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Mohammadi A, Ghassoun Y, Löwner MO, Behmanesh M, Faraji M, Nemati S, Toolabi A, Abdolahnejad A, Panahi H, Heydari H, Miri M. Spatial analysis and risk assessment of urban BTEX compounds in Urmia, Iran. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 246:125769. [PMID: 31918090 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Land Use Regression models (LUR) are the most common tools to estimate intra-urban air pollutant exposure in epidemiological studies. However, number of available and published models in developing and middle up income countries is still scarce. Here, we developed seasonal and overall LUR models for the spatial distribution of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene (BTEX) based on 20 monitoring stations and 166 potentially predictive variables (PPVs) in Urmia, Iran. Carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks of exposure to BTEX and its sensitivity analysis were assessed using a probabilistic approach. The mean and standard deviation (in brackets) of overall benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene were 12.83 (16.19), 27.03 (32.00), 4.72 (4.15) and 27.35 (29.36) μg/m3, respectively. In all models the R2 value of LUR models of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene and total BTEX ranged from 0.66 to 0.85, 0.61, 0.88, 0.72 to 0.94, 0.75 to 0.84 and 0.67 to 0.93. The root mean square error (RMSE) for leave-one-out cross-validations (LOOCV) for benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene ranged from 7.48 to 10.31, 23.0 to 30.0, 3.40 to 6.90, 16.27 to 24.49, 36.10-50.0 μg/m3, respectively. The estimated lifetime carcinogenic risk (LTCR) indicated that ambient concentration of benzene is at a risk level for Urmia inhabitants (LTCR >10-6). Sensitivity analysis for LTCR model indicated that concentration of benzene (C) was the most effective variable in increasing the carcinogenic risk (correlation coefficient ranged from 0.97 to 0.98 for all models).
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Mohammadi
- Department of Public Health, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran; Student Research Committee, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Yahya Ghassoun
- Institute of Geodesy and Photogrammetry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Bienroder Weg 81, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Marc-Oliver Löwner
- Institute of Geodesy and Photogrammetry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Bienroder Weg 81, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Maryam Behmanesh
- Nutrition and Food Sciences Research Center, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Faraji
- Environmental Health Engineering Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Sepideh Nemati
- Health Faculty, Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Health and Environment Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali Toolabi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran
| | - Ali Abdolahnejad
- Student Research Committee, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | | | - Hafez Heydari
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Mohammad Miri
- Non-Communicable Disease Research Center, Department of Environmental Health, School of Health, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran.
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Mehta D, Hazarika N, Srivastava A. Diurnal variation of BTEX at road traffic intersection points in Delhi, India: source, ozone formation potential, and health risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:11093-11104. [PMID: 31955332 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-07495-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The present study was carried out to observe the variation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) namely benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene isomers (BTEX) at three different sites of Delhi, during 2016-2017. Four hourly sampling was carried out day and night separately. Results showed that BTEX concentration was highest in post-monsoon and lowest in monsoon season. Again, daily variation shows that benzene (47%) and toluene (35%) were more during night than day when it was 44% and 33% respectively. Mean concentration of BTEX was observed in following order: ethylbenzene ~ o-xylene < m,p-xylene < toluene < benzene, while overall seasonal variation was observed as follows: post-monsoon > summer > winter > monsoon. Possible emission sources of BTEX were also established through corresponding ratios of individual compounds. Xylene isomers together accounted highest ozone formation potential. The risk assessments of BTEX were carried out in terms of non-cancer (the hazard quotient, HQ) and cancer (the incremental lifetime cancer risk, ILCR) regarding the inhalation exposure only. It was observed that benzene and xylene isomers possessed higher HQs than ethylbenzene and toluene at all sites throughout the study. Again, benzene was found with higher mean ILCR (3.58 × 10-5) than ethylbenzene (1.47 × 10-5).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dudun Mehta
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Naba Hazarika
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
- Department of Applied Mechanics, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Arun Srivastava
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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Everson F, Martens DS, Nawrot TS, Goswami N, Mthethwa M, Webster I, Mashele N, Charania S, Kamau F, De Boever P, Strijdom H. Personal exposure to NO 2 and benzene in the Cape Town region of South Africa is associated with shorter leukocyte telomere length in women. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 182:108993. [PMID: 31830692 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution exposure is a major global health concern and has been associated with molecular aging. Unfortunately, the situation has not received much attention in the African region. The aim of this study was to investigate whether current personal ambient NO2 and benzene, toluene, ethyl-benzene and xylenes (ortho (o)-, meta (m)- and para (p)-xylene (BTEX) exposure is associated with leukocyte telomere length (LTL), a marker of molecular ageing, in apparently healthy women (mean ± SD age: 42.5 ± 13.4 years) residing in the Cape Town region of South Africa. The repeated measures study collected data from 61 women. Seven-day median (interquartile range (IQR)) personal NO2 and BTEX exposure levels were determined via compact passive diffusion samplers carried on the person prior to baseline (NO2: 14.2 (9.4-17.2) μg/m³; Benzene: 3.1 (2.1-5.3) μg/m³) and 6-month follow-up (NO2: 10.6 (6.6-13.6) μg/m³; Benzene: 2.2 (1.3-4.9) μg/m³) visits. LTL was measured at baseline and follow-up using a real-time PCR method. Multiple linear mixed model analyses (adjusting for age, body mass index, smoking, employment status, level of education and assessment visit) showed that each IQR increment increase in NO2 (7.0 μg/m³) and benzene (3.3 μg/m³) was associated with -7.30% (95% CI: -10.98 to -3.46%; p < 0.001) and -6.78% (95% CI: -11.88 to -1.39%; p = 0.015) difference in LTL, respectively. The magnitude of these effects of NO2 and benzene corresponds to the effect of an increase of 10.3- and 6.0-year in chronological age on LTL. Our study shows that personal exposures to NO2 and benzene are associated with molecular ageing as indicated by LTL in healthy women residing in the Cape Town region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frans Everson
- Centre for Cardio-metabolic Research in Africa, Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa
| | - Dries S Martens
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Tim S Nawrot
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium.
