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Gao H, A L, Huang X, Chen X, Xu H. Müller Glia-Mediated Retinal Regeneration. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:2342-2361. [PMID: 33417229 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02274-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Müller glia originate from neuroepithelium and are the principal glial cells in the retina. During retinal development, Müller glia are one of the last cell types to be born. In lower vertebrates, such as zebrafish, Müller glia possess a remarkable capacity for retinal regeneration following various forms of injury through a reprogramming process in which endogenous Müller glia proliferate and differentiate into all types of retinal cells. In mammals, Müller glia become reactive in response to damage to protect or to further impair retinal function. Although mammalian Müller glia have regenerative potential, it is limited as far as repairing damaged retina. Lessons learned from zebrafish will help reveal the critical mechanisms involved in Müller glia reprogramming. Progress has been made in triggering Müller glia to reprogram and generate functional neurons to restore vision in mammals indicating that Müller glia reprogramming may be a promising therapeutic strategy for human retinal diseases. This review comprehensively summarizes the mechanisms related to retinal regeneration in model animals and the critical advanced progress made in Müller glia reprogramming in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Gao
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
- Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Luodan A
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
- Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Xiaona Huang
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
- Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Haiwei Xu
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.
- Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing, 400038, China.
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Control of osteoblast regeneration by a train of Erk activity waves. Nature 2021; 590:129-133. [PMID: 33408418 PMCID: PMC7864885 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-03085-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Regeneration is a complex chain of events that restores a tissue to its original size and shape. The tissue-wide coordination of cellular dynamics needed for proper morphogenesis is challenged by the large dimensions of regenerating body parts. Feedback mechanisms in biochemical pathways can provide effective communication across great distances1-5, but how they might regulate growth during tissue regeneration is unresolved6,7. Here, we report that rhythmic traveling waves of Erk activity control the growth of bone in time and space in regenerating zebrafish scales, millimetre-sized discs of protective body armour. We find that Erk activity waves travel as expanding concentric rings, broadcast from a central source, inducing ring-like patterns of osteoblast tissue growth. Using a combination of theoretical and experimental analyses, we show that Erk activity propagates as excitable trigger waves able to traverse the entire scale in approximately two days, with the frequency of wave generation controlling the rate of scale regeneration. Furthermore, periodic induction of synchronous, tissue-wide Erk activation in place of travelling waves impairs tissue growth, indicating that wave-distributed Erk activation is key to regeneration. Our findings reveal trigger waves as a regulatory strategy to coordinate cell behaviour and instruct tissue form during regeneration.
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Pushchina EV, Stukaneva ME, Varaksin AA. Hydrogen Sulfide Modulates Adult and Reparative Neurogenesis in the Cerebellum of Juvenile Masu Salmon, Oncorhynchus masou. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249638. [PMID: 33348868 PMCID: PMC7766854 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Fish are a convenient model for the study of reparative and post-traumatic processes of central nervous system (CNS) recovery, because the formation of new cells in their CNS continues throughout life. After a traumatic injury to the cerebellum of juvenile masu salmon, Oncorhynchus masou, the cell composition of the neurogenic zones containing neural stem cells (NSCs)/neural progenitor cells (NPCs) in the acute period (two days post-injury) changes. The presence of neuroepithelial (NE) and radial glial (RG) neuronal precursors located in the dorsal, lateral, and basal zones of the cerebellar body was shown by the immunohistochemical (IHC) labeling of glutamine synthetase (GS). Progenitors of both types are sources of neurons in the cerebellum of juvenile O. masou during constitutive growth, thus, playing an important role in CNS homeostasis and neuronal plasticity during ontogenesis. Precursors with the RG phenotype were found in the same regions of the molecular layer as part of heterogeneous constitutive neurogenic niches. The presence of neuroepithelial and radial glia GS+ cells indicates a certain proportion of embryonic and adult progenitors and, obviously, different contributions of these cells to constitutive and reparative neurogenesis in the acute post-traumatic period. Expression of nestin and vimentin was revealed in neuroepithelial cerebellar progenitors of juvenile O. masou. Patterns of granular expression of these markers were found in neurogenic niches and adjacent areas, which probably indicates the neurotrophic and proneurogenic effects of vimentin and nestin in constitutive and post-traumatic neurogenesis and a high level of constructive metabolism. No expression of vimentin and nestin was detected in the cerebellar RG of juvenile O. masou. Thus, the molecular markers of NSCs/NPCs in the cerebellum of juvenile O. masou are as follows: vimentin, nestin, and glutamine synthetase label NE cells in intact animals and in the post-traumatic period, while GS expression is present in the RG of intact animals and decreases in the acute post-traumatic period. A study of distribution of cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) in the cerebellum of intact young O. masou showed the expression of the marker mainly in type 1 cells, corresponding to NSCs/NCPs for other molecular markers. In the post-traumatic period, the number of CBS+ cells sharply increased, which indicates the involvement of H2S in the post-traumatic response. Induction of CBS in type 3 cells indicates the involvement of H2S in the metabolism of extracellular glutamate in the cerebellum, a decrease in the production of reactive oxygen species, and also arrest of the oxidative stress development, a weakening of the toxic effects of glutamate, and a reduction in excitotoxicity. The obtained results allow us to consider H2S as a biologically active substance, the numerous known effects of which can be supplemented by participation in the processes of constitutive neurogenesis and neuronal regeneration.
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Issaka Salia O, Mitchell DM. Bioinformatic analysis and functional predictions of selected regeneration-associated transcripts expressed by zebrafish microglia. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:870. [PMID: 33287696 PMCID: PMC7720500 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-07273-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Unlike mammals, zebrafish have a remarkable capacity to regenerate a variety of tissues, including central nervous system tissue. The function of macrophages in tissue regeneration is of great interest, as macrophages respond and participate in the landscape of events that occur following tissue injury in all vertebrate species examined. Understanding macrophage populations in regenerating tissue (such as in zebrafish) may inform strategies that aim to regenerate tissue in humans. We recently published an RNA-seq experiment that identified genes enriched in microglia/macrophages in regenerating zebrafish retinas. Interestingly, a small number of transcripts differentially expressed by retinal microglia/macrophages during retinal regeneration did not have predicted orthologs in human or mouse. We reasoned that at least some of these genes could be functionally important for tissue regeneration, but most of these genes have not been studied experimentally and their functions are largely unknown. To reveal their possible functions, we performed a variety of bioinformatic analyses aimed at identifying the presence of functional protein domains as well as orthologous relationships to other species. RESULTS Our analyses identified putative functional domains in predicted proteins for a number of selected genes. For example, we confidently predict kinase function for one gene, cytokine/chemokine function for another, and carbohydrate enzymatic function for a third. Predicted orthologs were identified for some, but not all, genes in species with described regenerative capacity, and functional domains were consistent with identified orthologs. Comparison to other published gene expression datasets suggest that at least some of these genes could be important in regenerative responses in zebrafish and not necessarily in response to microbial infection. CONCLUSIONS This work reveals previously undescribed putative function of several genes implicated in regulating tissue regeneration. This will inform future work to experimentally determine the function of these genes in vivo, and how these genes may be involved in microglia/macrophage roles in tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ousseini Issaka Salia
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA.,Institute for Modeling Collaboration and Innovation (IMCI), University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA.,Present affiliation: Kellog Biological Station and Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, 3700 East Gull Lake Drive, Hickory Corners, MI, 49060, USA
| | - Diana M Mitchell
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA.
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Didiano D, Abner JJ, Hinger SA, Flickinger Z, Kent M, Clement MA, Balaiya S, Liu Q, Dai X, Levine EM, Patton JG. Induction of a proliferative response in the zebrafish retina by injection of extracellular vesicles. Exp Eye Res 2020; 200:108254. [PMID: 32961174 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.108254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ongoing research using cell transplantation and viral-mediated gene therapy has been making progress to restore vision by retinal repair, but targeted delivery and complete cellular integration remain challenging. An alternative approach is to induce endogenous Müller glia (MG) to regenerate lost neurons and photoreceptors, as occurs spontaneously in teleost fish and amphibians. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) can transfer protein and RNA cargo between cells serving as a novel means of cell-cell communication. We conducted an in vivo screen in zebrafish to identify sources of EVs that could induce MG to dedifferentiate and generate proliferating progenitor cells after intravitreal injection into otherwise undamaged zebrafish eyes. Small EVs (sEVs) from C6 glioma cells were the most consistent at inducing MG-derived proliferating cells. Ascl1a expression increased after intravitreal injection of C6 sEVs and knockdown of ascl1a inhibited the induction of proliferation. Proteomic and RNAseq analyses of EV cargo content were performed to begin to identify key factors that might target EVs to MG and initiate retina regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Didiano
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Jessica J Abner
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Scott A Hinger
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Zachary Flickinger
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Matthew Kent
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Margaret A Clement
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Sankarathi Balaiya
- Department of Ophthalmology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Qi Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Xiaozhuan Dai
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Edward M Levine
- Department of Ophthalmology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - James G Patton
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA.
