51
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Moosavi B, Berry EA, Zhu XL, Yang WC, Yang GF. The assembly of succinate dehydrogenase: a key enzyme in bioenergetics. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:4023-4042. [PMID: 31236625 PMCID: PMC11105593 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03200-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) also known as complex II or succinate:quinone oxidoreductase is an enzyme involved in both oxidative phosphorylation and tricarboxylic acid cycle; the processes that generate energy. SDH is a multi-subunit enzyme which requires a series of proteins for its proper assembly at several steps. This enzyme has medical significance as there is a broad range of human diseases from cancers to neurodegeneration related to SDH malfunction. Some of these disorders have recently been linked to defective assembly factors, reinvigorating further research in this area. Apart from that this enzyme has agricultural importance as many fungicides have been/will be designed targeting specifically this enzyme in plant fungal pathogens. In addition, we speculate it might be possible to design novel fungicides specifically targeting fungal assembly factors. Considering the medical and agricultural implications of SDH, the aim of this review is an overview of the SDH assembly factors and critical analysis of controversial issues around them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behrooz Moosavi
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, People's Republic of China
| | - Edward A Berry
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Xiao-Lei Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Chao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang-Fu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, People's Republic of China.
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Masud AJ, Kastaniotis AJ, Rahman MT, Autio KJ, Hiltunen JK. Mitochondrial acyl carrier protein (ACP) at the interface of metabolic state sensing and mitochondrial function. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2019; 1866:118540. [PMID: 31473256 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2019.118540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Acyl carrier protein (ACP) is a principal partner in the cytosolic and mitochondrial fatty acid synthesis (FAS) pathways. The active form holo-ACP serves as FAS platform, using its 4'-phosphopantetheine group to present covalently attached FAS intermediates to the enzymes responsible for the acyl chain elongation process. Mitochondrial unacylated holo-ACP is a component of mammalian mitoribosomes, and acylated ACP species participate as interaction partners in several ACP-LYRM (leucine-tyrosine-arginine motif)-protein heterodimers that act either as assembly factors or subunits of the electron transport chain and Fe-S cluster assembly complexes. Moreover, octanoyl-ACP provides the C8 backbone for endogenous lipoic acid synthesis. Accumulating evidence suggests that mtFAS-generated acyl-ACPs act as signaling molecules in an intramitochondrial metabolic state sensing circuit, coordinating mitochondrial acetyl-CoA levels with mitochondrial respiration, Fe-S cluster biogenesis and protein lipoylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali J Masud
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | | | - M Tanvir Rahman
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Kaija J Autio
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - J Kalervo Hiltunen
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
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53
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Huang Q, Chen Z, Cheng P, Jiang Z, Wang Z, Huang Y, Yang C, Pan J, Qiu F, Huang J. LYRM2 directly regulates complex I activity to support tumor growth in colorectal cancer by oxidative phosphorylation. Cancer Lett 2019; 455:36-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2019.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Huang S, Braun HP, Gawryluk RMR, Millar AH. Mitochondrial complex II of plants: subunit composition, assembly, and function in respiration and signaling. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 98:405-417. [PMID: 30604579 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Complex II [succinate dehydrogenase (succinate-ubiquinone oxidoreductase); EC 1.3.5.1; SDH] is the only enzyme shared by both the electron transport chain and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle in mitochondria. Complex II in plants is considered unusual because of its accessory subunits (SDH5-SDH8), in addition to the catalytic subunits of SDH found in all eukaryotes (SDH1-SDH4). Here, we review compositional and phylogenetic analysis and biochemical dissection studies to both clarify the presence and propose a role for these subunits. We also consider the wider functional and phylogenetic evidence for SDH assembly factors and the reports from plants on the control of SDH1 flavination and SDH1-SDH2 interaction. Plant complex II has been shown to influence stomatal opening, the plant defense response and reactive oxygen species-dependent stress responses. Signaling molecules such as salicyclic acid (SA) and nitric oxide (NO) are also reported to interact with the ubiquinone (UQ) binding site of SDH, influencing signaling transduction in plants. Future directions for SDH research in plants and the specific roles of its different subunits and assembly factors are suggested, including the potential for reverse electron transport to explain the succinate-dependent production of reactive oxygen species in plants and new avenues to explore the evolution of plant mitochondrial complex II and its utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaobai Huang
- School of Molecular Sciences & ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, The University of Western Australia, 6009, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Hans-Peter Braun
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Leibniz Universität Hannover, 30419, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - A Harvey Millar
- School of Molecular Sciences & ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, The University of Western Australia, 6009, Crawley, WA, Australia
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55
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Meyer EH, Welchen E, Carrie C. Assembly of the Complexes of the Oxidative Phosphorylation System in Land Plant Mitochondria. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 70:23-50. [PMID: 30822116 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-050718-100412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Plant mitochondria play a major role during respiration by producing the ATP required for metabolism and growth. ATP is produced during oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), a metabolic pathway coupling electron transfer with ADP phosphorylation via the formation and release of a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane. The OXPHOS system is composed of large, multiprotein complexes coordinating metal-containing cofactors for the transfer of electrons. In this review, we summarize the current state of knowledge about assembly of the OXPHOS complexes in land plants. We present the different steps involved in the formation of functional complexes and the regulatory mechanisms controlling the assembly pathways. Because several assembly steps have been found to be ancestral in plants-compared with those described in fungal and animal models-we discuss the evolutionary dynamics that lead to the conservation of ancestral pathways in land plant mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne H Meyer
- Organelle Biology and Biotechnology Research Group, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Current affiliation: Institute of Plant Physiology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle, Germany;
| | - Elina Welchen
- Cátedra de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (CONICET-UNL), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Chris Carrie
- Plant Sciences Research Group, Department Biologie I, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
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ACP Acylation Is an Acetyl-CoA-Dependent Modification Required for Electron Transport Chain Assembly. Mol Cell 2019; 71:567-580.e4. [PMID: 30118679 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2018.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The electron transport chain (ETC) is an important participant in cellular energy conversion, but its biogenesis presents the cell with numerous challenges. To address these complexities, the cell utilizes ETC assembly factors, which include the LYR protein family. Each member of this family interacts with the mitochondrial acyl carrier protein (ACP), the scaffold protein upon which the mitochondrial fatty acid synthesis (mtFAS) pathway builds fatty acyl chains from acetyl-CoA. We demonstrate that the acylated form of ACP is an acetyl-CoA-dependent allosteric activator of the LYR protein family used to stimulate ETC biogenesis. By tuning ETC assembly to the abundance of acetyl-CoA, which is the major fuel of the TCA cycle and ETC, this system could provide an elegant mechanism for coordinating the assembly of ETC complexes with one another and with substrate availability.