| | - Nandu Goswami
- Division of Physiology, Otto Loewi Research Center of Vascular Biology, Immunity and Inflammation, Medical University of Graz, 8036, Graz, Austria
| | - Mashudu Mthethwa
- Centre for Cardio-metabolic Research in Africa, Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa
| | - Ingrid Webster
- Centre for Cardio-metabolic Research in Africa, Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa
| | - Nyiko Mashele
- Centre for Cardio-metabolic Research in Africa, Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa
| | - Sana Charania
- Centre for Cardio-metabolic Research in Africa, Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa
| | - Festus Kamau
- Centre for Cardio-metabolic Research in Africa, Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa
| | - Patrick De Boever
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium; Health Unit, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), 2400, Mol, Belgium
| | - Hans Strijdom
- Centre for Cardio-metabolic Research in Africa, Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa
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Sheu R, Stönner C, Ditto JC, Klüpfel T, Williams J, Gentner DR. Human transport of thirdhand tobacco smoke: A prominent source of hazardous air pollutants into indoor nonsmoking environments. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaay4109. [PMID: 32181345 PMCID: PMC7056301 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aay4109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The contamination of indoor nonsmoking environments with thirdhand smoke (THS) is an important, poorly understood public health concern. Real-time THS off-gassing from smokers into a nonsmoking movie theater was observed with online and offline high-resolution mass spectrometry. Prominent emission events of THS tracers (e.g., 2,5-dimethylfuran, 2-methylfuran, and acetonitrile) and other tobacco-related volatile organic compounds (VOCs) coincided with the arrival of certain moviegoers and left residual contamination. These VOC emission events exposed occupants to the equivalent of 1 to 10 cigarettes of secondhand smoke, including multiple hazardous air pollutants (e.g., benzene and formaldehyde) at parts-per-billion concentrations. Nicotine and related intermediate-volatility nitrogen-containing compounds, which vaporized from clothes/bodies and recondensed onto aerosol, comprised 34% of observed functionalized organic aerosol abundance. Exposure to THS VOC emission events will be considerably enhanced in poorly ventilated or smaller spaces in contrast with a large, well-ventilated theater-amplifying concentrations and potential impacts on health and indoor chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Sheu
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Jenna C. Ditto
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Thomas Klüpfel
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | | | - Drew R. Gentner
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
- SEARCH (Solutions for Energy, Air, Climate and Health) Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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Cruz LP, Santos DF, dos Santos IF, Gomes ÍV, Santos AV, Souza KS. Exploratory analysis of the atmospheric levels of BTEX, criteria air pollutants and meteorological parameters in a tropical urban area in Northeastern Brazil. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.104265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Latif MT, Abd Hamid HH, Ahamad F, Khan MF, Mohd Nadzir MS, Othman M, Sahani M, Abdul Wahab MI, Mohamad N, Uning R, Poh SC, Fadzil MF, Sentian J, Tahir NM. BTEX compositions and its potential health impacts in Malaysia. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 237:124451. [PMID: 31394440 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to determine the composition of BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene) and assess the risk to health at different sites in Malaysia. Continuous monitoring of BTEX in Kuala Lumpur City Centre, Kuala Terengganu, Kota Kinabalu and Fraser Hill were conducted using Online Gas Chromatograph. For comparison, BTEX at selected hotspot locations were determined by active sampling method using sorbent tubes and Thermal Desorption Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry. The hazard quotient (HQ) for non-carcinogenic and the life-time cancer risk (LTCR) of BTEX were calculated using the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) health risk assessment (HRA) methods. The results showed that the highest total BTEX concentrations using continuous monitoring were recorded in the Kuala Lumpur City Centre (49.56 ± 23.71 μg/m3). Toluene was the most dominant among the BTEX compounds. The average concentrations of benzene ranged from 0.69 ± 0.45 μg/m3 to 6.20 ± 3.51 μg/m3. Measurements using active sampling showed that BTEX concentrations dominated at the roadside (193.11 ± 114.57 μg/m3) in comparison to petrol station (73.08 ± 30.41 μg/m3), petrochemical industry (32.10 ± 13.13 μg/m3) and airport (25.30 ± 6.17 μg/m3). Strong correlations among BTEX compounds (p<0.01, r>0.7) at Kuala Lumpur City Centre showed that BTEX compounds originated from similar sources. The values of HQ at all stations were <1 indicating the non-carcinogenic risk are negligible and do not pose threats to human health. The LTCR value based on benzene inhalation (1.59 × 10-5) at Kuala Lumpur City Centre were between 1 × 10-4 and 1 × 10-5, representing a probable carcinogenic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Talib Latif
- School of Environment and Natural Resource Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Haris Hafizal Abd Hamid
- School of Environment and Natural Resource Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia; Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Fatimah Ahamad
- Centre for Tropical Climate Change System, Institute of Climate Change, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Md Firoz Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Shahrul Mohd Nadzir
- School of Environment and Natural Resource Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia; Centre for Tropical Climate Change System, Institute of Climate Change, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Murnira Othman
- School of Environment and Natural Resource Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mazrura Sahani
- Centre for Health and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Ikram Abdul Wahab
- Centre for Health and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Noorlin Mohamad
- Environmental Research Group, School of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Royston Uning
- School of Environment and Natural Resource Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Seng Chee Poh
- Environmental Research Group, School of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Fais Fadzil
- Environmental Research Group, School of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Justin Sentian
- Faculty Science and Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Norhayati Md Tahir
- Environmental Research Group, School of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia
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Azimi F, Nabizadeh R, Hassanvand MS, Rastkari N, Nazmara S, Naddafi K. Photochemical degradation of toluene in gas-phase under UV/visible light graphene oxide-TiO 2 nanocomposite: influential operating factors, optimization, and modeling. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2019; 17:671-683. [PMID: 32030142 PMCID: PMC6985382 DOI: 10.1007/s40201-019-00382-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The current study aimed to investigate the removal efficiency of toluene using synthesized titanium dioxide-graphene oxide composites under visible light and UV irradiation. The characterization of synthesized composites was examined by field emission scanning electron microscope equipped with energy dispersive, X-ray diffraction and fourier transforms infrared. In order to find the optimum of the main experimental parameters affecting the removal efficiency of toluene including the length of the reactor, initial concentration, and flow rates, central composite design together with response surface methodology with R software was used. The initial concentration of toluene in the inlet of the reactor as well as its concentration in the outlet was measured using gas chromatography with the flame ionization detector. Analysis of variance results for the quadratic model showed that the highly significant and simple linear regression was established as a predicting model. Multiple and adjusted R2 were 0.965 and 0.974 for UV irradiation GO-TiO2 model and 0.951 and 0.959 for visible light GO-TiO2 model, respectively. As such, the differences less than 0.2 between multiple and adjusted R2 in two models indicate that two examined models were fitted well. The highest removal efficiency of toluene using UV irradiation GO-TiO2 and visible light GO-TiO2 was obtained at optimum condition; length of reactor 40 cm, initial concentration of 0.1 ppm, and flow rate equal to 1 l min-1, with 97.7 and 77.2%, respectively. The results indicated that the removal efficiency of toluene increased considerably with rising the length of the reactor, decreasing flow rates, and initial concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faramarz Azimi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ramin Nabizadeh
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Sadegh Hassanvand
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Noushin Rastkari
- Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahrokh Nazmara
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kazem Naddafi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Emenike PC, Tenebe I, Ogarekpe N, Omole D, Nnaji C. Probabilistic risk assessment and spatial distribution of potentially toxic elements in groundwater sources in Southwestern Nigeria. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15920. [PMID: 31685938 PMCID: PMC6828721 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52325-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The study investigated the concentration of potentially toxic heavy metals (PTHM) in groundwater sources (hand-dug wells and boreholes), spatial distribution, source apportionment, and health risk impact on local inhabitants in Ogun state. One hundred and eight water samples from 36 locations were analysed for Cr, Ni, Pb, Fe, Mn, Mg, Ca and Al. Mean values of 0.013, 0.003, 0.010, 0.088, 0.004 and 3.906 mg/L were obtained for Pb, Cr, Ni, Fe, Mn, and Al respectively at Iju district. Meanwhile, the average values of Pb, Ni, Fe, Mn, and Al concentrations at Atan district were 0.008, 0.0023, 0.011, 0.003, and 1.319 mg/L respectively. Results also revealed that the 44.4% and 11.13% of the borehole and well-water samples surpassed the World Health Organization limits for Pb at Atan. In Iju, the concentration of Pb and Al were relatively high, exceeding the stipulated standard in 100% of the samples. The Multivariate statistical analysis employed produced principal factors that accounted for 78.674% and 86.753% of the variance at Atan and Iju region respectively. Based on this, PTHM were traced to geogenic sources (weathering, dissolution, leaching) and anthropogenic emissions from industrial activities. In addition, the hazard quotient values obtained from the health risk assessment identified potential non-carcinogenic risk due to Pb via ingestion route. Ni was found to have high carcinogenic risk on adult and children, having exceeded the threshold limit. The outcome of the carcinogenic risk assessment revealed that 88.67% (for adults) and 1.12% (for children) of the cancer risk values surpassed the specified limits at Iju, whereas the cancer risk values were considerably lesser at Atan. In conclusion, the report of this study should serve as a beacon that will spark up strategic planning, comprehensive water resource management, and extensive treatment schemes in order to address the health complications linked with environmental pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Imokhai Tenebe
