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Szabo I, Zoratti M, Biasutto L. Targeting mitochondrial ion channels for cancer therapy. Redox Biol 2021; 42:101846. [PMID: 33419703 PMCID: PMC8113036 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmacological targeting of mitochondrial ion channels is emerging as a promising approach to eliminate cancer cells; as most of these channels are differentially expressed and/or regulated in cancer cells in comparison to healthy ones, this strategy may selectively eliminate the former. Perturbation of ion fluxes across the outer and inner membranes is linked to alterations of redox state, membrane potential and bioenergetic efficiency. This leads to indirect modulation of oxidative phosphorylation, which is/may be fundamental for both cancer and cancer stem cell survival. Furthermore, given the crucial contribution of mitochondria to intrinsic apoptosis, modulation of their ion channels leading to cytochrome c release may be of great advantage in case of resistance to drugs triggering apoptotic events upstream of the mitochondrial phase. In the present review, we give an overview of the known mitochondrial ion channels and of their modulators capable of killing cancer cells. In addition, we discuss state-of-the-art strategies using mitochondriotropic drugs or peptide-based approaches allowing a more efficient and selective targeting of mitochondrial ion channel-linked events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ildiko Szabo
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Italy; CNR Institute of Neurosciences, Padova, Italy.
| | | | - Lucia Biasutto
- CNR Institute of Neurosciences, Padova, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Italy
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52
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De Mario A, Tosatto A, Hill JM, Kriston-Vizi J, Ketteler R, Vecellio Reane D, Cortopassi G, Szabadkai G, Rizzuto R, Mammucari C. Identification and functional validation of FDA-approved positive and negative modulators of the mitochondrial calcium uniporter. Cell Rep 2021; 35:109275. [PMID: 34161774 PMCID: PMC8242467 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU), the highly selective channel responsible for mitochondrial Ca2+ entry, plays important roles in physiology and pathology. However, only few pharmacological compounds directly and selectively modulate its activity. Here, we perform high-throughput screening on a US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drug library comprising 1,600 compounds to identify molecules modulating mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake. We find amorolfine and benzethonium to be positive and negative MCU modulators, respectively. In agreement with the positive effect of MCU in muscle trophism, amorolfine increases muscle size, and MCU silencing is sufficient to blunt amorolfine-induced hypertrophy. Conversely, in the triple-negative breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231, benzethonium delays cell growth and migration in an MCU-dependent manner and protects from ceramide-induced apoptosis, in line with the role of mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake in cancer progression. Overall, we identify amorolfine and benzethonium as effective MCU-targeting drugs applicable to a wide array of experimental and disease conditions. We screen an FDA-approved drug library for mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake modulators Amorolfine and benzethonium modulate MCU activity Amorolfine increases MCU-dependent mitochondrial metabolism and muscle size Benzethonium decreases MCU-dependent cancer cell growth and migration
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnese De Mario
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Anna Tosatto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Julia Marie Hill
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Consortium for Mitochondrial Research, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Janos Kriston-Vizi
- Bioinformatics Image Core (BIONIC), MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Robin Ketteler
- Cell Signalling and Autophagy Group, MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | | | - Gino Cortopassi
- Department of Molecular Bioscience, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Gyorgy Szabadkai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Consortium for Mitochondrial Research, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; Francis Crick Institute, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Rosario Rizzuto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy; Myology Center (CIR-Myo), University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy.
| | - Cristina Mammucari
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy; Myology Center (CIR-Myo), University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy.
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Modesti L, Danese A, Angela Maria Vitto V, Ramaccini D, Aguiari G, Gafà R, Lanza G, Giorgi C, Pinton P. Mitochondrial Ca 2+ Signaling in Health, Disease and Therapy. Cells 2021; 10:cells10061317. [PMID: 34070562 PMCID: PMC8230075 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The divalent cation calcium (Ca2+) is considered one of the main second messengers inside cells and acts as the most prominent signal in a plethora of biological processes. Its homeostasis is guaranteed by an intricate and complex system of channels, pumps, and exchangers. In this context, by regulating cellular Ca2+ levels, mitochondria control both the uptake and release of Ca2+. Therefore, at the mitochondrial level, Ca2+ plays a dual role, participating in both vital physiological processes (ATP production and regulation of mitochondrial metabolism) and pathophysiological processes (cell death, cancer progression and metastasis). Hence, it is not surprising that alterations in mitochondrial Ca2+ (mCa2+) pathways or mutations in Ca2+ transporters affect the activities and functions of the entire cell. Indeed, it is widely recognized that dysregulation of mCa2+ signaling leads to various pathological scenarios, including cancer, neurological defects and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). This review summarizes the current knowledge on the regulation of mCa2+ homeostasis, the related mechanisms and the significance of this regulation in physiology and human diseases. We also highlight strategies aimed at remedying mCa2+ dysregulation as promising therapeutical approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Modesti
- Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (L.M.); (A.D.); (V.A.M.V.); (D.R.); (C.G.)
