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Ljubic N, Ueberberg B, Grunze H, Assion HJ. Treatment of bipolar disorders in older adults: a review. Ann Gen Psychiatry 2021; 20:45. [PMID: 34548077 PMCID: PMC8456640 DOI: 10.1186/s12991-021-00367-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Old age bipolar disorder has been an orphan of psychiatric research for a long time despite the fact that bipolar disorder (BD)-I and II together may affect 0.5-1.0% of the elderly. It is also unclear whether aetiology, course of illness and treatment should differ in patients with a first manifestation in older age and patients suffering from a recurrence of a BD known for decades. This narrative review will summarize the current state of knowledge about the epidemiology, clinical features, and treatment of BD in the elderly. METHODS We conducted a Medline literature search from 1970 to 2021 using MeSH terms "Bipolar Disorder" × "Aged" or "Geriatric" or "Elderly". Search results were complemented by additional literature retrieved from examining cross references and by hand search in text books. Varying cut-off ages have been applied to differentiate old age from adult age BD. Within old age BD, there is a reasonable agreement of distinct entities, early and late-onset BD. They differ to some extent in clinical symptoms, course of illness, and some co-morbidities. Point prevalence of BD in older adults appears slightly lower than in working-age adults, with polarity of episodes shifting towards depression. Psychopharmacological treatment needs to take into account the special aspects of somatic gerontology and the age-related change of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics. The evidence for commonly used treatments such as lithium, mood-stabilizing antiepileptics, antipsychotics, and antidepressants remains sparse. Preliminary results support a role of ECT as well as psychotherapy and psychosocial interventions in old age BD. CONCLUSIONS There is an obvious need of further research for all treatment modalities of BD in old age. The focus should be pharmacological and psychosocial approaches, as well as their combination, and the role of physical treatment modalities such as ECT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nemanja Ljubic
- Bereich Forschung & Wissenschaft, LWL-Klinik, Marsbruchstr. 179, 44287, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Bianca Ueberberg
- Bereich Forschung & Wissenschaft, LWL-Klinik, Marsbruchstr. 179, 44287, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Heinz Grunze
- Psychiatrie Schwäbisch Hall, Ringstraße. 1, 74523, Schwäbisch Hall, Germany.
- Paracelsus Medical University, Ernst-Nathan Straße 1, 90419, Nuremberg, Germany.
| | - Hans-Jörg Assion
- Bereich Forschung & Wissenschaft, LWL-Klinik, Marsbruchstr. 179, 44287, Dortmund, Germany
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Chen L, Xu Z, Huang H. Non-hyperammonaemia valproate-induced encephalopathy: A case report. J Clin Pharm Ther 2021; 47:415-419. [PMID: 34462930 DOI: 10.1111/jcpt.13511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
WHAT IS KNOWN AND OBJECTIVE Valproate sodium is an effective antiepileptic drug (AED). Serious adverse effects of valproate sodium are uncommon. This case report illustrates the existence of non-hyperammonaemia valproate-induced encephalopathy. CASE DESCRIPTION A 47-year-old woman with epilepsy who developed valproate-induced encephalopathy without hyperammonaemia after valproate sodium treatment, and the symptoms completely subsided after withdrawal of valproate sodium. WHAT IS NEW AND CONCLUSION Early diagnosis and identification of the mechanisms of non-hyperammonaemia valproate-induced encephalopathy are important. Immediate discontinuation of valproate sodium results in rapid resolution of symptoms in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Zucai Xu
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Hao Huang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
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Celik E, Tunali S, Gezginci-Oktayoglu S, Bolkent S, Can A, Yanardag R. Vitamin U prevents valproic acid-induced liver injury through supporting enzymatic antioxidant system and increasing hepatocyte proliferation triggered by inflammation and apoptosis. Toxicol Mech Methods 2021; 31:600-608. [PMID: 34420476 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2021.1943089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the cellular mechanisms that cause valproic acid (VPA)-induced liver damage and the therapeutic effect of Vitamin U (Vit U) on these mechanisms. Female Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups: intact control animals, animals that received Vit U (50 mg/kg/day), animals given VPA (500 mg/kg/day), and animals given both VPA and Vit U. The rats in the Vit U + VPA group were administered Vit U by gavage an hour before VPA administration every day for 15 days. Liver tissues were evaluated through histopathological, biochemical, immunohistochemical, and Western blotting techniques. Administration of Vit U with VPA resulted in (i) prevention of histopathological changes caused by VPA; (ii) blockage of the decrease in catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities; prevention of the elevation in gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) activity and advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) level; (iii) increased in the levels of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), active caspase-3, and cytoplasmic cytochrome c; (iv) increase in cleaved poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) level and decrease in LC3B (II/I) ratio; (v) increase in the number of proliferating cells nuclear antigen (PCNA) positive hepatocytes. These findings show that Vit U prevents liver damage caused by VPA through increasing the antioxidant enzyme capacity and hepatocyte proliferation by triggering inflammation and apoptosis. These findings suggest that Vit U provides its protective effects against VPA-induced liver damage by stimulating homeostasis and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ertan Celik
- Biology Section, Molecular Biology Program, Institute of Science, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sevim Tunali
- Chemistry Department, Biochemistry Division, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Selda Gezginci-Oktayoglu
- Biology Department, Molecular Biology Division, Faculty of Science, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sehnaz Bolkent
- Biology Department, Molecular Biology Division, Faculty of Science, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ayse Can
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Refiye Yanardag
- Chemistry Department, Biochemistry Division, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
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Kandeda AK, Taiwe GS, Ayissi REM, Moutchida C. An aqueous extract of Canarium schweinfurthii attenuates seizures and potentiates sleep in mice: Evidence for involvement of GABA Pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 142:111973. [PMID: 34343898 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
About 30% of epileptic patients continue to have seizures. The present study investigates the anticonvulsant and sedative effects of an aqueous extract of C. schweinfurthii in mice. Anticonvulsant effects of C. schweinfurthii aqueous extract (0.01-300 mg/kg, p.o.) were tested against 4-aminopyridine (4-AP, 15 mg/kg, i.p.) -, pilocarpine (PILO, 380 mg/kg, i.p.) - and pentylenetetrazole (PTZ, 75 mg/kg, i.p.) -induced seizures, while sedative effects were tested on diazepam (35 mg/kg, i.p.)-induced sleep. Afterward, the most effective dose of the extract (11.9 mg/kg) was antagonized with N-methyl-β-carboline-3-carboxamide or flumazenil. In another set of experiments, mice were sacrificed for the estimation of GABA content and GABA-T activity in the cerebral cortex. The dose of the extract that protected 50% of mice (ED50) against 4-AP, PILO, and PTZ was respectively 4.43 mg/kg (versus 12.01 for phenobarbital), 9.59 mg/kg (vs 8.67 for diazepam), and 2.12 mg/kg (vs 0.20 for clonazepam). Further, the ED50 of the extract that increased the duration of sleep was 0.24 mg/kg (vs 0.84 for phenobarbital). N-methyl-β-carboline-3-carboxamide or flumazenil antagonized (p < 0.001) the anticonvulsant effect of C. schweinfurthii in PTZ-induced seizures and diazepam-induced sleep when compared to the negative control group. The extract at all doses increased (p < 0.001) the GABA content and decreased (p < 0.001) GABA-T activity. These findings suggest that C. schweinfurthii possesses anticonvulsant and sedative effects. These effects seem to be mediated via the modulation of the GABA neurotransmission. These data explain the use of this plant to treat epilepsy in Cameroon traditional medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Kavaye Kandeda
- Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| | - Germain Sotoing Taiwe
- Department of Zoology and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Rigobert Espoir Mbomo Ayissi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Higher Teachers' Training College, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 47, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Clémentine Moutchida
- Department of Psychology, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 755, Yaoundé, Cameroon
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McMorris T, Chu A, Vu L, Bernardini A. Hyperammonemia in patients receiving valproic acid in the hospital setting: A retrospective review. Ment Health Clin 2021; 11:243-247. [PMID: 34316420 PMCID: PMC8287865 DOI: 10.9740/mhc.2021.07.243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Valproic acid (VPA) is widely used for the treatment of epilepsy, migraine, and a variety of psychiatric conditions. The reported incidences of hyperammonemia induced by VPA use is variable. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the incidence of VPA-induced hyperammonemia in the general adult inpatient population. Methods Adult patients who received at least 1 dose of VPA and derivatives between June 1, 2017 to December 31, 2017 were included. Patients were excluded if they did not have VPA administered during their inpatient stay or if they had elevated ammonia levels (>33 μmol/L) prior to initiation of VPA. Patients with a confirmed diagnosis of liver cirrhosis were also excluded. The primary endpoint was the incidence of hyperammonemia. Secondary outcomes included symptoms of hyperammonemia, diagnosis of VPA-induced hyperammonemia, and treatment of VPA-induced hyperammonemia. Results A total of 162 patients were included in this study. A total of 33 (20.4%) patients were identified as having the primary outcome of hyperammonemia; 26 (16.0%) patients had symptoms of hyperammonemia, and 13 (8.0%) patients were diagnosed with VPA-induced hyperammonemia. Treatment modalities included administration of lactulose, levocarnitine, discontinuing VPA, or decreasing the VPA dose. Discussion The administration of VPA in the general adult inpatient population resulted in a 20.4% incidence of hyperammonemia, with a lower rate of diagnosed VPA-induced hyperammonemia. Clinicians should be encouraged to obtain ammonia levels in patients receiving VPA if symptoms of altered mental status or encephalopathy develop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tressa McMorris
- Assistant Professor of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Roseman University of Health Sciences, South Jordan, Utah.,Pharmacist, CVS Pharmacy, Tuscon, Arizona; previously: Roseman University of Health Sciences College of Pharmacy.,Pharmacist, Raley's Pharmacy, Reno, Nevada; previously: Roseman University of Health Sciences College of Pharmacy
| | - Angela Chu
- Assistant Professor of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Roseman University of Health Sciences, South Jordan, Utah
| | - Lynn Vu
- Pharmacist, CVS Pharmacy, Tuscon, Arizona; previously: Roseman University of Health Sciences College of Pharmacy
| | - Amanda Bernardini
- Pharmacist, Raley's Pharmacy, Reno, Nevada; previously: Roseman University of Health Sciences College of Pharmacy
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Zhang D, Latif M, Gamez G. Instantaneous Differentiation of Functional Isomers via Reactive Flowing Atmospheric Pressure Afterglow Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2021; 93:9986-9994. [PMID: 34251188 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Ambient mass spectrometry (AMS) allows direct desorption and ionization of analytes in real time with minimal-to-no sample preparation. However, it may present inadequate capabilities for differentiating isomers. Here, a reactive flowing atmospheric-pressure afterglow (reactive-FAPA) AMS source is developed for rapid isomer differentiation by derivatization of analytes in real time. The effects of the reactive-FAPA operating conditions on the reagent and product ions were studied and optimized for highly volatile and non-volatile model compounds with different carbonyl functional groups. In addition, two functional isomers of valproic acid (VPA) metabolites, 4-ene VPA and γ-valprolactone, are successfully differentiated for the first time by incorporating methylamine (MA) reagent vapor into the plasma effluent used for desorption/ionization. Reactive-FAPAMS for 4-ene VPA shows only detectable peaks of the protonated acylation product [M + MA-H2O + H]+, while for γ-valprolactone, it shows detectable peaks for both protonated acylation product [M + MA-H2O + H]+ and protonated intermediate [M + MA + H]+. A method for quantitative characterization of mixtures of 4-ene VPA and γ-valprolactone is also developed and validated. In addition, reactive-FAPAMS also shows better detection sensitivity compared to nonreactive-FAPAMS for some larger analyte types, such as UV filters and steroids. The limit of detection (LOD) of pregnenolone acetate in reactive-FAPAMS is 310 ng/mL, which is about 10 times better than its LOD in nonreactive-FAPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061, United States
| | - Mohsen Latif
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061, United States
| | - Gerardo Gamez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061, United States
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Fu J, Tao T, Li Z, Chen Y, Chen X, Li J, Peng L. Effects of Sodium Valproate Monotherapy on Blood Liver Enzyme Levels in Patients with Epilepsy: A Meta-Analysis. Horm Metab Res 2021; 53:425-434. [PMID: 34282594 DOI: 10.1055/a-1517-6550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
We conducted this meta-analysis to assess the effects of sodium valproate (VPA) monotherapy on blood liver enzymes in patients with epilepsy. PubMed, Web of Science, EBSCO, Cochrane Library, Wanfang, China national knowledge infrastructure databases were searched. Nine studies were included. Results showed: (1) The overall SMD for blood AST, ALT, and GGT levels of VPA monotherapy group versus control group were 0.70 (95% CI=0.31 to 1.09, Z=3.52, p=0.0004), 0.47 (95% CI=- 0.01 to 0.95, Z=1.91, p=0.06), 0.44 (95% CI=0.29 to 0.60, Z=5.55, p<0.00001), respectively. (2) In subgroup meta-analysis, increased blood AST and GGT levels were observed in epileptic minors (AST: total SMD=0.85, 95% CI=0.40 to 1.30, Z=3.69, p=0.0002; GGT: total SMD=0.46, 95% CI=0.29 to 0.63, Z=5.25, p<0.00001). Elevated blood ALT level was observed in Asian patients receiving VPA monotherapy (total SMD=0.70, 95% CI=0.51 to 0.90, Z=7.01, p<0.00001), and the early stage of VPA monotherapy (total SMD=0.93, 95% CI=0.57 to 1.29, Z=5.09, p<0.00001). Overall, our results indicated that blood AST and GGT were significantly increased in epileptic minors receiving VPA monotherapy. The elevation of blood ALT was observed in Asian patients and the early stage of VPA monotherapy. However, due to the small number of included studies, our results should be considered with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Fu
- Department of Neurology, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tao Tao
- Department of Neurology, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Zuoxiao Li
- Department of Neurology, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yangmei Chen
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiu Chen
- Department of Neurology, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Jinglun Li
- Department of Neurology, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Lilei Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
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Mei X, Wu HC, Ruan M, Cai LR. Acute liver failure with thrombotic microangiopathy due to sodium valproate toxicity: A case report. World J Clin Cases 2021; 9:4310-4317. [PMID: 34141795 PMCID: PMC8173405 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v9.i17.4310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sodium valproate is widely used in the treatment of epilepsy in clinical practice. Most adverse reactions to sodium valproate are mild and reversible, while serious idiosyncratic side effects are becoming apparent, particularly hepatotoxicity. Herein, we report a case of fatal acute liver failure (ALF) with thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) caused by treatment with sodium valproate in a patient following surgery for meningioma.