- Ingram School of Engineering, Ingram School of Engineering, Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas, USA
| | - Nkpa Ogarekpe
- Department of Civil Engineering, Cross River University of Technology, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - David Omole
- Department of Civil Engineering, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Chidozie Nnaji
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria.,Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Samadi MT, Shakerkhatibi M, Poorolajal J, Rahmani A, Rafieemehr H, Hesam M. Association of long term exposure to outdoor volatile organic compounds (BTXS) with pro-inflammatory biomarkers and hematologic parameters in urban adults: A cross-sectional study in Tabriz, Iran. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 180:152-159. [PMID: 31082579 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to compare the hematologic variables and pro-inflammatory biomarkers in urban adults living in Tabriz, Iran, facing various levels of outdoor volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Of all 219 people (212 male and 7 female), 71 were from the low traffic area and 148 were from high traffic and industrial areas. To validate the exposure levels, 93 air samples were taken to determine the target VOCs (benzene, toluene, xylenes, and styrene collectively called BTXS) concentrations in the studied areas. ANOVA and Tukey's tests were used for statistical analysis. Based on the results, significant differences were observed between the mean concentrations of BTXS with the following order of abundance: industrial > high traffic > low traffic. The Considerable decrease was observed in red blood cells (RBCs), hemoglobin, hematocrit, and eosinophils of 0.324 ( × 106/μL), 0.57 g/dL, 1.87%, and 0.17 ( × 103/μL), respectively in industrial area participants as compared to the low traffic area. However, a significant increase was observed in white blood cell count (WBC), neutrophils number, neutrophils percent, TNF-α and INF-γ of 0.88 ( × 103/μL), 0.80 ( × 103/μL), 3.53%, 34.2 ng/mL, and 40.06 ng/mL, respectively in the same groups. The comparison of low and high traffic areas showed significant differences in RBC (p = 0.034), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) (p < 0.001), and interferon gamma (INF-γ) (p < 0.001). On the contrary, no significant difference was observed in TNF-α and INF-γ among the high traffic and industrial areas. In conclusion, the results showed that the samples from high traffic and industrial areas were regularly exposed to higher values of BTXS due to traffic and industrial pollutants as compared to the samples residing in low traffic regions. Based on the results living in both high traffic and industrial regions can increase adverse effects on hematologic parameters and pro-inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Taghi Samadi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health and Research Center for Health Sciences, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Shakerkhatibi
- Health and Environment Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Jalal Poorolajal
- Research Center for Health Sciences and Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
| | - Alireza Rahmani
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health and Research Center for Health Sciences, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
| | - Hassan Rafieemehr
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Paramedicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
| | - Mousa Hesam
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
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Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Urban and Suburban Atmospheres in Central China: Spatiotemporal Patterns, Source Implications, and Health Risk Assessment. ATMOSPHERE 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos10100565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
: Ambient aromatic hydrocarbons (AHs) are hazardous air pollutants and the main precursors of ozone (O3). In this study, the characteristics of ambient AHs were investigated at an urban site (Ziyang, ZY) and a suburban site (Jiangxia, JX) in Wuhan, Central China, in 2017. The positive matrix factorization (PMF) model was used to investigate the sources of AHs, and a health risk assessment was applied to estimate the effects of AHs on human health. The concentrations of total AHs at ZY (2048 ± 1364 pptv) were comparable (p > 0.05) to that (2023 ± 1015 pptv) at JX. Source apportionment results revealed that vehicle exhaust was the dominant source of both, total AHs, and toluene, contributing 51.9 ± 13.1% and 49.3 ± 9.5% at ZY, and 44.7 ± 12.6% and 43.2 ± 10.2% at JX, respectively. Benzene was mainly emitted from vehicle exhaust at ZY (50.2 ± 15.5%), while it was mainly released from biomass and coal burning sources at JX (50.6 ± 16.7%). The health risk assessment results indicated that AHs did not have a significant non-carcinogenic risk, while the carcinogenic risks of benzene exceeded the regulatory limits set by the USEPA for adults (1 × 10−6) at both sites. Hence, controlling the emissions of vehicular and biomass/coal burning sources will be an effective way to reduce ambient AHs and the health risk of benzene exposure in this region. These findings will enhance our knowledge of ambient AHs in Central China and be helpful for local governments to formulate air pollution control strategies.
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El-Khatib AA, Barakat NA, Youssef NA, Samir NA. Bioaccumulation of heavy metals air pollutants by urban trees. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOREMEDIATION 2019; 22:210-222. [PMID: 31432685 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2019.1652883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Leaf and bark of trees are tools for assessing the effects of the heavy metals pollution and monitoring the environmental air quality. In this study, the possibility of using leaves and bark of two urban trees, namely, Ficus nitida and Eucalyptus globulus as a bioindicator of atmospheric pollution was evaluated by determining the composition of heavy elements in the tree leaves, bark, soil, and the atmospheric dust. Two common tree species, namely, F. nitida and E. globulus were selected in the heavily industrial zone of surrounding Minya governorate, Upper Egypt. Two urban areas with heavy traffic load (sites 1 and 2), three industrial zones (sites 3, 4, and 5) and an uncontaminated area as a control were selected (site 6). Sampling from leaf, bark, soil, deposited dust of trees was carried out in winter and summer seasons (from November 2016 to March 2017). The concentrations of heavy metals in dust, soil, leaves, and bark possess the same trend: Pb>Cu>Cd. The highest concentration of cadmium, lead, and copper was found in the leaf of F. nitida and E. globulus higher than bark samples of the studied species, supporting the idea suggesting that tree leaves can be used as a good indicator of heavy metals accumulation. A high and statistically significant correlation (p < .05) was found between Pb concentrations in the atmospheric dust and those in the leaves of both species throughout the two growing seasons, confirming that the main source of incorporated Pb is the atmospheric dust. Otherwise, the obtained results showed that F. nitida tree does not seem to be a good accumulator of Cu. According to the obtained results, F. nitida and E. globulus trees are more likely to capture cadmium and lead from air, so planting these trees in industrial areas with such atmospheric pollutants would be beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Ali El-Khatib
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
| | - Nasser A Barakat
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Naglaa A Youssef
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
| | - Nesrin A Samir
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
- Department of Forests and Environmental Change, Faculty of Forestry, Toronto University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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63
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Everson F, De Boever P, Nawrot TS, Goswami N, Mthethwa M, Webster I, Martens DS, Mashele N, Charania S, Kamau F, Strijdom H. Personal NO 2 and Volatile Organic Compounds Exposure Levels are Associated with Markers of Cardiovascular Risk in Women in the Cape Town Region of South Africa. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E2284. [PMID: 31261612 PMCID: PMC6651077 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16132284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Revised: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to ambient NO2 and benzene, toluene ethyl-benzene and m+p- and o-xylenes (BTEX) is associated with adverse cardiovascular effects, but limited information is available on the effects of personal exposure to these compounds in South African populations. This 6-month follow-up study aims to determine 7-day personal ambient NO2 and BTEX exposure levels via compact passive diffusion samplers in female participants from Cape Town, and investigate whether exposure levels are associated with cardiovascular risk markers. Overall, the measured air pollutant exposure levels were lower compared to international standards. NO2 was positively associated with systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP), and inversely associated with the central retinal venular equivalent (CRVE) and mean baseline brachial artery diameter. o-xylene was associated with DBP and benzene was strongly associated with carotid intima media thickness (cIMT). Our findings showed that personal air pollution exposure, even at relatively low levels, was associated with several markers of cardiovascular risk in women residing in the Cape Town region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frans Everson
- Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, P.O. Box 241, Cape Town 8000, South Africa
| | - Patrick De Boever
- Health Unit, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), 2400 Mol, Belgium.