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Palazzo I, Deistler K, Hoang TV, Blackshaw S, Fischer AJ. NF-κB signaling regulates the formation of proliferating Müller glia-derived progenitor cells in the avian retina. Development 2020; 147:dev.183418. [PMID: 32291273 DOI: 10.1242/dev.183418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Retinal regeneration is robust in some cold-blooded vertebrates, but this process is ineffective in warm-blooded vertebrates. Understanding the mechanisms that suppress the reprogramming of Müller glia into neurogenic progenitors is key to harnessing the regenerative potential of the retina. Inflammation and reactive microglia are known to influence the formation of Müller glia-derived progenitor cells (MGPCs), but the mechanisms underlying this interaction are unknown. We used a chick in vivo model to investigate nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling, a critical regulator of inflammation, during the reprogramming of Müller glia into proliferating progenitors. We find that components of the NF-κB pathway are dynamically regulated by Müller glia after neuronal damage or treatment with growth factors. Inhibition of NF-κB enhances, whereas activation suppresses, the formation of proliferating MGPCs. Following microglia ablation, the effects of NF-κB-agonists on MGPC-formation are reversed, suggesting that signals provided by reactive microglia influence how NF-κB impacts Müller glia reprogramming. We propose that NF-κB is an important signaling 'hub' that suppresses the reprogramming of Müller glia into proliferating MGPCs and this 'hub' coordinates signals provided by reactive microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Palazzo
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Kyle Deistler
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Thanh V Hoang
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Seth Blackshaw
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Andy J Fischer
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Lee MS, Wan J, Goldman D. Tgfb3 collaborates with PP2A and notch signaling pathways to inhibit retina regeneration. eLife 2020; 9:55137. [PMID: 32396062 PMCID: PMC7250569 DOI: 10.7554/elife.55137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal degeneration in the zebrafish retina stimulates Müller glia (MG) to proliferate and generate multipotent progenitors for retinal repair. Controlling this proliferation is critical to successful regeneration. Previous studies reported that retinal injury stimulates pSmad3 signaling in injury-responsive MG. Contrary to these findings, we report pSmad3 expression is restricted to quiescent MG and suppressed in injury-responsive MG. Our data indicates that Tgfb3 is the ligand responsible for regulating pSmad3 expression. Remarkably, although overexpression of either Tgfb1b or Tgfb3 can stimulate pSmad3 expression in the injured retina, only Tgfb3 inhibits injury-dependent MG proliferation; suggesting the involvement of a non-canonical Tgfb signaling pathway. Furthermore, inhibition of Alk5, PP2A or Notch signaling rescues MG proliferation in Tgfb3 overexpressing zebrafish. Finally, we report that this Tgfb3 signaling pathway is active in zebrafish MG, but not those in mice, which may contribute to the different regenerative capabilities of MG from fish and mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Sun Lee
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute and Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Jin Wan
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute and Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Daniel Goldman
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute and Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States
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Abstract
In humans, various genetic defects or age-related diseases, such as diabetic retinopathies, glaucoma, and macular degeneration, cause the death of retinal neurons and profound vision loss. One approach to treating these diseases is to utilize stem and progenitor cells to replace neurons in situ, with the expectation that new neurons will create new synaptic circuits or integrate into existing ones. Reprogramming non-neuronal cells in vivo into stem or progenitor cells is one strategy for replacing lost neurons. Zebrafish have become a valuable model for investigating cellular reprogramming and retinal regeneration. This review summarizes our current knowledge regarding spontaneous reprogramming of Müller glia in zebrafish and compares this knowledge to research efforts directed toward reprogramming Müller glia in mammals. Intensive research using these animal models has revealed shared molecular mechanisms that make Müller glia attractive targets for cellular reprogramming and highlighted the potential for curing degenerative retinal diseases from intrinsic cellular sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Lahne
- Center for Zebrafish Research, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA; , .,Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - Mikiko Nagashima
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, USA; ,
| | - David R Hyde
- Center for Zebrafish Research, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA; , .,Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - Peter F Hitchcock
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, USA; , .,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, USA
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Iribarne M, Hyde DR, Masai I. TNFα Induces Müller Glia to Transition From Non-proliferative Gliosis to a Regenerative Response in Mutant Zebrafish Presenting Chronic Photoreceptor Degeneration. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:296. [PMID: 31998714 PMCID: PMC6962764 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Unlike mammals, zebrafish have the capacity to regenerate neurons in response to damage. Most zebrafish retinal injury models employ acute damage, which is unlike the chronic, gradual damage that occurs in human retinal diseases. Here, we studied the regenerative response in the zebrafish aipl1b mutant, gold rush (gosh). In gosh mutants, both cones and rods degenerate by 3 weeks post-fertilization (wpf). Müller glia do not exhibit a regenerative response by 3 wpf; however, they do present non-proliferative gliosis. Only at 5 wpf, is proliferation of Müller cells and rod precursor cells activated. Rods start to recover at 5 wpf and by 12 wpf they reach a level of recovery comparable to wild type, but cones remain absent in the adult stage. TNFα was detected in degenerating cones at 5–7 wpf and in Müller glia at 7 wpf in gosh mutants. At 5 wpf, proliferating Müller glia express Sox2, followed by Pax6 expression in neuronal progenitor cells (NPCs), confirming that the neuronal regeneration program is activated in gosh mutants after 5 wpf. Although acute light-induced damage did not activate proliferation of Müller glia, TNFα injection caused Müller glia to commence a proliferative response at 3 wpf in gosh mutants. These results suggest that Müller glia transition from non-proliferative gliosis to a regenerative state in gosh mutants, and that ectopic introduction of TNFα promotes this Müller cell transition even at 3 wpf. Thus, zebrafish gosh mutants provide a useful model to investigate mechanisms underlying retinal regeneration in a chronic photoreceptor degeneration model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Iribarne
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States.,Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States.,Center for Zebrafish Research, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States
| | - David R Hyde
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States.,Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States.,Center for Zebrafish Research, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States
| | - Ichiro Masai
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
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60
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Abstract
Retinal degeneration is a leading cause of untreatable blindness in the industrialised world. It is typically irreversible and there are few curative treatments available. The use of stem cells to generate new retinal neurons for transplantation purposes has received significant interest in recent years and is beginning to move towards clinical trials. However, such approaches are likely to be most effective for relatively focal areas of repair. An intriguing complementary approach is endogenous self-repair. Retinal cells from the ciliary marginal zone (CMZ), retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and Müller glial cells (MG) have all been shown to play a role in retinal repair, typically in lower vertebrates. Among them, MG have received renewed interest, due to their distribution throughout (centre to periphery) the neural retina and their potential to re-acquire a progenitor-like state following retinal injury with the ability to proliferate and generate new neurons. Triggering these innate self-repair mechanisms represents an exciting therapeutic option in treating retinal degeneration. However, these cells behave differently in mammalian and non-mammalian species, with a considerably restricted potential in mammals. In this short review, we look at some of the recent progress made in our understanding of the signalling pathways that underlie MG-mediated regeneration in lower vertebrates, and some of the challenges that have been revealed in our attempts to reactivate this process in the mammalian retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Langhe
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
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Cebulla CM, Kim B, George V, Heisler-Taylor T, Hamadmad S, Reese AY, Kothari SS, Kusibati R, Wilson H, Abdel-Rahman MH. Oral Selumetinib Does Not Negatively Impact Photoreceptor Survival in Murine Experimental Retinal Detachment. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 60:349-357. [PMID: 30682205 PMCID: PMC6348998 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-25405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MAPK/ERK) signaling is neuroprotective in some retinal damage models but its role in neuronal survival during retinal detachment (RD) is unclear. In addition, serous RDs are a prevalent side effect of MEK inhibitors (MEKi), blocking MAPK/ERK signaling for treatment of certain cancers. We tested the hypothesis that MEKi treatment in experimental RD would increase photoreceptor death. Methods The MEKi selumetinib was delivered daily to C57BL/6 mice at a clinically relevant dose (10 mg/mL) starting 1 day prior to creating RD with subretinal hyaluronic acid injection. Photoreceptor TUNEL and outer nuclear layer (ONL) thickness were analyzed. Phospho-ERK1/2 (pERK) distribution, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) accumulation, and Iba-1 (microglia/macrophages) were evaluated with immunofluorescence. Results pERK accumulated in the Müller glia in detached retinas, but this was effectively blocked by selumetinib. Selumetinib did not induce serous RDs at day 1 and did not increase TUNEL positive photoreceptors or further decrease ONL thickness compared to controls. Retinal gliosis was not altered, but selumetinib did block the increase in intraretinal microglia/macrophage Iba-1 fluorescence intensity and acquisition of amoeboid morphology. Conclusions MAPK/ERK is neuroprotective in some retinal damage models; in RD, selumetinib blocked Müller pERK accumulation and changed the retinal microglia/macrophage phenotype but did not alter photoreceptor survival. This is consistent with the relatively good visual acuity seen in patients developing transient retinal detachments on MEK inhibitor therapy. Compensation by other neuroprotective pathways in the retina during retinal detachment may occur in the presence of MEK inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen M Cebulla
- Havener Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - Bongsu Kim
- Havener Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - Valerie George
- Havener Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - Tyler Heisler-Taylor
- Havener Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University College of Engineering, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - Sumaya Hamadmad
- Havener Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - Alana Y Reese
- Havener Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - Shaili S Kothari
- Havener Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - Rania Kusibati
- Havener Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - Hailey Wilson
- Havener Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - Mohamed H Abdel-Rahman
- Havener Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States.,Division of Human Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States
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62
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Paracrine Mechanisms of Redox Signalling for Postmitotic Cell and Tissue Regeneration. Trends Cell Biol 2019; 29:514-530. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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63
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Tsuruma K, Saito Y, Okuyoshi H, Yamaguchi A, Shimazawa M, Goldman D, Hara H. Granulin 1 Promotes Retinal Regeneration in Zebrafish. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 59:6057-6066. [PMID: 30577041 PMCID: PMC6314112 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-24828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Retinal degenerative diseases can progress to severe reductions of vision. In general, the changes are permanent in higher vertebrates, including humans; however, retinal regeneration can occur in lower vertebrates, such as amphibians and teleost fish. Progranulin is a secreted growth factor that is involved in normal development and wound-healing processes. We have shown that progranulin promotes the proliferation of retinal precursor cells in mouse retinas. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role played by granulin 1 (grn1) in the retinal regeneration in zebrafish. Methods We injured the retina of zebrafish with needle puncturing, and the retinas were examined at different times after the injury. We also checked the proliferation and the expression of retinal regeneration–related genes after knockdown of grn1 by electroporation with morpholino oligonucleotides (MO) and intravitreal injection of recombinant grn1. Results Our results showed that the level of grn1 was highly increased after retinal injury, and it was expressed in various types of retinal cells. A knockdown of grn1 reduced the proliferation of Müller glial cells in zebrafish eyes undergoing retinal regeneration. The knockdown of grn1 also reduced the expression of achaete-scute homolog 1a (ascl1a), an important factor in retinal regeneration. An intravitreal injection of recombinant grn1 led to a proliferation of Müller glial cells and an increase in the expression of retinal regeneration–related genes, such as ascl1a and lin28. Conclusions These findings suggested that grn1 should be considered as a target for stimulating the dedifferentiation of Müller glial cells and retinal regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Tsuruma
- Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Molecular Pharmacology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan.,Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute and Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Yuichi Saito
- Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Molecular Pharmacology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Okuyoshi
- Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Molecular Pharmacology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Akihiro Yamaguchi
- Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Molecular Pharmacology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Shimazawa
- Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Molecular Pharmacology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Daniel Goldman
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute and Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Hideaki Hara
- Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Molecular Pharmacology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
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Hamon A, García-García D, Ail D, Bitard J, Chesneau A, Dalkara D, Locker M, Roger JE, Perron M. Linking YAP to Müller Glia Quiescence Exit in the Degenerative Retina. Cell Rep 2019; 27:1712-1725.e6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.04.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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65
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Midbrain tectal stem cells display diverse regenerative capacities in zebrafish. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4420. [PMID: 30872640 PMCID: PMC6418144 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40734-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
How diverse adult stem and progenitor populations regenerate tissue following damage to the brain is poorly understood. In highly regenerative vertebrates, such as zebrafish, radial-glia (RG) and neuro-epithelial-like (NE) stem/progenitor cells contribute to neuronal repair after injury. However, not all RG act as neural stem/progenitor cells during homeostasis in the zebrafish brain, questioning the role of quiescent RG (qRG) post-injury. To understand the function of qRG during regeneration, we performed a stab lesion in the adult midbrain tectum to target a population of homeostatic qRG, and investigated their proliferative behaviour, differentiation potential, and Wnt/β-catenin signalling. EdU-labelling showed a small number of proliferating qRG after injury (pRG) but that progeny are restricted to RG. However, injury promoted proliferation of NE progenitors in the internal tectal marginal zone (TMZi) resulting in amplified regenerative neurogenesis. Increased Wnt/β-catenin signalling was detected in TMZi after injury whereas homeostatic levels of Wnt/β-catenin signalling persisted in qRG/pRG. Attenuation of Wnt signalling suggested that the proliferative response post-injury was Wnt/β-catenin-independent. Our results demonstrate that qRG in the tectum have restricted capability in neuronal repair, highlighting that RG have diverse functions in the zebrafish brain. Furthermore, these findings suggest that endogenous stem cell compartments compensate lost tissue by amplifying homeostatic growth.