CASE SUMMARY A 42-year-old man who received antiepileptic treatment with sodium valproate after surgery for meningioma exhibited extreme fatigue, severe jaundice accompanied by oliguria, soy sauce-colored urine, and ecchymosis. His postoperative laboratory values indicated a rapid decreased platelet count and hemoglobin level, severe liver and kidney dysfunction, and disturbance of the coagulation system. He was diagnosed with drug-induced liver failure combined with TMA. After plasma exchange combined with hemoperfusion, pulse therapy with high-dose methylprednisolone, and blood transfusion, his liver function deteriorated, and finally, he died.
CONCLUSION ALF with TMA is a rare and fatal adverse reaction of sodium valproate which needs to be highly valued.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Mei
- Department of Hepatobiliary Internal Medicine, The 900th Hospital of PLA Joint Logistics Support Force, Fuzhou 350025, Fujian Province, China
| | - Hai-Cong Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Internal Medicine, The 900th Hospital of PLA Joint Logistics Support Force, Fuzhou 350025, Fujian Province, China
| | - Mei Ruan
- Department of Hepatobiliary Internal Medicine, The third affiliated people's hospital of FuJian University of traditional Chinese medicine, Fuzhou 350100, Fujian Province, China
| | - Li-Rong Cai
- Department of Hepatobiliary Internal Medicine, The 900th Hospital of PLA Joint Logistics Support Force, Fuzhou 350025, Fujian Province, China
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Razzaghi N, Fernandez-Gonzalez P, Mas-Sanchez A, Vila-Julià G, Perez JJ, Garriga P. Effect of Sodium Valproate on the Conformational Stability of the Visual G Protein-Coupled Receptor Rhodopsin. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26103032. [PMID: 34069614 PMCID: PMC8160834 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26103032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhodopsin is the G protein-coupled receptor of rod photoreceptor cells that mediates vertebrate vision at low light intensities. Mutations in rhodopsin cause inherited retinal degenerative diseases such as retinitis pigmentosa. Several therapeutic strategies have attempted to address and counteract the deleterious effect of rhodopsin mutations on the conformation and function of this photoreceptor protein, but none has been successful in efficiently preventing retinal degeneration in humans. These approaches include, among others, the use of small molecules, known as pharmacological chaperones, that bind to the receptor stabilizing its proper folded conformation. Valproic acid, in its sodium valproate form, has been used as an anticonvulsant in epileptic patients and in the treatment of several psychiatric disorders. More recently, this compound has been tested as a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of retinal degeneration associated with retinitis pigmentosa caused by rhodopsin mutations. We now report on the effect of sodium valproate on the conformational stability of heterologously expressed wild-type rhodopsin and a rhodopsin mutant, I307N, which has been shown to be an appropriate model for studying retinal degeneration in mice. We found no sign of enhanced stability for the dark inactive conformation of the I307N mutant. Furthermore, the photoactivated conformation of the mutant appears to be destabilized by sodium valproate as indicated by a faster decay of its active conformation. Therefore, our results support a destabilizing effect of sodium valproate on rhodopsin I307N mutant associated with retinal degeneration. These findings, at the molecular level, agree with recent clinical studies reporting negative effects of sodium valproate on the visual function of retinitis pigmentosa patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Razzaghi
- Grup de Biotecnologia Molecular i Industrial, Centre de Biotecnologia Molecular, Departament d’Enginyeria Química, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya-Barcelona Tech, Edifici Gaia, Rambla de Sant Nebridi 22, 08222 Terrassa, Spain; (N.R.); (P.F.-G.); (A.M.-S.)
| | - Pol Fernandez-Gonzalez
- Grup de Biotecnologia Molecular i Industrial, Centre de Biotecnologia Molecular, Departament d’Enginyeria Química, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya-Barcelona Tech, Edifici Gaia, Rambla de Sant Nebridi 22, 08222 Terrassa, Spain; (N.R.); (P.F.-G.); (A.M.-S.)
| | - Aina Mas-Sanchez
- Grup de Biotecnologia Molecular i Industrial, Centre de Biotecnologia Molecular, Departament d’Enginyeria Química, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya-Barcelona Tech, Edifici Gaia, Rambla de Sant Nebridi 22, 08222 Terrassa, Spain; (N.R.); (P.F.-G.); (A.M.-S.)
| | - Guillem Vila-Julià
- Grup de Biotecnologia Molecular i Industrial, Centre de Biotecnologia Molecular, Departament d’Enginyeria Química, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya-Barcelona Tech., Avinguda Diagonal, 647, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (G.V.-J.); (J.J.P.)
| | - Juan Jesus Perez
- Grup de Biotecnologia Molecular i Industrial, Centre de Biotecnologia Molecular, Departament d’Enginyeria Química, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya-Barcelona Tech., Avinguda Diagonal, 647, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (G.V.-J.); (J.J.P.)
| | - Pere Garriga
- Grup de Biotecnologia Molecular i Industrial, Centre de Biotecnologia Molecular, Departament d’Enginyeria Química, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya-Barcelona Tech, Edifici Gaia, Rambla de Sant Nebridi 22, 08222 Terrassa, Spain; (N.R.); (P.F.-G.); (A.M.-S.)
- Correspondence:
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Lin JR, Huang SH, Wu CH, Chen YW, Hong ZJ, Cheng CP, Sytwu HK, Lin GJ. Valproic Acid Suppresses Autoimmune Recurrence and Allograft Rejection in Islet Transplantation through Induction of the Differentiation of Regulatory T Cells and Can Be Used in Cell Therapy for Type 1 Diabetes. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14050475. [PMID: 34067829 PMCID: PMC8157191 DOI: 10.3390/ph14050475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) results from the destruction of insulin-producing β cells in the islet of the pancreas by lymphocytes. Non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse is an animal model frequently used for this disease. It has been considered that T1D is a T cell-mediated autoimmune disease. Both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells are highly responsible for the destruction of β cells within the pancreatic islets of Langerhans. Previous studies have revealed that regulatory T (Treg) cells play a critical role in the homeostasis of the immune system as well as immune tolerance to autoantigens, thereby preventing autoimmunity. Valproic acid (VPA), a branched short-chain fatty acid, is widely used as an antiepileptic drug and a mood stabilizer. Previous reports have demonstrated that VPA treatment decreases the incidence and severity of collagen-induced arthritis and experimental autoimmune neuritis by increasing the population of Treg cells in these mouse disease models. Given the effect of VPA in the induction of Treg cells’ population, we evaluated the therapeutic potential and the protective mechanism of VPA treatment in the suppression of graft autoimmune rejection and immune recurrence in syngeneic or allogenic islet transplantation mouse models. In our study, we found that the treatment of VPA increased the expression of forkhead box P3 (FOXP3), which is a critical transcription factor that controls Treg cells’ development and function. Our data revealed that 400 mg/kg VPA treatment in recipients effectively prolonged the survival of syngeneic and allogenic islet grafts. The percentage of Treg cells in splenocytes increased in VPA-treated recipients. We also proved that adoptive transfer of VPA-induced Tregs to the transplanted recipients effectively prolonged the survival of islet grafts. The results of this study provide evidence of the therapeutic potential and the underlying mechanism of VPA treatment in syngeneic islet transplantation for T1D. It also provides experimental evidence for cell therapy by adoptive transferring of in vitro VPA-induced Tregs for the suppression of autoimmune recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeng-Rong Lin
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan;
| | - Shing-Hwa Huang
- Department of Biology and Anatomy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan; (S.-H.H.); (C.-P.C.)
- Department of General Surgery, En Chu Kong Hospital, New Taipei 23741, Taiwan;
| | - Chih-Hsiung Wu
- Department of General Surgery, En Chu Kong Hospital, New Taipei 23741, Taiwan;
| | - Yuan-Wu Chen
- School of Dentistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan;
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan
| | - Zhi-Jie Hong
- Department of General Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan;
| | - Chia-Pi Cheng
- Department of Biology and Anatomy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan; (S.-H.H.); (C.-P.C.)
| | - Huey-Kang Sytwu
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 35053, Taiwan;
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan
| | - Gu-Jiun Lin
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan;
- Department of Biology and Anatomy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan; (S.-H.H.); (C.-P.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-287-923-100 (ext. 18709)
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Yan L, Yang K, Wang S, Xie Y, Zhang L, Tian X. PXR-mediated expression of FABP4 promotes valproate-induced lipid accumulation in HepG2 cells. Toxicol Lett 2021; 346:47-56. [PMID: 33901630 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2021.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Valproate (valproic acid, VPA) is widely used in the therapy of epilepsy. However, adverse effect like hepatic steatosis has been reported in patients receiving VPA treatment. But whether nuclear receptor pregnane X receptor (PXR) and fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4) are involved in the regulation of VPA-induced steatosis or not is still unknown. In this study, the roles of PXR and FABP4 in VPA-induced lipid accumulation in HepG2 cells were investigated. We found that the expression of PXR and FABP4 were increased by VPA in a dose-dependent manner. Knockdown of PXR not only reduced lipid accumulation but also impaired the induction of FABP4 by VPA. While overexpression of PXR enhanced both lipid accumulation and FABP4 expression. Moreover, exogenous expression of FABP4 increased triglyceride levels and enhanced lipid accumulation caused by VPA. Taken together, these results suggest that PXR-mediated expression of FABP4 is responsible for lipid accumulation caused by VPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Yan
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Precision Clinical Pharmacy, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.
| | - Kun Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Suhua Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Precision Clinical Pharmacy, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Yinfei Xie
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Lirong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Xin Tian
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Precision Clinical Pharmacy, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.