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium.
| | - Tim S Nawrot
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Nandu Goswami
- Division of Physiology, Otto Loewi Research Center of Vascular Biology, Immunity and Inflammation, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Mashudu Mthethwa
- Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, P.O. Box 241, Cape Town 8000, South Africa
| | - Ingrid Webster
- Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, P.O. Box 241, Cape Town 8000, South Africa
| | - Dries S Martens
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Nyiko Mashele
- Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, P.O. Box 241, Cape Town 8000, South Africa
| | - Sana Charania
- Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, P.O. Box 241, Cape Town 8000, South Africa
| | - Festus Kamau
- Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, P.O. Box 241, Cape Town 8000, South Africa
| | - Hans Strijdom
- Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, P.O. Box 241, Cape Town 8000, South Africa
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Jafari AJ, Faridi S, Momeniha F. Temporal variations of atmospheric benzene and its health effects in Tehran megacity (2010-2013). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:17214-17223. [PMID: 31012075 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05086-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The main aims of the present research were (1) investigation of the temporal trends of atmospheric benzene concentrations in Tehran city during the period 2010 to 2013 and (2) assessment of carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risks of inhalation exposure to benzene. For the first objective, the data of ambient air benzene concentrations were derived from 15 air quality monitoring stations (AQMSs) in Tehran during the years 2010 to 2013 and they were temporally investigated after data cleaning and missing data imputation. The excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCR) and hazard quotient (HQ) were estimated to reveal the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health effects of exposure to ambient benzene. Our findings indicated that over 2010-2013, annual mean concentrations of benzene were in the range of 1.84 to 2.57 μg m-3, and the highest annual mean concentration was observed in 2011 with a mean of 2.57 μg m-3. The four-year average concentration of benzene during the period from 2010 to 2013 was 2.14 μg m-3. Furthermore, the HQ for inhalation exposure to ambient benzene was lower than the acceptable risk level (HQ < 1) over the study time period which indicated that the non-carcinogenic effects are very unlikely to happen. In addition, health risk assessment for ELCR showed that the potential cancer risk for inhalation exposure to benzene was 1.67 × 10-5 over the study period, which is significantly higher than the limits recommended by the U.S. EPA (1 × 10-6). Our study clearly proves that the ambient benzene concentration in Tehran has substantially higher carcinogenic effects on the population. Appropriate sustainable control measures should be taken to reduce air benzene concentration and protect public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Jonidi Jafari
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sasan Faridi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Momeniha
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Public Health Branch, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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65
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Banaszkiewicz K, Badura M. Experimental investigation on the application of recycled tires polymer fibers as a BTEX removal material. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-019-0570-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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66
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Ndong Ba A, Verdin A, Cazier F, Garcon G, Thomas J, Cabral M, Dewaele D, Genevray P, Garat A, Allorge D, Diouf A, Loguidice JM, Courcot D, Fall M, Gualtieri M. Individual exposure level following indoor and outdoor air pollution exposure in Dakar (Senegal). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 248:397-407. [PMID: 30825765 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The consequences of indoor and outdoor air pollution on human health are of great concern nowadays. In this study, we firstly evaluated indoor and outdoor air pollution levels (CO, CO2, NO, NO2, PM10) at an urban site in Dakar city center and at a rural site. Then, the individual exposure levels to selected pollutants and the variations in the levels of biomarkers of exposure were investigated in different groups of persons (bus drivers, traders working along the main roads and housemaids). Benzene exposure levels were higher for housemaids than for bus drivers and traders. High indoor exposure to benzene is probably due to cooking habits (cooking with charcoal), local practices (burning of incense), the use of cleaning products or solvent products which are important emitters of this compound. These results are confirmed by the values of S-PMA, which were higher in housemaids group compared to the others. Urinary 1-HOP levels were significantly higher for urban site housemaids compared to semirural district ones. Moreover, urinary levels of DNA oxidative stress damage (8-OHdG) and inflammatory (interleukin-6 and -8) biomarkers were higher in urban subjects in comparison to rural ones. The air quality measurement campaign showed that the bus interior was more polluted with PM10, CO, CO2 and NO than the market and urban or rural households. However, the interior of households showed higher concentration of VOCs than outdoor sites confirming previous observations of higher indoor individual exposure level to specific classes of pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ndong Ba
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant (UCEIV) EA 4492, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Maison de la Recherche en Environnement Industriel, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, Dunkerque, France; Laboratoire de Toxicologie et d'Hydrologie, Faculté de Médecine, de Pharmacie et d'Odontologie, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal
| | - A Verdin
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant (UCEIV) EA 4492, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Maison de la Recherche en Environnement Industriel, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, Dunkerque, France.
| | - F Cazier
- Centre Commun de Mesures, Maison de la Recherche en Environnement Industriel, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, Dunkerque, France
| | - G Garcon
- Laboratoire de Toxicologie, Centre de Biologie-Pathologie-Génétique, CHRU de Lille, France; IMPact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé humaine (IMPECS), EA 4483, Univ. Lille, France
| | - J Thomas
- Laboratoire de Toxicologie, Centre de Biologie-Pathologie-Génétique, CHRU de Lille, France
| | - M Cabral
- Laboratoire de Toxicologie et d'Hydrologie, Faculté de Médecine, de Pharmacie et d'Odontologie, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal
| | - D Dewaele
- Centre Commun de Mesures, Maison de la Recherche en Environnement Industriel, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, Dunkerque, France
| | - P Genevray
- Centre Commun de Mesures, Maison de la Recherche en Environnement Industriel, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, Dunkerque, France
| | - A Garat
- Laboratoire de Toxicologie, Centre de Biologie-Pathologie-Génétique, CHRU de Lille, France; IMPact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé humaine (IMPECS), EA 4483, Univ. Lille, France
| | - D Allorge
- Laboratoire de Toxicologie, Centre de Biologie-Pathologie-Génétique, CHRU de Lille, France; IMPact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé humaine (IMPECS), EA 4483, Univ. Lille, France
| | - A Diouf
- Laboratoire de Toxicologie et d'Hydrologie, Faculté de Médecine, de Pharmacie et d'Odontologie, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal
| | - J M Loguidice
- Laboratoire de Toxicologie, Centre de Biologie-Pathologie-Génétique, CHRU de Lille, France; IMPact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé humaine (IMPECS), EA 4483, Univ. Lille, France
| | - D Courcot
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant (UCEIV) EA 4492, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Maison de la Recherche en Environnement Industriel, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, Dunkerque, France
| | - M Fall
- Laboratoire de Toxicologie et d'Hydrologie, Faculté de Médecine, de Pharmacie et d'Odontologie, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal
| | - M Gualtieri
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant (UCEIV) EA 4492, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Maison de la Recherche en Environnement Industriel, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, Dunkerque, France
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Garg A, Gupta NC. A comprehensive study on spatio-temporal distribution, health risk assessment and ozone formation potential of BTEX emissions in ambient air of Delhi, India. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 659:1090-1099. [PMID: 31096324 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The hazardous air pollutants like benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene (BTEX) are considered as toxic because of their role in ozone formation and adverse effects on human health. Owing to this, the present study was carried out at six spatially distributed sites in Delhi from November 2017- June 2018. Activated charcoal tubes were used to collect samples of BTEX and were further analyzed using GC-FID. The minimum BTEX concentration was found at institutional site (9.94 μg/m3) and maximum at roadside site (103.12 μg/m3) with the average of 46.66 μg/m3. Also, the levels of BTEX were 1.18-1.74 times higher during rush hours as compared to non-rush hours. The high T/B ratio (2.26-3.41) observed is the indication of the traffic-originated sources of emission. The cancer risks calculated for benzene at probability 0.50 ranged as 1.29E-06 - 1.80E-05, whereas 4.09E-06 - 3.40E-05 at probability 0.95, which were higher than the acceptable value of 1.0E-06. The non-cancer health risks in terms of hazard index were observed less than unity i.e. within acceptable limit. The total ozone formation potential (OFP) was obtained as 207.51 ± 123.40 μg/m3 with maximum potential by toluene. Such high levels of BTEX, cancer risks and OFP obtained in the study especially at roadside and connectivity hub are harmful for people residing near these areas, and also to large commuters, who are exposed to such emissions during travelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anchal Garg
- University School of Environment Management, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Sector- 16 C, Dwarka, New Delhi 110078, India
| | - N C Gupta
- University School of Environment Management, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Sector- 16 C, Dwarka, New Delhi 110078, India.