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Sharma P, Maklashina E, Cecchini G, Iverson TM. Maturation of the respiratory complex II flavoprotein. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2019; 59:38-46. [PMID: 30851631 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2019.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory complexes are complicated multi-subunit cofactor-containing machines that allow cells to harvest energy from the environment. Maturation of these complexes requires protein folding, cofactor insertion, and assembly of multiple subunits into a final, functional complex. Because the intermediate states in complex maturation are transitory, these processes are poorly understood. This review gives an overview of the process of maturation in respiratory complex II with a focus on recent structural studies on intermediates formed during covalent flavinylation of the catalytic subunit, SDHA. Covalent flavinylation has an evolutionary significance because variants of complex II enzymes with the covalent ligand removed by mutagenesis cannot oxidize succinate, but can still perform the reverse reaction and reduce fumarate. Since succinate oxidation is a key step of aerobic respiration, the covalent bond of complex II appears to be important for aerobic life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Elena Maklashina
- Molecular Biology Division, San Francisco VA Health Care System, San Francisco, CA 94121, United States; Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, United States
| | - Gary Cecchini
- Molecular Biology Division, San Francisco VA Health Care System, San Francisco, CA 94121, United States; Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, United States.
| | - T M Iverson
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, United States; Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, United States; Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, United States; Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, United States.
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58
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Ma H, Liu Y, Tang L, Ding H, Bao X, Song F, Zhu M, Li W. Echinacoside selectively rescues complex I inhibition-induced mitochondrial respiratory impairment via enhancing complex II activity. Neurochem Int 2019; 125:136-143. [PMID: 30797968 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2019.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Previous investigations have implicated mitochondrial dysfunction characterized by Complex I deficiency in the death of dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease (PD). To date, there are no efficient therapeutic approaches to rescue mitochondrial respiratory impairment or prevent neurodegeneration in PD. The beneficial effects of echinacoside (ECH) on neurodegeneration have been reported in both in vivo and in vitro studies, yet the mechanisms underlying remain elusive and little has been investigated concerning the influences of ECH on mitochondrial respiratory impairment. Here, we compared the protection of ECH on cell injury and mitochondrial dysfunction induced by various inhibitors of Complex I-IV using human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cell line. We found that ECH selectively attenuates cell injury, reverses mitochondrial depolarization and bioenergetic failure caused by Complex I inhibitors, whereas it has little protection against Complex II-IV inhibitors. Further investigation demonstrated that ECH enhances Complex II activity and mitochondrial respiration in the cells treated with Complex I inhibitors. This suggests that ECH selectively rescues Complex I inhibition-induced mitochondrial respiratory impairment though elevating Complex II activity, and further confirms that ECH might have a promising potential in PD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihan Ma
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Neuropathology, Department of Integrative Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University); Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Lin Tang
- Ophthalmology Department, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Hao Ding
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Neuropathology, Department of Integrative Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xuxia Bao
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Neuropathology, Department of Integrative Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Fang Song
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University); Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Min Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University); Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.
| | - Wenwei Li
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Neuropathology, Department of Integrative Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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Cogliati S, Lorenzi I, Rigoni G, Caicci F, Soriano ME. Regulation of Mitochondrial Electron Transport Chain Assembly. J Mol Biol 2018; 430:4849-4873. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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AAA Proteases: Guardians of Mitochondrial Function and Homeostasis. Cells 2018; 7:cells7100163. [PMID: 30314276 PMCID: PMC6210556 DOI: 10.3390/cells7100163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are dynamic, semi-autonomous organelles that execute numerous life-sustaining tasks in eukaryotic cells. Functioning of mitochondria depends on the adequate action of versatile proteinaceous machineries. Fine-tuning of mitochondrial activity in response to cellular needs involves continuous remodeling of organellar proteome. This process not only includes modulation of various biogenetic pathways, but also the removal of superfluous proteins by adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-driven proteolytic machineries. Accordingly, all mitochondrial sub-compartments are under persistent surveillance of ATP-dependent proteases. Particularly important are highly conserved two inner mitochondrial membrane-bound metalloproteases known as m-AAA and i-AAA (ATPases associated with diverse cellular activities), whose mis-functioning may lead to impaired organellar function and consequently to development of severe diseases. Herein, we discuss the current knowledge of yeast, mammalian, and plant AAA proteases and their implications in mitochondrial function and homeostasis maintenance.
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Belt K, Van Aken O, Murcha M, Millar AH, Huang S. An Assembly Factor Promotes Assembly of Flavinated SDH1 into the Succinate Dehydrogenase Complex. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 177:1439-1452. [PMID: 29930107 PMCID: PMC6084658 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.00320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Succinate dehydrogenase (Complex II; SDH) plays an important role in mitochondrial respiratory metabolism. The SDH complex consists of four core subunits and multiple cofactors, which must be assembled correctly to ensure enzyme function. To date, only an assembly factor (SDHAF2) required for FAD insertion into subunit SDH1 has been identified in plants. Here, we report the identification of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) At5g67490 as a second SDH assembly factor. Knockout of At5g67490 (sdhaf4) did not cause any phenotypic variation in seedlings but resulted in a decrease in both SDH activity and the succinate-dependent respiration rate as well as increased accumulation of succinate. Mass spectrometry analyses revealed stable levels of FAD-SDH1 in sdhaf4, together with increased levels of the FAD-SDH1 assembly factor, SDHAF2, and reduced levels of SDH2 compared with the wild type. Loss of SDHAF4 in sdhaf4 inhibited the formation of the SDH1/SDH2 intermediate, leading to the accumulation of soluble SDH1 in the mitochondrial matrix and reduced levels of SDH1 in the membrane. The increased levels of SDHAF2 suggest that the stabilization of soluble FAD-SDH1 depends on SDHAF2 availability. We conclude that SDHAF4 acts on FAD-SDH1 and promotes its assembly with SDH2, thereby stabilizing SDH2 and enabling its full assembly with SDH3/SDH4 to form the SDH complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Belt
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Western Australia, Crawley 6009, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Olivier Van Aken
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Lund University, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - Monika Murcha
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Western Australia, Crawley 6009, Western Australia, Australia
| | - A Harvey Millar
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Western Australia, Crawley 6009, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Shaobai Huang
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Western Australia, Crawley 6009, Western Australia, Australia
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Signes A, Fernandez-Vizarra E. Assembly of mammalian oxidative phosphorylation complexes I-V and supercomplexes. Essays Biochem 2018; 62:255-270. [PMID: 30030361 PMCID: PMC6056720 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20170098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The assembly of the five oxidative phosphorylation system (OXPHOS) complexes in the inner mitochondrial membrane is an intricate process. The human enzymes comprise core proteins, performing the catalytic activities, and a large number of 'supernumerary' subunits that play essential roles in assembly, regulation and stability. The correct addition of prosthetic groups as well as chaperoning and incorporation of the structural components require a large number of factors, many of which have been found mutated in cases of mitochondrial disease. Nowadays, the mechanisms of assembly for each of the individual complexes are almost completely understood and the knowledge about the assembly factors involved is constantly increasing. On the other hand, it is now well established that complexes I, III and IV interact with each other, forming the so-called respiratory supercomplexes or 'respirasomes', although the pathways that lead to their formation are still not completely clear. This review is a summary of our current knowledge concerning the assembly of complexes I-V and of the supercomplexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Signes
- MRC-Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, U.K
| | - Erika Fernandez-Vizarra
- MRC-Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, U.K.