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Chaudhary S, Sahu U, Parvez S. Melatonin attenuates branch chain fatty acid induced apoptosis mediated neurodegeneration. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2021; 36:491-505. [PMID: 33219756 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Valproic acid (VPA)-a short branched chain fatty acid (BCFA), is widely recognized as an anticonvulsant and a mood-stabilizing drug, but various adverse effects of VPA have also been investigated. However, the impact of BCFAs aggregation on brain cells, in the pathogenesis of neurodegeneration remains elusive. The objective of this study is to understand the cellular mechanisms underlying VPA-induced neuronal cell death mediated by oxidative stress, and the neuroprotective role of exogenous melatonin treatment on VPA-induced cell death. Neurotoxicity of VPA and protective role exerted by melatonin were assessed in vitro in SH-SY5Y cells and in vivo in the cerebral cortex and cerebellum regions of Wistar rat brain. The results show that melatonin pre-treatment protects the cells from VPA-induced toxicity by exerting an anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory effect by regulating apoptotic proteins and pro-inflammatory cytokines. The findings of the present study emphasize novel insights of melatonin as a supplement for the prevention and treatment of neuronal dysfunction induced by VPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaista Chaudhary
- Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Upasana Sahu
- Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Suhel Parvez
- Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
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Manthou ME, Meditskou S, Lykartsis C, Sapalidis K, Sorkou K, Emmanouil-Nikoloussi EN. The role of neuronal apoptosis in Valproic Acid brain-related teratogenesis: a histochemical and immunohistochemical study in BALB/c mice. ROMANIAN JOURNAL OF MORPHOLOGY AND EMBRYOLOGY 2021; 61:813-819. [PMID: 33817722 PMCID: PMC8112781 DOI: 10.47162/rjme.61.3.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to examine the teratogenic effects of Valproic Acid (VPA) and to investigate the role of apoptosis in neural tissue development. Although an apoptotic activity due to VPA has been reported, a direct connection of VPA-induced apoptosis with embryonic brain and∕or spine malformations and teratogenesis has not yet been established. MATERIALS AND METHODS VPA was administered to BALB∕c mice, from the 7th to the 10th gestational days. Macroscopical congenital anomalies were registered under a stereomicroscope and were further histologically studied. Immunohistochemistry was performed with terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate (dUTP) nick-end labeling (TUNEL) staining. RESULTS Birth defects were described and an increase of the apoptotic activity in the brain was immunohistochemically identified. CONCLUSIONS Considering the increased and very intense TUNEL expression of the neural cells of treated animals' fetuses, it is suggested that VPA triggers a pathological increase of apoptosis resulting in an imbalance between cell proliferation and cell death, the final result of which is malformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Eleni Manthou
- Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece;
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Valproic Acid-Induced Liver Injury: A Case-Control Study from a Prospective Pharmacovigilance Program in a Tertiary Hospital. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10061153. [PMID: 33801850 PMCID: PMC7999396 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10061153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Valproic acid (VPA) is an antiepileptic drug extensively used for treating partial and generalised seizures, acute mania and as prophylaxis for bipolar disorder. Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) persists as a significant issue related to fatal outcomes by VPA. The aim of this study was to increase our knowledge about this condition and to better identify patients affected. Methods: We conducted an observational retrospective case-control study that identified cases of DILI by VPA from the Pharmacovigilance Programme from our Laboratory Signals at La Paz University Hospital from January 2007 to December 2019. From the Therapeutic VPA Monitoring program, two control groups were assigned, VPA-tolerant patients and the other with patients who developed mild VPA-related liver injury but who did not meet the DILI criteria, matched for date, age and sex. Results: A total of 60 patients were included in the study: 15 cases of DILI, 30 VPA-tolerant controls and 15 controls with mild liver injury. Mean age for the cases was 45.7 years, 4 (26.7%) were women and 5 (33.34%) were children under 18 years, of them 3 (20%) were fatal. Polytherapy with other antiepileptic drugs (p = 0.047) and alcohol consumption (p < 0.001) were associated with a greater risk of developing DILI by VPA. A diagnosis of epileptic seizure was more frequently related to DILI when compared with the VPA-tolerant controls (p < 0.001). The cases developed hepatocellular liver injury (p < 0.001), while the mild hepatic damage controls had a higher rate of cholestatic liver injury (p < 0.001). The laboratory lactate dehydrogenase values were statistically higher (even at baseline) in patients with DILI than in both control groups (p = 0.033 and p = 0.039). Conclusions: VPA hepatotoxicity remains a considerable problem. This study offers interesting findings for characterising VPA-induced liver injury and at-risk patients.
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Sharshar T, Ben Hadj Salem O, Porcher R, Grimaldi-Bensouda L, Heming N, Clair B, Azabou E, Mazeraud A, Rohaut B, Outin H. Valproic Acid as an Adjuvant Treatment for Generalized Convulsive Status Epilepticus in Adults Admitted to Intensive Care Units: Protocol for a Double-Blind, Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial. JMIR Res Protoc 2021; 10:e22511. [PMID: 33625371 PMCID: PMC7946594 DOI: 10.2196/22511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Generalized convulsive status epilepticus (GCSE) is a frequent medical emergency. GCSE treatment focuses on the administration of benzodiazepines followed by a second-line antiepileptic drug (AED). Despite this stepwise strategy, GCSE is not controlled in one-quarter of patients and is associated with protracted hospitalization, high mortality, and long-term disability. Valproic acid (VPA) is an AED with good tolerability and neuroprotective properties. Objective This study aims to demonstrate that administration of VPA as an adjuvant for first- and second-line treatment in GCSE can improve outcomes. Methods A multicenter, double-blind, randomized controlled trial was conducted, comparing VPA with a placebo in adults admitted to intensive care units (ICUs) for GCSE in France. GCSE was diagnosed by specifically trained ICU physicians according to standard criteria. All patients received standard of care, including a benzodiazepine and a second-line AED (not VPA), at the discretion of the treating medical team. In the intervention arm, VPA was administered intravenously at a loading dose of 30 mg/kg over 15 minutes, followed by a continuous infusion of 1 mg/kg/hour over the next 12 hours. In the placebo group, an identical intravenous administration of 0.9% saline was used. The primary outcome was the proportion of patients discharged alive from the hospital by day 15. Secondary outcomes were frequency of refractory and super refractory GCSE, ICU-related morbidity, adverse events related to VPA, and cognitive dysfunction at 3 months. Statistical analyses will be performed according to the intent-to-treat principle. Results The first patient was randomized on February 18, 2013, and the last patient was randomized on July 7, 2018. Of 248 planned patients, 98.7% (245/248) were enrolled across 20 ICUs. At present, data management is still ongoing, and all parties involved in the trial remain blinded. Conclusions The Valproic Acid as an Adjuvant Treatment for Generalized Convulsive Status Epilepticus (VALSE) trial will evaluate whether the use of VPA as an adjuvant for first- and second-line treatment in GCSE improves outcomes. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01791868; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01791868. International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/22511
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek Sharshar
- Groupement Hospitalo-Universitaire Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | | | - Raphaël Porcher
- Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Center for Clinical Epidemiology, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôtel Dieu Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Lamiae Grimaldi-Bensouda
- Clinical Research Unit, Ambroise Paré Hospital, University of Versailles Saint-Quentin en Yvelines, Saint-Quentin en Yveline, France
| | - Nicholas Heming
- Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire Raymond Poincaré, Assistance de Paris - Hôpitaux de Paris, Garches, France
| | - Bernard Clair
- Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire Raymond Poincaré, Assistance de Paris - Hôpitaux de Paris, Garches, France
| | - Eric Azabou
- Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire Raymond Poincaré, Assistance de Paris - Hôpitaux de Paris, Garches, France
| | - Aurélien Mazeraud
- Groupement Hospitalo-Universitaire Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Benjamin Rohaut
- Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire Pitié Salpétrière, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Hervé Outin
- Centre Hospitalier Poissy Saint Germain en Laye, Poissy, France
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Müller RM, Herziger B, Jeschke S, Neininger MP, Bertsche T, Bertsche A. Knowledge of epilepsy among German pharmacists. Epilepsy Res 2021; 172:106587. [PMID: 33647738 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2021.106587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PROBLEM Pharmacists can have a large impact on attitude, acceptance and adherence in patients with long-term conditions. They should be able to give appropriate advice. METHODS We invited pharmacists in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern and Saxony, Germany, to complete a questionnaire mainly containing multiple-choice-questions. RESULTS Overall, 238 pharmacists took part in the survey. 199 (84%) said they were insecure counselling people with epilepsy or had no experience at all. 205 (86%) rightly assumed a seizure can result in death. Concerning an acute seizure, administration of a rescue medication was considered as possible useful measure by 127 (53%) participants. Of the participants, 206 (87%) stated a physician should be consulted for every first afebrile seizure, 188 (79%) for every first febrile seizure. Exanthema as especially clinically relevant adverse drug event was rightly chosen for carbamazepine by 18 (8%) and for lamotrigine by 12 (5%) participants. 60 (25%) rightly chose liver toxicity for valproate. The increase of carbamazepine plasma concentration when adding erythromycin was chosen by 66 (28%) of pharmacists. 13 (5%) knew about the reduction of effectiveness of lamotrigine when adding hormonal contraceptives. For valproate, 201 (84%) stated that it is important to counsel patients concerning contraception. CONCLUSION Pharmacists are insecure counselling people with epilepsy. Some of them would not suggest to seek medical advice for every first seizure. This can lead to reduced patient safety. The adverse drug events of valproate are well known, important adverse drug events and interactions of other anticonvulsants are less present to the pharmacists and should be regularly addressed in training courses.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Müller
- Neuropaediatrics, University Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Ernst-Heydemann-Straße 8, 18057 Rostock, Germany.
| | - B Herziger
- Neuropaediatrics, University Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Ernst-Heydemann-Straße 8, 18057 Rostock, Germany.
| | - S Jeschke
- Neuropaediatrics, University Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Ernst-Heydemann-Straße 8, 18057 Rostock, Germany.
| | - M P Neininger
- Drug Safety Center and Clinical Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Brüderstraße 32, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - T Bertsche
- Drug Safety Center and Clinical Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Brüderstraße 32, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - A Bertsche
- Neuropaediatrics, University Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Ernst-Heydemann-Straße 8, 18057 Rostock, Germany.
