-Fux
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Disease Area Oncology, Basel, Switzerland
| | - M Murakami
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Disease Area Oncology, Basel, Switzerland
| | - W R Sellers
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Disease Area Oncology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - F Hofmann
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Disease Area Oncology, Basel, Switzerland
| | - J Schwaller
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - R Tiedt
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Disease Area Oncology, Basel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
79
|
Histone acetyltransferase activity of MOF is required for adult but not early fetal hematopoiesis in mice. Blood 2016; 129:48-59. [PMID: 27827827 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-05-714568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
K(lysine) acetyltransferase 8 (KAT8, also known as MOF) mediates the acetylation of histone H4 at lysine 16 (H4K16ac) and is crucial for murine embryogenesis. Lysine acetyltransferases have been shown to regulate various stages of normal hematopoiesis. However, the function of MOF in hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) development has not yet been elucidated. We set out to study the role of MOF in general hematopoiesis by using a Vav1-cre-induced conditional murine Mof knockout system and found that MOF is critical for hematopoietic cell maintenance and HSC engraftment capacity in adult hematopoiesis. Rescue experiments with a MOF histone acetyltransferase domain mutant illustrated the requirement for MOF acetyltransferase activity in the clonogenic capacity of HSCs and progenitors. In stark contrast, fetal steady-state hematopoiesis at embryonic day (E) 14.5 was not affected by homozygous Mof deletion despite dramatic loss of global H4K16ac. Hematopoietic defects start manifesting in late gestation at E17.5. The discovery that MOF and its H4K16ac activity are required for adult but not early and midgestational hematopoiesis supports the notion that multiple chromatin regulators may be crucial for hematopoiesis at varying stages of development. MOF is therefore a developmental-stage-specific chromatin regulator found to be essential for adult but not early fetal hematopoiesis.
Collapse
|
80
|
Yang W, Ernst P. SET/MLL family proteins in hematopoiesis and leukemia. Int J Hematol 2016; 105:7-16. [DOI: 10.1007/s12185-016-2118-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
|
81
|
Yang Z, Shah K, Khodadadi-Jamayran A, Jiang H. Dpy30 is critical for maintaining the identity and function of adult hematopoietic stem cells. J Exp Med 2016; 213:2349-2364. [PMID: 27647347 PMCID: PMC5068233 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20160185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
As the major histone H3K4 methyltransferases in mammals, the Set1/Mll complexes play important roles in animal development and are associated with many diseases, including hematological malignancies. However, the role of the H3K4 methylation activity of these complexes in fate determination of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSCs and HPCs) remains elusive. Here, we address this question by generating a conditional knockout mouse for Dpy30, which is a common core subunit of all Set1/Mll complexes and facilitates genome-wide H3K4 methylation in cells. Dpy30 loss in the adult hematopoietic system results in severe pancytopenia but striking accumulation of HSCs and early HPCs that are defective in multilineage reconstitution, suggesting a differentiation block. In mixed bone marrow chimeras, Dpy30-deficient HSCs cannot differentiate or efficiently up-regulate lineage-regulatory genes, and eventually fail to sustain for long term with significant loss of HSC signature gene expression. Our molecular analyses reveal that Dpy30 directly and preferentially controls H3K4 methylation and expression of many hematopoietic development-associated genes including several key transcriptional and chromatin regulators involved in HSC function. Collectively, our results establish a critical and selective role of Dpy30 and the H3K4 methylation activity of the Set1/Mll complexes for maintaining the identity and function of adult HSCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, UAB Stem Cell Institute, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL 35210
| | - Kushani Shah