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Lara-Lbeas I, Rodríguez-Cuevas A, Andrikopoulou C, Person V, Baldas L, Colin S, Le Calvé S. Sub-ppb Level Detection of BTEX Gaseous Mixtures with a Compact Prototype GC Equipped with a Preconcentration Unit. MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:E187. [PMID: 30871284 PMCID: PMC6470503 DOI: 10.3390/mi10030187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In this work, a compact gas chromatograph prototype for near real-time benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes (BTEX) detection at sub-ppb levels has been developed. The system is composed of an aluminium preconcentrator (PC) filled with Basolite C300, a 20 m long Rxi-624 capillary column and a photoionization detector. The performance of the device has been evaluated in terms of adsorption capacity, linearity and sensitivity. Initially, PC breakthrough time for an equimolar 1 ppm BTEX mixture has been determined showing a remarkable capacity of the adsorbent to quantitatively trap BTEX even at high concentrations. Then, a highly linear relationship between sample volume and peak area has been obtained for all compounds by injecting 100-ppb samples with volumes ranging from 5⁻80 mL. Linear plots were also observed when calibration was conducted in the range 0⁻100 ppb using a 20 mL sampling volume implying a total analysis time of 19 min. Corresponding detection limits of 0.20, 0.26, 0.49, 0.80 and 1.70 ppb have been determined for benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, m/p-xylenes and o-xylene, respectively. These experimental results highlight the potential applications of our device to monitor indoor or outdoor air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Lara-Lbeas
- ICPEES UMR 7515, Université de Strasbourg/CNRS, F-67000 Strasbourg, France.
- Institut Clément Ader (ICA), Université de Toulouse/CNRS, INSA, ISAE-SUPAERO, Mines-Albi, UPS, 31400 Toulouse, France.
| | | | | | - Vincent Person
- In'Air Solutions, 25 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Lucien Baldas
- Institut Clément Ader (ICA), Université de Toulouse/CNRS, INSA, ISAE-SUPAERO, Mines-Albi, UPS, 31400 Toulouse, France.
| | - Stéphane Colin
- Institut Clément Ader (ICA), Université de Toulouse/CNRS, INSA, ISAE-SUPAERO, Mines-Albi, UPS, 31400 Toulouse, France.
| | - Stéphane Le Calvé
- ICPEES UMR 7515, Université de Strasbourg/CNRS, F-67000 Strasbourg, France.
- In'Air Solutions, 25 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg, France.
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Hamid HHA, Latif MT, Nadzir MSM, Uning R, Khan MF, Kannan N. Ambient BTEX levels over urban, suburban and rural areas in Malaysia. AIR QUALITY, ATMOSPHERE & HEALTH 2019; 12:341-351. [DOI: 10.1007/s11869-019-00664-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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Milazzo MJ, Gohlke JM, Gallagher DL, Scott AA, Zaitchik BF, Marr LC. Potential for city parks to reduce exposure to BTEX in air. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2019; 21:40-50. [PMID: 30426129 PMCID: PMC6643974 DOI: 10.1039/c8em00252e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX) are hazardous air pollutants commonly found in outdoor air. Several studies have explored the potential of vegetation to mitigate BTEX in outdoor air, but they are limited to a northern temperate climate and their results lack consensus. To investigate this subject in a subtropical climate, we deployed passive air samplers for two weeks in parks and outside nearby residences at four locations: three in an urban area and one in a rural area in Alabama, USA. All BTEX concentrations were below health-based guidelines and were comparable to those found in several other studies in populated settings. Concentrations of TEX, but not benzene, were 3-39% lower in parks than at nearby residences, and the differences were significant. Site type (park vs. residential) was a significant predictor of TEX concentrations, while distance to the nearest major road was a significant predictor of BTX concentrations. In and around two of the parks, toluene : benzene ratios fell outside the range expected for vehicular emissions (p < 0.01), suggesting that there were additional, industrial sources of benzene near these two locations. The ratio of m-,p-xylene : ethylbenzene was high at all locations except one residential area, indicating that BTEX were freshly emitted. Concentrations of individual BTEX compounds were highly correlated with each other in most cases, except for locations that may have been impacted by nearby industrial sources of benzene. Results of this study suggest that parks can help reduce exposure to TEX by a modest amount in some situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Milazzo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA.
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Miri M, Nazarzadeh M, Alahabadi A, Ehrampoush MH, Rad A, Lotfi MH, Sheikhha MH, Sakhvidi MJZ, Nawrot TS, Dadvand P. Air pollution and telomere length in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 244:636-647. [PMID: 30384069 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.09.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Telomere length (TL) has been suggested to be a surrogate for cellular ageing, and a record of cumulative inflammation and oxidative stress over life. An emerging body of evidence has associated exposure to air pollution to changes in TL. To date there is no available systematic review of literature on this association. We aimed to systematically review and conduct meta-analysis of published studies on the relationship between air pollution and TL in adults. Electronic databases were systematically searched for available English language studies on the association between air pollution and TL published up to 1 July 2018. Meta-analyses were conducted following MOOSE guidelines. The heterogeneity in the reported associations was assessed using Cochran's Q test and quantified as I2 index. Publication bias was assessed using Egger's regression. Our search identified 19 eligible studies including 11 retrospective and eight prospective studies of which, four had excellent quality, ten had good quality and five had fair quality. Meta-analysis result of two studies on long-term exposure to PM2.5 showed an inverse association between these exposures and TL (for 5 μg/m3 PM2.5-0.03 95% CI; -0.05, -0.01). Meta-analysis of short-term exposure to PM2.5 with three studies and Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) with two studies revealed a direct association between these exposures and TL (0.03 95% CI; 0.02, 0.04 and 0.10 95% CI; 0.06, 0.15 respectively). No statistically significant relationship between exposure to PM10 and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) exposure and TL were observed. We observed suggestive evidence for associations between air pollution and TL with potentially different direction of associations for short- and long-term exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Miri
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran.
| | - Milad Nazarzadeh
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; The Collaboration Center of Meta-analysis Research (ccMETA), Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran
| | - Ahmad Alahabadi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hassan Ehrampoush
- Environmental Science and Technology Research Center, Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Rad
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hassan Lotfi
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hassan Sheikhha
- Research and Clinical Center for Infertility, Yazd Reproductive Sciences Institute, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javad Zare Sakhvidi
- Occupational Health Research Center, Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Tim S Nawrot
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium; Department of Public Health & Primary Care, Leuven University, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Payam Dadvand
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Ciber on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.