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67
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Gao M, Qu K, Zhang W, Wang X. Pharmacological Activity of Pyrazole Derivatives as an Anticonvulsant for Benefit against Epilepsy. Neuroimmunomodulation 2021; 28:90-98. [PMID: 33774633 DOI: 10.1159/000513297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pediatric patients with epilepsy are prone to cognitive impairments during growth and long-term use of most antiepileptic drugs (AED). The affected children do not respond to conventional AED and may require novel drugs to manage the disease. Valproic acid, a first-line drug to treat epilepsy, is associated with serious side effects, which precludes its wider use. Thus, in the present study, we intended to develop novel substituted pyrazoles. METHODS The molecules were tested for anticonvulsive activity in Swiss albino mice via maximal electroshock seizure and subcutaneous pentylenetetrazole assays. The most potent molecule among the class was further assayed for its effect on behavioral and CNS depressant activity. The effect of the most potent compounds was also analyzed on various indices of oxidative stress and inflammation in mice. RESULTS The designed compounds showed significant anticonvulsive activity in mice revealing 7h as the most potent anticonvulsive agent. The most potent anticonvulsant molecule 7h further showed no behavioral alteration and considerable CNS depressant activity. It also reduces the level of oxidative stress and inflammation in the mice. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrated utility of pyrazole derivatives as anticonvulsants against epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meizhe Gao
- Department of Child Healthcare, Shandong Provincial Third Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Keli Qu
- Department of Child Healthcare, Shandong Provincial Third Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Wenzhi Zhang
- Innoscience Research Sdn Bhd, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Xueying Wang
- Department of Child Healthcare, Shandong Provincial Third Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Esmael A, Elsherief M, Abdelsalam M, Bendary L, Egila H. Sleep Architecture in Valproate-Induced Nocturnal Enuresis in Primary School and Preschool Children. J Child Neurol 2020; 35:975-982. [PMID: 32762394 DOI: 10.1177/0883073820944051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Nocturnal enuresis is one of the side effects of valproic acid treatment, and generally underdiagnosed by clinicians. Studies reported that a variable incidence of valproic acid-induced nocturnal enuresis is 2.2% to 24% with unclear explanations of the reasons behind valproic acid-induced nocturnal enuresis. A retrospective study was carried out on 260 children (aged 5-12 years) diagnosed with idiopathic epilepsy, treated with valproic acid to evaluate the nocturnal enuresis secondary to valproic acid, and to discuss the characteristics of their sleep architecture. Nocturnal enuresis was reported in 28 (10.7%) patients after a mean exposure time to valproate of 18.78±8.4 days. Nocturnal enuresis was significantly associated with younger age and serum level of valproate (P = .05). The polysomnographic study suggested that the underlying mechanism may be related to impaired sleep efficiency, frequent arousals, prolonged sleep latency, snoring, or increased sleep depth which may impair a child's ability to awaken to the sense of bladder fullness or contractions.Clinical trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifiers: NCT04191863.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Esmael
- Department of Neurology, 68780Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Egypt
| | - Mohammed Elsherief
- Department of Neurology, 68780Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Abdelsalam
- Department of Neurology, 68780Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Egypt
| | - Lotfy Bendary
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, 68865Zagazig University, Egypt
| | - Hossam Egila
- Department of Neurology, 68780Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Egypt
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Wang D, Champion-Lyons E, Neyens R, Bohm N, Caddell B, Babic N. The Effect of Sample Handling on Free Valproic Acid Levels. J Appl Lab Med 2020; 6:645-653. [PMID: 33249432 DOI: 10.1093/jalm/jfaa181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Valproic acid (VPA) is a broad-spectrum anticonvulsant drug. Under normal conditions, this drug is highly protein bound. However, in patients with hypoalbuminemia, the free fraction can increase substantially while the total VPA levels remain in therapeutic range. The neurologic activity and toxicity of the drug are directly related to free drug levels. METHODS Our in-house free VPA assay was validated using 20 patient samples obtained from a reference laboratory (RL1). It was further evaluated by parallel testing with RL1 using samples collected from our patients. Subsequently, sample handling effects were investigated by comparing free VPA levels measured in our laboratory to 3 selected RLs with different sample transportation conditions. RESULTS No significant bias was observed between the in-house assay (y) and RL1 (x) assay in free VPA measurement (y = 1.12x + 0.072, r = 0.994). However, patient samples collected in our institution and sent to RL1 revealed significant negative bias (y = 0.776x - 3.861, r = 0.954). A large discrepancy in free VPA levels was further observed from identical aliquots of the same samples transported to 3 RLs in different conditions. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrated that sample handling has significant impact on free VPA levels. The observed magnitude of variation exceeds a clinically acceptable limit and could alter clinical decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, MI 48073, USA
| | - Elizabeth Champion-Lyons
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Ron Neyens
- Department of Pharmacy, Medical University of South Carolin, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Nicole Bohm
- Department of Pharmacy, Medical University of South Carolin, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Brittany Caddell
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Nikolina Babic
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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Andreu S, Ripa I, Bello-Morales R, López-Guerrero JA. Valproic Acid and Its Amidic Derivatives as New Antivirals against Alphaherpesviruses. Viruses 2020; 12:v12121356. [PMID: 33256172 PMCID: PMC7760627 DOI: 10.3390/v12121356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex viruses (HSVs) are neurotropic viruses with broad host range whose infections cause considerable health problems in both animals and humans. In fact, 67% of the global population under the age of 50 are infected with HSV-1 and 13% have clinically recurrent HSV-2 infections. The most prescribed antiherpetics are nucleoside analogues such as acyclovir, but the emergence of mutants resistant to these drugs and the lack of available vaccines against human HSVs has led to an imminent need for new antivirals. Valproic acid (VPA) is a branched short-chain fatty acid clinically used as a broad-spectrum antiepileptic drug in the treatment of neurological disorders, which has shown promising antiviral activity against some herpesviruses. Moreover, its amidic derivatives valpromide and valnoctamide also share this antiherpetic activity. This review summarizes the current research on the use of VPA and its amidic derivatives as alternatives to traditional antiherpetics in the fight against HSV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Andreu
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (I.R.); (R.B.-M.); (J.A.L.-G.)
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Spanish National Research Council—Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Inés Ripa
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (I.R.); (R.B.-M.); (J.A.L.-G.)
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Spanish National Research Council—Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Bello-Morales
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (I.R.); (R.B.-M.); (J.A.L.-G.)
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Spanish National Research Council—Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Antonio López-Guerrero
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (I.R.); (R.B.-M.); (J.A.L.-G.)
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Spanish National Research Council—Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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Hunt MF, Clark KT, Grant MC, Choi CW, Whitman G, Cho SM, Farrokh S. Therapeutic drug monitoring of valproic acid in extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Perfusion 2020; 36:868-872. [PMID: 33198577 DOI: 10.1177/0267659120972272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is a life-saving therapy for those in cardiopulmonary failure, including post-cardiac arrest. Despite a high volume of ECMO patients using anti-seizure medication, there is a paucity of data concerning the dosing, levels, and clinical scenarios for their use. CASE REPORT We present three cases of ECMO patients post-PEA arrest who were on valproic acid (VPA) for treatment of seizure and/or myoclonus. The total and free levels of VPA are reported. DISCUSSION The trough levels are consistent throughout therapy, suggesting VPA is not significantly removed by the ECMO circuitry. Although the total serum levels remained below the toxic range, the free level was elevated in two patients. These patients did not develop signs of toxicity. CONCLUSION VPA may be an effective anti-seizure medication in ECMO patients. Free VPA levels should be more readily available to better quantify efficacy or toxicity, especially in ECMO patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan F Hunt
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Michael C Grant
- Department Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Chun Woo Choi
- Department Cardiac Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Glenn Whitman
- Cardiovascular Surgical Intensive Care, Heart and Vascular Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sung-Min Cho
- Departments of Neurology, Neurological Intensive Care, Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Salia Farrokh
- Department of Pharmacy, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Bass JS, Tuo AH, Ton LT, Jankovic MJ, Kapadia PK, Schirmer C, Krishnan V. On the Digital Psychopharmacology of Valproic Acid in Mice. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:594612. [PMID: 33240040 PMCID: PMC7677503 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.594612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) require daily ingestion for maximal seizure prophylaxis. Adverse psychiatric consequences of AEDs present as: (i) reversible changes in mood, anxiety, anger and/or irritability that often necessitate drug discontinuation, and (ii) autism and/or cognitive/psychomotor delays following fetal exposure. Technical advances in quantifying naturalistic rodent behaviors may provide sensitive preclinical estimates of AED psychiatric tolerability and neuropsychiatric teratogenicity. In this study, we applied instrumented home-cage monitoring to assess how valproic acid (VPA, dissolved in sweetened drinking water) alters home-cage behavior in adult C57BL/6J mice and in the adult offspring of VPA-exposed breeder pairs. Through a pup open field assay, we also examined how prenatal VPA exposure impacts early spontaneous exploratory behavior. At 500-600 mg/kg/d, chronic VPA produced hyperphagia and increased wheel-running without impacting sleep, activity and measures of risk aversion. When applied to breeder pairs of mice throughout gestation, VPA prolonged the latency to viable litters without affecting litter size. Two-weeks old VPA-exposed pups displayed open field hypoactivity without alterations in thigmotaxis. As adults, prenatal VPA-exposed mice displayed active state fragmentation, hypophagia and increased wheel running, together with subtle alterations in home-cage dyadic behavior. Together, these data illustrate how automated home-cage assessments of spontaneous behavior capture an ethologically centered psychopharmacological profile of enterally administered VPA that is aligned with human clinical experience. By characterizing the effects of pangestational VPA exposure, we discover novel murine expressions of pervasive neurodevelopment. Incorporating such rigorous assessments of psychological tolerability may inform the design of future AEDs with improved neuropsychiatric safety profiles, both for patients and their offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Samuel Bass
- Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Anney H. Tuo
- Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Linh T. Ton
- Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Miranda J. Jankovic
- Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Paarth K. Kapadia
- Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Catharina Schirmer
- Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Vaishnav Krishnan
- Departments of Neuroscience, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
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73
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Brotzmann K, Wolterbeek A, Kroese D, Braunbeck T. Neurotoxic effects in zebrafish embryos by valproic acid and nine of its analogues: the fish-mouse connection? Arch Toxicol 2020; 95:641-657. [PMID: 33111190 PMCID: PMC7870776 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02928-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Since teratogenicity testing in mammals is a particular challenge from an animal welfare perspective, there is a great need for the development of alternative test systems. In this context, the zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryo has received increasing attention as a non-protected embryonic vertebrate in vivo model. The predictive power of zebrafish embryos for general vertebrate teratogenicity strongly depends on the correlation between fish and mammals with respect to both overall general toxicity and more specific endpoints indicative of certain modes-of-action. The present study was designed to analyze the correlation between (1) effects of valproic acid and nine of its analogues in zebrafish embryos and (2) their known neurodevelopmental effects in mice. To this end, zebrafish embryos exposed for 120 h in an extended version of the acute fish embryo toxicity test (FET; OECD TG 236) were analyzed with respect to an extended list of sublethal endpoints. Particular care was given to endpoints putatively related to neurodevelopmental toxicity, namely jitter/tremor, deformation of sensory organs (eyes) and craniofacial deformation, which might correlate to neural tube defects caused by valproic acid in mammals. A standard evaluation of lethal (LC according to OECD TG 236) and sublethal toxicity (EC) merely indicated that four out of ten compounds tested in zebrafish correlate with positive results in mouse in vivo studies. A detailed assessment of more specific effects, however, namely, jitter/tremor, small eyes and craniofacial deformation, resulted in a correspondence of 75% with in vivo mouse data. A refinement of endpoint analysis from an integration of all observations into one LCx or ECx data (as foreseen by current ecotoxicology-driven OECD guidelines) to a differential evaluation of endpoints specific of selected modes-of-action thus increases significantly the predictive power of the zebrafish embryo model for mammalian teratogenicity. However, for some of the endpoints observed, e.g., scoliosis, lordosis, pectoral fin deformation and lack of movement, further experiments are required for the identification of underlying modes-of-action and an unambiguous interpretation of their predictive power for mammalian toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Brotzmann
- Aquatic Ecology and Toxicology Group, Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 504, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - André Wolterbeek
- TNO Healthy Living Unit, Department of Risk Analysis for Products in Development, The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research, Princetonlaan 6, 3584 CB, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Dinant Kroese
- TNO Healthy Living Unit, Department of Risk Analysis for Products in Development, The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research, Princetonlaan 6, 3584 CB, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Braunbeck
- Aquatic Ecology and Toxicology Group, Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 504, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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74
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Association Between the Serum Carnitine Level and Ammonia and Valproic Acid Levels in Patients with Bipolar Disorder. Ther Drug Monit 2020; 42:766-770. [DOI: 10.1097/ftd.0000000000000778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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75