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, UAB Stem Cell Institute, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL 35210
| | - Alireza Khodadadi-Jamayran
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, UAB Stem Cell Institute, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL 35210
| | - Hao Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, UAB Stem Cell Institute, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL 35210
| |
Collapse
|
82
|
Kühn MWM, Song E, Feng Z, Sinha A, Chen CW, Deshpande AJ, Cusan M, Farnoud N, Mupo A, Grove C, Koche R, Bradner JE, de Stanchina E, Vassiliou GS, Hoshii T, Armstrong SA. Targeting Chromatin Regulators Inhibits Leukemogenic Gene Expression in NPM1 Mutant Leukemia. Cancer Discov 2016; 6:1166-1181. [PMID: 27535106 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-16-0237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Homeobox (HOX) proteins and the receptor tyrosine kinase FLT3 are frequently highly expressed and mutated in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Aberrant HOX expression is found in nearly all AMLs that harbor a mutation in the Nucleophosmin (NPM1) gene, and FLT3 is concomitantly mutated in approximately 60% of these cases. Little is known about how mutant NPM1 (NPM1mut) cells maintain aberrant gene expression. Here, we demonstrate that the histone modifiers MLL1 and DOT1L control HOX and FLT3 expression and differentiation in NPM1mut AML. Using a CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing domain screen, we show NPM1mut AML to be exceptionally dependent on the menin binding site in MLL1. Pharmacologic small-molecule inhibition of the menin-MLL1 protein interaction had profound antileukemic activity in human and murine models of NPM1mut AML. Combined pharmacologic inhibition of menin-MLL1 and DOT1L resulted in dramatic suppression of HOX and FLT3 expression, induction of differentiation, and superior activity against NPM1mut leukemia. SIGNIFICANCE MLL1 and DOT1L are chromatin regulators that control HOX, MEIS1, and FLT3 expression and are therapeutic targets in NPM1mut AML. Combinatorial small-molecule inhibition has synergistic on-target activity and constitutes a novel therapeutic concept for this common AML subtype. Cancer Discov; 6(10); 1166-81. ©2016 AACR.See related commentary by Hourigan and Aplan, p. 1087This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 1069.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael W M Kühn
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York. Department of Medicine III, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Evelyn Song
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Zhaohui Feng
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Amit Sinha
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Chun-Wei Chen
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Aniruddha J Deshpande
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Monica Cusan
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Noushin Farnoud
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Annalisa Mupo
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Carolyn Grove
- Department of Haematology, PathWest/Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia. School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Richard Koche
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - James E Bradner
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Elisa de Stanchina
- Antitumor Assessment Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | | | - Takayuki Hoshii
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Scott A Armstrong
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York. Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
| |
Collapse
|
83
|
Abstract
Mammalian embryonic development is a tightly regulated process that, from a single zygote, produces a large number of cell types with hugely divergent functions. Distinct cellular differentiation programmes are facilitated by tight transcriptional and epigenetic regulation. However, the contribution of epigenetic regulation to tissue homeostasis after the completion of development is less well understood. In this Review, we explore the effects of epigenetic dysregulation on adult stem cell function. We conclude that, depending on the tissue type and the epigenetic regulator affected, the consequences range from negligible to stem cell malfunction and disruption of tissue homeostasis, which may predispose to diseases such as cancer.