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66
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Devoldere J, Peynshaert K, De Smedt SC, Remaut K. Müller cells as a target for retinal therapy. Drug Discov Today 2019; 24:1483-1498. [PMID: 30731239 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2019.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Müller cells are specialized glial cells that span the entire retina from the vitreous cavity to the subretinal space. Their functional diversity and unique radial morphology render them particularly interesting targets for new therapeutic approaches. In this review, we reflect on various possibilities for selective Müller cell targeting and describe how some of their cellular mechanisms can be used for retinal neuroprotection. Intriguingly, cross-species investigation of their properties has revealed that Müller cells also have an essential role in retinal regeneration. Although many questions regarding this subject remain, it is clear that Müller cells have unique characteristics that make them suitable targets for the prevention and treatment of numerous retinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joke Devoldere
- Ghent Research Group on Nanomedicines, Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Karen Peynshaert
- Ghent Research Group on Nanomedicines, Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stefaan C De Smedt
- Ghent Research Group on Nanomedicines, Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Katrien Remaut
- Ghent Research Group on Nanomedicines, Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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67
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Mitra S, Sharma P, Kaur S, Khursheed MA, Gupta S, Chaudhary M, Kurup AJ, Ramachandran R. Dual regulation of lin28a by Myc is necessary during zebrafish retina regeneration. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:489-507. [PMID: 30606747 PMCID: PMC6363449 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201802113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular reprogramming leading to induction of Muller glia-derived progenitor cells (MGPCs) with stem cell characteristics is essential for zebrafish retina regeneration. Although several regeneration-specific genes are characterized, the significance of MGPC-associated Mycb induction remains unknown. Here, we show that early expression of Mycb induces expression of genes like ascl1a, a known activator of lin28a in MGPCs. Notably, mycb is simultaneously activated by Ascl1a and repressed by Insm1a in regenerating retina. Here, we unravel a dual role of Mycb in lin28a expression, both as an activator through Ascl1a in MGPCs and a repressor in combination with Hdac1 in neighboring cells. Myc inhibition reduces the number of MGPCs and abolishes normal regeneration. Myc in collaboration with Hdac1 inhibits her4.1, an effector of Delta-Notch signaling. Further, we also show the repressive role of Delta-Notch signaling on lin28a expression in post-injured retina. Our studies reveal mechanistic understanding of Myc pathway during zebrafish retina regeneration, which could pave way for therapeutic intervention during mammalian retina regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumitra Mitra
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, Knowledge City, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Manauli, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Poonam Sharma
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, Knowledge City, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Manauli, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Simran Kaur
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, Knowledge City, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Manauli, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Mohammad Anwar Khursheed
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, Knowledge City, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Manauli, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Shivangi Gupta
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, Knowledge City, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Manauli, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Mansi Chaudhary
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, Knowledge City, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Manauli, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Akshai J Kurup
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, Knowledge City, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Manauli, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Rajesh Ramachandran
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, Knowledge City, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Manauli, Mohali, Punjab, India
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68
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Ventura ALM, Dos Santos-Rodrigues A, Mitchell CH, Faillace MP. Purinergic signaling in the retina: From development to disease. Brain Res Bull 2018; 151:92-108. [PMID: 30458250 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2018.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Retinal injuries and diseases are major causes of human disability involving vision impairment by the progressive and permanent loss of retinal neurons. During development, assembly of this tissue entails a successive and overlapping, signal-regulated engagement of complex events that include proliferation of progenitors, neurogenesis, cell death, neurochemical differentiation and synaptogenesis. During retinal damage, several of these events are re-activated with both protective and detrimental consequences. Purines and pyrimidines, along with their metabolites are emerging as important molecules regulating both retinal development and the tissue's responses to damage. The present review provides an overview of the purinergic signaling in the developing and injured retina. Recent findings on the presence of vesicular and channel-mediated ATP release by retinal and retinal pigment epithelial cells, adenosine synthesis and release, expression of receptors and intracellular signaling pathways activated by purinergic signaling in retinal cells are reported. The pathways by which purinergic receptors modulate retinal cell proliferation, migration and death of retinal cells during development and injury are summarized. The contribution of nucleotides to the self-repair of the injured zebrafish retina is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Lucia Marques Ventura
- Department of Neurobiology, Neuroscience Program, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, RJ, Brazil.
| | | | - Claire H Mitchell
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ophthalmology, and Physiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States.
| | - Maria Paula Faillace
- Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica Prof. Bernardo Houssay (IFIBIO-Houssay), Universidad de Buenos Aires y Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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69
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Shao Z, Wu J, Du G, Song H, Li SH, He S, Li J, Wu J, Weisel RD, Yuan H, Li RK. Young bone marrow Sca-1 cells protect aged retina from ischaemia-reperfusion injury through activation of FGF2. J Cell Mol Med 2018; 22:6176-6189. [PMID: 30255622 PMCID: PMC6237572 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal ganglion cell apoptosis and optic nerve degeneration are prevalent in aged patients, which may be related to the decrease in bone marrow (BM) stem cell number/function because of the possible cross‐talk between the two organs. This pathological process is accelerated by retinal ischaemia‐reperfusion (I/R) injury. This study investigated whether young BM stem cells can regenerate and repair the aged retina after acute I/R injury. Young BM stem cell antigen 1 positive (Sca‐1+) or Sca‐1− cells were transplanted into lethally irradiated aged recipient mice to generate Sca‐1+ and Sca‐1− chimaeras, respectively. The animals were housed for 3 months to allow the young Sca‐1 cells to repopulate in the BM of aged mice. Retinal I/R was then induced by elevation of intraocular pressure. Better preservation of visual function was found in Sca‐1+ than Sca‐1− chimaeras 7 days after injury. More Sca‐1+ cells homed to the retina than Sca‐1− cells and more cells differentiated into glial and microglial cells in the Sca‐1+ chimaeras. After injury, Sca‐1+ cells in the retina reduced host cellular apoptosis, which was associated with higher expression of fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) in the Sca‐1+ chimaeras. Young Sca‐1+ cells repopulated the stem cells in the aged retina and diminished cellular apoptosis after acute I/R injury through FGF2 and Akt signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengbo Shao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Research Institute, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jie Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Research Institute, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Guoqing Du
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Research Institute, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Huifang Song
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Shu-Hong Li
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sheng He
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jiao Li
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Wu
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Richard D Weisel
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Huiping Yuan
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Research Institute, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Ren-Ke Li
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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70
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Angueyra JM, Kindt KS. Leveraging Zebrafish to Study Retinal Degenerations. Front Cell Dev Biol 2018; 6:110. [PMID: 30283779 PMCID: PMC6156122 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2018.00110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal degenerations are a heterogeneous group of diseases characterized by death of photoreceptors and progressive loss of vision. Retinal degenerations are a major cause of blindness in developed countries (Bourne et al., 2017; De Bode, 2017) and currently have no cure. In this review, we will briefly review the latest advances in therapies for retinal degenerations, highlighting the current barriers to study and develop therapies that promote photoreceptor regeneration in mammals. In light of these barriers, we present zebrafish as a powerful model to study photoreceptor regeneration and their integration into retinal circuits after regeneration. We outline why zebrafish is well suited for these analyses and summarize the powerful tools available in zebrafish that could be used to further uncover the mechanisms underlying photoreceptor regeneration and rewiring. In particular, we highlight that it is critical to understand how rewiring occurs after regeneration and how it differs from development. Insights derived from photoreceptor regeneration and rewiring in zebrafish may provide leverage to develop therapeutic targets to treat retinal degenerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan M. Angueyra
- Retinal Neurophysiology Section, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Katie S. Kindt
- Section on Sensory Cell Development and Function, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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71