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Ma L, Wang Y, Chen X, Zhao L, Guo Y. Involvement of CYP2E1-ROS-CD36/DGAT2 axis in the pathogenesis of VPA-induced hepatic steatosis in vivo and in vitro. Toxicology 2020; 445:152585. [PMID: 33007364 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2020.152585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Valproic acid (VPA) is a widely prescribed antiepileptic drug, which may cause steatosis in the liver. Oxidative stress is associated with the progression of VPA-induced hepatic steatosis. However, the potential mechanisms are not fully understood. In this study, we demonstrated the involvement of CYP2E1-ROS-CD36/DGAT2 axis in the pathogenesis of VPA-induced hepatic steatosis in vitro and in vivo. First, VPA treatment (500 mg/kg in mice, 5 mM in LO2 cells) induced hepatic steatosis and enhanced reactive oxidative stress (ROS) level, and ROS scavenger, N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC, 200 mg/kg in mice, 1 mM in LO2 cells) reversed the changes. Next, we observed the enhanced expression and enzymatic activity of cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) in VPA-treated mice and LO2 cells. Importantly, VPA-induced ROS accumulation and hepatic steatosis were attenuated when CYP2E1 was inhibited using CYP2E1 inhibitor, diallyl sulfide (DAS, 100 mg/kg in mice, 1 mM in LO2 cells) or in CYP2E1-knockdown cell line, suggesting that CYP2E1 plays a potential role in ROS production following hepatic steatosis. Furthermore, gene expression analysis showed that the mRNA levels of cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36), a fatty acid translocase protein and distinct diacylglycerol acyltransferase 2 (DGAT2) were significantly upregulated in mice and LO2 cells after VPA treatment, while the change was alleviated by NAC and DAS. Meanwhile, time course experiments demonstrated that the increase of CYP2E1 level occurred earlier than that of ROS, CD36 and DGAT2, and ROS generation preceded the onset of hepatic steatosis. Taken together, VPA treatment enhances the expression and enzymatic activity of CYP2E1, which promotes ROS production and then causes CD36 and DGAT2 overproduction and hepatic steatosis in mice and LO2 cells, which provides a novel insight into VPA-induced hepatic steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linfeng Ma
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yani Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xue Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Limei Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yingjie Guo
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China; National Engineering Laboratory of AIDS Vaccine, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
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76
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Oztay F, Tunali S, Kayalar O, Yanardag R. The protective effect of vitamin U on valproic acid‐induced lung toxicity in rats via amelioration of oxidative stress. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2020; 34:e22602. [DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fusun Oztay
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science Istanbul University Vezneciler Istanbul Turkey
| | - Sevim Tunali
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering Istanbul University—Cerrahpasa Avcilar Turkey
| | - Ozgecan Kayalar
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science Istanbul University Vezneciler Istanbul Turkey
- Koc University School of Medicine Koc University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM) Istanbul Turkey
| | - Refiye Yanardag
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering Istanbul University—Cerrahpasa Avcilar Turkey
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Togha M, Martami F, Abdollahi M, Mozafari M, Cheraghali H, Rafiee P, Shafaei M. Cinnarizine as an alternative recommendation for migraine prophylaxis: a narrative review. Expert Rev Neurother 2020; 20:943-951. [PMID: 32597267 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2020.1787834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite the available prophylactic and acute drugs for migraine management, this disabling disorder remains undertreated especially among pediatrics. In this review, the authors aim at assessing the preventive role cinnarizine plays in treating migraine based on previously published studies. AREAS COVERED Randomized clinical trials, randomized controlled trials, non-randomized open-label trials, and retrospective studies concerning cinnarizine in migraine prevention in children and adults were reviewed. Especial attention was given to the response rate, migraine characteristics, and tolerability. EXPERT OPINION The majority of reviewed trials demonstrated that cinnarizine is comparable to the conventional drugs used in migraine prophylaxis. However, most of the reviewed studies were limited by a non-controlled open-label design. Due to poor planning and possibility of high placebo responses, particularly in children and adolescents, the interpretation of open-label studies' results should be done cautiously. The evidence shows that cinnarizine's effectiveness was more promising in pediatric migraineurs and adults with migraine-associated vertigo such as vestibular migraine. Therefore, while the efficacy of cinnarizine cannot be dismissed, before reaching a definite conclusion on its effectiveness, it is necessary to do further high-quality RCTs among both children and adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansoureh Togha
- Headache Department, Iranian Center of Neurological Research, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran.,Department of Neurology, Sina Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
| | - Fahime Martami
- Headache Department, Iranian Center of Neurological Research, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Abdollahi
- Headache Department, Iranian Center of Neurological Research, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mozafari
- Headache Department, Iranian Center of Neurological Research, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Cheraghali
- Students' Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
| | - Pegah Rafiee
- Student Research Committee, (Department and Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Shafaei
- Headache Department, Iranian Center of Neurological Research, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
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78
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Eshiet UI, Ubaka CM, Ukwe CV. Infrequent Monitoring of the Effects of Valproate and Carbamazepine Therapy in Patients With Epilepsy in Nigeria. J Cent Nerv Syst Dis 2020; 12:1179573520925934. [PMID: 32536783 PMCID: PMC7268118 DOI: 10.1177/1179573520925934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Carbamazepine and valproate are widely used in the treatment of epileptic seizures. However, these agents exhibit certain adverse effects including hematopoietic disorders (carbamazepine) and severe hepatotoxicity (valproate). Purpose To determine the extent of monitoring of the hematologic effects of carbamazepine as well as the extent of monitoring of the hepatic effects of valproate in patients with epilepsy receiving treatment with these agents. Method A cross-sectional antiepileptic drug use study using case notes of patients with epilepsy managed at the neurologic clinics of 2 tertiary medical facilities in Nigeria between January and December 2017. Results Carbamazepine was the most frequently prescribed antiepileptic drug (48.24%), followed by valproate (29.34%) and levetiracetam (9.24%). Pretreatment monitoring of hematologic effect was carried out in only 61.11% of patients placed on carbamazepine therapy while follow-up monitoring was done in 3.7% of these patients. Also, in patients placed on valproate therapy, pretreatment and follow-up monitoring of the hepatic effect was done in only 33.71% and 19.0% of the patients, respectively. Conclusions The extent of monitoring of the hematologic effects of carbamazepine, as well as the hepatic effects of valproate in the cohort studied, is poor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Unyime Israel Eshiet
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Biopharmacy, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria
| | | | - Chinwe Victoria Ukwe
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Management, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
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79
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Stohs SJ, Ray SD. Is cannabidiol hepatotoxic or hepatoprotective: A review. TOXICOLOGY RESEARCH AND APPLICATION 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/2397847320922944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Questions have been raised regarding the potential hepatotoxicity of cannabidiol (CBD). Conversely, several animal studies have demonstrated the hepatoprotective effects of CBD against bile duct ligation, cocaine, thioacetamide, alcohol, and several other chemicals. This review summarizes the current literature concerning the hepatic effects of CBD in humans and animals. Based on the available data, it may be concluded that there is a low probability of serious hepatotoxicity at the high therapeutic doses that are used and a much lower risk of adverse hepatic effects and a potential for hepatoprotection effects at the lower doses commonly used in dietary supplements and food products. However, a detailed safety study in rats using highly purified CBD rather than enriched Cannabis extracts is needed, enabling the determination of hepatic as well as other tissue effects and potential margin of safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- SJ Stohs
- School of Pharmacy and Health Professions, Creighton University Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- Department of Scientific Affairs, Boston Biopharm Inc., Southlake, TX, USA
| | - SD Ray
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Touro College of Pharmacy, Manhattan, NY, USA
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80
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Influence of CYP2C9 and CYP2A6 on plasma concentrations of valproic acid: a meta-analysis. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2020; 76:1053-1058. [DOI: 10.1007/s00228-020-02872-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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81
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Cristóbal-Luna JM, Correa-Basurto J, Mendoza-Figueroa HL, Chamorro-Cevallos G. Anti-epileptic activity, toxicity and teratogenicity in CD1 mice of a novel valproic acid arylamide derivative, N-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-2-propylpentanamide. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2020; 399:115033. [PMID: 32387339 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2020.115033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
N-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-2-propylpentamide (HO-AAVPA) is a novel arylamide derivative of valproic acid (VPA) designed in silico, with better antioxidant and antiproliferative effect on cancer cell lines than VPA. This study was aimed to evaluate the anticonvulsant activity, the toxicity and teratogenicity produced in HO-AAVPA-treated CD1 mice using VPA as positive control. With the maximal electroshock (MES)- and pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced seizure models, HO-AAVPA reduced the time of hind limb extension, stupor and recovery, the number of clonic and tonic seizures and the mortality rate in a dose-dependent manner, obtaining an ED50 of 370 and 348 mg/kg for MES and PTZ, respectively. On the rotarod test, mice administered with 600 mg/kg HO-AAVPA manifested reduced locomotor activity (2.78%); while HO-AAVPA at 300 mg/kg and VPA at 500 mg/kg gave a similar outcome (∼60%). The LD50 of 936.80 mg/kg herein found for HO-AAVPA reflects moderate toxicity. Concerning teratogenicity, the administration of HO-AAVPA to pregnant females at 300 and 600 mg/kg on gestation day (GD) 8.5 generated less visceral and skeletal alterations in the fetuses, as well as, minor rate of modifications in the expression pattern of the neuronal marker Tuj1 and endothelial marker PECAM1 in embryos, that those induced by VPA administration. Altered embryonic development occurred with less frequency and severity with HO-AAVPA at 600 mg/kg than VPA at 500 mg/kg. In conclusion, the protective effect against convulsions provided by HO-AAVPA was comparable to that of VPA in the MES and PZT seizure models, showed lower toxicity and less damage to embryonic and fetal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Melesio Cristóbal-Luna
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Preclínica, Departamento de Farmacia, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Wilfrido Massieu, Col. Zacatenco, Del. Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de México 07738, Mexico.
| | - José Correa-Basurto
- Laboratorio de Diseño y Desarrollo de Nuevos Farmacos e Innovación Biotecnológica, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, Col. Casco de Santo Tomás, Del. Miguel Hidalgo, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico
| | - Humberto L Mendoza-Figueroa
- Laboratorio de Diseño y Desarrollo de Nuevos Farmacos e Innovación Biotecnológica, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, Col. Casco de Santo Tomás, Del. Miguel Hidalgo, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico
| | - Germán Chamorro-Cevallos
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Preclínica, Departamento de Farmacia, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Wilfrido Massieu, Col. Zacatenco, Del. Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de México 07738, Mexico
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82
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Savran M, Ascı H, Armagan İ, Erzurumlu Y, Azırak S, Kaya Ozer M, Bilgic S, Korkmaz DT. Thymoquinone could be protective against valproic acid-induced testicular toxicity by antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. Andrologia 2020; 52:e13623. [PMID: 32364275 DOI: 10.1111/and.13623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although valproic acid (VPA) is a low-cost and effective drug, it is known to cause organ toxicity via oxidative stress and related process. In present study, we aimed to evaluate the possible protective effects of thymoquinone (TMQ) on VPA-induced testicular toxicity. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three as control, VPA (500 mg kg-1 day-1 ) for 14 days and VPA plus TMQ (50 mg kg-1 day-1 for 14 days) with seven rats in. Spermatic and interstitial degenerations induced by VPA were ameliorated with TMQ. In VPA group, increased TOS and OSI levels, and decreased TAS level were seen. TMQ reversed these oxidative stress parameters significantly. In Western analysis, VPA was found to increase the expressions of phospho-nuclear factor kappa beta (p-Nf-kB) and Caspase-3. These expressions were decreased by TMQ significantly. Intense immunostaining for p-Nf-kB, Caspase-3 and NADPH oxidase 2 induced by VPA were transformed to moderate immunostaining by TMQ. VPA-induced inflammation and apoptosis that were developed mainly by p-Nf-kB pathway were attenuated by TMQ. TMQ can be a candidate supportive treatment for patients who need long-term and high-dose VPA therapy. TMQ inhibits the Nf-kB activation, and in addition to antioxidant property, it shows anti-inflammatory feature on VPA-induced testicular toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehtap Savran
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Halil Ascı
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
| | - İlkay Armagan
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Yalcin Erzurumlu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Sebile Azırak
- Vocational School of Health Services, Adiyaman University, Adiyaman, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Kaya Ozer
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Adiyaman University, Adıyaman, Turkey
| | - Sedat Bilgic
- Vocational School of Health Services, Adiyaman University, Adiyaman, Turkey
| | - Deniz Tastemir Korkmaz
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Adiyaman University, Adiyaman, Turkey
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Abstract
The progressive myoclonic epilepsies (PMEs) represent a rare but devastating group of syndromes characterized by epileptic myoclonus, typically action-induced seizures, neurological regression, medically refractory epilepsy, and a variety of other signs and symptoms depending on the specific syndrome. Most of the PMEs begin in children who are developing as expected, with the onset of the disorder heralded by myoclonic and other seizure types. The conditions are considerably heterogenous, but medical intractability to epilepsy, particularly myoclonic seizures, is a core feature. With the increasing use of molecular genetic techniques, mutations and their abnormal protein products are being delineated, providing a basis for disease-based therapy. However, genetic and enzyme replacement or substrate removal are in the nascent stage, and the primary therapy is through antiepileptic drugs. Epilepsy in children with progressive myoclonic seizures is notoriously difficult to treat. The disorder is rare, so few double-blinded, placebo-controlled trials have been conducted in PME, and drugs are chosen based on small open-label trials or extrapolation of data from drug trials of other syndromes with myoclonic seizures. This review discusses the major PME syndromes and their neurogenetic basis, pathophysiological underpinning, electroencephalographic features, and currently available treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory L Holmes
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Stafford Hall, 118C, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA.