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Miri M, Alahabadi A, Ehrampush MH, Rad A, Lotfi MH, Sheikhha MH, Sakhvidi MJZ. Mortality and morbidity due to exposure to ambient particulate matter. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 165:307-313. [PMID: 30205333 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate spatial variation and health risk of the exposure to PM2.5 (particulate matter with a diameter of 2.5 µm or less) and PM10 (particulate matter with a diameter of 10 µm or less) in Sabzevar, Iran. PM2.5 and PM10 were measured during three campaigns from April to November 2017, in 26 sampling points. Spatial analysis was performed using kriging and autocorrelations (Moran's index) model in Arc GIS software. Relationship between exposure to the PM2.5 and PM10 and their health impacts were investigated by AirQ 2.2.3 software. The mean concentrations (and standard deviation) of PM 2.5 and PM10 over the entire study period were 32.54 (37.28) and 42.61 (47.76) μg/m3, respectively, which were higher than the guideline of World Health Organization. According to the spatial analysis, the maximum concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 were around the main highway (beltway) which placed all over the south of Sabzevar. According to the Moran's index, the emission patterns for PM2.5 (Z-score = 2.53; P-value = 0.011) and PM10 (Z-score = 2.82; P-value = 0.004) were clustered. The attributable percentage (AP) of total mortality related to PM2.5 and PM10 were 3.544% (95% confidence interval (CI): 2.623-4.447%) and 2.055% (95% CI: 1.379-2.721%) per increasing each 10 μg/m3 of these pollutants, respectively. According to observed results, it is suggested that the beltway and other pollution sources, such as industries, should be placed at a greater distance from the city, to reduce PM amounts in residential areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Miri
- Environmental Science and Technology Research Center, Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran; Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Ahmad Alahabadi
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hassan Ehrampush
- Environmental Science and Technology Research Center, Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
| | - Abolfazl Rad
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hassan Lotfi
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hassan Sheikhha
- Research and Clinical Center for Infertility, Yazd Reproductive Sciences Institute, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javad Zare Sakhvidi
- Occupational Health Research Center, Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
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73
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Heidarinejad Z, Kavosi A, Mousapour H, Daryabor MR, Radfard M, Abdolshahi A. Data on evaluation of AQI for different season in Kerman, Iran, 2015. Data Brief 2018; 20:1917-1923. [PMID: 30294644 PMCID: PMC6171083 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2018.08.216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this data, was to evaluate the air quality index of Kerman city in different season of 2015. The data showed that the PM10 and O3 were highest in the winter season and PM2.5, CO, SO2 and NO2 in the spring season as the air quality indexes. The highest number of unhealthy days was observed in spring in relation to PM2.5 and PM10 pollutants. The data showed that 33 and 9 days of the spring season had unfavorable conditions in relation PM2.5 and PM10 pollutants respectively. Therefore, the pollutant responsible for air pollution in Kerman was PM2.5. By comparing the air quality index in different seasons of 2015 in terms of different pollutants, it was found that in most of the seasons, Kerman has a desirable air quality index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoha Heidarinejad
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health. Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Ali Kavosi
- Nursing Research Center, Faculty Member Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Hassan Mousapour
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health. Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Daryabor
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health. Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Majid Radfard
- School of Public Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Anna Abdolshahi
- Food Safety Research Center (Salt), Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
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Baghani AN, Rostami R, Arfaeinia H, Hazrati S, Fazlzadeh M, Delikhoon M. BTEX in indoor air of beauty salons: Risk assessment, levels and factors influencing their concentrations. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 159:102-108. [PMID: 29730403 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) were investigated in indoor air quality of 50 beauty salons in Ardabil, Iran (2017). Ten liters of air samples were collected from each salons regarding the recommended method and analyzed by GC-FID for BTEX concentration. Also, structural and operational conditions of the salons were studied with a self-designed questioner. The results of this study show that the mean concentration of benzene (32.40 ± 26.38) higher than the recommended levels by Health Canada, ANSES and HKSAR. Among the BTEX, ethylbenzene (62.38 ± 32.37) has the most concentrations in the salons. Subsequently, the cancer risk values in different age groups of birth to <6, 6 to <21, and 21 to <81 for benzene (1.83 × 10-3, 2.76 × 10-4 and 1.50 × 10-4, respectively) and ethylbenzene (4.9 × 10-4, 7.30 × 10-5 and 3.52 × 10-5, respectively) for long time exposure were drastically higher than the recommended levels. The results showed that the benzene concentration is significantly influenced by the structural and operational conditions of type of ventilation system, area of the salons, the number of people in the salon, number of services in the salons, and while doing of bridal makeup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Norouzian Baghani
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Roohollah Rostami
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.
| | - Hossein Arfaeinia
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Sadegh Hazrati
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran.
| | - Mehdi Fazlzadeh
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, School of Public Health, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran.
| | - Mahdieh Delikhoon
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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Miri M, Alahabadi A, Ehrampoush MH, Ghaffari HR, Sakhvidi MJZ, Eskandari M, Rad A, Lotfi MH, Sheikhha MH. Environmental determinants of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons exposure at home, at kindergartens and during a commute. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 118:266-273. [PMID: 29902775 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the potential health risk of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) at home and kindergarten for pre-school children. The urine samples were taken from 200 pre-school children aged 5-7 years and analyzed for 1-OHP as a biomarker of PAHs. Mixed effect models were applied to investigate the association between effective environmental parameters (mode of transport, distance to major roads, traffic density, greenness, tobacco exposure, home ventilation, and grill foods) and urinary 1-OHP levels. A Monte-Carlo simulation technique was applied to calculate the risk of exposure to PAHs and to check the uncertainty of input variables and the sensitivity of the estimated risk. The median and inter quartile range (IQR) of 1-OHP was 257 (188.5) ng L-1. There was a positive significant association between distance from the kindergartens to the green space with surface area ≥5000 m2 and 1-OHP concentration (β = 0.844, 95% CI: 0.223, 1.46, P-value = 0.009). Also, urinary 1-OHP was found to be inversely associated with the time the window was open at the home (β = -12.56, 95% CI: -23.52, -1.596, P-value = 0.025) and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) in a 100 m buffer around the homes. The mean (9.76 E-3) and 95th percentile (3.28 E-2) of the hazard quotient (HQ) indicated that the concentration of urinary 1-OHP is at a safe level for the target population (HQ < 1). According to the sensitivity analysis results, the concentration of 1-OHP is the most influential variable in the estimated risk. Our findings indicated that the proximity of homes and kindergartens to green space areas and their remoteness from the main streets and heavy traffic areas are associated with reduced exposure to PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Miri
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran; Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Ahmad Alahabadi
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hassan Ehrampoush
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
| | - Hamid Reza Ghaffari
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javad Zare Sakhvidi
- Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Mahboube Eskandari
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Rad
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hassan Lotfi
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hassan Sheikhha
- Research and Clinical Center for Infertility, Yazd Reproductive Sciences Institute, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
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The Concentration of BTEX in the Air of Tehran: A Systematic Review-Meta Analysis and Risk Assessment. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15091837. [PMID: 30149596 PMCID: PMC6163851 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15091837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
In the current study, the concentration of some pollutants which are categorized as volatile organic compounds (VOCs), including benzene (B), toluene (T), ethylbenzene (E), and o-xylenes (o-X), in the air of Tehran was evaluated by the aid of a systematic review and meta-analysis approach. Also, the health risk for the exposed population was estimated using the recommended methods by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The rank order based on their concentration in BTEX was benzene (149.18 µg/m3: 31%) > o-xylene (127.16 µg/m3: 27%) > ethylbenzene (110.15 µg/m3: 23%) > toluene (87.97 µg/m3: 19%). The ratio B/T in this study was calculated as 1.69, repressing that both stationary and mobile sources of emission can be considered as the main sources for benzene and toluene. Moreover, strong photochemical activity in Tehran was demonstrated by the high ratio of E/o-X. Meta-regression indicates that the concentration of BTEX has insignificantly (p-value > 0.05) increased over time. The BTEX compounds based on the target hazard quotient (THQ) were ordered as benzene > o-xylene > ethylbenzene > toluene. Percentile 95% of THQ due to benzene (4.973) and o-xylene (1.272) was higher than a value of 1. Percentile 95% excessive cancer risk (ECR) for benzene (1.25 × 106) and ethylbenzene (1.11 × 106) was higher than a value of 1.00 × 106. The health risk assessment indicated that the population of Tehran are at considerable non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks.