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Wang S, Wu G, Han Y, Song P, Chen J, Wu Y, Yang J, Liang P. miR-124 regulates STAT3-mediated cell proliferation, migration and apoptosis in bladder cancer. Oncol Lett 2018; 16:5875-5881. [PMID: 30344738 PMCID: PMC6176365 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.9341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The etiology and pathogenesis of bladder cancer (BCa) is complex. MicroRNA (miRNA) has been implicated in BCa. Targeting of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) by miR-124 to regulate tumorigenesis has been demonstrated in other types of cancer. In the present study, miR-124 levels were downregulated in the BCa T24 cell line and STAT3 was increased in BCa cell lines. Transfection of miR-124 mimics into T24 cells significantly inhibited STAT3 expression. A luciferase assay confirmed that miR-124 directly targeted the STAT3 3'untranslated region to inhibit STAT expression. Knockdown of STAT3 expression led to increased apoptosis of T24 cells and reduced tumor growth in vitro. The results demonstrated the molecular mechanisms and biological functions of the miR-124/STAT3 signal pathway at the cellular level and indicate the potential of miR-124 as a therapeutic target for BCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengxing Wang
- Department of Urinary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical College, Haikou, Hainan 570102, P.R. China
| | - Gang Wu
- Department of Surgery, Hainan Frontier Defense Hospital, Haikou, Hainan 570000, P.R. China
| | - Yinan Han
- Operating Room, First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical College, Haikou, Hainan 570102, P.R. China
| | - Peng Song
- Department of Urinary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical College, Haikou, Hainan 570102, P.R. China
| | - Jinhuo Chen
- Department of Urinary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical College, Haikou, Hainan 570102, P.R. China
| | - Yaoxi Wu
- Department of Urinary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical College, Haikou, Hainan 570102, P.R. China
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Urinary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical College, Haikou, Hainan 570102, P.R. China
| | - Peiyu Liang
- Department of Urinary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical College, Haikou, Hainan 570102, P.R. China
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72
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Mitra S, Sharma P, Kaur S, Khursheed MA, Gupta S, Ahuja R, Kurup AJ, Chaudhary M, Ramachandran R. Histone Deacetylase-Mediated Müller Glia Reprogramming through Her4.1-Lin28a Axis Is Essential for Retina Regeneration in Zebrafish. iScience 2018; 7:68-84. [PMID: 30267687 PMCID: PMC6135741 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2018.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylases (Hdacs) play significant roles in cellular homeostasis and tissue differentiation. Hdacs are well characterized in various systems for their physiological and epigenetic relevance. However, their significance during retina regeneration remains unclear. Here we show that inhibition of Hdac1 causes a decline in regenerative ability, and injury-dependent regulation of hdacs is essential for regulating regeneration-associated genes like ascl1a, lin28a, and repressors like her4.1 at the injury site. We show selective seclusion of Hdac1 from the proliferating Müller glia-derived progenitor cells (MGPCs) and its upregulation in the neighboring cells. Hdacs negatively regulate her4.1, which also represses lin28a and essential cytokines to control MGPCs proliferation. Interestingly, Hdacs' inhibition reversibly blocks regeneration through the repression of critical cytokines and other regeneration-specific genes, which is also revealed by whole-retina RNA sequence analysis. Our study shows mechanistic understanding of the Hdac pathway during zebrafish retina regeneration. Hdac1, along with other Hdacs, is a key regulator of retina regeneration in zebrafish Hdacs regulate MGPCs' formation through Her4.1/Lin28a/let-7 miRNA axis Hdacs' inhibition reversibly blocks MGPCs' proliferation and retina regeneration Hdacs/Her4.1 interplay regulates essential cytokines during retina regeneration
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumitra Mitra
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, Knowledge City, Room 3F10, Academic Block-1, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Manauli PO, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Poonam Sharma
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, Knowledge City, Room 3F10, Academic Block-1, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Manauli PO, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Simran Kaur
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, Knowledge City, Room 3F10, Academic Block-1, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Manauli PO, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Mohammad Anwar Khursheed
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, Knowledge City, Room 3F10, Academic Block-1, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Manauli PO, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Shivangi Gupta
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, Knowledge City, Room 3F10, Academic Block-1, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Manauli PO, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Riya Ahuja
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, Knowledge City, Room 3F10, Academic Block-1, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Manauli PO, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Akshai J Kurup
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, Knowledge City, Room 3F10, Academic Block-1, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Manauli PO, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Mansi Chaudhary
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, Knowledge City, Room 3F10, Academic Block-1, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Manauli PO, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Rajesh Ramachandran
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, Knowledge City, Room 3F10, Academic Block-1, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Manauli PO, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India.
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73
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Arroba AI, Campos-Caro A, Aguilar-Diosdado M, Valverde ÁM. IGF-1, Inflammation and Retinal Degeneration: A Close Network. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 10:203. [PMID: 30026694 PMCID: PMC6041402 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinal degenerative diseases are a group of heterogeneous diseases that include age-related macular degeneration (AMD), retinitis pigmentosa (RP), and diabetic retinopathy (DR). The progressive degeneration of the retinal neurons results in a severe deterioration of the visual function. Neuroinflammation is an early hallmark of many neurodegenerative disorders of the retina including AMD, RP and DR. Microglial cells, key components of the retinal immune defense system, are activated in retinal degenerative diseases. In the microglia the interplay between the proinflammatory/classically activated or antiinflammatory/alternatively activated phenotypes is a complex dynamic process that occurs during the course of disease due to the different environmental signals related to pathophysiological conditions. In this regard, an adequate transition from the proinflammatory to the anti-inflammatory response is necessary to counteract retinal neurodegeneration and its subsequent damage that leads to the loss of visual function. Insulin like-growth factor-1 (IGF-1) has been considered as a pleiotropic factor in the retina under health or disease conditions and several effects of IGF-1 in retinal immune modulation have been described. In this review, we provide recent insights of inflammation as a common feature of retinal diseases (AMD, RP and RD) highlighting the role of microglia, exosomes and IGF-1 in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana I Arroba
- Alberto Sols Biomedical Research Institute (IIBm) (CSIC/UAM), Madrid, Spain.,Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERdem), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.,Research Unit, Instituto de Investigación e Innovación en Ciencias Biomédicas de la Provincia de Cádiz (INiBICA), University Hospital "Puerta del Mar", Cádiz, Spain
| | - Antonio Campos-Caro
- Research Unit, Instituto de Investigación e Innovación en Ciencias Biomédicas de la Provincia de Cádiz (INiBICA), University Hospital "Puerta del Mar", Cádiz, Spain
| | - Manuel Aguilar-Diosdado
- Research Unit, Instituto de Investigación e Innovación en Ciencias Biomédicas de la Provincia de Cádiz (INiBICA), University Hospital "Puerta del Mar", Cádiz, Spain.,Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Instituto de Investigación e Innovación en Ciencias Biomédicas de la Provincia de Cádiz (INiBICA), University Hospital "Puerta del Mar", Cádiz, Spain
| | - Ángela M Valverde
- Alberto Sols Biomedical Research Institute (IIBm) (CSIC/UAM), Madrid, Spain.,Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERdem), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
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74
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Lindsey BW, Hall ZJ, Heuzé A, Joly JS, Tropepe V, Kaslin J. The role of neuro-epithelial-like and radial-glial stem and progenitor cells in development, plasticity, and repair. Prog Neurobiol 2018; 170:99-114. [PMID: 29902500 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Neural stem and progenitor cells (NSPCs) are the primary source of new neurons in the brain and serve critical roles in tissue homeostasis and plasticity throughout life. Within the vertebrate brain, NSPCs are located within distinct neurogenic niches differing in their location, cellular composition, and proliferative behaviour. Heterogeneity in the NSPC population is hypothesized to reflect varying capacities for neurogenesis, plasticity and repair between different neurogenic zones. Since the discovery of adult neurogenesis, studies have predominantly focused on the behaviour and biological significance of adult NSPCs (aNSPCs) in rodents. However, compared to rodents, who show lifelong neurogenesis in only two restricted neurogenic niches, zebrafish exhibit constitutive neurogenesis across multiple stem cell niches that provide new neurons to every major brain division. Accordingly, zebrafish are a powerful model to probe the unique cellular and molecular profiles of NSPCs and investigate how these profiles govern tissue homeostasis and regenerative plasticity within distinct stem cell populations over time. Amongst the NSPC populations residing in the zebrafish central nervous system (CNS), proliferating radial-glia, quiescent radial-glia and neuro-epithelial-like cells comprise the majority. Here, we provide insight into the extent to which these distinct NSPC populations function and mature during development, respond to experience, and contribute to successful CNS regeneration in teleost fish. Together, our review brings to light the dynamic biological roles of these individual NSPC populations and showcases their diverse regenerative modes to achieve vertebrate brain repair later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin W Lindsey
- Department of Biology, Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University Clayton Campus, Clayton, VIC, Australia.
| | - Zachary J Hall
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G5, Canada.
| | - Aurélie Heuzé
- CASBAH INRA group, UMR9197 Neuro-PSI, CNRS, 91 198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Jean-Stéphane Joly
- CASBAH INRA group, UMR9197 Neuro-PSI, CNRS, 91 198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Vincent Tropepe
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G5, Canada.
| | - Jan Kaslin
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University Clayton Campus, Clayton, VIC, Australia.