Collapse
|
84
|
Allison KA, Sajti E, Collier JG, Gosselin D, Troutman TD, Stone EL, Hedrick SM, Glass CK. Affinity and dose of TCR engagement yield proportional enhancer and gene activity in CD4+ T cells. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27376549 PMCID: PMC4931909 DOI: 10.7554/elife.10134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Affinity and dose of T cell receptor (TCR) interaction with antigens govern the magnitude of CD4+ T cell responses, but questions remain regarding the quantitative translation of TCR engagement into downstream signals. We find that while the response of mouse CD4+ T cells to antigenic stimulation is bimodal, activated cells exhibit analog responses proportional to signal strength. Gene expression output reflects TCR signal strength, providing a signature of T cell activation. Expression changes rely on a pre-established enhancer landscape and quantitative acetylation at AP-1 binding sites. Finally, we show that graded expression of activation genes depends on ERK pathway activation, suggesting that an ERK-AP-1 axis plays an important role in translating TCR signal strength into proportional activation of enhancers and genes essential for T cell function. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.10134.001 T helper cells recognize and respond to bacteria, viruses and other invading microbes and thus play a central role in the adaptive immune system. These cells have a receptor on their surface that binds to fragments of proteins – known as oligopeptides – from the microbes that have been digested and presented on the surfaces of other immune cells. Once active, T helper cells multiply, grow and release signals that regulate genes in other cells to promote immune responses. Previous studies suggest that a T helper cell’s response is binary – that is, either on or off. However, this does not explain how the strength of the T cell response to infection can vary. Allison et al. used a technique called high-throughput sequencing to examine the activity of genes in T helper cells from mice that had been genetically engineered to only produce one type of T cell receptor. For the experiments, the T cells were exposed to various concentrations of different peptides known to bind either well or poorly to the receptor. Allison et al. found that, once activated, the response of an individual T cell was not binary, but instead was related to the strength of the signal it received through its receptor. Further experiments showed that although a subset of the genes activated in T helper cells do respond in a binary fashion, the activities of many other genes involved in immune responses and cell metabolism were related to the strength of the signal from the receptor. This “analog” gene activation depends on the level of activity of the MAP kinase signaling pathway. Together, Allison et al.’s findings help us to understand how T cells are able to fine-tune immune responses to invading microbes. The next challenge will be to investigate the mechanisms underlying binary and analog gene activity in T cells. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.10134.002
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karmel A Allison
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, United States.,Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Program, University of California, San Diego, United States
| | - Eniko Sajti
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, United States.,Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, United States
| | - Jana G Collier
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, United States
| | - David Gosselin
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, United States
| | - Ty Dale Troutman
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, United States
| | - Erica L Stone
- Molecular Biology Section, Division of Biological Science, University of California, San Diego, United States.,Translational Tumor Immunology Program, Wistar Institute Cancer Center, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Stephen M Hedrick
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, United States.,Molecular Biology Section, Division of Biological Science, University of California, San Diego, United States
| | - Christopher K Glass
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, United States
| |
Collapse
|
85
|
Zhu L, Li Q, Wong SHK, Huang M, Klein BJ, Shen J, Ikenouye L, Onishi M, Schneidawind D, Buechele C, Hansen L, Duque-Afonso J, Zhu F, Martin GM, Gozani O, Majeti R, Kutateladze TG, Cleary ML. ASH1L Links Histone H3 Lysine 36 Dimethylation to MLL Leukemia. Cancer Discov 2016; 6:770-83. [PMID: 27154821 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-16-0058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Numerous studies in multiple systems support that histone H3 lysine 36 dimethylation (H3K36me2) is associated with transcriptional activation; however, the underlying mechanisms are not well defined. Here, we show that the H3K36me2 chromatin mark written by the ASH1L histone methyltransferase is preferentially bound in vivo by LEDGF, a mixed-lineage leukemia (MLL)-associated protein that colocalizes with MLL, ASH1L, and H3K36me2 on chromatin genome wide. Furthermore, ASH1L facilitates recruitment of LEDGF and wild-type MLL proteins to chromatin at key leukemia target genes and is a crucial regulator of MLL-dependent transcription and leukemic transformation. Conversely, KDM2A, an H3K36me2 demethylase and Polycomb group silencing protein, antagonizes MLL-associated leukemogenesis. Our studies are the first to provide a basic mechanistic insight into epigenetic interactions wherein placement, interpretation, and removal of H3K36me2 contribute to the regulation of gene expression and MLL leukemia, and suggest ASH1L as a novel target for therapeutic intervention. SIGNIFICANCE Epigenetic regulators play vital roles in cancer pathogenesis and represent a new frontier in therapeutic targeting. Our studies provide basic mechanistic insight into the role of H3K36me2 in transcription activation and MLL leukemia pathogenesis and implicate ASH1L histone methyltransferase as a promising target for novel molecular therapy. Cancer Discov; 6(7); 770-83. ©2016 AACR.See related commentary by Balbach and Orkin, p. 700This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 681.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Qin Li
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Stephen H K Wong
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Min Huang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Brianna J Klein
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Jinfeng Shen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Cancer Institute, and Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Larissa Ikenouye
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Masayuki Onishi
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Dominik Schneidawind
- Department of Medicine, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Corina Buechele
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Loren Hansen
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Jesús Duque-Afonso
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Fangfang Zhu
- Departments of Pathology and Developmental Biology, and Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | | | - Or Gozani
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Ravindra Majeti
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Cancer Institute, and Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Tatiana G Kutateladze
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Michael L Cleary
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.