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77
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Bakhtiari R, Hadei M, Hopke PK, Shahsavani A, Rastkari N, Kermani M, Yarahmadi M, Ghaderpoori A. Investigation of in-cabin volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in taxis; influence of vehicle's age, model, fuel, and refueling. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 237:348-355. [PMID: 29501015 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.02.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The air pollutant species and concentrations in taxis' cabins can present significant health impacts on health. This study measured the concentrations of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene (BTEX), formaldehyde, and acetaldehyde in the cabins of four different taxi models. The effects of taxi's age, fuel type, and refueling were investigated. Four taxi models in 3 age groups were fueled with 3 different fuels (gas, compressed natural gas (CNG), and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)), and the concentrations of 6 air pollutants were measured in the taxi cabins before and after refueling. BTEX, formaldehyde, and acetaldehyde sampling were actively sampled using NIOSH methods 1501, 2541, and 2538, respectively. The average BTEX concentrations for all taxi models were below guideline values. The average concentrations (±SD) of formaldehyde in Model 1 to Model 4 taxis were 889 (±356), 806 (±323), 1144 (±240), and 934 (±167) ppbv, respectively. Acetaldehyde average concentrations (±SD) in Model 1 to Model 4 taxis were 410 (±223), 441 (±241), 443 (±210), and 482 (±91) ppbv, respectively. Refueling increased the in-vehicle concentrations of pollutants primarily the CNG and LPG fuels. BTEX concentrations in all taxi models were significantly higher for gasoline. Taxi age inversely affected formaldehyde and acetaldehyde. In conclusion, it seems that refueling process and substitution of gasoline with CNG and LPG can be considered as solutions to improve in-vehicle air concentrations for taxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Bakhtiari
- Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Hadei
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH), Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
| | - Philip K Hopke
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; Center for Air Resources Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699, USA
| | - Abbas Shahsavani
- Environmental and Occupational Hazards Control Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Noushin Rastkari
- Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Kermani
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Yarahmadi
- Environmental and Occupational Health Center, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
| | - Afshin Ghaderpoori
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Spatial distribution variation and probabilistic risk assessment of exposure to chromium in ground water supplies; a case study in the east of Iran. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 115:260-266. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Revised: 03/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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79
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Bayatian M, Ashrafi K, Azari MR, Jafari MJ, Mehrabi Y. Risk assessment of occupational exposure to benzene using numerical simulation in a complex geometry of a reforming unit of petroleum refinery. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:11364-11375. [PMID: 29417483 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-1318-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
There has been an increasing concern about the continuous and the sudden release of volatile organic pollutants from petroleum refineries and occupational and environmental exposures. Benzene is one of the most prevalent volatile compounds, and it has been addressed by many authors for its potential toxicity in occupational and environmental settings. Due to the complexities of sampling and analysis of benzene in routine and accidental situations, a reliable estimation of the benzene concentration in the outdoor setting of refinery using a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) could be instrumental for risk assessment of occupational exposure. In the present work, a computational fluid dynamic model was applied for exposure risk assessment with consideration of benzene being released continuously from a reforming unit of a refinery. For simulation of benzene dispersion, GAMBIT, FLUENT, and CFD post software are used as preprocessing, processing, and post-processing, respectively. Computational fluid dynamic validation was carried out by comparing the computed data with the experimental measurements. Eventually, chronic daily intake and lifetime cancer risk for routine operations through the two seasons of a year are estimated through the simulation model. Root mean square errors are 0.19 and 0.17 for wind speed and concentration, respectively. Lifetime risk assessments of workers are 0.4-3.8 and 0.0096-0.25 per 1000 workers in stable and unstable atmospheric conditions, respectively. Exposure risk is unacceptable for the head of shift work, chief engineer, and general workers in 141 days (38.77%) in a year. The results of this study show that computational fluid dynamics is a useful tool for modeling of benzene exposure in a complex geometry and can be used to estimate lifetime risks of occupation groups in a refinery setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Bayatian
- School of Public Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Khosro Ashrafi
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Environment, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mansour Rezazadeh Azari
- Safety Promotion and Injury Prevention Research Center and School of Public Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Javad Jafari
- School of Public Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yadollah Mehrabi
- School of Public Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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80
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Characteristics and health effects of BTEX in a hot spot for urban pollution. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 155:133-143. [PMID: 29510308 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.02.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
This study reports a spatiotemporal characterization of toluene, benzene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes concentrations (BTEX) in an urban hot spot in Iran, specifically at an bus terminal region in Shiraz. Sampling was carried out according to NIOSH Compendium Method 1501. The inverse distance weighting (IDW) method was applied for spatial mapping. The Monte Carlo simulation technique was applied to evaluate carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk owing to BTEX exposure. The highest average BTEX concentrations were observed for benzene in the morning (at 7:00-9:00 A.M. local time) (26.15 ± 17.65 µg/m3) and evening (at 6:00-8:00 P.M. local time) (34.44 ± 15.63 µg/m3). The benzene to toluene ratios in the morning and evening were 2.02 and 3.07, respectively. The main sources of BTEX were gas stations and a municipal solid waste transfer station. The inhalation lifetime cancer risk (LTCR) for benzene in the morning and evening were 1.96 × 10-4 and 2.49 × 10-4, respectively, which exceeds the recommended value by US EPA and WHO. The hazard quotient (HQ) of all these pollutants was less than 1. The results of this work have implications for public health near 'hot spots' such as IKBT where large populations are exposed to carcinogenic emissions.
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81
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Fallahzadeh RA, Miri M, Taghavi M, Gholizadeh A, Anbarani R, Hosseini-Bandegharaei A, Ferrante M, Oliveri Conti G. Spatial variation and probabilistic risk assessment of exposure to fluoride in drinking water. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 113:314-321. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
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82
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Ghaffari HR, Aval HE, Alahabadi A, Mokammel A, Khamirchi R, Yousefzadeh S, Ahmadi E, Rahmani-Sani A, Estaji M, Ghanbarnejad A, Gholizadeh A, Taghavi M, Miri M. Asthma disease as cause of admission to hospitals due to exposure to ambient oxidants in Mashhad, Iran. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:27402-27408. [PMID: 28975536 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0226-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, asthma is one of the most common chronic respiratory diseases, worldwide. Many reports have emphasized the correlation between the short-term exposure to the ambient air pollutants and acute respiratory diseases, especially among children with asthmatic symptoms. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the exposure to three atmospheric antioxidants (NO2, SO2, and O3) and hospital admission due to asthmatic disease (HAAD) in the city of Mashhad, Iran. The concentrations of atmospheric antioxidants were obtained from the real-time monitoring stations located in the city. The collected data were employed for developing predictive models in the AirQ software. In order to investigate the association between short-term exposure to air pollutants and HAAD, the study participants were categorized into two age groups: less than 15 and from 15 to 64 years old. The results indicated that in people less than 15 years increase in NO2 (attributable proportion (AP) = 3.775%, 95% CI 0.897-6.883%), SO2 (AP = 3.649%, 95% CI 1.295-5.937%), and O3 (AP = 0.554%,95% CI 0.00-3.321) results in increase in HAAD. While for those aged between 15 and 64 years, the AP was 4.192% (95% CI 0.450-7.662%) for NO2; 0.0% (95% CI 0.00-1.687%) for SO2; and 0.236% (95% CI 0.00-1.216%) for O3. The number of asthmatic cases who were less than 15 years admitted to the hospitals during the study period was higher than that of those within the age groups between 15 and 64 years as a consequence of exposure to NO2 (101 vs. 75), SO2 (98 vs. 0), and O3 (15 vs. 3), respectively. To the best of our knowledge, the AirQ model has not been applied before to estimate the effect of atmospheric antioxidant exposure on hospital admission because of asthma disease. Eventually, this model is proposed to be applicable for other cities around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Reza Ghaffari
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamideh Ebrahimi Aval
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Ahmad Alahabadi
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Adel Mokammel
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Ramzanali Khamirchi
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Samira Yousefzadeh
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Ehsan Ahmadi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Rahmani-Sani
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Mehdi Estaji
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Amin Ghanbarnejad
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abdolmajid Gholizadeh
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Taghavi
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Miri
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran.