| | - Alberto Danese
- Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (L.M.); (A.D.); (V.A.M.V.); (D.R.); (C.G.)
| | - Veronica Angela Maria Vitto
- Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (L.M.); (A.D.); (V.A.M.V.); (D.R.); (C.G.)
| | - Daniela Ramaccini
- Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (L.M.); (A.D.); (V.A.M.V.); (D.R.); (C.G.)
| | - Gianluca Aguiari
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Roberta Gafà
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (R.G.); (G.L.)
| | - Giovanni Lanza
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (R.G.); (G.L.)
| | - Carlotta Giorgi
- Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (L.M.); (A.D.); (V.A.M.V.); (D.R.); (C.G.)
| | - Paolo Pinton
- Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (L.M.); (A.D.); (V.A.M.V.); (D.R.); (C.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0532-455802
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Nakamura T, Ogawa M, Kojima K, Takayanagi S, Ishihara S, Hattori K, Naguro I, Ichijo H. The mitochondrial Ca 2+ uptake regulator, MICU1, is involved in cold stress-induced ferroptosis. EMBO Rep 2021; 22:e51532. [PMID: 33822458 PMCID: PMC8097382 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202051532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis has recently attracted much interest because of its relevance to human diseases such as cancer and ischemia-reperfusion injury. We have reported that prolonged severe cold stress induces lipid peroxidation-dependent ferroptosis, but the upstream mechanism remains unknown. Here, using genome-wide CRISPR screening, we found that a mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake regulator, mitochondrial calcium uptake 1 (MICU1), is required for generating lipid peroxide and subsequent ferroptosis under cold stress. Furthermore, the gatekeeping activity of MICU1 through mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU) is suggested to be indispensable for cold stress-induced ferroptosis. MICU1 is required for mitochondrial Ca2+ increase, hyperpolarization of the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and subsequent lipid peroxidation under cold stress. Collectively, these findings suggest that the MICU1-dependent mitochondrial Ca2+ homeostasis-MMP hyperpolarization axis is involved in cold stress-induced lipid peroxidation and ferroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshitaka Nakamura
- Laboratory of Cell SignalingGraduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Motoyuki Ogawa
- Laboratory of Cell SignalingGraduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Kazuki Kojima
- Laboratory of Cell SignalingGraduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Saki Takayanagi
- Laboratory of Cell SignalingGraduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Shunya Ishihara
- Laboratory of Cell SignalingGraduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Kazuki Hattori
- Laboratory of Cell SignalingGraduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Isao Naguro
- Laboratory of Cell SignalingGraduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Hidenori Ichijo
- Laboratory of Cell SignalingGraduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
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Rimessi A, Vitto VAM, Patergnani S, Pinton P. Update on Calcium Signaling in Cystic Fibrosis Lung Disease. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:581645. [PMID: 33776759 PMCID: PMC7990772 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.581645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator gene, which causes multifunctional defects that preferentially affect the airways. Abnormal viscosity of mucus secretions, persistent pathogen infections, hyperinflammation, and lung tissue damage compose the classical pathological manifestation referred to as CF lung disease. Among the multifunctional defects associated with defective CFTR, increasing evidence supports the relevant role of perturbed calcium (Ca2+) signaling in the pathophysiology of CF lung disease. The Ca2+ ion is a critical player in cell functioning and survival. Its intracellular homeostasis is maintained by a fine balance between channels, transporters, and exchangers, mediating the influx and efflux of the ion across the plasma membrane and the intracellular organelles. An abnormal Ca2+ profile has been observed in CF cells, including airway epithelial and immune cells, with heavy repercussions on cell function, viability, and susceptibility to pathogens, contributing to proinflammatory overstimulation, organelle dysfunction, oxidative stress, and excessive cytokines release in CF lung. This review discusses the role of Ca2+ signaling in CF and how its dysregulation in airway epithelial and immune cells contributes to hyperinflammation in the CF lung. Finally, we provide an outlook on the therapeutic options that target the Ca2+ signaling to treat the CF lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Rimessi
- Department of Medical Sciences and Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.,Center of Research for Innovative Therapies in Cystic Fibrosis, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Veronica A M Vitto
- Department of Medical Sciences and Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Simone Patergnani