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75
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Zhang YM, Zimmer MA, Guardia T, Callahan SJ, Mondal C, Di Martino J, Takagi T, Fennell M, Garippa R, Campbell NR, Bravo-Cordero JJ, White RM. Distant Insulin Signaling Regulates Vertebrate Pigmentation through the Sheddase Bace2. Dev Cell 2018; 45:580-594.e7. [PMID: 29804876 PMCID: PMC5991976 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Patterning of vertebrate melanophores is essential for mate selection and protection from UV-induced damage. Patterning can be influenced by circulating long-range factors, such as hormones, but it is unclear how their activity is controlled in recipient cells to prevent excesses in cell number and migration. The zebrafish wanderlust mutant harbors a mutation in the sheddase bace2 and exhibits hyperdendritic and hyperproliferative melanophores that localize to aberrant sites. We performed a chemical screen to identify suppressors of the wanderlust phenotype and found that inhibition of insulin/PI3Kγ/mTOR signaling rescues the defect. In normal physiology, Bace2 cleaves the insulin receptor, whereas its loss results in hyperactive insulin/PI3K/mTOR signaling. Insulin B, an isoform enriched in the head, drives the melanophore defect. These results suggest that insulin signaling is negatively regulated by melanophore-specific expression of a sheddase, highlighting how long-distance factors can be regulated in a cell-type-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan M Zhang
- Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Program, New York, NY 10065, USA; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Department of Cancer Biology & Genetics, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Milena A Zimmer
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Department of Cancer Biology & Genetics, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Talia Guardia
- University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Scott J Callahan
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Department of Cancer Biology & Genetics, New York, NY 10065, USA; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Gerstner Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Chandrani Mondal
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Julie Di Martino
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Toshimitsu Takagi
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Department of Cancer Biology & Genetics, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Myles Fennell
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Department of Cancer Biology & Genetics, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ralph Garippa
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Department of Cancer Biology & Genetics, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Nathaniel R Campbell
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Department of Cancer Biology & Genetics, New York, NY 10065, USA; Weill Cornell/Rockefeller/Sloan Kettering Tri-Institutional MD-PhD Program, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jose Javier Bravo-Cordero
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Richard M White
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Department of Cancer Biology & Genetics, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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76
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Yoo S, Blackshaw S. Regulation and function of neurogenesis in the adult mammalian hypothalamus. Prog Neurobiol 2018; 170:53-66. [PMID: 29631023 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, evidence has accumulated that neurogenesis can occur in both the juvenile and adult mammalian hypothalamus. Levels of hypothalamic neurogenesis can be regulated by dietary, environmental and hormonal signals. Since the hypothalamus has a central role in controlling a broad range of homeostatic physiological processes, these findings may have far ranging behavioral and medical implications. However, many questions in the field remain unresolved, including the cells of origin of newborn hypothalamic neurons and the extent to which these cells actually regulate hypothalamic-controlled behaviors. In this manuscript, we conduct a critical review of the literature on postnatal hypothalamic neurogenesis in mammals, lay out the main outstanding controversies in the field, and discuss how best to advance our knowledge of this fascinating but still poorly understood process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sooyeon Yoo
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Seth Blackshaw
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA; Center for Human Systems Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA; Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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77
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Notch Suppression Collaborates with Ascl1 and Lin28 to Unleash a Regenerative Response in Fish Retina, But Not in Mice. J Neurosci 2018; 38:2246-2261. [PMID: 29378863 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2126-17.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Müller glial (MG) cells in the zebrafish retina respond to injury by acquiring retinal stem-cell characteristics. Thousands of gene expression changes are associated with this event. Key among these changes is the induction of Ascl1a and Lin28a, two reprogramming factors whose expression is necessary for retina regeneration. Whether these factors are sufficient to drive MG proliferation and subsequent neuronal-fate specification remains unknown. To test this, we conditionally expressed Ascl1a and Lin28a in the uninjured retina of male and female fish. We found that together, their forced expression only stimulates sparse MG proliferation. However, in combination with Notch signaling inhibition, widespread MG proliferation and neuron regeneration ensued. Remarkably, Ascl1 and Lin28a expression in the retina of male and female mice also stimulated sparse MG proliferation, although this was not enhanced when combined with inhibitors of Notch signaling. Lineage tracing in both fish and mice suggested that the proliferating MG generated multipotent progenitors; however, this process was much more efficient in fish than mice. Overall, our studies suggest that the overexpression of Ascl1a and Lin28a in zebrafish, in combination with inhibition of Notch signaling, can phenocopy the effects of retinal injury in Müller glia. Interestingly, Ascl1 and Lin28a seem to have similar effects in fish and mice, whereas Notch signaling may differ. Understanding the different consequences of Notch signaling inhibition in fish and mice, may suggest additional strategies for enhancing retina regeneration in mammals.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Mechanisms underlying retina regeneration in fish may suggest strategies for stimulating this process in mammals. Here we report that forced expression of Ascl1 and Lin28a can stimulate sparse MG proliferation in fish and mice; however, only in fish does Notch signaling inhibition collaborate with Ascl1a and Lin28a to stimulate widespread MG proliferation in the uninjured retina. Discerning differences in Notch signaling between fish and mice MG may reveal strategies for stimulating retina regeneration in mammals.
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78
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Wan J, Goldman D. Opposing Actions of Fgf8a on Notch Signaling Distinguish Two Muller Glial Cell Populations that Contribute to Retina Growth and Regeneration. Cell Rep 2018; 19:849-862. [PMID: 28445734 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The teleost retina grows throughout life and exhibits a robust regenerative response following injury. Critical to both these events are Muller glia (or, Muller glial cells; MGs), which produce progenitors for retinal growth and repair. We report that Fgf8a may be an MG niche factor that acts through Notch signaling to regulate spontaneous and injury-dependent MG proliferation. Remarkably, forced Fgf8a expression inhibits Notch signaling and stimulates MG proliferation in young tissue but increases Notch signaling and suppresses MG proliferation in older tissue. Furthermore, cessation of Fgf8a signaling enhances MG proliferation in both young and old retinal tissue. Our study suggests that multiple MG populations contribute to retinal growth and regeneration, and it reveals a previously unappreciated role for Fgf8a and Notch signaling in regulating MG quiescence, activation, and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wan
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Daniel Goldman
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Hui SP, Sheng DZ, Sugimoto K, Gonzalez-Rajal A, Nakagawa S, Hesselson D, Kikuchi K. Zebrafish Regulatory T Cells Mediate Organ-Specific Regenerative Programs. Dev Cell 2017; 43:659-672.e5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2017.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Maddaluno L, Urwyler C, Werner S. Fibroblast growth factors: key players in regeneration and tissue repair. Development 2017; 144:4047-4060. [PMID: 29138288 DOI: 10.1242/dev.152587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Tissue injury initiates a complex repair process, which in some organisms can lead to the complete regeneration of a tissue. In mammals, however, the repair of most organs is imperfect and results in scar formation. Both regeneration and repair are orchestrated by a highly coordinated interplay of different growth factors and cytokines. Among the key players are the fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), which control the migration, proliferation, differentiation and survival of different cell types. In addition, FGFs influence the expression of other factors involved in the regenerative response. Here, we summarize current knowledge on the roles of endogenous FGFs in regeneration and repair in different organisms and in different tissues and organs. Gaining a better understanding of these FGF activities is important for appropriate modulation of FGF signaling after injury to prevent impaired healing and to promote organ regeneration in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Maddaluno
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Department of Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Otto-Stern-Weg 7, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Corinne Urwyler
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Department of Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Otto-Stern-Weg 7, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Sabine Werner
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Department of Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Otto-Stern-Weg 7, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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81
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Todd L, Suarez L, Quinn C, Fischer AJ. Retinoic Acid-Signaling Regulates the Proliferative and Neurogenic Capacity of Müller Glia-Derived Progenitor Cells in the Avian Retina. Stem Cells 2017; 36:392-405. [PMID: 29193451 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In the retina, Müller glia have the potential to become progenitor cells with the ability to proliferate and regenerate neurons. However, the ability of Müller glia-derived progenitor cells (MGPCs) to proliferate and produce neurons is limited in higher vertebrates. Using the chick model system, we investigate how retinoic acid (RA)-signaling influences the proliferation and the formation of MGPCs. We observed an upregulation of cellular RA binding proteins (CRABP) in the Müller glia of damaged retinas where the formation of MGPCs is known to occur. Activation of RA-signaling was stimulated, whereas inhibition suppressed the proliferation of MGPCs in damaged retinas and in fibroblast growth factor 2-treated undamaged retinas. Furthermore, inhibition of RA-degradation stimulated the proliferation of MGPCs. Levels of Pax6, Klf4, and cFos were upregulated in MGPCs by RA agonists and downregulated in MGPCs by RA antagonists. Activation of RA-signaling following MGPC proliferation increased the percentage of progeny that differentiated as neurons. Similarly, the combination of RA and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) significantly increased neurogenesis from retinal progenitors in the circumferential marginal zone (CMZ). In summary, RA-signaling stimulates the formation of proliferating MGPCs and enhances the neurogenic potential of MGPCs and stem cells in the CMZ. Stem Cells 2018;36:392-405.