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63
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Maklashina E, Rajagukguk S, Iverson TM, Cecchini G. The unassembled flavoprotein subunits of human and bacterial complex II have impaired catalytic activity and generate only minor amounts of ROS. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:7754-7765. [PMID: 29610278 PMCID: PMC5961047 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.001977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Complex II (SdhABCD) is a membrane-bound component of mitochondrial and bacterial electron transport chains, as well as of the TCA cycle. In this capacity, it catalyzes the reversible oxidation of succinate. SdhABCD contains the SDHA protein harboring a covalently bound FAD redox center and the iron-sulfur protein SDHB, containing three distinct iron-sulfur centers. When assembly of this complex is compromised, the flavoprotein SDHA may accumulate in the mitochondrial matrix or bacterial cytoplasm. Whether the unassembled SDHA has any catalytic activity, for example in succinate oxidation, fumarate reduction, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, or other off-pathway reactions, is not known. Therefore, here we investigated whether unassembled Escherichia coli SdhA flavoprotein, its homolog fumarate reductase (FrdA), and the human SDHA protein have succinate oxidase or fumarate reductase activity and can produce ROS. Using recombinant expression in E. coli, we found that the free flavoproteins from these divergent biological sources have inherently low catalytic activity and generate little ROS. These results suggest that the iron-sulfur protein SDHB in complex II is necessary for robust catalytic activity. Our findings are consistent with those reported for single-subunit flavoprotein homologs that are not associated with iron-sulfur or heme partner proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Maklashina
- From the Molecular Biology Division, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System, San Francisco, California 94121, ,the Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, and
| | - Sany Rajagukguk
- From the Molecular Biology Division, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System, San Francisco, California 94121
| | - T. M. Iverson
- the Departments of Pharmacology and ,Biochemistry, ,the Center for Structural Biology, and ,the Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - Gary Cecchini
- From the Molecular Biology Division, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System, San Francisco, California 94121, ,the Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, and , Recipient of Senior Research Career Scientist Award IK6BX004215 from the Department of Veterans Affairs. To whom correspondence should be addressed:
Molecular Biology Division (151-S), San Francisco Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, 4150 Clement St., San Francisco, CA 94121. Tel.:
415-221-4810, Ext. 24416; E-mail:
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Crystal structure of bacterial succinate:quinone oxidoreductase flavoprotein SdhA in complex with its assembly factor SdhE. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018. [PMID: 29514959 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1800195115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Succinate:quinone oxidoreductase (SQR) functions in energy metabolism, coupling the tricarboxylic acid cycle and electron transport chain in bacteria and mitochondria. The biogenesis of flavinylated SdhA, the catalytic subunit of SQR, is assisted by a highly conserved assembly factor termed SdhE in bacteria via an unknown mechanism. By using X-ray crystallography, we have solved the structure of Escherichia coli SdhE in complex with SdhA to 2.15-Å resolution. Our structure shows that SdhE makes a direct interaction with the flavin adenine dinucleotide-linked residue His45 in SdhA and maintains the capping domain of SdhA in an "open" conformation. This displaces the catalytic residues of the succinate dehydrogenase active site by as much as 9.0 Å compared with SdhA in the assembled SQR complex. These data suggest that bacterial SdhE proteins, and their mitochondrial homologs, are assembly chaperones that constrain the conformation of SdhA to facilitate efficient flavinylation while regulating succinate dehydrogenase activity for productive biogenesis of SQR.