- Department of Medical Sciences and Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Paolo Pinton
- Department of Medical Sciences and Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.,Center of Research for Innovative Therapies in Cystic Fibrosis, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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56
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Tanwar J, Singh JB, Motiani RK. Molecular machinery regulating mitochondrial calcium levels: The nuts and bolts of mitochondrial calcium dynamics. Mitochondrion 2021; 57:9-22. [PMID: 33316420 PMCID: PMC7610953 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2020.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria play vital role in regulating the cellular energetics and metabolism. Further, it is a signaling hub for cell survival and apoptotic pathways. One of the key determinants that calibrate both cellular energetics and survival functions is mitochondrial calcium (Ca2+) dynamics. Mitochondrial Ca2+ regulates three Ca2+-sensitive dehydrogenase enzymes involved in tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) cycle thereby directly controlling ATP synthesis. On the other hand, excessive Ca2+ concentration within the mitochondrial matrix elevates mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mROS) levels and causes mitochondrial membrane depolarization. This leads to opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) and release of cytochrome c into cytosol eventually triggering apoptosis. Therefore, it is critical for cell to maintain mitochondrial Ca2+ concentration. Since cells can neither synthesize nor metabolize Ca2+, it is the dynamic interplay of Ca2+ handling proteins involved in mitochondrial Ca2+ influx and efflux that take the center stage. In this review we would discuss the key molecular machinery regulating mitochondrial Ca2+ concentration. We would focus on the channel complex involved in bringing Ca2+ into mitochondrial matrix i.e. Mitochondrial Ca2+ Uniporter (MCU) and its key regulators Mitochondrial Ca2+ Uptake proteins (MICU1, 2 and 3), MCU regulatory subunit b (MCUb), Essential MCU Regulator (EMRE) and Mitochondrial Ca2+ Uniporter Regulator 1 (MCUR1). Further, we would deliberate on major mitochondrial Ca2+ efflux proteins i.e. Mitochondrial Na+/Ca2+/Li+ exchanger (NCLX) and Leucine zipper EF hand-containing transmembrane1 (Letm1). Moreover, we would highlight the physiological functions of these proteins and discuss their relevance in human pathophysiology. Finally, we would highlight key outstanding questions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Tanwar
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), New Delhi 10025, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Jaya Bharti Singh
- Laboratory of Calciomics and Systemic Pathophysiology (LCSP), Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), Faridabad, Delhi-NCR, India
| | - Rajender K Motiani
- Laboratory of Calciomics and Systemic Pathophysiology (LCSP), Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), Faridabad, Delhi-NCR, India.
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57
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Abstract
Mitochondria are responsible for ATP production but are also known as regulators of cell death, and mitochondrial matrix Ca2+ is a key modulator of both ATP production and cell death. Although mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake and efflux have been studied for over 50 years, it is only in the past decade that the proteins responsible for mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake and efflux have been identified. The identification of the mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter (MCU) led to an explosion of studies identifying regulators of the MCU. The levels of these regulators vary in a tissue- and disease-specific manner, providing new insight into how mitochondrial Ca2+ is regulated. This review focuses on the proteins responsible for mitochondrial transport and what we have learned from mouse studies with genetic alterations in these proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Murphy
- Cardiovascular Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA;
| | - Charles Steenbergen
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
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58
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Márta K, Hasan P, Rodríguez-Prados M, Paillard M, Hajnóczky G. Pharmacological inhibition of the mitochondrial Ca 2+ uniporter: Relevance for pathophysiology and human therapy. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2021; 151:135-144. [PMID: 33035551 PMCID: PMC7880870 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2020.