| |
Collapse
|
86
|
Brien GL, Valerio DG, Armstrong SA. Exploiting the Epigenome to Control Cancer-Promoting Gene-Expression Programs. Cancer Cell 2016; 29:464-476. [PMID: 27070701 PMCID: PMC4889129 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2016.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The epigenome is a key determinant of transcriptional output. Perturbations within the epigenome are thought to be a key feature of many, perhaps all cancers, and it is now clear that epigenetic changes are instrumental in cancer development. The inherent reversibility of these changes makes them attractive targets for therapeutic manipulation, and a number of small molecules targeting chromatin-based mechanisms are currently in clinical trials. In this perspective we discuss how understanding the cancer epigenome is providing insights into disease pathogenesis and informing drug development. We also highlight additional opportunities to further unlock the therapeutic potential within the cancer epigenome.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacokinetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Chromatin/drug effects
- Chromatin/genetics
- Chromosome Aberrations
- Clinical Trials as Topic
- DNA Methylation/drug effects
- DNA, Neoplasm/drug effects
- DNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/drug effects
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics
- Epigenesis, Genetic/drug effects
- Epigenesis, Genetic/genetics
- Epigenomics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Histone Code/drug effects
- Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Histones/metabolism
- Humans
- Mice
- Models, Genetic
- Molecular Targeted Therapy
- Mutation
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- Neoplasms/genetics
- Neoplasms/prevention & control
- Neoplasms/therapy
- Oncogene Proteins/metabolism
- Protein Processing, Post-Translational/drug effects
- Therapies, Investigational
- Transcription, Genetic/drug effects
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerard L Brien
- The Center for Epigenetics Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Daria G Valerio
- The Center for Epigenetics Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Scott A Armstrong
- The Center for Epigenetics Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
87
|
The molecular mechanics of mixed lineage leukemia. Oncogene 2016; 35:5215-5223. [PMID: 26923329 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mixed lineage leukemia caused by MLL fusion proteins is still a mostly incurable disease. Research on novel treatment strategies has gained momentum in the last years with the elucidation of the molecular mechanisms underlying the transforming potential of these powerful oncoproteins. This review summarizes the recent developments in this area including new attempts to treat MLL in a rational way by exploiting the biochemical vulnerabilities of the leukemogenic process.
Collapse
|
88
|
Role of SIRT1 in the growth and regulation of normal hematopoietic and leukemia stem cells. Curr Opin Hematol 2016; 22:324-9. [PMID: 26049753 DOI: 10.1097/moh.0000000000000152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Recent studies have enhanced our understanding of the role of the SIRT1 deacetylase in regulation of normal hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and leukemia stem cells (LSCs), and its importance in regulating autophagy and epigenetic reprogramming in response to metabolic alterations. RECENT FINDINGS Studies employing conditional deletion mouse models indicate an important role of SIRT1 in maintenance of adult HSCs under conditions of stress. SIRT1 is significantly overexpressed in LSC populations from acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients with the FLT3-ITD mutation, and maintains their survival, growth and drug resistance, as previously described for chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). SIRT1 can also enhance leukemia evolution and drug resistance by promoting genetic instability. Recent studies indicate an important role of SIRT1 in regulating autophagy in response to oxidative stress and nutrient requirements, and have elucidated complex mechanisms by which SIRT1 regulates epigenetic reprogramming of stem cells. SUMMARY SIRT1 inhibition holds promise as a novel approach for ablation of LSCs in chronic phase CML or FLT3-ITD-associated AML. Additional studies to understand the role of SIRT1 in linking metabolic alterations to genomic stability, autophagy and epigenetic reprogramming of stem cells are warranted.