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84
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Sharma A, Sinha S, Narang A, Chouhan DK, Gupta S. Waddling Gait: A complication of valproate therapy and a thought beyond vitamin D deficiency. Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J 2020; 20:e104-e108. [PMID: 32190378 PMCID: PMC7065696 DOI: 10.18295/squmj.2020.20.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Proximal muscle weakness is a common presentation in paediatric-orthopaedic clinics and is frequently paired with a vitamin D deficiency diagnosis. Recently, side effects of the extensive use of antiepileptic and antipsychotic drugs such as sodium valproate in childhood disorders are being documented. Sodium valproate causes a time-dependent, drug-induced proximal myopathy. We report a 13-year-old female patient who presented at the Orthopaedic Outpatient Department at Lady Hardinge Medical College, New Delhi, India, in 2019 with an abnormal gait. The patient was taking a combination therapy of sodium valproate, risperidone and trihexyphenidyl for absence seizures and a mood disorder. Following clinical investigations, the patient was diagnosed with proximal myopathy. As a result of elevated serum alkaline phosphatase and creatine kinase myocardial band levels, sodium valproate was replaced with ethosuximide and a carnitine supplementation was prescribed. The patient fully recovered and regained full mobility. Proximal myopathy had been incorrectly managed and assumed to be caused by a vitamin D deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Sharma
- Department of Orthopaedics, Lady Hardinge Medical College, New Delhi, India
| | - Siddhartha Sinha
- Department of Orthopaedics, Lady Hardinge Medical College, New Delhi, India
| | - Amit Narang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Lady Hardinge Medical College, New Delhi, India
| | - Dushyant K Chouhan
- Department of Orthopaedics, Lady Hardinge Medical College, New Delhi, India
| | - Sumit Gupta
- Department of Orthopaedics, Lady Hardinge Medical College, New Delhi, India
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85
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Choi SA, Kim H, Kim S, Yoo S, Yi S, Jeon Y, Hwang H, Kim KJ. Analysis of antiseizure drug-related adverse reactions from the electronic health record using the common data model. Epilepsia 2020; 61:610-616. [PMID: 32162687 DOI: 10.1111/epi.16472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Antiseizure drugs (ASDs) are known to cause a wide range of adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Recently, electronic health care data using the common data model (CDM) have been introduced and commonly adopted in pharmacovigilance research. We aimed to analyze ASD-related ADRs using CDM and to assess the feasibility of CDM analysis in monitoring ADR in a single tertiary hospital. METHODS We selected five ASDs: oxcarbazepine (OXC), lamotrigine (LTG), levetiracetam (LEV), valproic acid (VPA), and topiramate (TPM). Patients diagnosed with epilepsy and exposed to monotherapy with one of the ASDs before age 18 years were included. We measured four ADR outcomes: (1) hematologic abnormality, (2) hyponatremia, (3) elevation of liver enzymes, and (4) subclinical hypothyroidism. We performed a subgroup analysis to exclude the effects of concomitant medications. RESULTS From the database, 1344 patients were included for the study. Of the 1344 patients, 436 were receiving OXC, 293 were receiving LTG, 275 were receiving LEV, 180 were receiving VPA, and 160 were receiving TPM. Thrombocytopenia developed in 14.1% of patients taking VPA. Hyponatremia occurred in 10.5% of patients taking OXC. Variable ranges of liver enzyme elevation were detected in 19.3% of patients taking VPA. Subclinical hypothyroidism occurred in approximately 21.5% to 28% of patients with ASD monotherapy, which did not significantly differ according to the type of ASD. In a subgroup analysis, we observed similar ADR tendencies, but with less thrombocytopenia in the TPM group. SIGNIFICANCE The incidence and trends of ADRs that were evaluated by CDM were similar to the previous literature. CDM can be a useful tool for analyzing ASD-related ADRs in a multicenter study. The strengths and limitations of CDM should be carefully addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Ah Choi
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea.,Department of Pediatrics, Dankook University Hospital, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Hunmin Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Seok Kim
- Office of eHealth Research and Business, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Sooyoung Yoo
- Office of eHealth Research and Business, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Soyoung Yi
- Office of eHealth Research and Business, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Yonghoon Jeon
- Office of eHealth Research and Business, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Hee Hwang
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea.,Office of eHealth Research and Business, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Ki Joong Kim
- Departement of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Shahramian I, Bazi A, Mostafaee R, Mohammadi MH. Protective Effects of Ursodeoxycholic Acid on Valproic Acid Induced Hepatotoxicity in Epileptic Children with Recurrent Seizure; A Double-Blinded Randomized Clinical Trial. PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.34172/ps.2019.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background
: There are controversies regarding the protective role of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) against valproic acid (VPA)-induced hepatotoxicity in children. In the present clinical trial, we assessed the potential role of UDCA in preventing VPA-induced fluctuations of hepatic enzymes in epileptic children with recurrent seizures. Methods: Two-hundred children with epileptic seizures were randomly allocated into either intervention (VPA+UDCA) or control (VPA+ placebo) group. Fluctuations of liver enzymes were recorded at baseline, as well as 48 hours, 1 month, and 3 months following the interventions. Results: The mean age of the patients was 7.33±2.96 years (the range of 4-16). Males and females constituted 43 (43%) and 57 (57%) subjects in each group respectively. There were no significant differences in the baseline levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) between the intervention and control groups. At 48 hours post-intervention, AST and ALT increased 1.7% and 11.05% (23.18±7.91 and 30.75±4.20 IU/l) in the intervention group and 21.3% and 35% (28.46±3.71 and 35.62±7.72 IU/l) in the control group respectively (P<0.0001). Both AST (P<0.001) and ALT (P=0.03) levels were significantly lower in the intervention than placebo group at 1-month post-intervention. At 3-month post-intervention; however, while AST level still was significantly higher in the control (29.87±5.41 IU/l) than intervention (21.63±6.87 IU/l, P<0.0001), ALT level was not significantly different between the two groups (32.72±5.59 IU/l and 32.01±7.89 IU/l respectively, P=0.5). Conclusion: UDCA can be an effective drug to manage VPA-induced fluctuations of hepatic enzymes in children with recurrent epileptic seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iraj Shahramian
- Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology Research Center, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran
| | - Ali Bazi
- Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran
| | - Rosa Mostafaee
- Student Research Committee, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hasan Mohammadi
- Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology Research Center, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran
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87
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Guo HL, Jing X, Sun JY, Hu YH, Xu ZJ, Ni MM, Chen F, Lu XP, Qiu JC, Wang T. Valproic Acid and the Liver Injury in Patients with Epilepsy: An Update. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 25:343-351. [PMID: 30931853 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190329145428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Valproic acid (VPA) as a widely used primary medication in the treatment of epilepsy is associated with reversible or irreversible hepatotoxicity. Long-term VPA therapy is also related to increased risk for the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). In this review, metabolic elimination pathways of VPA in the liver and underlying mechanisms of VPA-induced hepatotoxicity are discussed. METHODS We searched in PubMed for manuscripts published in English, combining terms such as "Valproic acid", "hepatotoxicity", "liver injury", and "mechanisms". The data of screened papers were analyzed and summarized. RESULTS The formation of VPA reactive metabolites, inhibition of fatty acid β-oxidation, excessive oxidative stress and genetic variants of some enzymes, such as CPS1, POLG, GSTs, SOD2, UGTs and CYPs genes, have been reported to be associated with VPA hepatotoxicity. Furthermore, carnitine supplementation and antioxidants administration proved to be positive treatment strategies for VPA-induced hepatotoxicity. CONCLUSION Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) and routine liver biochemistry monitoring during VPA-therapy, as well as genotype screening for certain patients before VPA administration, could improve the safety profile of this antiepileptic drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Li Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xia Jing
- Department of Pharmacy, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jie-Yu Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ya-Hui Hu
- Department of Pharmacy, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ze-Jun Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ming-Ming Ni
- Department of Pharmacy, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao-Peng Lu
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jin-Chun Qiu
- Department of Pharmacy, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tengfei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
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88
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Romoli M, Mazzocchetti P, D'Alonzo R, Siliquini S, Rinaldi VE, Verrotti A, Calabresi P, Costa C. Valproic Acid and Epilepsy: From Molecular Mechanisms to Clinical Evidences. Curr Neuropharmacol 2020; 17:926-946. [PMID: 30592252 PMCID: PMC7052829 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x17666181227165722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
After more than a century from its discovery, valproic acid (VPA) still represents one of the most efficient antiepi-leptic drugs (AEDs). Pre and post-synaptic effects of VPA depend on a very broad spectrum of actions, including the regu-lation of ionic currents and the facilitation of GABAergic over glutamatergic transmission. As a result, VPA indirectly mod-ulates neurotransmitter release and strengthens the threshold for seizure activity. However, even though participating to the anticonvulsant action, such mechanisms seem to have minor impact on epileptogenesis. Nonetheless, VPA has been reported to exert anti-epileptogenic effects. Epigenetic mechanisms, including histone deacetylases (HDACs), BDNF and GDNF modulation are pivotal to orientate neurons toward a neuroprotective status and promote dendritic spines organization. From such broad spectrum of actions comes constantly enlarging indications for VPA. It represents a drug of choice in child and adult with epilepsy, with either general or focal seizures, and is a consistent and safe IV option in generalized convulsive sta-tus epilepticus. Moreover, since VPA modulates DNA transcription through HDACs, recent evidences point to its use as an anti-nociceptive in migraine prophylaxis, and, even more interestingly, as a positive modulator of chemotherapy in cancer treatment. Furthermore, VPA-induced neuroprotection is under investigation for benefit in stroke and traumatic brain injury. Hence, VPA has still got its place in epilepsy, and yet deserves attention for its use far beyond neurological diseases. In this review, we aim to highlight, with a translational intent, the molecular basis and the clinical indications of VPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Romoli
- Neurology Clinic, University of Perugia - S. Maria della Misericordia Hospital, Perugia, Italy
| | - Petra Mazzocchetti
- Neurology Clinic, University of Perugia - S. Maria della Misericordia Hospital, Perugia, Italy
| | - Renato D'Alonzo
- Pediatric Clinic, University of Perugia - S. Maria della Misericordia Hospital, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Victoria Elisa Rinaldi
- Pediatric Clinic, University of Perugia - S. Maria della Misericordia Hospital, Perugia, Italy
| | - Alberto Verrotti
- Department of Pediatrics, University of L'Aquila - San Salvatore Hospital, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Paolo Calabresi
- Neurology Clinic, University of Perugia - S. Maria della Misericordia Hospital, Perugia, Italy.,IRCCS "Santa Lucia", Rome, Italy
| | - Cinzia Costa
- Neurology Clinic, University of Perugia - S. Maria della Misericordia Hospital, Perugia, Italy
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89
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Kim DW, Kim W, Lee CH, Chun YI. Thrombocytopenia during intravenous valproic acid therapy in the neurological intensive care unit. J Clin Pharm Ther 2020; 45:1014-1020. [PMID: 32040242 DOI: 10.1111/jcpt.13125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
WHAT IS KNOWN AND OBJECTIVE Thrombocytopenia is a common laboratory abnormality among critically ill patients under neurological intensive care unit (NCU) care. Valproic acid (VPA), a widely used antiepileptic drug, is one of the common causes of drug-induced thrombocytopenia. The purpose of this study was to estimate the incidence and risk factors of thrombocytopenia after intravenous VPA therapy among the patients admitted to NCU. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients who were treated with intravenous VPA during their NCU stay between January 2014 and December 2018. We studied the frequency of thrombocytopenia and further evaluated the risk of thrombocytopenia in these patients. RESULTS Among the 283 patients (181 male [64.0%], mean age: [61.0 ± 14.9] years) who were treated with intravenous VPA, thrombocytopenia was observed in 104 patients (36.7%). Thrombocytopenia was associated with several risk factors, including lower baseline platelet counts (<200 × 109 /L); aetiologies other than intracranial or subarachnoid haemorrhage; longer use of VPA (more than 3 days); higher daily dose of VPA (more than 1000 mg/d); concurrent use of VPA with other antiepileptic drugs; infection; and the use of mechanical ventilation. Multivariate analysis found several independent risk factors of thrombocytopenia with intravenous VPA therapy, including lower baseline platelet counts, aetiologies other than intracranial or subarachnoid haemorrhage, use of VPA for more than 3 days and infection. WHAT IS NEW AND CONCLUSION Thrombocytopenia is common in NCU patients. Because several clinical and laboratory factors are associated with thrombocytopenia, careful use of VPA should be considered in patients with these risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wook Kim
- Department of Neurology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Wonshik Kim
- Department of Neurology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chang-Hoon Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young Il Chun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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90