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake has long been considered crucial for meeting the fluctuating energy demands of cells in the heart and other tissues. Increases in mitochondrial matrix [Ca2+] drive mitochondrial ATP production via stimulation of Ca2+-sensitive dehydrogenases. Mitochondria-targeted sensors have revealed mitochondrial matrix [Ca2+] rises that closely follow the cytoplasmic [Ca2+] signals in many paradigms. Mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake is mediated by the Ca2+ uniporter (mtCU). Pharmacological manipulation of the mtCU is potentially key to understanding its physiological significance, but no specific, cell-permeable inhibitors were identified. In the past decade, as the molecular identity of the mtCU was brought to light, efforts have focused on genetic targeting. However, in the cells/animals that are able to survive impaired mtCU function, robust compensatory changes were found in the mtCU as well as other mechanisms. Thus, the discovery, through chemical library screens on normal and mtCU-deficient cells, of new small-molecule inhibitors with improved cell permeability and specificity might offer a better chance to test the relevance of mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake. Success with the development of small molecule mtCU inhibitors is also expected to have clinical impact, considering the growing evidence for the role of mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake in a variety of diseases, including heart attack, stroke and various neurodegenerative disorders. Here, we review the progress in pharmacological targeting of mtCU and illustrate the challenges in this field using data obtained with MCU-i11, a new small molecule inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Márta
- MitoCare Center, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Prottoy Hasan
- MitoCare Center, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Macarena Rodríguez-Prados
- MitoCare Center, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Melanie Paillard
- MitoCare Center, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA; Univ-Lyon, CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM, INRA, Université Claude Bernard Lyon-1, INSA-Lyon, HCL, 69500 Bron, France
| | - György Hajnóczky
- MitoCare Center, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
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Filadi R, Greotti E. The yin and yang of mitochondrial Ca 2+ signaling in cell physiology and pathology. Cell Calcium 2020; 93:102321. [PMID: 33310302 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2020.102321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are autonomous and dynamic cellular organelles orchestrating a diverse range of cellular activities. Numerous cell-signaling pathways target these organelles and Ca2+ is one of the most significant. Mitochondria are able to rapidly and transiently take up Ca2+, thanks to the mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter complex, as well as to extrude it through the Na+/Ca2+ and H+/Ca2+ exchangers. The transient accumulation of Ca2+ in the mitochondrial matrix impacts on mitochondrial functions and cell pathophysiology. Here we summarize the role of mitochondrial Ca2+ signaling in both physiological (yang) and pathological (yin) processes and the methods that can be used to investigate mitochondrial Ca2+ homeostasis. As an example of the pivotal role of mitochondria in pathology, we described the state of the art of mitochondrial Ca2+ alterations in different pathological conditions, with a special focus on Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Filadi
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council (CNR), 35131 Padua, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, 35131, Padua, Italy.
| | - Elisa Greotti
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council (CNR), 35131 Padua, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, 35131, Padua, Italy.
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60
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Feno S, Rizzuto R, Raffaello A, Vecellio Reane D. The molecular complexity of the Mitochondrial Calcium Uniporter. Cell Calcium 2020; 93:102322. [PMID: 33264708 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2020.102322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The role of mitochondria in regulating cellular Ca2+ homeostasis is crucial for the understanding of different cellular functions in physiological and pathological conditions. Nevertheless, the study of this aspect was severely limited by the lack of the molecular identity of the proteins responsible for mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake. In 2011, the discovery of the gene encoding for the Mitochondrial Calcium Uniporter (MCU), the selective channel responsible for mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake, gave rise to an explosion of studies aimed to characterize the composition, the regulation of the channel and its pathophysiological roles. Here, we summarize the recent discoveries on the molecular structure and composition of the MCU complex by providing new insights into the mechanisms that regulate MCU channel activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Feno
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Padua, via G. Colombo 3, 35100 Padua, Italy
| | - Rosario Rizzuto
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Padua, via G. Colombo 3, 35100 Padua, Italy
| | - Anna Raffaello
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Padua, via G. Colombo 3, 35100 Padua, Italy; Myology Center, University of Padua, via G. Colombo 3, 35100 Padova, Italy.
| | - Denis Vecellio Reane
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Padua, via G. Colombo 3, 35100 Padua, Italy.