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
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83
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Fallahzadeh RA, Ghaneian MT, Miri M, Dashti MM. Spatial analysis and health risk assessment of heavy metals concentration in drinking water resources. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:24790-24802. [PMID: 28913756 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0102-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The heavy metals available in drinking water can be considered as a threat to human health. Oncogenic risk of such metals is proven in several studies. Present study aimed to investigate concentration of the heavy metals including As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn in 39 water supply wells and 5 water reservoirs within the cities Ardakan, Meibod, Abarkouh, Bafgh, and Bahabad. The spatial distribution of the concentration was carried out by the software ArcGIS. Such simulations as non-carcinogenic hazard and lifetime cancer risk were conducted for lead and nickel using Monte Carlo technique. The sensitivity analysis was carried out to find the most important and effective parameters on risk assessment. The results indicated that concentration of all metals in 39 wells (except iron in 3 cases) reached the levels mentioned in EPA, World Health Organization, and Pollution Control Department standards. Based on the spatial distribution results at all studied regions, the highest concentrations of metals were derived, respectively, for iron and zinc. Calculated HQ values for non-carcinogenic hazard indicated a reasonable risk. Average lifetime cancer risks for the lead in Ardakan and nickel in Meibod and Bahabad were shown to be 1.09 × 10-3, 1.67 × 10-1, and 2 × 10-1, respectively, demonstrating high carcinogenic risk compared to similar standards and studies. The sensitivity analysis suggests high impact of concentration and BW in carcinogenic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Ali Fallahzadeh
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taghi Ghaneian
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Mohammad Miri
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran.
| | - Mohamad Mehdi Dashti
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
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84
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Miri M, Ebrahimi Aval H, Ehrampoush MH, Mohammadi A, Toolabi A, Nikonahad A, Derakhshan Z, Abdollahnejad A. Human health impact assessment of exposure to particulate matter: an AirQ software modeling. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:16513-16519. [PMID: 28555396 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9189-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the health impacts related to particulate matter less than 10 μm (PM10) exposure in the city of Yazd, Iran. For this aim, AirQ 2.2.3 software was used to model relationship between short-term exposure to PM10 and disease cases proposed by the World Health Organization (WHO). The annual mean concentration of PM10 was 97 μg/m3. The maximum concentration value of PM10 was measured during the summer (731 μg/m3). 4.988% (95%CI: 3.381-6.542%) of the total mortality, 7.3% (95%CI; 4.19-10.21%) of cardiovascular mortality, and 10.21% (95%CI; 4.19-14.89%) of respiratory mortality were related to the PM10 concentrations. Consequently, the AirQ software can provide valuable information about the importance of air pollution and the substantial impacts of PM10 on the society for policymakers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Miri
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran.
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
| | - Hamideh Ebrahimi Aval
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hassan Ehrampoush
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Amir Mohammadi
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Ali Toolabi
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Ali Nikonahad
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Zahra Derakhshan
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Ali Abdollahnejad
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
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85
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Amini H, Hosseini V, Schindler C, Hassankhany H, Yunesian M, Henderson SB, Künzli N. Spatiotemporal description of BTEX volatile organic compounds in a Middle Eastern megacity: Tehran Study of Exposure Prediction for Environmental Health Research (Tehran SEPEHR). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 226:219-229. [PMID: 28432965 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The spatiotemporal variability of ambient volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in Tehran, Iran, is not well understood. Here we present the design, methods, and results of the Tehran Study of Exposure Prediction for Environmental Health Research (Tehran SEPEHR) on ambient concentrations of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, p-xylene, m-xylene, o-xylene (BTEX), and total BTEX. To date, this is the largest study of its kind in a low- and middle-income country and one of the largest globally. We measured BTEX concentrations at five reference sites and 174 distributed sites identified by a cluster analytic method. Samples were taken over 25 consecutive 2-weeks at five reference sites (to be used for temporal adjustments) and over three 2-week campaigns in summer, winter, and spring at 174 distributed sites. The annual median (25th-75th percentile) for benzene, the most carcinogenic of the BTEX species, was 7.8 (6.3-9.9) μg/m3, and was higher than the national and European Union air quality standard of 5 μg/m3 at approximately 90% of the measured sites. The estimated annual mean concentrations of BTEX were spatially highly correlated for all pollutants (Spearman rank coefficient 0.81-0.98). In general, concentrations and spatial variability were highest during the summer months, most likely due to fuel evaporation in hot weather. The annual median of benzene and total BTEX across the 35 sites in the Tehran regulatory monitoring network (7.7 and 56.8 μg/m3, respectively) did a reasonable job of approximating the additional 144 city-wide sites (7.9 and 58.7 μg/m3, respectively). The annual median concentrations of benzene and total BTEX within 300 m of gas stations were 9.1 and 67.3 μg/m3, respectively, and were higher than sites outside this buffer. We further found that airport did not affect annual BTEX concentrations of sites within 1 km. Overall, the observed ambient concentrations of toxic VOCs are a public health concern in Tehran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heresh Amini
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Vahid Hosseini
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Christian Schindler
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Masud Yunesian
- Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sarah B Henderson
- Environmental Health Services, British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, Canada; School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Nino Künzli
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Alahabadi A, Ehrampoush MH, Miri M, Ebrahimi Aval H, Yousefzadeh S, Ghaffari HR, Ahmadi E, Talebi P, Abaszadeh Fathabadi Z, Babai F, Nikoonahad A, Sharafi K, Hosseini-Bandegharaei A. A comparative study on capability of different tree species in accumulating heavy metals from soil and ambient air. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 172:459-467. [PMID: 28104557 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metals (HMs) in the urban environment can be bio-accumulated by plant tissues. The aim of this study was to compare fourteen different tree species in terms of their capability to accumulate four airborne and soilborne HMs including; zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), and cadmium (Cd). Samplings were performed during spring, summer, and fall seasons. To compare bioaccumulation ability, bio-concentration factor (BCF), comprehensive bio-concentration index (CBCI), and metal accumulation index (MAI) were applied. Species with the highest accumulation for single metal which shown using BCF did not have the highest CBCI and MAI. Based on CBCI and MAI, Pinus eldarica (7.74), Wistaria sinensis (8.82), Morus alba (8.7), and Nigral morus (27.15) had the highest bioaccumulation capacity of HMs, respectively. Therefore, these species can be used for phytoextraction of HMs pollution and green and buffer zone in the urban.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Alahabadi
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hassan Ehrampoush
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Mohammad Miri
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran; Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
| | - Hamideh Ebrahimi Aval
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Samira Yousefzadeh
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Aradan School of Public Health and Paramedical, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Ghaffari
- Social Determinants in Health Promotion Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Ehsan Ahmadi
- Students' Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Environmental Health, School of Health, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Parvaneh Talebi
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Zeynab Abaszadeh Fathabadi
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Babai
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Ali Nikoonahad
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Kiomars Sharafi
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH), Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Hosseini-Bandegharaei
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran; Department of Engineering, Kashmar Branch, Islamic Azad University, PO Box 161, Kashmar, Iran
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