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65
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Marelja Z, Leimkühler S, Missirlis F. Iron Sulfur and Molybdenum Cofactor Enzymes Regulate the Drosophila Life Cycle by Controlling Cell Metabolism. Front Physiol 2018; 9:50. [PMID: 29491838 PMCID: PMC5817353 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron sulfur (Fe-S) clusters and the molybdenum cofactor (Moco) are present at enzyme sites, where the active metal facilitates electron transfer. Such enzyme systems are soluble in the mitochondrial matrix, cytosol and nucleus, or embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane, but virtually absent from the cell secretory pathway. They are of ancient evolutionary origin supporting respiration, DNA replication, transcription, translation, the biosynthesis of steroids, heme, catabolism of purines, hydroxylation of xenobiotics, and cellular sulfur metabolism. Here, Fe-S cluster and Moco biosynthesis in Drosophila melanogaster is reviewed and the multiple biochemical and physiological functions of known Fe-S and Moco enzymes are described. We show that RNA interference of Mocs3 disrupts Moco biosynthesis and the circadian clock. Fe-S-dependent mitochondrial respiration is discussed in the context of germ line and somatic development, stem cell differentiation and aging. The subcellular compartmentalization of the Fe-S and Moco assembly machinery components and their connections to iron sensing mechanisms and intermediary metabolism are emphasized. A biochemically active Fe-S core complex of heterologously expressed fly Nfs1, Isd11, IscU, and human frataxin is presented. Based on the recent demonstration that copper displaces the Fe-S cluster of yeast and human ferredoxin, an explanation for why high dietary copper leads to cytoplasmic iron deficiency in flies is proposed. Another proposal that exosomes contribute to the transport of xanthine dehydrogenase from peripheral tissues to the eye pigment cells is put forward, where the Vps16a subunit of the HOPS complex may have a specialized role in concentrating this enzyme within pigment granules. Finally, we formulate a hypothesis that (i) mitochondrial superoxide mobilizes iron from the Fe-S clusters in aconitase and succinate dehydrogenase; (ii) increased iron transiently displaces manganese on superoxide dismutase, which may function as a mitochondrial iron sensor since it is inactivated by iron; (iii) with the Krebs cycle thus disrupted, citrate is exported to the cytosol for fatty acid synthesis, while succinyl-CoA and the iron are used for heme biosynthesis; (iv) as iron is used for heme biosynthesis its concentration in the matrix drops allowing for manganese to reactivate superoxide dismutase and Fe-S cluster biosynthesis to reestablish the Krebs cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zvonimir Marelja
- Imagine Institute, Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Silke Leimkühler
- Department of Molecular Enzymology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Fanis Missirlis
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
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Wachnowsky C, Fidai I, Cowan JA. Iron-sulfur cluster biosynthesis and trafficking - impact on human disease conditions. Metallomics 2018; 10:9-29. [PMID: 29019354 PMCID: PMC5783746 DOI: 10.1039/c7mt00180k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Iron-sulfur clusters (Fe-S) are one of the most ancient, ubiquitous and versatile classes of metal cofactors found in nature. Proteins that contain Fe-S clusters constitute one of the largest families of proteins, with varied functions that include electron transport, regulation of gene expression, substrate binding and activation, radical generation, and, more recently discovered, DNA repair. Research during the past two decades has shown that mitochondria are central to the biogenesis of Fe-S clusters in eukaryotic cells via a conserved cluster assembly machinery (ISC assembly machinery) that also controls the synthesis of Fe-S clusters of cytosolic and nuclear proteins. Several key steps for synthesis and trafficking have been determined for mitochondrial Fe-S clusters, as well as the cytosol (CIA - cytosolic iron-sulfur protein assembly), but detailed mechanisms of cluster biosynthesis, transport, and exchange are not well established. Genetic mutations and the instability of certain steps in the biosynthesis and maturation of mitochondrial, cytosolic and nuclear Fe-S cluster proteins affects overall cellular iron homeostasis and can lead to severe metabolic, systemic, neurological and hematological diseases, often resulting in fatality. In this review we briefly summarize the current molecular understanding of both mitochondrial ISC and CIA assembly machineries, and present a comprehensive overview of various associated inborn human disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Wachnowsky
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.
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67
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Sharma P, Maklashina E, Cecchini G, Iverson TM. Crystal structure of an assembly intermediate of respiratory Complex II. Nat Commun 2018; 9:274. [PMID: 29348404 PMCID: PMC5773532 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02713-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Flavin is covalently attached to the protein scaffold in ~10% of flavoenzymes. However, the mechanism of covalent modification is unclear, due in part to challenges in stabilizing assembly intermediates. Here, we capture the structure of an assembly intermediate of the Escherichiacoli Complex II (quinol:fumarate reductase (FrdABCD)). The structure contains the E. coli FrdA subunit bound to covalent FAD and crosslinked with its assembly factor, SdhE. The structure contains two global conformational changes as compared to prior structures of the mature protein: the rotation of a domain within the FrdA subunit, and the destabilization of two large loops of the FrdA subunit, which may create a tunnel to the active site. We infer a mechanism for covalent flavinylation. As supported by spectroscopic and kinetic analyses, we suggest that SdhE shifts the conformational equilibrium of the FrdA active site to disfavor succinate/fumarate interconversion and enhance covalent flavinylation. The mechanism for covalent flavinylation of flavoenzymes is still unclear. Here, the authors propose a mechanism based on the crystal structure of a flavinylation assembly intermediate of the E. coli respiratory Complex II comprising the E. coli FrdA subunit bound to covalent FAD and crosslinked with its assembly factor SdhE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Elena Maklashina
- Molecular Biology Division, San Francisco VA Health Care System, San Francisco, CA, 94121, USA.,Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Gary Cecchini
- Molecular Biology Division, San Francisco VA Health Care System, San Francisco, CA, 94121, USA. .,Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
| | - T M Iverson
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA. .,Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA. .,Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA. .,Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
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68
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Abstract
Iron-sulfur clusters (Fe/S clusters) are essential cofactors required throughout the clades of biology for performing a myriad of unique functions including nitrogen fixation, ribosome assembly, DNA repair, mitochondrial respiration, and metabolite catabolism. Although Fe/S clusters can be synthesized in vitro and transferred to a client protein without enzymatic assistance, biology has evolved intricate mechanisms to assemble and transfer Fe/S clusters within the cellular environment. In eukaryotes, the foundation of all cellular clusters starts within the mitochondria. The focus of this review is to detail the mitochondrial Fe/S biogenesis (ISC) pathway along with the Fe/S cluster transfer steps necessary to mature Fe/S proteins. New advances in our understanding of the mitochondrial Fe/S biogenesis machinery will be highlighted. Additionally, we will address various experimental approaches that have been successful in the identification and characterization of components of the ISC pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Melber
- University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Dennis R Winge
- University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States.
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69
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Bannon AE, Kent J, Forquer I, Town A, Klug LR, McCann K, Beadling C, Harismendy O, Sicklick JK, Corless C, Shinde U, Heinrich MC. Biochemical, Molecular, and Clinical Characterization of Succinate Dehydrogenase Subunit A Variants of Unknown Significance. Clin Cancer Res 2017; 23:6733-6743. [PMID: 28724664 PMCID: PMC6011831 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-1397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: Patients who inherit a pathogenic loss-of-function genetic variant involving one of the four succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) subunit genes have up to an 86% chance of developing one or more cancers by the age of 50. If tumors are identified and removed early in these high-risk patients, they have a higher potential for cure. Unfortunately, many alterations identified in these genes are variants of unknown significance (VUS), confounding the identification of high-risk patients. If we could identify misclassified SDH VUS as benign or pathogenic SDH mutations, we could better select patients for cancer screening procedures and remove tumors at earlier stages.Experimental Design: In this study, we combine data from clinical observations, a functional yeast model, and a computational model to determine the pathogenicity of 22 SDHA VUS. We gathered SDHA VUS from two primary sources: The OHSU Knight Diagnostics Laboratory and the literature. We used a yeast model to identify the functional effect of a VUS on mitochondrial function with a variety of biochemical assays. The computational model was used to visualize variants' effect on protein structure.Results: We were able to draw conclusions on functional effects of variants using our three-prong approach to understanding VUS. We determined that 16 (73%) of the alterations are actually pathogenic, causing loss of SDH function, and six (27%) have no effect upon SDH function.Conclusions: We thus report the reclassification of the majority of the VUS tested as pathogenic, and highlight the need for more thorough functional assessment of inherited SDH variants. Clin Cancer Res; 23(21); 6733-43. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber E Bannon
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Heinrich Lab, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon.