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61
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Gherardi G, Monticelli H, Rizzuto R, Mammucari C. The Mitochondrial Ca 2+ Uptake and the Fine-Tuning of Aerobic Metabolism. Front Physiol 2020; 11:554904. [PMID: 33117189 PMCID: PMC7575740 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.554904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, the role of mitochondrial activity in high-energy demand organs and in the orchestration of whole-body metabolism has received renewed attention. In mitochondria, pyruvate oxidation, ensured by efficient mitochondrial pyruvate entry and matrix dehydrogenases activity, generates acetyl CoA that enters the TCA cycle. TCA cycle activity, in turn, provides reducing equivalents and electrons that feed the electron transport chain eventually producing ATP. Mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake plays an essential role in the control of aerobic metabolism. Mitochondrial Ca2+ accumulation stimulates aerobic metabolism by inducing the activity of three TCA cycle dehydrogenases. In detail, matrix Ca2+ indirectly modulates pyruvate dehydrogenase via pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase 1, and directly activates isocitrate and α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenases. Here, we will discuss the contribution of mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake to the metabolic homeostasis of organs involved in systemic metabolism, including liver, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue. We will also tackle the role of mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake in the heart, a high-energy consuming organ whose function strictly depends on appropriate Ca2+ signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaia Gherardi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Rosario Rizzuto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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63
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Noble M, Lin QT, Sirko C, Houpt JA, Novello MJ, Stathopulos PB. Structural Mechanisms of Store-Operated and Mitochondrial Calcium Regulation: Initiation Points for Drug Discovery. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E3642. [PMID: 32455637 PMCID: PMC7279490 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium (Ca2+) is a universal signaling ion that is essential for the life and death processes of all eukaryotes. In humans, numerous cell stimulation pathways lead to the mobilization of sarco/endoplasmic reticulum (S/ER) stored Ca2+, resulting in the propagation of Ca2+ signals through the activation of processes, such as store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE). SOCE provides a sustained Ca2+ entry into the cytosol; moreover, the uptake of SOCE-mediated Ca2+ by mitochondria can shape cytosolic Ca2+ signals, function as a feedback signal for the SOCE molecular machinery, and drive numerous mitochondrial processes, including adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production and distinct cell death pathways. In recent years, tremendous progress has been made in identifying the proteins mediating these signaling pathways and elucidating molecular structures, invaluable for understanding the underlying mechanisms of function. Nevertheless, there remains a disconnect between using this accumulating protein structural knowledge and the design of new research tools and therapies. In this review, we provide an overview of the Ca2+ signaling pathways that are involved in mediating S/ER stored Ca2+ release, SOCE, and mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake, as well as pinpoint multiple levels of crosstalk between these pathways. Further, we highlight the significant protein structures elucidated in recent years controlling these Ca2+ signaling pathways. Finally, we describe a simple strategy that aimed at applying the protein structural data to initiating drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Noble
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A5C1, Canada; (M.N.); (Q.-T.L.); (C.S.); (M.J.N.)
| | - Qi-Tong Lin
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A5C1, Canada; (M.N.); (Q.-T.L.); (C.S.); (M.J.N.)
| | - Christian Sirko
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A5C1, Canada; (M.N.); (Q.-T.L.); (C.S.); (M.J.N.)
| | - Jacob A. Houpt
- Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A5C1, Canada;
| | - Matthew J. Novello
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A5C1, Canada; (M.N.); (Q.-T.L.); (C.S.); (M.J.N.)
| | - Peter B. Stathopulos
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A5C1, Canada; (M.N.); (Q.-T.L.); (C.S.); (M.J.N.)
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Dey K, Bazala MA, Kuznicki J. Targeting mitochondrial calcium pathways as a potential treatment against Parkinson's disease. Cell Calcium 2020; 89:102216. [PMID: 32473487 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2020.102216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a major health problem worldwide affecting millions of people and is a result of neurodegeneration in a small part of the brain known as substantia nigra pars compacta. Aberration in mitochondrial Ca2+ homeostasis plays, among several other factors, an important role for the neuronal loss in PD. Mitochondria are vital for cellular physiology, e.g. for ATP generation, and mitochondrial Ca2+ is a key player in cell functioning and survival. Mitochondrial Ca2+ homeostasis is maintained by a fine balance between the activities of proteins mediating the influx and efflux of Ca2+ across mitochondrial membranes. Malfunctioning of these proteins leading to Ca2+ overload promotes ROS generation, which induces cell death by triggering the opening of mitochondrial permeability transition pore. Till now PD remains incurable and the "gold standard" drug which can only delays the disease progression is l-Dopa from the 1960s and therefore, the situation warrants the search for novel targets for the treatment of the PD patients. In this review, we summarize the current views that suggest mitochondrial Ca2+ regulatory pathways are good candidates for the treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuntal Dey
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Michal A Bazala
- Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Jacek Kuznicki
- Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Warsaw, Poland.
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