Collapse
|
89
|
Abstract
A wealth of genomic and epigenomic data has identified abnormal regulation of epigenetic processes as a prominent theme in hematologic malignancies. Recurrent somatic alterations in myeloid malignancies of key proteins involved in DNA methylation, post-translational histone modification and chromatin remodeling have highlighted the importance of epigenetic regulation of gene expression in the initiation and maintenance of various malignancies. The rational use of targeted epigenetic therapies requires a thorough understanding of the underlying mechanisms of malignant transformation driven by aberrant epigenetic regulators. In this review we provide an overview of the major protagonists in epigenetic regulation, their aberrant role in myeloid malignancies, prognostic significance and potential for therapeutic targeting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chun Yew Fong
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne; The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Jessica Morison
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne
| | - Mark A Dawson
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne; The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
90
|
Haladyna JN, Yamauchi T, Neff T, Bernt KM. Epigenetic modifiers in normal and malignant hematopoiesis. Epigenomics 2015; 7:301-20. [PMID: 25942537 DOI: 10.2217/epi.14.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome scale sequencing in patients with cancer has revealed a lower frequency of genetic aberrations in hematologic disorders compared with most other malignancies, suggesting a prominent role for epigenetic mechanisms. In parallel, epigenetic modifiers that are altered in cancer play critical roles in normal hematopoietic development, influencing both self-renewal of hematopoietic stem cells and differentiation into the different lineages. In this review, we aim to compare the role of several key DNA or histone modifying enzymes and complexes in normal development and hematopoietic malignancies, including DNMT3A, TET2, IDH1, IDH2, MLL1, MLL4, DOT1L, PRC1/2 and WSHC1/NSD2/MMSET. Insights into their biological mechanisms led to the development of therapies designed to target mutant IDH1 and IDH2, DOT1L in MLL-rearranged leukemias and EZH2 in several cancer types including lymphomas. Inhibitors for these enzymes are currently in clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica N Haladyna
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology/BMT, University of Colorado School of Medicine & Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
91
|
Abstract
Hematopoiesis is characterized by a lifelong balance between hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) self-renewal and differentiation into mature blood populations. Proper instruction of cell fate decisions requires tight homeostatic regulation of transcriptional programs through a combination of epigenetic modifications, management of cis-regulatory elements, and transcription factor activity. Recent work has focused on integrating biochemical, genetic, and evolutionary data sets to gain further insight into these regulatory components. Long noncoding RNA (lncRNA), post-translational modifications of transcription factors, and circadian rhythm add additional layers of complexity. These analyses have provided a wealth of information, much of which has been made available through public databases. Elucidating the regulatory processes that govern hematopoietic transcriptional programs is expected to provide useful insights into hematopoiesis that may be applied broadly across tissue types while enabling the discovery and implementation of therapeutics to treat human disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David E Muench
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - H Leighton Grimes
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| |
Collapse
|
92
|
Chen CW, Armstrong SA. Targeting DOT1L and HOX gene expression in MLL-rearranged leukemia and beyond. Exp Hematol 2015; 43:673-84. [PMID: 26118503 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2015.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Leukemias harboring mixed-lineage leukemia gene (MLL1) abnormalities are associated with poor clinical outcomes, and new therapeutic approaches are desperately needed. Rearrangement of the MLL1 gene generates chimeric proteins that fuse the NH3 terminus of MLL1 to the COOH terminus of its translocation partners. These MLL1 fusion oncoproteins drive the expression of homeobox genes such as HOXA cluster genes and myeloid ecotropic viral integration site 1 homolog (MEIS1), which are known to induce leukemic transformation of hematopoietic progenitors. Genomewide histone methylation studies have revealed that the abnormal expression of MLL1 fusion target genes is associated with high levels of H3K79 methylation at these gene loci. The only known enzyme that catalyzes methylation of H3K79 is disruptor of telomeric-silencing 1-like (DOT1L). Loss-of-function mouse models, as well as small molecular inhibitors of DOT1L, illustrate that leukemias driven by MLL1 translocations are dependent on DOT1L enzymatic activity for proliferation and for the maintenance of HOXA gene expression. Furthermore, DOT1L also appears to be important for HOXA gene expression in other settings including leukemias with select genetic abnormalities. These discoveries have established a foundation for disease-specific therapies that target chromatin modifications in highly malignant leukemias harboring specific genetic abnormalities. This review focuses on the molecular mechanisms underlying MLL1 translocation-driven leukemogenesis and the latest progress on DOT1L-targeted epigenetic therapies for MLL1-rearranged and other leukemias.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Wei Chen