| | - Jason Kent
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Heinrich Lab, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Isaac Forquer
- Portland VA Medical Center and Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Ajia Town
- Heinrich Lab, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Lillian R Klug
- Department of Cancer Biology, Heinrich Lab, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Kelly McCann
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Carol Beadling
- Department of Pathology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Oliver Harismendy
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Department of Medicine, Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Jason K Sicklick
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Christopher Corless
- Department of Pathology, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Ujwal Shinde
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Michael C Heinrich
- Departments of Medicine and Cell, Developmental, and Cancer Biology, Portland VA Health Care System and OHSU Knight Cancer Institute, Portland, Oregon
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70
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Jeong JH, Kim J, Kim J, Heo HR, Jeong JS, Ryu YJ, Hong Y, Han SS, Hong SH, Lee SJ, Kim WJ. ACN9 Regulates the Inflammatory Responses in Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells. Tuberc Respir Dis (Seoul) 2017; 80:247-254. [PMID: 28747957 PMCID: PMC5526951 DOI: 10.4046/trd.2017.80.3.247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Airway epithelial cells are the first line of defense, against pathogens and environmental pollutants, in the lungs. Cellular stress by cadmium (Cd), resulting in airway inflammation, is assumed to be directly involved in tissue injury, linked to the development of lung cancer, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). We had earlier shown that ACN9 (chromosome 7q21), is a potential candidate gene for COPD, and identified significant interaction with smoking, based on genetic studies. However, the role of ACN9 in the inflammatory response, in the airway cells, has not yet been reported. METHODS We first checked the anatomical distribution of ACN9 in lung tissues, using mRNA in situ hybridization, and immunohistochemistry. Gene expression profiling in bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B), was performed, after silencing ACN9. We further tested the roles of ACN9, in the intracellular mechanism, leading to Cd-induced production, of proinflammatory cytokines in BEAS-2B. RESULTS ACN9 was localized in lymphoid, and epithelial cells, of human lung tissues. ACN9 silencing, led to differential expression of 216 genes. Pathways of sensory perception to chemical stimuli, and cell surface receptor-linked signal transduction, were significantly enriched. ACN9 silencing, further increased the expression of proinflammatory cytokines, in BEAS-2B after Cd exposure. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest, that ACN9 may have a role, in the inflammatory response in the airway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hoon Jeong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Jeeyoung Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea.,Environmental Health Center, Kangwon National University Hospital, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Jeongwoon Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea.,Environmental Health Center, Kangwon National University Hospital, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Hye-Ryeon Heo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea.,Environmental Health Center, Kangwon National University Hospital, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Jin Seon Jeong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Young-Joon Ryu
- Department of Pathology, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Yoonki Hong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea.,Environmental Health Center, Kangwon National University Hospital, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Seon-Sook Han
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea.,Environmental Health Center, Kangwon National University Hospital, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Seok-Ho Hong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea.,Environmental Health Center, Kangwon National University Hospital, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Seung-Joon Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea.,Environmental Health Center, Kangwon National University Hospital, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Woo Jin Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea.,Environmental Health Center, Kangwon National University Hospital, Chuncheon, Korea
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71
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Dwight T, Na U, Kim E, Zhu Y, Richardson AL, Robinson BG, Tucker KM, Gill AJ, Benn DE, Clifton-Bligh RJ, Winge DR. Analysis of SDHAF3 in familial and sporadic pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma. BMC Cancer 2017; 17:497. [PMID: 28738844 PMCID: PMC5525311 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-017-3486-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Germline mutations in genes encoding subunits of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) are associated with the development of pheochromocytoma (PC) and/or paraganglioma (PGL). As assembly factors have been identified as playing a role in maturation of individual SDH subunits and assembly of the functioning SDH complex, we hypothesized that SDHAF3 variants may be associated with PC/PGL and functionality of SDH. METHODS DNA was extracted from the blood of 37 individuals (from 23 families) with germline SDH mutations and 18 PC/PGL (15 sporadic, 3 familial) and screened for mutations using a custom gene panel, containing SDHAF3 (SDH assembly factor 3) as well as eight known PC/PGL susceptibility genes. Molecular and functional consequences of an identified sequence variant of SDHAF3 were assessed in yeast and mammalian cells (HEK293). RESULTS Using massively parallel sequencing, we identified a variant in SDHAF3, c.157 T > C (p.Phe53Leu), associated with increased prevalence in familial and sporadic PC/PGL (6.6%) when compared to normal populations (1.2% [1000 Genomes], p = 0.003; 2.1% [Exome Aggregation Consortium], p = 0.0063). In silico prediction tools suggest this variant is probably damaging to protein function, hence we assessed molecular and functional consequences of the resulting amino acid change (p.Phe53Leu) in yeast and human cells. We showed that introduction of SDHAF3 p.Phe53Leu into Sdh7 (ortholog of SDHAF3 in humans) null yeast resulted in impaired function, as observed by its failure to restore SDH activity when expressed in Sdh7 null yeast relative to WT SDHAF3. As SDHAF3 is involved in maturation of SDHB, we tested the functional impact of SDHAF3 c.157 T > C and various clinically relevant SDHB mutations on this interaction. Our in vitro studies in human cells show that SDHAF3 interacts with SDHB (residues 46 and 242), with impaired interaction observed in the presence of the SDHAF3 c.157 T > C variant. CONCLUSIONS Our studies reveal novel insights into the biogenesis of SDH, uncovering a vital interaction between SDHAF3 and SDHB. We have shown that SDHAF3 interacts directly with SDHB (residue 242 being key to this interaction), and that a variant in SDHAF3 (c.157 T > C [p.Phe53Leu]) may be more prevalent in individuals with PC/PGL, and is hypomorphic via impaired interaction with SDHB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trisha Dwight