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Affiliation(s)
- Levi Todd
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Lilianna Suarez
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Colin Quinn
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Andy J Fischer
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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82
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Yao K, Qiu S, Tian L, Snider WD, Flannery JG, Schaffer DV, Chen B. Wnt Regulates Proliferation and Neurogenic Potential of Müller Glial Cells via a Lin28/let-7 miRNA-Dependent Pathway in Adult Mammalian Retinas. Cell Rep 2017; 17:165-178. [PMID: 27681429 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.08.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 06/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In cold-blooded vertebrates such as zebrafish, Müller glial cells (MGs) readily proliferate to replenish lost retinal neurons. In mammals, however, MGs lack regenerative capability as they do not spontaneously re-enter the cell cycle unless the retina is injured. Here, we show that gene transfer of β-catenin in adult mouse retinas activates Wnt signaling and MG proliferation without retinal injury. Upstream of Wnt, deletion of GSK3β stabilizes β-catenin and activates MG proliferation. Downstream of Wnt, β-catenin binds to the Lin28 promoter and activates transcription. Deletion of Lin28 abolishes β-catenin-mediated effects on MG proliferation, and Lin28 gene transfer stimulates MG proliferation. We further demonstrate that let-7 miRNAs are critically involved in Wnt/Lin28-regulated MG proliferation. Intriguingly, a subset of cell-cycle-reactivated MGs express markers for amacrine cells. Together, these results reveal a key role of Wnt-Lin28-let7 miRNA signaling in regulating proliferation and neurogenic potential of MGs in the adult mammalian retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Yao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Suo Qiu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Lin Tian
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - William D Snider
- UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - John G Flannery
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - David V Schaffer
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Bioengineering, Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Bo Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
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83
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Wisely CE, Sayed JA, Tamez H, Zelinka C, Abdel-Rahman MH, Fischer AJ, Cebulla CM. The chick eye in vision research: An excellent model for the study of ocular disease. Prog Retin Eye Res 2017; 61:72-97. [PMID: 28668352 PMCID: PMC5653414 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 06/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The domestic chicken, Gallus gallus, serves as an excellent model for the study of a wide range of ocular diseases and conditions. The purpose of this manuscript is to outline some anatomic, physiologic, and genetic features of this organism as a robust animal model for vision research, particularly for modeling human retinal disease. Advantages include a sequenced genome, a large eye, relative ease of handling and maintenance, and ready availability. Relevant similarities and differences to humans are highlighted for ocular structures as well as for general physiologic processes. Current research applications for various ocular diseases and conditions, including ocular imaging with spectral domain optical coherence tomography, are discussed. Several genetic and non-genetic ocular disease models are outlined, including for pathologic myopia, keratoconus, glaucoma, retinal detachment, retinal degeneration, ocular albinism, and ocular tumors. Finally, the use of stem cell technology to study the repair of damaged tissues in the chick eye is discussed. Overall, the chick model provides opportunities for high-throughput translational studies to more effectively prevent or treat blinding ocular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ellis Wisely
- Havener Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 915 Olentangy River Rd, Columbus, OH 43212, USA
| | - Javed A Sayed
- Havener Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 915 Olentangy River Rd, Columbus, OH 43212, USA
| | - Heather Tamez
- Havener Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 915 Olentangy River Rd, Columbus, OH 43212, USA
| | - Chris Zelinka
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 333 West 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Mohamed H Abdel-Rahman
- Havener Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 915 Olentangy River Rd, Columbus, OH 43212, USA
| | - Andy J Fischer
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 333 West 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Colleen M Cebulla
- Havener Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 915 Olentangy River Rd, Columbus, OH 43212, USA.
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84
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Retinal cell death dependent reactive proliferative gliosis in the mouse retina. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9517. [PMID: 28842607 PMCID: PMC5572737 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09743-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegeneration is a common starting point of reactive gliosis, which may have beneficial and detrimental consequences. It remains incompletely understood how distinctive pathologies and cell death processes differentially regulate glial responses. Müller glia (MG) in the retina are a prime model: Neurons are regenerated in some species, but in mammals there may be proliferative disorders and scarring. Here, we investigated the relationship between retinal damage and MG proliferation, which are both induced in a reproducible and temporal order in organotypic culture of EGF-treated mouse retina: Hypothermia pretreatment during eye dissection reduced neuronal cell death and MG proliferation; stab wounds increased both. Combined (but not separate) application of defined cell death signaling pathway inhibitors diminished neuronal cell death and maintained MG mitotically quiescent. The level of neuronal cell death determined MG activity, indicated by extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation, and proliferation, both of which were abolished by EGFR inhibition. Our data suggest that retinal cell death, possibly either by programmed apoptosis or necrosis, primes MG to be able to transduce the EGFR–ERK activity required for cell proliferation. These results imply that cell death signaling pathways are potential targets for future therapies to prevent the proliferative gliosis frequently associated with certain neurodegenerative conditions.
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85
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Todd L, Palazzo I, Squires N, Mendonca N, Fischer AJ. BMP- and TGFβ-signaling regulate the formation of Müller glia-derived progenitor cells in the avian retina. Glia 2017; 65:1640-1655. [PMID: 28703293 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Müller glia-derived progenitor cells (MGPCs) have the capability to regenerate neurons in the retinas of different vertebrate orders. The formation of MGPCs is regulated by a network of cell-signaling pathways. The purpose of this study was to investigate how BMP/Smad1/5/8- and TGFβ/Smad2/3-signaling are coordinated to influence the formation of MGPCs in the chick model system. We find that pSmad1/5/8 is selectively up-regulated in the nuclei of Müller glia following treatment with BMP4, FGF2, or NMDA-induced damage, and this up-regulation is blocked by a dorsomorphin analogue DMH1. By comparison, Smad2/3 is found in the nuclei of Müller glia in untreated retinas, and becomes localized to the cytoplasm following NMDA- or FGF2-treatment. These findings suggest a decrease in TGFβ- and increase in BMP-signaling when MGPCs are known to form. In both NMDA-damaged and FGF2-treated retinas, inhibition of BMP-signaling suppressed the proliferation of MGPCs, whereas inhibition of TGFβ-signaling stimulated the proliferation of MGPCs. Consistent with these findings, TGFβ2 suppressed the formation of MGPCs in NMDA-damaged retinas. Our findings indicate that BMP/TGFβ/Smad-signaling is recruited into the network of signaling pathways that controls the formation of proliferating MGPCs. We conclude that signaling through BMP4/Smad1/5/8 promotes the formation of MGPCs, whereas signaling through TGFβ/Smad2/3 suppresses the formation of MGPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Levi Todd
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, 4190 Graves Hall, 333 West 10th Ave, Columbus, Ohio, 43210
| | - Isabella Palazzo
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, 4190 Graves Hall, 333 West 10th Ave, Columbus, Ohio, 43210
| | - Natalie Squires
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, 4190 Graves Hall, 333 West 10th Ave, Columbus, Ohio, 43210
| | - Ninoshka Mendonca
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, 4190 Graves Hall, 333 West 10th Ave, Columbus, Ohio, 43210
| | - Andy J Fischer
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, 4190 Graves Hall, 333 West 10th Ave, Columbus, Ohio, 43210
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86
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Gorsuch RA, Lahne M, Yarka CE, Petravick ME, Li J, Hyde DR. Sox2 regulates Müller glia reprogramming and proliferation in the regenerating zebrafish retina via Lin28 and Ascl1a. Exp Eye Res 2017; 161:174-192. [PMID: 28577895 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2017.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Sox2 is a well-established neuronal stem cell-associated transcription factor that regulates neural development and adult neurogenesis in vertebrates, and is one of the critical genes used to reprogram differentiated cells into induced pluripotent stem cells. We examined if Sox2 was involved in the early reprogramming-like events that Müller glia undergo as they upregulate many pluripotency- and neural stem cell-associated genes required for proliferation in light-damaged adult zebrafish retinas. In the undamaged adult zebrafish retina, Sox2 is expressed in Müller glia and a subset of amacrine cells, similar to other vertebrates. Following 31 h of light damage, Sox2 expression significantly increased in proliferating Müller glia. Morpholino-mediated knockdown of Sox2 expression resulted in decreased numbers of proliferating Müller glia, while induced overexpression of Sox2 stimulated Müller glia proliferation in the absence of retinal damage. Thus, Sox2 is necessary and sufficient for Müller glia proliferation. We investigated the role of Wnt/β-catenin signaling, which is a known regulator of sox2 expression during vertebrate retinal development. While β-catenin 2, but not β-catenin 1, was necessary for Müller glia proliferation, neither β-catenin paralog was required for sox2 expression following retinal damage. Sox2 expression was also necessary for ascl1a (neurogenic) and lin28a (reprogramming) expression, but not stat3 expression following retinal damage. Furthermore, Sox2 was required for Müller glial-derived neuronal progenitor cell amplification and expression of the pro-neural marker Tg(atoh7:EGFP). Finally, loss of Sox2 expression prevented complete regeneration of cone photoreceptors. This study is the first to identify a functional role for Sox2 during Müller glial-based regeneration of the vertebrate retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryne A Gorsuch
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Zebrafish Research, and the Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Galvin Life Science Building, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
| | - Manuela Lahne
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Zebrafish Research, and the Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Galvin Life Science Building, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
| | - Clare E Yarka
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Zebrafish Research, and the Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Galvin Life Science Building, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
| | - Michael E Petravick
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Zebrafish Research, and the Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Galvin Life Science Building, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
| | - Jingling Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Zebrafish Research, and the Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Galvin Life Science Building, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
| | - David R Hyde
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Zebrafish Research, and the Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Galvin Life Science Building, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
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87
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Schultz LE, Solin SL, Wierson WA, Lovan JM, Syrkin-Nikolau J, Lincow DE, Severin AJ, Sakaguchi DS, McGrail M. Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A and Leptin Expression Associated with Ectopic Proliferation and Retinal Dysplasia in Zebrafish Optic Pathway Tumors. Zebrafish 2017; 14:343-356. [PMID: 28192065 PMCID: PMC5549800 DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2016.1366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In the central nervous system injury induces cellular reprogramming and progenitor proliferation, but the molecular mechanisms that limit regeneration and prevent tumorigenesis are not completely understood. We previously described a zebrafish optic pathway tumor model in which transgenic Tg(flk1:RFP)is18/+ adults develop nonmalignant retinal tumors. Key pathways driving injury-induced glial reprogramming and regeneration contributed to tumor formation. In this study, we examine a time course of proliferation and present new analyses of the Tg(flk1:RFP)is18/+ dysplastic retina and tumor transcriptomes. Retinal dysplasia was first detected in 3-month-old adults, but was not limited to a specific stem cell or progenitor niche. Pathway analyses suggested a decrease in cellular respiration and increased expression of components of Hif1-α, VEGF, mTOR, NFκβ, and multiple interleukin pathways are associated with early retinal dysplasia. Hif-α targets VEGFA (vegfab) and Leptin (lepb) were both highly upregulated in dysplastic retina; however, each showed distinct expression patterns in neurons and glia, respectively. Phospho-S6 immunolabeling indicated that mTOR signaling is activated in multiple cell populations in wild-type retina and in the dysplastic retina and advanced tumor. Our results suggest that multiple pathways may contribute to the continuous proliferation of retinal progenitors and tumor growth in this optic pathway tumor model. Further investigation of these signaling pathways may yield insight into potential mechanisms to control the proliferative response during regeneration in the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Schultz
- 1 Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University , Ames, Iowa
| | - Staci L Solin
- 1 Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University , Ames, Iowa
| | - Wesley A Wierson
- 1 Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University , Ames, Iowa
| | - Janna M Lovan
- 1 Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University , Ames, Iowa
| | - Judith Syrkin-Nikolau
- 1 Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University , Ames, Iowa
| | - Deborah E Lincow
- 1 Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University , Ames, Iowa
| | - Andrew J Severin
- 2 Genome Informatics Facility, Office of Biotechnology, Iowa State University , Ames, Iowa
| | - Donald S Sakaguchi
- 1 Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University , Ames, Iowa
| | - Maura McGrail
- 1 Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University , Ames, Iowa
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88
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Evidence of BrdU-positive retinal neurons after application of an Alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist. Neuroscience 2017; 346:437-446. [PMID: 28147247 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Irreversible vision loss due to disease or age is responsible for a reduced quality of life. The experiments in this study test the hypothesis that the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist, PNU-282987, leads to the generation of retinal neurons in an adult mammalian retina in the absence of retinal injury or exogenous growth factors. Using antibodies against BrdU, retinal ganglion cells, progenitor cells and Müller glia, the results of this study demonstrate that multiple types of retinal cells and neurons are generated after eye drop application of PNU-282987 in adult Long Evans rats in a dose-dependent manner. The results of this study provide evidence that progenitor cells, derived from Müller glia after treatment with PNU-282987, differentiate and migrate to the photoreceptor and retinal ganglion cell layers. If retinas were treated with the alpha7 nAChR antagonist, methyllycaconitine, before agonist treatment, BrdU-positive cells were significantly reduced. As adult mammalian neurons do not typically regenerate or proliferate, these results have implications for reversing vision loss due to neurodegenerative disease or the aging process to improve the quality of life for millions of patients.