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Scott A Armstrong
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
93
|
Abstract
Histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2 (KMT2) family proteins methylate lysine 4 on the histone H3 tail at important regulatory regions in the genome and thereby impart crucial functions through modulating chromatin structures and DNA accessibility. Although the human KMT2 family was initially named the mixed-lineage leukaemia (MLL) family, owing to the role of the first-found member KMT2A in this disease, recent exome-sequencing studies revealed KMT2 genes to be among the most frequently mutated genes in many types of human cancers. Efforts to integrate the molecular mechanisms of KMT2 with its roles in tumorigenesis have led to the development of first-generation inhibitors of KMT2 function, which could become novel cancer therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh C. Rao
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Yali Dou
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Correspondence: , Tel: (734) 6151315, Fax: (734) 7636476
| |
Collapse
|
94
|
Harte PJ, Ernst P. Harnessing gene repression to inhibit leukemia. Nat Med 2015; 21:308-10. [DOI: 10.1038/nm.3834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
95
|
Chen CW, Koche RP, Sinha AU, Deshpande AJ, Zhu N, Eng R, Doench JG, Xu H, Chu SH, Qi J, Wang X, Delaney C, Bernt KM, Root DE, Hahn WC, Bradner JE, Armstrong SA. DOT1L inhibits SIRT1-mediated epigenetic silencing to maintain leukemic gene expression in MLL-rearranged leukemia. Nat Med 2015; 21:335-43. [PMID: 25822366 PMCID: PMC4390532 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
MLL -rearrangements generate MLL-fusion proteins that bind DNA and drive leukemogenic gene expression. This gene expression program is dependent on the histone 3 lysine 79 (H3K79) methyltransferase DOT1L, and small molecule DOT1L inhibitors show promise as therapeutics for these leukemias. However, the mechanisms underlying this dependency are unclear. We conducted a genome-scale RNAi screen and found that the histone deacetylase SIRT1 is required for the establishment of a heterochromatin-like state around MLL-fusion target genes after DOT1L inhibition. DOT1L inhibits chromatin localization of a repressive complex composed of SIRT1 and SUV39H1, thereby maintaining an open chromatin state with elevated H3K9 acetylation and minimal H3K9 methylation at MLL-fusion target genes. Furthermore, the combination of SIRT1 activators and DOT1L inhibitors shows enhanced activity against MLL-rearranged leukemia cells. These results indicate that the dynamic interplay between chromatin regulators controlling activation and repression of gene expression could provide novel opportunities for combination therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Wei Chen
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Richard P Koche
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Amit U Sinha
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Aniruddha J Deshpande
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Nan Zhu
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Rowena Eng
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - John G Doench
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Haiming Xu
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Scott H Chu
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jun Qi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Xi Wang
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Christopher Delaney
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kathrin M Bernt
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - David E Root
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - William C Hahn
- 1] Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - James E Bradner
- 1] Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Scott A Armstrong
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
96
|
Molecular mechanisms of MLL-associated leukemia. Int J Hematol 2015; 101:352-61. [PMID: 25773519 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-015-1774-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Gene rearrangements of the mixed lineage leukemia (MLL) gene cause aggressive leukemia. The fusion of MLL and its partner genes generates various MLL fusion genes, and their gene products trigger aberrant self-renewal of hematopoietic progenitors leading to leukemia. Since the identification of the MLL gene two decades ago, a substantial amount of information has been obtained regarding the mechanisms by which MLL mutations cause leukemia. Wild-type MLL maintains the expression of Homeobox (HOX) genes during development. MLL activates the expression of posterior HOX-A genes in the hematopoietic lineage to stimulate the expansion of immature progenitors. MLL fusion proteins constitutively activate the HOX genes, causing aberrant self-renewal. The modes of transcriptional activation vary depending on the fusion partners and can be categorized into at least four groups. Here I review the recent progress in research related to the molecular mechanisms of MLL fusion-dependent leukemogenesis.