- Cancer Genetics, Hormones and Cancer Group, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, 2065 Australia
- University of Sydney, Sydney, 2006 Australia
| | - Un Na
- Department of Medicine, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, UT 84132 USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, UT 84132 USA
| | - Edward Kim
- Cancer Genetics, Hormones and Cancer Group, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, 2065 Australia
- University of Sydney, Sydney, 2006 Australia
| | - Ying Zhu
- Hunter New England Health, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, 2065 Australia
| | - Anne Louise Richardson
- Cancer Genetics, Hormones and Cancer Group, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, 2065 Australia
| | - Bruce G. Robinson
- Cancer Genetics, Hormones and Cancer Group, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, 2065 Australia
- University of Sydney, Sydney, 2006 Australia
| | | | - Anthony J. Gill
- University of Sydney, Sydney, 2006 Australia
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, 2065 Australia
- Northern Cancer Translational Research Unit, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, 2065 Australia
| | - Diana E. Benn
- Cancer Genetics, Hormones and Cancer Group, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, 2065 Australia
- University of Sydney, Sydney, 2006 Australia
| | - Roderick J. Clifton-Bligh
- Cancer Genetics, Hormones and Cancer Group, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, 2065 Australia
- University of Sydney, Sydney, 2006 Australia
| | - Dennis R. Winge
- Department of Medicine, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, UT 84132 USA
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72
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Cory SA, Van Vranken JG, Brignole EJ, Patra S, Winge DR, Drennan CL, Rutter J, Barondeau DP. Structure of human Fe-S assembly subcomplex reveals unexpected cysteine desulfurase architecture and acyl-ACP-ISD11 interactions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E5325-E5334. [PMID: 28634302 PMCID: PMC5502623 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1702849114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
In eukaryotes, sulfur is mobilized for incorporation into multiple biosynthetic pathways by a cysteine desulfurase complex that consists of a catalytic subunit (NFS1), LYR protein (ISD11), and acyl carrier protein (ACP). This NFS1-ISD11-ACP (SDA) complex forms the core of the iron-sulfur (Fe-S) assembly complex and associates with assembly proteins ISCU2, frataxin (FXN), and ferredoxin to synthesize Fe-S clusters. Here we present crystallographic and electron microscopic structures of the SDA complex coupled to enzyme kinetic and cell-based studies to provide structure-function properties of a mitochondrial cysteine desulfurase. Unlike prokaryotic cysteine desulfurases, the SDA structure adopts an unexpected architecture in which a pair of ISD11 subunits form the dimeric core of the SDA complex, which clarifies the critical role of ISD11 in eukaryotic assemblies. The different quaternary structure results in an incompletely formed substrate channel and solvent-exposed pyridoxal 5'-phosphate cofactor and provides a rationale for the allosteric activator function of FXN in eukaryotic systems. The structure also reveals the 4'-phosphopantetheine-conjugated acyl-group of ACP occupies the hydrophobic core of ISD11, explaining the basis of ACP stabilization. The unexpected architecture for the SDA complex provides a framework for understanding interactions with acceptor proteins for sulfur-containing biosynthetic pathways, elucidating mechanistic details of eukaryotic Fe-S cluster biosynthesis, and clarifying how defects in Fe-S cluster assembly lead to diseases such as Friedreich's ataxia. Moreover, our results support a lock-and-key model in which LYR proteins associate with acyl-ACP as a mechanism for fatty acid biosynthesis to coordinate the expression, Fe-S cofactor maturation, and activity of the respiratory complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth A Cory
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77842
| | - Jonathan G Van Vranken
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
| | - Edward J Brignole
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Shachin Patra
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77842
| | - Dennis R Winge
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
- Department of Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132
| | - Catherine L Drennan
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Jared Rutter
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132
| | - David P Barondeau
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77842;
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73
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Cox JE, Thummel CS, Tennessen JM. Metabolomic Studies in Drosophila. Genetics 2017; 206:1169-1185. [PMID: 28684601 PMCID: PMC5500124 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.117.200014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolomic analysis provides a powerful new tool for studies of Drosophila physiology. This approach allows investigators to detect thousands of chemical compounds in a single sample, representing the combined contributions of gene expression, enzyme activity, and environmental context. Metabolomics has been used for a wide range of studies in Drosophila, often providing new insights into gene function and metabolic state that could not be obtained using any other approach. In this review, we survey the uses of metabolomic analysis since its entry into the field. We also cover the major methods used for metabolomic studies in Drosophila and highlight new directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Cox
- Department of Biochemistry and
- The Metabolomics Core Research Facility, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
| | - Carl S Thummel
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
| | - Jason M Tennessen
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405
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74
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Abstract
Cells grow on a wide range of carbon sources by regulating substrate flow through the metabolic network. Incoming sugar, for example, can be fermented or respired, depending on the carbon identity, cell type, or growth conditions. Despite this genetically-encoded flexibility of carbon metabolism, attempts to exogenously manipulate central carbon flux by rational design have proven difficult, suggesting a robust network structure. To examine this robustness, we characterized the ethanol yield of 411 regulatory and metabolic mutants in budding yeast. The mutants showed little variation in ethanol productivity when grown on glucose or galactose, yet diversity was revealed during growth on xylulose, a rare pentose not widely available in nature. While producing ethanol at high yield, cells grown on xylulose produced ethanol at high yields, yet induced expression of respiratory genes, and were dependent on them. Analysis of mutants that affected ethanol productivity suggested that xylulose fermentation results from metabolic overflow, whereby the flux through glycolysis is higher than the maximal flux that can enter respiration. We suggest that this overflow results from a suboptimal regulatory adjustment of the cells to this unfamiliar carbon source.