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89
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Ail D, Perron M. Retinal Degeneration and Regeneration-Lessons From Fishes and Amphibians. CURRENT PATHOBIOLOGY REPORTS 2017; 5:67-78. [PMID: 28255526 PMCID: PMC5309292 DOI: 10.1007/s40139-017-0127-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Retinal degenerative diseases have immense socio-economic impact. Studying animal models that recapitulate human eye pathologies aids in understanding the pathogenesis of diseases and allows for the discovery of novel therapeutic strategies. Some non-mammalian species are known to have remarkable regenerative abilities and may provide the basis to develop strategies to stimulate self-repair in patients suffering from these retinal diseases. RECENT FINDINGS Non-mammalian organisms, such as zebrafish and Xenopus, have become attractive model systems to study retinal diseases. Additionally, many fish and amphibian models of retinal cell ablation and cell lineage analysis have been developed to study regeneration. These investigations highlighted several cellular sources for retinal repair in different fish and amphibian species. Moreover, major differences in repair mechanisms have been reported in these animal models. SUMMARY This review aims to emphasize first on the importance of zebrafish and Xenopus models in studying the pathogenesis of retinal diseases and, second, on the different modes of regeneration processes in these model organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Ail
- Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Muriel Perron
- Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
- Centre d’Etude et de Recherche Thérapeutique en Ophtalmologie, Retina France, Orsay, France
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90
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Regulation of Stem Cell Properties of Müller Glia by JAK/STAT and MAPK Signaling in the Mammalian Retina. Stem Cells Int 2017; 2017:1610691. [PMID: 28194183 PMCID: PMC5282447 DOI: 10.1155/2017/1610691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans and other mammals, the neural retina does not spontaneously regenerate, and damage to the retina that kills retinal neurons results in permanent blindness. In contrast to embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, and embryonic/fetal retinal stem cells, Müller glia offer an intrinsic cellular source for regenerative strategies in the retina. Müller glia are radial glial cells within the retina that maintain retinal homeostasis, buffer ion flux associated with phototransduction, and form the blood/retinal barrier within the retina proper. In injured or degenerating retinas, Müller glia contribute to gliotic responses and scar formation but also show regenerative capabilities that vary across species. In the mammalian retina, regenerative responses achieved to date remain insufficient for potential clinical applications. Activation of JAK/STAT and MAPK signaling by CNTF, EGF, and FGFs can promote proliferation and modulate the glial/neurogenic switch. However, to achieve clinical relevance, additional intrinsic and extrinsic factors that restrict or promote regenerative responses of Müller glia in the mammalian retina must be identified. This review focuses on Müller glia and Müller glial-derived stem cells in the retina and phylogenetic differences among model vertebrate species and highlights some of the current progress towards understanding the cellular mechanisms regulating their regenerative response.
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91
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Madelaine R, Mourrain P. Endogenous retinal neural stem cell reprogramming for neuronal regeneration. Neural Regen Res 2017; 12:1765-1767. [PMID: 29239312 PMCID: PMC5745820 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.219028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In humans, optic nerve injuries and associated neurodegenerative diseases are often followed by permanent vision loss. Consequently, an important challenge is to develop safe and effective methods to replace retinal neurons and thereby restore neuronal functions and vision. Identifying cellular and molecular mechanisms allowing to replace damaged neurons is a major goal for basic and translational research in regenerative medicine. Contrary to mammals, the zebrafish has the capacity to fully regenerate entire parts of the nervous system, including retina. This regenerative process depends on endogenous retinal neural stem cells, the Müller glial cells. Following injury, zebrafish Müller cells go back into cell cycle to proliferate and generate new neurons, while mammalian Müller cells undergo reactive gliosis. Recently, transcription factors and microRNAs have been identified to control the formation of new neurons derived from zebrafish and mammalian Müller cells, indicating that cellular reprogramming can be an efficient strategy to regenerate human retinal neurons. Here we discuss recent insights into the use of endogenous neural stem cell reprogramming for neuronal regeneration, differences between zebrafish and mammalian Müller cells, and the need to pursue the identification and characterization of new molecular factors with an instructive and potent function in order to develop theurapeutic strategies for eye diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Madelaine
- Stanford Center for Sleep Sciences and Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Philippe Mourrain
- Stanford Center for Sleep Sciences and Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; INSERM 1024, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris, France
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92
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Todd L, Squires N, Suarez L, Fischer AJ. Jak/Stat signaling regulates the proliferation and neurogenic potential of Müller glia-derived progenitor cells in the avian retina. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35703. [PMID: 27759082 PMCID: PMC5069623 DOI: 10.1038/srep35703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Müller glia are capable of de-differentiating and proliferating to become Müller glia-derived progenitor cells (MGPCs) with the ability to regenerate retinal neurons. One of the cell-signaling pathways that drives the reprogramming of Müller glia into MGPCs in the zebrafish retina is the Jak/Stat-pathway. However, nothing is known about the influence of Jak/Stat-signaling during the formation of MGPCs in the retinas of warm-blooded vertebrates. Accordingly, we examined whether Jak/Stat-signaling influences the formation of MGPCs and differentiation of progeny in the avian retina. We found that Jak/Stat-signaling is activated in Müller glia in response to NMDA-induced retinal damage or by CNTF or FGF2 in the absence of retinal damage. Inhibition of gp130, Jak2, or Stat3 suppressed the formation of proliferating MGPCs in NMDA-damaged and FGF2-treated retinas. Additionally, CNTF combined with FGF2 enhanced the formation of proliferating MGPCs in the absence of retinal damage. In contrast to the zebrafish model, where activation of gp130/Jak/Stat is sufficient to drive neural regeneration from MGPCs, signaling through gp130 inhibits the neurogenic potential of MGPCs and promotes glial differentiation. We conclude that gp130/Jak/Stat-signaling plays an important role in the network of pathways that drives the formation of proliferating MGPCs; however, this pathway inhibits the neural differentiation of the progeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Levi Todd
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, 4190 Graves Hall, 333 West 10th Ave, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Natalie Squires
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, 4190 Graves Hall, 333 West 10th Ave, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Lilianna Suarez
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, 4190 Graves Hall, 333 West 10th Ave, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Andy J Fischer
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, 4190 Graves Hall, 333 West 10th Ave, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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93
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Zhang S, Mu Z, He C, Zhou M, Liu D, Zhao XF, Goldman D, Xu H. Antiviral Drug Ganciclovir Is a Potent Inhibitor of the Proliferation of Müller Glia-Derived Progenitors During Zebrafish Retinal Regeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2016; 57:1991-2000. [PMID: 27096757 PMCID: PMC4849886 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.15-18669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the antiviral drug ganciclovir (GCV) on Müller glia dedifferentiation and proliferation and the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms in adult zebrafish. Methods A Tg(1016tuba1a:GFP) transgenic line was generated to identify injury-induced dedifferentiation of Müller glia. Mechanical retinal damage was induced by a needle-poke injury on the back of the eyes in adult zebrafish. Phosphate-buffered saline or GCV was injected into the vitreous of the eye at the time of injury or through the cornea. The GCV clearance rate from the eye was determined by a reversed-phase HPLC method. Green fluorescent protein (GFP) and bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) immunofluorescence were used to determine the effect of GCV on retinal regeneration. Cell apoptosis was evaluated by TUNEL staining. Microglia were labeled by vitreous injection of isolectin IB4 conjugates. Quantitative (q)PCR and Western blot analysis were used to determine gene expression in the retina. Results Ganciclovir treatment significantly reduced the number of BrdU+ Müller glia–derived progenitor cells (MGPCs) at 4 days post injury. Further analysis showed that GCV had no impact on Müller glia dedifferentiation and the initial formation of MGPCs. Our data indicate that GCV irreversibly inhibited MGPC proliferation likely through a p53-p21cip1–dependent pathway. Interestingly, unlike control cells, GCV-treated Müller glia cells were “locked” in a prolonged dedifferentiated state. Conclusions Our study uncovered a novel inhibitory effect of GCV on MGPC proliferation and suggests its potential use as a tool to uncover molecular mechanisms underlying retinal regeneration in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuqiang Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Neuroregeneration Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhaoxia Mu
- Eye Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Chunjiao He
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Neuroregeneration Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Minmin Zhou
- College of Biological Science, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Dong Liu
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Neuroregeneration Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Zhao
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Daniel Goldman
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute and Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Hui Xu
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Neuroregeneration Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
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94
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Wan J, Goldman D. Retina regeneration in zebrafish. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2016; 40:41-47. [PMID: 27281280 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2016.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Unlike mammals, zebrafish are able to regenerate a damaged retina. Key to this regenerative response are Müller glia that respond to retinal injury by undergoing a reprogramming event that allows them to divide and generate a retinal progenitor that is multipotent and responsible for regenerating all major retinal neuron types. The fish and mammalian retina are composed of similar cell types with conserved function. Because of this it is anticipated that studies of retina regeneration in fish may suggest strategies for stimulating Müller glia reprogramming and retina regeneration in mammals. In this review we describe recent advances and future directions in retina regeneration research using zebrafish as a model system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wan
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute and Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Daniel Goldman
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute and Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States.