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Analgesic and antiallodynic activity of novel anticonvulsant agents derived from 3-benzhydryl-pyrrolidine-2,5-dione in mouse models of nociceptive and neuropathic pain. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 869:172890. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.172890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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91
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Revol B, Jullian-Desayes I, Guichard K, Micoulaud-Franchi JA, Tamisier R, Philip P, Joyeux-Faure M, Pépin JL. Valproic acid and sleep apnoea: A disproportionality signal from the WHO pharmacovigilance database. Respirology 2020; 25:336-338. [PMID: 32000295 DOI: 10.1111/resp.13771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Revol
- HP2 Inserm U1042, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France.,Laboratoire EFCR, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France.,Centre Régional de Pharmacovigilance, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Ingrid Jullian-Desayes
- HP2 Inserm U1042, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France.,Laboratoire EFCR, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Kelly Guichard
- Clinique du Sommeil, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,SANPSY, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,SANPSY USR 3413, CNRS, Bordeaux, France
| | - Jean-Arthur Micoulaud-Franchi
- Clinique du Sommeil, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,SANPSY, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,SANPSY USR 3413, CNRS, Bordeaux, France
| | - Renaud Tamisier
- HP2 Inserm U1042, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France.,Laboratoire EFCR, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Pierre Philip
- Clinique du Sommeil, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,SANPSY, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,SANPSY USR 3413, CNRS, Bordeaux, France
| | - Marie Joyeux-Faure
- HP2 Inserm U1042, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France.,Laboratoire EFCR, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Jean-Louis Pépin
- HP2 Inserm U1042, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France.,Laboratoire EFCR, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
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Neininger MP, Woltermann S, Jeschke S, Herziger B, Müller RM, Kiess W, Bertsche T, Bertsche A. How do pediatric patients perceive adverse drug events of anticonvulsant drugs? A survey. Eur J Pediatr 2020; 179:1413-1420. [PMID: 32162065 PMCID: PMC7413904 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-020-03571-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Anticonvulsant drugs have a high risk of adverse drug events. Little is known about the perception of those events by pediatric patients. We performed a survey in the neuropediatric departments of two university hospitals. Using a questionnaire, we interviewed patients aged 6-18 years with current anticonvulsant treatment regarding (i) their fears about potential adverse drug events, (ii) experienced adverse drug events, and (iii) perceived burden of experienced adverse drug events. One hundred patients took part in the interview. (i) 40 (40%) expressed fears that the medication could harm them. Eighteen of 40 (45%) named fears concerning specific adverse drug events. Of those, 12/18 (67%) feared neurologic or psychiatric symptoms. (ii) 37 (37%) of children described altogether 60 experienced adverse drug events. Of those, 38 (63%) concerned neurologic or psychiatric symptoms. (iii) 32/37 (82%) children who experienced adverse drug events felt bothered by the experienced event. Among others, they described an emotional burden (11/37, 30%), and restrictions in school performance (8/37, 22%) and favorite leisure activities (4/37, 11%).Conclusion: School-aged children are well able to describe adverse drug events of their anticonvulsant medication. Almost two thirds of the described events concern neurologic or psychiatric symptoms that cause an emotional burden and restrictions according to the patients. What is Known: • Anticonvulsants have a high potential of adverse drug events. • In an earlier survey, parents expressed fears of severe adverse drug events such as liver failure, which seldom occur, and reported a high number of neurological and psychological adverse drug events. What is New: • Many children fear that their anticonvulsants could harm them, and they fear and experience neurological and psychological adverse drug events. • According to the children, adverse drug events cause an emotional burden and restrictions in school performance and favorite leisure activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Patrizia Neininger
- Drug Safety Center and Clinical Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Brüderstraße 32, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sarah Woltermann
- Drug Safety Center and Clinical Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Brüderstraße 32, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Center for Pediatric Research, University Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Liebigstraße 20a, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sarah Jeschke
- Neuropaediatrics, University Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Ernst-Heydemann-Str. 8, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Birthe Herziger
- Neuropaediatrics, University Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Ernst-Heydemann-Str. 8, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Ruth Melinda Müller
- Neuropaediatrics, University Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Ernst-Heydemann-Str. 8, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Wieland Kiess
- Center for Pediatric Research, University Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Liebigstraße 20a, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thilo Bertsche
- Drug Safety Center and Clinical Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Brüderstraße 32, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Astrid Bertsche
- Center for Pediatric Research, University Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Liebigstraße 20a, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Neuropaediatrics, University Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Ernst-Heydemann-Str. 8, 18057 Rostock, Germany
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93
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Valproic acid interactions with the NavMs voltage-gated sodium channel. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:26549-26554. [PMID: 31822620 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1909696116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Valproic acid (VPA) is an anticonvulsant drug that is also used to treat migraines and bipolar disorder. Its proposed biological targets include human voltage-gated sodium channels, among other membrane proteins. We used the prokaryotic NavMs sodium channel, which has been shown to be a good exemplar for drug binding to human sodium channels, to examine the structural and functional interactions of VPA. Thermal melt synchrotron radiation circular dichroism spectroscopic binding studies of the full-length NavMs channel (which includes both pore and voltage sensor domains), and a pore-only construct, undertaken in the presence and absence of VPA, indicated that the drug binds to and destabilizes the channel, but not the pore-only construct. This is in contrast to other antiepileptic compounds that have previously been shown to bind in the central hydrophobic core of the pore region of the channel, and that tend to increase the thermal stability of both pore-only constructs and full-length channels. Molecular docking studies also indicated that the VPA binding site is associated with the voltage sensor, rather than the hydrophobic cavity of the pore domain. Electrophysiological studies show that VPA influences the block and inactivation rates of the NavMs channel, although with lower efficacy than classical channel-blocking compounds. It thus appears that, while VPA is capable of binding to these voltage-gated sodium channels, it has a very different mode and site of action than other anticonvulsant compounds.
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Chen Y, Zhou J, Xu S, Liu M, Wang M, Ma Y, Zhao M, Wang Z, Guo Y, Zhao L. Association between the perturbation of bile acid homeostasis and valproic acid-induced hepatotoxicity. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 170:113669. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.113669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Bassett JT, Rodriguez B, Mulligan L, Fontana RJ. Acute liver failure in a military recruit treated with valproic acid and harboring a previously unrecognized POLG-1 mutation. Epilepsy Behav Rep 2019; 12:100342. [PMID: 31799506 PMCID: PMC6883298 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebr.2019.100342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Revised: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with mutations in the POLG-1 gene often are afflicted with drug-resistant seizures at an early age and have an increased risk of valproic acid-induced acute liver failure. Severe valproate hepatotoxicity most commonly arises in children within the first 3 months of treatment with an overall estimated incidence of 1 in 40,000 treated patients. Due to high mortality rates among transplanted children, many experts consider valproic acid-induced acute liver failure in patients with mitochondrial disorders to be a contraindication to liver transplant. We report the successful use of liver transplantation in a young man with valproic acid-associated acute liver failure harboring a previously unrecognized POLG-1 mutation. Patients with mutations in the POLG-1 gene often have an increased risk of valproic acid (VPA) induced acute liver failure. Severe valproate hepatotoxicity most commonly arises in children within the first 3 months of treatment. Many experts consider VPA induced acute liver failure with mitochondrial disorders a contraindication to liver transplant. We report a case of acute liver failure associated with VPA treated successfully with a liver transplant
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lisa Mulligan
- Naval Medical Center Portsmouth, Portsmouth, VA, United States of America
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Bipolar disorder is a severe and common mental disorder where patients experience recurrent symptoms of elevated or irritable mood, depression, or a combination of both. Treatment is usually with psychiatric medication, including mood stabilisers, antidepressants and antipsychotics. Valproate is an effective maintenance treatment for bipolar disorder. However, evidence assessing the efficacy of valproate in the treatment of acute mania is less robust, especially when comparing it to some of the newer antipsychotic agents. This review is an update of a previous Cochrane Review (last published 2003) on the role of valproate in acute mania. OBJECTIVES To assess the efficacy and tolerability of valproate for acute manic episodes in bipolar disorder compared to placebo, alternative pharmacological treatments, or a combination pharmacological treatments, as measured by the treatment of symptoms on specific rating scales for individual episodes in paediatric, adolescent and adult populations. SEARCH METHODS We searched Ovid MEDLINE (1950- ), Embase (1974- ), PsycINFO (1967- ) and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) to 28 September 2018. We had also conducted an earlier search of these databases in the Cochrane Common Mental Disorders Controlled Trials Register (CCMDCTR) (all years to 6 June 2016). We also searched the World Health Organization (WHO) trials portal (ICTRP) and clinicaltrials.gov in September 2018, to identify any additional unpublished or ongoing studies. SELECTION CRITERIA Single- and double-blind, randomised controlled trials comparing valproate with placebo, alternative antimanic treatments, or a combination of pharmacological treatments. We also considered studies where valproate was used as an adjunctive treatment in combination with another agent separately from studies where it was used in monotherapy. We included male and female patients of all ages and ethnicity with bipolar disorder. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently performed data extraction and methodological quality assessment. For analysis, we used the odds ratio (OR) for binary efficacy outcomes and the mean difference (MD) or standardised mean difference (SMD) for continuously distributed outcomes. MAIN RESULTS Twenty-five trials (3252 participants) compared valproate with either placebo or alternative antimanic treatments to alleviate the symptoms of acute mania. For efficacy, our primary outcome was response rate. For tolerability, our primary outcome was the number of participants with any adverse effect. This meta-analysis included studies focusing on children, adolescents, as well as adults with a range of severity of manic symptoms. The majority of studies focused on adult men and women (aged 18 and above), were conducted in inpatient settings and completed in the US. Five studies in this review focused on children and adolescents (aged 18 and under) so that the review covers an age range from 3 - 82 years. Seven studies contained outpatient participants in some form. Nine studies included data that has been collected outside the US, namely Iran (4 studies), India (3 studies), China (1 study), or across several international countries (1 study).In adults, high-quality evidence found that valproate induces a slightly higher response compared to placebo (45% vs 29%, OR 2.05, 95% CI 1.32 to 3.20; 4 studies, 869 participants). Moderate-quality evidence found there was probably little or no difference in response rates between valproate and lithium (56% vs 62%, OR 0.80, 95% CI 0.48 to 1.35; 3 studies, 356 participants). In adults, low-quality evidence found there may be little or no difference in response rate between valproate and olanzapine (38% vs 44%, OR 0.77, 95% CI 0.48 to 1.25; 2 studies, 667 participants).In the children and adolescent population, the evidence regarding any difference in response rates between valproate and placebo was uncertain (23% vs 22%, OR 1.11, 95% CI 0.51 to 2.38; 1 study, 151 participants, very low-quality evidence). Low-quality evidence found that the response rate of participants receiving valproate may be lower compared to risperidone (23% vs 66%, OR 0.16, 95% CI 0.08 to 0.29; 1 study, 197 participants). The evidence regarding any difference in response rates between valproate and lithium was uncertain (23% vs 34%, OR 0.57, 95% CI 0.31 to 1.07; 1 study, 197 participants, very low-quality evidence).In terms of tolerability in adults, moderate-quality evidence found that there are probably more participants receiving valproate who experienced any adverse events compared to placebo (83% vs 75%, OR 1.63, 95% CI 1.13 to 2.36; 3 studies, 745 participants). Low-quality evidence found there may be little or no difference in tolerability between valproate and lithium (78% vs 86%, OR 0.61, 95% CI 0.25 to 1.50; 2 studies, 164 participants). We did not obtain primary tolerability outcome data on the olanzapine comparison.Within the children and adolescent population, the evidence regarding any difference between valproate or placebo was uncertain (67% vs 60%, OR 1.39, 95% CI 0.71 to 2.71; 1 study, 150 participants, very low-quality evidence). We did not obtain primary tolerability outcome data on the lithium or risperidone comparisons. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS There is evidence that valproate is an efficacious treatment for acute mania in adults when compared to placebo. By contrast, there is no evidence of a difference in efficacy between valproate and placebo for children and adolescents. Valproate may be less efficacious than olanzapine in adults, and may also be inferior to risperidone as a monotherapy treatment for paediatric mania. Generally, there is uncertain evidence regarding whether valproate causes more or less side effects than the other main antimanic therapies. However, evidence suggests that valproate causes less weight gain and sedation than olanzapine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janina Jochim