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75
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Guo Y, Xie C, Li X, Yang J, Yu T, Zhang R, Zhang T, Saxena D, Snyder M, Wu Y, Li X. Succinate and its G-protein-coupled receptor stimulates osteoclastogenesis. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15621. [PMID: 28561074 PMCID: PMC5460032 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism underlying bone impairment in patients with diabetes mellitus, a metabolic disorder characterized by chronic hyperglycaemia and dysregulation in metabolism, is unclear. Here we show the difference in the metabolomics of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) derived from hyperglycaemic (type 2 diabetes mellitus, T2D) and normoglycaemic mice. One hundred and forty-two metabolites are substantially regulated in BMSCs from T2D mice, with the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle being one of the primary metabolic pathways impaired by hyperglycaemia. Importantly, succinate, an intermediate metabolite in the TCA cycle, is increased by 24-fold in BMSCs from T2D mice. Succinate functions as an extracellular ligand through binding to its specific receptor on osteoclastic lineage cells and stimulates osteoclastogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Strategies targeting the receptor activation inhibit osteoclastogenesis. This study reveals a metabolite-mediated mechanism of osteoclastogenesis modulation that contributes to bone dysregulation in metabolic disorders. Bone loss is common in patients with diabetes, but the underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms are unclear. Here the authors show high succinate levels in mice with type 2 diabetes and that succinate can signal through succinate receptor 1 on osteoclasts to induce bone resorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Guo
- Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York 10010, USA
| | - Chengzhi Xie
- Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York 10010, USA
| | - Xiyan Li
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5120, USA
| | - Jian Yang
- Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York 10010, USA
| | - Tao Yu
- Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York 10010, USA.,Institute for Genomic Engineered Animal Models of Human Diseases, Liaoning 116044, China
| | - Ruohan Zhang
- Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York 10010, USA
| | - Tianqing Zhang
- Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York 10010, USA
| | - Deepak Saxena
- Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York 10010, USA
| | - Michael Snyder
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5120, USA
| | - Yingjie Wu
- Institute for Genomic Engineered Animal Models of Human Diseases, Liaoning 116044, China.,Advanced Institute for Medical Science, Dalian Medical University, 9 West Section, South Lvshun Road Dalian, Liaoning 116044, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York 10010, USA.,Department of Urology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York 10016, USA.,Perlmutter Cancer Institute, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York 10016, USA
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76
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Bezawork-Geleta A, Rohlena J, Dong L, Pacak K, Neuzil J. Mitochondrial Complex II: At the Crossroads. Trends Biochem Sci 2017; 42:312-325. [PMID: 28185716 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial complex II (CII), also called succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), is a central purveyor of the reprogramming of metabolic and respiratory adaptation in response to various intrinsic and extrinsic stimuli and abnormalities. In this review we discuss recent findings regarding SDH biogenesis, which requires four known assembly factors, and modulation of its enzymatic activity by acetylation, succinylation, phosphorylation, and proteolysis. We further focus on the emerging role of both genetic and epigenetic aberrations leading to SDH dysfunction associated with various clinical manifestations. This review also covers the recent discovery of the role of SDH in inflammation-linked pathologies. Conceivably, SDH is a potential target for several hard-to-treat conditions, including cancer, that remains to be fully exploited.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jakub Rohlena
- Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Lanfeng Dong
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Southport, Australia
| | - Karel Pacak
- Section on Medical Neuroendocrinology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jiri Neuzil
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Southport, Australia; Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia.
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77
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Yoon WH, Sandoval H, Nagarkar-Jaiswal S, Jaiswal M, Yamamoto S, Haelterman NA, Putluri N, Putluri V, Sreekumar A, Tos T, Aksoy A, Donti T, Graham BH, Ohno M, Nishi E, Hunter J, Muzny DM, Carmichael J, Shen J, Arboleda VA, Nelson SF, Wangler MF, Karaca E, Lupski JR, Bellen HJ. Loss of Nardilysin, a Mitochondrial Co-chaperone for α-Ketoglutarate Dehydrogenase, Promotes mTORC1 Activation and Neurodegeneration. Neuron 2017; 93:115-131. [PMID: 28017472 PMCID: PMC5242142 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2016.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 08/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We previously identified mutations in Nardilysin (dNrd1) in a forward genetic screen designed to isolate genes whose loss causes neurodegeneration in Drosophila photoreceptor neurons. Here we show that NRD1 is localized to mitochondria, where it recruits mitochondrial chaperones and assists in the folding of α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (OGDH), a rate-limiting enzyme in the Krebs cycle. Loss of Nrd1 or Ogdh leads to an increase in α-ketoglutarate, a substrate for OGDH, which in turn leads to mTORC1 activation and a subsequent reduction in autophagy. Inhibition of mTOR activity by rapamycin or partially restoring autophagy delays neurodegeneration in dNrd1 mutant flies. In summary, this study reveals a novel role for NRD1 as a mitochondrial co-chaperone for OGDH and provides a mechanistic link between mitochondrial metabolic dysfunction, mTORC1 signaling, and impaired autophagy in neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Hee Yoon
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hector Sandoval
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sonal Nagarkar-Jaiswal
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Manish Jaiswal
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Shinya Yamamoto
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Nele A Haelterman
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Nagireddy Putluri
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Advanced Technology Core, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Vasanta Putluri
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Advanced Technology Core, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Arun Sreekumar
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Advanced Technology Core, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Tulay Tos
- Department of Medical Genetics, Dr. Sami Ulus Research and Training Hospital of Women's and Children's Health and Diseases, Ankara 06080, Turkey
| | - Ayse Aksoy
- Department of Child Neurology, Dr. Sami Ulus Research and Training Hospital of Women's and Children's Health and Diseases, Ankara 06080, Turkey
| | - Taraka Donti
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Brett H Graham
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mikiko Ohno
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Eiichiro Nishi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jill Hunter
- Department of Pediatric Radiology, Texas Children's Hospital and Department of Radiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Donna M Muzny
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jason Carmichael
- Medical Genetics and Metabolism, Valley Children's Hospital, Madera, CA 93636, USA
| | - Joseph Shen
- Medical Genetics and Metabolism, Valley Children's Hospital, Madera, CA 93636, USA
| | - Valerie A Arboleda
- Departments of Human Genetics and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Stanley F Nelson
- Departments of Human Genetics and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Michael F Wangler
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ender Karaca