Collapse
|
97
|
Bigarella CL, Liang R, Ghaffari S. Stem cells and the impact of ROS signaling. Development 2015; 141:4206-18. [PMID: 25371358 DOI: 10.1242/dev.107086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 409] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
An appropriate balance between self-renewal and differentiation is crucial for stem cell function during both early development and tissue homeostasis throughout life. Recent evidence from both pluripotent embryonic and adult stem cell studies suggests that this balance is partly regulated by reactive oxygen species (ROS), which, in synchrony with metabolism, mediate the cellular redox state. In this Primer, we summarize what ROS are and how they are generated in the cell, as well as their downstream molecular targets. We then review recent findings that provide molecular insights into how ROS signaling can influence stem cell homeostasis and lineage commitment, and discuss the implications of this for reprogramming and stem cell ageing. We conclude that ROS signaling is an emerging key regulator of multiple stem cell populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina L Bigarella
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Raymond Liang
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Multidisciplinary Training Area, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Saghi Ghaffari
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Multidisciplinary Training Area, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| |
Collapse
|
98
|
Trompouki E, King KY, Will B, Lessard J, Flores-Figueroa E, Kokkaliaris KD, Bowman T. Bloody signals: from birth to disease and death. Exp Hematol 2014; 42:989-94. [PMID: 25482344 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2014.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eirini Trompouki
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Britta Will
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Julie Lessard
- IRIC, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
99
|
Deconvoluting MLL1-dependent pathways in hematopoiesis and leukemogenesis. Leuk Suppl 2014; 3:S9-S10. [PMID: 27175274 DOI: 10.1038/leusup.2014.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
|
100
|
Li BE, Ernst P. Two decades of leukemia oncoprotein epistasis: the MLL1 paradigm for epigenetic deregulation in leukemia. Exp Hematol 2014; 42:995-1012. [PMID: 25264566 PMCID: PMC4307938 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2014.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
MLL1, located on human chromosome 11, is disrupted in distinct recurrent chromosomal translocations in several leukemia subsets. Studying the MLL1 gene and its oncogenic variants has provided a paradigm for understanding cancer initiation and maintenance through aberrant epigenetic gene regulation. Here we review the historical development of model systems to recapitulate oncogenic MLL1-rearrangement (MLL-r) alleles encoding mixed-lineage leukemia fusion proteins (MLL-FPs) or internal gene rearrangement products. These largely mouse and human cell/xenograft systems have been generated and used to understand how MLL-r alleles affect diverse pathways to result in a highly penetrant, drug-resistant leukemia. The particular features of the animal models influenced the conclusions of mechanisms of transformation. We discuss significant downstream enablers, inhibitors, effectors, and collaborators of MLL-r leukemia, including molecules that directly interact with MLL-FPs and endogenous mixed-lineage leukemia protein, direct target genes of MLL-FPs, and other pathways that have proven to be influential in supporting or suppressing the leukemogenic activity of MLL-FPs. The use of animal models has been complemented with patient sample, genome-wide analyses to delineate the important genomic and epigenomic changes that occur in distinct subsets of MLL-r leukemia. Collectively, these studies have resulted in rapid progress toward developing new strategies for targeting MLL-r leukemia and general cell-biological principles that may broadly inform targeting aberrant epigenetic regulators in other cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin E Li
- Department of Genetics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Patricia Ernst
- Department of Genetics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA; Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA; Department of Pediatrics Hematology/Oncology/BMT, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, CO, USA.
| |
Collapse
|