- University of OxfordDepartment of PsychiatryWarneford LaneOxfordOxfordshireUKOX3 7JX
| | | | - John Geddes
- University of OxfordDepartment of PsychiatryWarneford LaneOxfordOxfordshireUKOX3 7JX
- Oxford Health NHS Foundation TrustWarneford HospitalOxfordUK
| | - Andrea Cipriani
- University of OxfordDepartment of PsychiatryWarneford LaneOxfordOxfordshireUKOX3 7JX
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97
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Bhatti UF, Williams AM, Kathawate RG, Chang P, Zhou J, Biesterveld BE, Wu Z, Dahl J, Liu B, Li Y, Alam HB. Comparative analysis of isoform-specific and non-selective histone deacetylase inhibitors in attenuating the intestinal damage after hemorrhagic shock. Trauma Surg Acute Care Open 2019; 4:e000321. [PMID: 31692634 PMCID: PMC6804098 DOI: 10.1136/tsaco-2019-000321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Isoform-specific histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACIs) MC1568 and ACY1083 are comparable to the non-selective HDACI valproic acid (VPA) in improving survival in rodents undergoing lethal hemorrhage. However, the organ-specific properties of isoform-specific HDACIs have not been fully evaluated. Also, whether they can act synergistically is not known. We hypothesized that isoform-specific HDACIs are superior to VPA in attenuating intestinal injury and act synergistically when coadministered. METHODS Sprague Dawley rats were hemorrhaged (40% of total blood volume) and randomized to receive (n=4 per group) (1) MC1568 (5 mg/kg), (2) ACY1083 (30 mg/kg), (3) MC1568+ACY1083 (combination: 5 mg/kg + 30 mg/kg, respectively), (4) VPA (250 mg/kg), or (5) normal saline (NS; vehicle; 250 μL). Animals were observed for 3 hours, after which blood samples were collected and samples of the ileum were harvested. Expression of interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant 1 (CINC-1) was assessed in the tissues using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Intestinal cleaved caspase 3 (c-caspase 3) levels were assessed as a marker of apoptosis, and histologic sections of the ileum were examined for signs of bowel injury. Levels of IL-1β and TNF-α were also measured in the serum as global markers of inflammation. RESULTS Treatments with MC1568, ACY1083, MC1568+ACY1083, and VPA were associated with decreased IL-1β levels in the intestine and serum compared with NS. IL-1β and TNF-α levels were significantly lower in the ACY1083 group compared with the VPA group. CINC-1 levels were significantly lower in the isoform-specific HDACI groups compared with the NS; however, no significant differences were seen with VPA. All treatment groups had a lower expression of intestinal c-caspase 3 compared with NS. Furthermore, MC1568 and ACY1083 groups had lower apoptosis compared with the VPA group. Bowel injury scores were significantly lower in the isoform-specific HDACI groups compared with the NS group; however, the attenuation in the VPA-treated animals did not reach statistical significance. DISCUSSION Isoform-specific HDACIs provide superior intestinal protection compared with VPA in a rodent model of hemorrhagic shock. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Preclinical study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umar F Bhatti
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Aaron M Williams
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Panpan Chang
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Trauma Center, Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Trauma Center, Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | | | - Zhenyu Wu
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Julia Dahl
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Baoling Liu
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Yongqing Li
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Hasan B Alam
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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98
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Silvennoinen K, de Lange N, Zagaglia S, Balestrini S, Androsova G, Wassenaar M, Auce P, Avbersek A, Becker F, Berghuis B, Campbell E, Coppola A, Francis B, Wolking S, Cavalleri GL, Craig J, Delanty N, Johnson MR, Koeleman BPC, Kunz WS, Lerche H, Marson AG, O’Brien TJ, Sander JW, Sills GJ, Striano P, Zara F, van der Palen J, Krause R, Depondt C, Sisodiya SM. Comparative effectiveness of antiepileptic drugs in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy. Epilepsia Open 2019; 4:420-430. [PMID: 31440723 PMCID: PMC6698679 DOI: 10.1002/epi4.12349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the effectiveness and tolerability of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) commonly used in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME). METHODS People with JME were identified from a large database of individuals with epilepsy, which includes detailed retrospective information on AED use. We assessed secular changes in AED use and calculated rates of response (12-month seizure freedom) and adverse drug reactions (ADRs) for the five most common AEDs. Retention was modeled with a Cox proportional hazards model. We compared valproate use between males and females. RESULTS We included 305 people with 688 AED trials of valproate, lamotrigine, levetiracetam, carbamazepine, and topiramate. Valproate and carbamazepine were most often prescribed as the first AED. The response rate to valproate was highest among the five AEDs (42.7%), and significantly higher than response rates for lamotrigine, carbamazepine, and topiramate; the difference to the response rate to levetiracetam (37.1%) was not significant. The rates of ADRs were highest for topiramate (45.5%) and valproate (37.5%). Commonest ADRs included weight change, lethargy, and tremor. In the Cox proportional hazards model, later start year (1.10 [1.08-1.13], P < 0.001) and female sex (1.41 [1.07-1.85], P = 0.02) were associated with shorter trial duration. Valproate was associated with the longest treatment duration; trials with carbamazepine and topiramate were significantly shorter (HR [CI]: 3.29 [2.15-5.02], P < 0.001 and 1.93 [1.31-2.86], P < 0.001). The relative frequency of valproate trials shows a decreasing trend since 2003 while there is an increasing trend for levetiracetam. Fewer females than males received valproate (76.2% vs 92.6%, P = 0.001). SIGNIFICANCE In people with JME, valproate is an effective AED; levetiracetam emerged as an alternative. Valproate is now contraindicated in women of childbearing potential without special precautions. With appropriate selection and safeguards in place, valproate should remain available as a therapy, including as an alternative for women of childbearing potential whose seizures are resistant to other treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katri Silvennoinen
- Department of Clinical and Experimental EpilepsyUCL Queen Square Institute of NeurologyLondonUK
- Chalfont Centre for EpilepsyChalfont St. PeterUK
| | - Nikola de Lange
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems BiomedicineUniversity of LuxembourgBelvauxLuxembourg
| | - Sara Zagaglia
- Department of Clinical and Experimental EpilepsyUCL Queen Square Institute of NeurologyLondonUK
- Chalfont Centre for EpilepsyChalfont St. PeterUK
- Department of Experimental and Clinical MedicinePolytechnic University of MarcheAnconaItaly
| | - Simona Balestrini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental EpilepsyUCL Queen Square Institute of NeurologyLondonUK
- Chalfont Centre for EpilepsyChalfont St. PeterUK
- Department of Experimental and Clinical MedicinePolytechnic University of MarcheAnconaItaly
| | - Ganna Androsova
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems BiomedicineUniversity of LuxembourgBelvauxLuxembourg
| | - Merel Wassenaar
- Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN)HeemstedeThe Netherlands
| | - Pauls Auce
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational MedicineUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
- The Walton Centre NHS Foundation TrustLiverpoolUK
| | - Andreja Avbersek
- Department of Clinical and Experimental EpilepsyUCL Queen Square Institute of NeurologyLondonUK
| | - Felicitas Becker
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain ResearchUniversity of TübingenTübingenGermany
| | - Bianca Berghuis
- Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN)HeemstedeThe Netherlands
| | | | - Antonietta Coppola
- Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child HealthUniversity of GenoaGenoaItaly
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological SciencesFederico II UniversityNaplesItaly
| | - Ben Francis
- Department of BiostatisticsUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
| | - Stefan Wolking
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain ResearchUniversity of TübingenTübingenGermany
| | | | - John Craig
- Belfast Health and Social Care TrustBelfastUK
| | - Norman Delanty
- Molecular and Cellular TherapeuticsRoyal College of Surgeons in IrelandDublinIreland
- Department of NeurologyBeaumont HospitalDublinIreland
| | | | | | | | - Holger Lerche
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain ResearchUniversity of TübingenTübingenGermany
| | - Anthony G. Marson
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational MedicineUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
- The Walton Centre NHS Foundation TrustLiverpoolUK
| | - Terence J. O’Brien
- Departments of Neuroscience and Neurology, Central Clinical SchoolMonash University, The Alfred HospitalMelbourneVic.Australia
| | - Josemir W. Sander
- Department of Clinical and Experimental EpilepsyUCL Queen Square Institute of NeurologyLondonUK
- Chalfont Centre for EpilepsyChalfont St. PeterUK
- Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN)HeemstedeThe Netherlands
| | - Graeme J. Sills
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational MedicineUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
| | - Pasquale Striano
- Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child HealthUniversity of GenoaGenoaItaly
- Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases UnitIRCCS Istituto G. GasliniGenovaItaly
| | - Federico Zara
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics and NeuroscienceIRCCS Istituto G. GasliniGenovaItaly
| | | | - Roland Krause
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems BiomedicineUniversity of LuxembourgBelvauxLuxembourg
| | - Chantal Depondt
- Department of NeurologyHôpital Erasme, Université Libre de BruxellesBrusselsBelgium
| | - Sanjay M. Sisodiya
- Department of Clinical and Experimental EpilepsyUCL Queen Square Institute of NeurologyLondonUK
- Chalfont Centre for EpilepsyChalfont St. PeterUK
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Antimicrobials and Antiepileptics Are the Leading Causes of Idiosyncratic Drug-induced Liver Injury in American Children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2019; 69:152-159. [PMID: 31169665 PMCID: PMC6658343 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000002383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to provide an overview of the presenting features, etiologies, and outcomes of children enrolled in the Drug-induced Liver Injury Network (DILIN) prospective and retrospective studies. METHODS Consecutive definite, highly likely, or probable cases in children enrolled into the ongoing DILIN prospective and retrospective studies between September 2004 and February 2017 were reviewed. RESULTS Fifty-seven cases were adjudicated as definite (14), highly likely (30), or probable (13) DILI. Median age was 14.3 years (1.7-17.9), 67% female, and 82% Caucasian. At DILI onset, 82% had hepatocellular injury with a median alanine aminotransferase of 411 U/L (33-4185), alkaline phosphatase 203 U/L (62-1177), and total bilirubin 3.3 mg/dL (0.2-33.9). The median duration of suspect medication use was 55 days (1-2789) and the most frequently implicated individual agents were minocycline (n = 11) and valproate (n = 6). Sixty-three percent were hospitalized and 3 (5%) underwent liver transplant within 1 month of DILI onset. Among 46 children followed for at least 6 months, 8 (17%) met criteria for chronic DILI with 6 of them having persistent liver injury at 24 months of follow-up. A genome-wide association study in 39 Caucasian children focusing on regions associated with pediatric cholestatic liver disease failed to demonstrate any single nucleotide polymorphism associated with DILI susceptibility or outcome. CONCLUSIONS Antimicrobials (51%) and antiepileptic drugs (21%) are the most frequently implicated agents in pediatric DILI patients. Although the majority of cases are self-limited, there is potential for serious morbidity including acute liver failure, chronic liver injury, and death.
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100
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Fu D, Cardona P, Ho H, Watkins PB, Brouwer KLR. Novel Mechanisms of Valproate Hepatotoxicity: Impaired Mrp2 Trafficking and Hepatocyte Depolarization. Toxicol Sci 2019; 171:431-442. [PMID: 31368504 PMCID: PMC6760262 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfz154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) remains a major challenge in drug development. Although numerous mechanisms for DILI have been identified, few studies have focused on loss of hepatocyte polarization as a DILI mechanism. The current study investigated the effects of valproate, an antiepileptic drug with DILI risk, on the cellular mechanisms responsible for loss of hepatocyte polarization. Fully polarized collagen sandwich-cultured rat hepatocytes were treated with valproate (1-20mM) for specified times (3-24hr). Hepatocyte viability was significantly decreased by 10mM and 20mM valproate. Valproate depolarized hepatocytes, even at non-cytotoxic concentrations (=5mM). Depolarization was associated with significantly decreased canalicular levels of multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (Mrp2) resulting in reduced canalicular excretion of the Mrp2 substrate carboxydichlorofluorescein. The decreased canalicular Mrp2 was associated with intracellular accumulation of Mrp2 in Rab11-positive recycling endosomes and early endosomes. Mechanistic studies suggested that valproate inhibited canalicular trafficking of Mrp2. This effect of valproate on Mrp2 appeared to be selective in that valproate had less impact on canalicular levels of the bile salt export pump (Bsep) and no detectable effect on P-glycoprotein (P-gp) canalicular levels. Treatment with valproate for 24hr also significantly downregulated levels of tight junction-associated protein, zonula occludens 2 (ZO2), but appeared to have no effect on the levels of tight junction proteins claudin 1, claudin 2, occludin, ZO1 and ZO3. These findings reveal that two novel mechanisms may contribute to valproate hepatotoxicity: impaired canalicular trafficking of Mrp2 and disruption of ZO2-associated hepatocyte polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Fu
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Panli Cardona
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Henry Ho
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Paul B Watkins
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Kim L R Brouwer
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
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