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95
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Zelinka CP, Volkov L, Goodman ZA, Todd L, Palazzo I, Bishop WA, Fischer AJ. mTor signaling is required for the formation of proliferating Müller glia-derived progenitor cells in the chick retina. Development 2016; 143:1859-73. [PMID: 27068108 PMCID: PMC4920162 DOI: 10.1242/dev.133215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We investigate the roles of mTor signaling in the formation of Müller glia-derived progenitor cells (MGPCs) in the chick retina. During embryonic development, pS6 (a readout of active mTor signaling) is present in early-stage retinal progenitors, differentiating amacrine and ganglion cells, and late-stage progenitors or maturing Müller glia. By contrast, pS6 is present at low levels in a few scattered cell types in mature, healthy retina. Following retinal damage, in which MGPCs are known to form, mTor signaling is rapidly activated in Müller glia. Inhibition of mTor in damaged retinas prevented the accumulation of pS6 in Müller glia and reduced numbers of proliferating MGPCs. Inhibition of mTor had no effect on MAPK signaling or on upregulation of the stem cell factor Klf4, whereas Pax6 upregulation was significantly reduced. Inhibition of mTor potently blocked the MGPC-promoting effects of Hedgehog, Wnt and glucocorticoid signaling in damaged retinas. In the absence of retinal damage, insulin, IGF1 and FGF2 induced pS6 in Müller glia, and this was blocked by mTor inhibitor. In FGF2-treated retinas, in which MGPCs are known to form, inhibition of mTor blocked the accumulation of pS6, the upregulation of Pax6 and the formation of proliferating MGPCs. We conclude that mTor signaling is required, but not sufficient, to stimulate Müller glia to give rise to proliferating progenitors, and the network of signaling pathways that drive the formation of MGPCs requires activation of mTor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher P Zelinka
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, 4190 Graves Hall, 333 West 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210-1239, USA
| | - Leo Volkov
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, 4190 Graves Hall, 333 West 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210-1239, USA
| | - Zachary A Goodman
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, 4190 Graves Hall, 333 West 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210-1239, USA
| | - Levi Todd
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, 4190 Graves Hall, 333 West 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210-1239, USA
| | - Isabella Palazzo
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, 4190 Graves Hall, 333 West 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210-1239, USA
| | - William A Bishop
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, 4190 Graves Hall, 333 West 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210-1239, USA
| | - Andy J Fischer
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, 4190 Graves Hall, 333 West 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210-1239, USA
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96
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Li Q, Guo G, Meng F, Wang HH, Niu Y, Zhang Q, Zhang J, Wang Y, Dong L, Wang C. A Naturally Derived, Growth Factor-Binding Polysaccharide for Therapeutic Angiogenesis. ACS Macro Lett 2016; 5:617-621. [PMID: 35632382 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.6b00182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
We herein report the discovery of a naturally derived carbohydrate with binding affinities for two pro-angiogenic growth factors-fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) and platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB). This galacturonic acid-containing polysaccharide (EUP3) sequestered endogenous FGF-2 and PDGF-BB in vivo and promoted in situ formation and maturation of new blood vessels. Our findings suggest EUP3 as the first nonglycosaminoglycan, nonanimal-originated carbohydrate molecule that binds two pro-angiogenic growth factors to stimulate angiogenesis. Further investigations into this carbohydrate may lead to the development of new tools for therapeutic angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu Li
- State
Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute
of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Guangxing Guo
- State
Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Fancheng Meng
- State
Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute
of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Helena H. Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute
of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Yiming Niu
- State
Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute
of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Qingwen Zhang
- State
Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute
of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Junfeng Zhang
- State
Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Yitao Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute
of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Lei Dong
- State
Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Chunming Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute
of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
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97
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Powell C, Cornblath E, Elsaeidi F, Wan J, Goldman D. Zebrafish Müller glia-derived progenitors are multipotent, exhibit proliferative biases and regenerate excess neurons. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24851. [PMID: 27094545 PMCID: PMC4837407 DOI: 10.1038/srep24851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Unlike mammals, zebrafish can regenerate a damaged retina. Key to this regenerative response are Müller glia (MG) that respond to injury by reprogramming and adopting retinal stem cell properties. These reprogrammed MG divide to produce a proliferating population of retinal progenitors that migrate to areas of retinal damage and regenerate lost neurons. Previous studies have suggested that MG-derived progenitors may be biased to produce that are lost with injury. Here we investigated MG multipotency using injury paradigms that target different retinal nuclear layers for cell ablation. Our data indicate that regardless of which nuclear layer was damaged, MG respond by generating multipotent progenitors that migrate to all nuclear layers and differentiate into layer-specific cell types, suggesting that MG-derived progenitors in the injured retina are intrinsically multipotent. However, our analysis of progenitor proliferation reveals a proliferative advantage in nuclear layers where neurons were ablated. This suggests that feedback inhibition from surviving neurons may skew neuronal regeneration towards ablated cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Curtis Powell
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Eli Cornblath
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Fairouz Elsaeidi
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Jin Wan
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Daniel Goldman
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
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98
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Lust K, Sinn R, Pérez Saturnino A, Centanin L, Wittbrodt J. De novo neurogenesis by targeted expression of atoh7 to Müller glia cells. Development 2016; 143:1874-83. [PMID: 27068106 PMCID: PMC4920165 DOI: 10.1242/dev.135905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Regenerative responses in the vertebrate CNS depend on quiescent radial glia stem cells, which re-enter the cell cycle and eventually differentiate into neurons. The entry into the cell cycle and the differentiation into neurons are events of opposite nature, and therefore efforts to force quiescent radial glia into neurons require different factors. Here, we use fish to show that a single neurogenic factor, Atoh7, directs retinal radial glia (Müller glia, MG) into proliferation. The resulting neurogenic clusters differentiate in vivo into various retinal neurons. We use signaling reporters to demonstrate that the Atoh7-induced regeneration-like response of MG cells is mimicked by Notch, resembling the behavior of early progenitors during retinogenesis. Activation of Notch signaling in MG cells is sufficient to trigger proliferation and differentiation. Our results uncover a new role for Atoh7 as a universal neurogenic factor, and illustrate how signaling modules are re-employed in diverse contexts to trigger different biological responses. Highlighted article: Induced activation of atoh7 in Müller glia cells in vivo is sufficient to drive cell cycle re-entry and proliferation, followed by the formation of neurogenic clusters and de novo neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Lust
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS) Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, Heidelberg 69120, Germany The Hartmut Hoffmann-Berling International Graduate School of Molecular and Cellular Biology (HBIGS), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rebecca Sinn
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS) Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, Heidelberg 69120, Germany The Hartmut Hoffmann-Berling International Graduate School of Molecular and Cellular Biology (HBIGS), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alicia Pérez Saturnino
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS) Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, Heidelberg 69120, Germany The Hartmut Hoffmann-Berling International Graduate School of Molecular and Cellular Biology (HBIGS), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lázaro Centanin
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS) Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Joachim Wittbrodt
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS) Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
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99
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The role of IL-11 in immunity and cancer. Cancer Lett 2016; 373:156-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2016.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 12/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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100
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Hamon A, Roger JE, Yang XJ, Perron M. Müller glial cell-dependent regeneration of the neural retina: An overview across vertebrate model systems. Dev Dyn 2016; 245:727-38. [PMID: 26661417 PMCID: PMC4900950 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal dystrophies are a major cause of blindness for which there are currently no curative treatments. Transplantation of stem cell‐derived neuronal progenitors to replace lost cells has been widely investigated as a therapeutic option. Another promising strategy would be to trigger self‐repair mechanisms in patients, through the recruitment of endogenous cells with stemness properties. Accumulating evidence in the past 15 year0s has revealed that several retinal cell types possess neurogenic potential, thus opening new avenues for regenerative medicine. Among them, Müller glial cells have been shown to be able to undergo a reprogramming process to re‐acquire a stem/progenitor state, allowing them to proliferate and generate new neurons for repair following retinal damages. Although Müller cell–dependent spontaneous regeneration is remarkable in some species such as the fish, it is extremely limited and ineffective in mammals. Understanding the cellular events and molecular mechanisms underlying Müller cell activities in species endowed with regenerative capacities could provide knowledge to unlock the restricted potential of their mammalian counterparts. In this context, the present review provides an overview of Müller cell responses to injury across vertebrate model systems and summarizes recent advances in this rapidly evolving field. Developmental Dynamics 245:727–738, 2016. © 2015 The Authors. Developmental Dynamics published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. The present review provides an overview of Müller cell responses to injury across vertebrate model systems and summarizes recent advances in this rapidly evolving field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annaïg Hamon
- Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience, CNRS, Univ Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France.,Centre d'Etude et de Recherche Thérapeutique en Ophtalmologie, Retina France, Orsay, France
| | - Jérôme E Roger
- Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience, CNRS, Univ Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France.,Centre d'Etude et de Recherche Thérapeutique en Ophtalmologie, Retina France, Orsay, France
| | - Xian-Jie Yang
- Stein Eye Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Muriel Perron
- Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience, CNRS, Univ Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France.,Centre d'Etude et de Recherche Thérapeutique en Ophtalmologie, Retina France, Orsay, France.,Stein Eye Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
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