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - James R Lupski
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hugo J Bellen
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Melber A, Na U, Vashisht A, Weiler BD, Lill R, Wohlschlegel JA, Winge DR. Role of Nfu1 and Bol3 in iron-sulfur cluster transfer to mitochondrial clients. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27532773 PMCID: PMC5014551 DOI: 10.7554/elife.15991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron-sulfur (Fe-S) clusters are essential for many cellular processes, ranging from aerobic respiration, metabolite biosynthesis, ribosome assembly and DNA repair. Mutations in NFU1 and BOLA3 have been linked to genetic diseases with defects in mitochondrial Fe-S centers. Through genetic studies in yeast, we demonstrate that Nfu1 functions in a late step of [4Fe-4S] cluster biogenesis that is of heightened importance during oxidative metabolism. Proteomic studies revealed Nfu1 physical interacts with components of the ISA [4Fe-4S] assembly complex and client proteins that need [4Fe-4S] clusters to function. Additional studies focused on the mitochondrial BolA proteins, Bol1 and Bol3 (yeast homolog to human BOLA3), revealing that Bol1 functions earlier in Fe-S biogenesis with the monothiol glutaredoxin, Grx5, and Bol3 functions late with Nfu1. Given these observations, we propose that Nfu1, assisted by Bol3, functions to facilitate Fe-S transfer from the biosynthetic apparatus to the client proteins preventing oxidative damage to [4Fe-4S] clusters. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.15991.001 Proteins perform almost all of the tasks necessary for cells to survive. Some of these proteins need to contain collections of iron and sulfur ions known as iron-sulfur clusters to work properly. The iron-sulfur clusters are first assembled from individual ions and then attached to the correct target proteins. In humans, yeast and other eukaryotic cells, the first step of this process happens in compartments called mitochondria and makes a cluster that contains two of each ion, known as [2Fe-2S] clusters. These [2Fe-2S] clusters can either be directly incorporated into target proteins, or they may be used to make larger iron-sulfur clusters – such as [4Fe-4S] clusters – in the mitochondria or the main compartment of the cell (the cytoplasm). Defects that affect the assembly of proteins with iron-sulfur clusters are associated with severe diseases that affect metabolism, the nervous system and the blood. Mitochondria contain at least 17 proteins involved in making iron-sulfur proteins, but there may be others that have not yet been identified. For example, a study on patients with a rare human genetic disease suggested that proteins called BOLA3 and NFU1 might also play a role in this process. Melber et al. used genetics to study how [4Fe-4S] clusters are assembled in the mitochondria of yeast cells. The experiments show that the yeast equivalents of NFU1 and BOLA3 (known as Nfu1 and Bol3) act to incorporate completed [4Fe-4s] clusters into their target proteins. This process is particularly important when iron-sulfur clusters are in high demand, such as when a cell needs to produce a lot of energy. Melber et al. also showed that a protein called Bol1 – which is closely related to Bol3 – is needed in an earlier stage of iron-sulfur cluster assembly. The next steps following on from this work will be to look more closely at how Nfu1 and Bol3 deliver iron-sulfur clusters to the right target proteins. A future challenge will be to find out how other types of iron-sulfur clusters are transferred to their target proteins. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.15991.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Melber
- Department of Medicine, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, United States.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, United States
| | - Un Na
- Department of Medicine, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, United States.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, United States
| | - Ajay Vashisht
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Benjamin D Weiler
- Institut für Zytobiologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Roland Lill
- Institut für Zytobiologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,LOEWE Zentrum für Synthetische Mikrobiologie SynMikro, Marburg, Germany
| | - James A Wohlschlegel
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Dennis R Winge
- Department of Medicine, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, United States.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, United States
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79
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Analysis of transcriptional profiles of Saccharomyces cerevisiae exposed to bisphenol A. Curr Genet 2016; 63:253-274. [DOI: 10.1007/s00294-016-0633-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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80
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Dela Cruz R, Jeong MY, Winge DR. Cox1 mutation abrogates need for Cox23 in cytochrome c oxidase biogenesis. MICROBIAL CELL 2016; 3:275-284. [PMID: 28357365 PMCID: PMC5354592 DOI: 10.15698/mic2016.07.511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Cox23 is a known conserved assembly factor for cytochrome c
oxidase, although its role in cytochrome c oxidase (CcO)
biogenesis remains unresolved. To gain additional insights into its role, we
isolated spontaneous suppressors of the respiratory growth defect in
cox23∆ yeast cells. We recovered independent colonies that
propagated on glycerol/lactate medium for cox23∆ cells at 37°C.
We mapped these mutations to the mitochondrial genome and specifically to
COX1 yielding an I101F substitution. The
I101F Cox1 allele is a gain-of-function mutation enabling yeast
to respire in the absence of Cox23. CcO subunit steady-state levels were
restored with the I101F Cox1 suppressor mutation and oxygen
consumption and CcO activity were likewise restored. Cells harboring the
mitochondrial genome encoding I101F Cox1 were used to delete genes
for other CcO assembly factors to test the specificity of the Cox1 mutation as a
suppressor of cox23∆ cells. The Cox1 mutant allele fails to
support respiratory growth in yeast lacking Cox17, Cox19, Coa1, Coa2, Cox14 or
Shy1, demonstrating its specific suppressor activity for cox23∆
cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Dela Cruz
- University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132, USA. ; Present address: Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Mi-Young Jeong
- University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132, USA
| | - Dennis R Winge
- University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132, USA
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81
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Barupala DP, Dzul SP, Riggs-Gelasco PJ, Stemmler TL. Synthesis, delivery and regulation of eukaryotic heme and Fe-S cluster cofactors. Arch Biochem Biophys 2016; 592:60-75. [PMID: 26785297 PMCID: PMC4784227 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2016.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In humans, the bulk of iron in the body (over 75%) is directed towards heme- or Fe-S cluster cofactor synthesis, and the complex, highly regulated pathways in place to accomplish biosynthesis have evolved to safely assemble and load these cofactors into apoprotein partners. In eukaryotes, heme biosynthesis is both initiated and finalized within the mitochondria, while cellular Fe-S cluster assembly is controlled by correlated pathways both within the mitochondria and within the cytosol. Iron plays a vital role in a wide array of metabolic processes and defects in iron cofactor assembly leads to human diseases. This review describes progress towards our molecular-level understanding of cellular heme and Fe-S cluster biosynthesis, focusing on the regulation and mechanistic details that are essential for understanding human disorders related to the breakdown in these essential pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dulmini P Barupala
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Stephen P Dzul
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | | | - Timothy L Stemmler
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
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82
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Maio N, Ghezzi D, Verrigni D, Rizza T, Bertini E, Martinelli D, Zeviani M, Singh A, Carrozzo R, Rouault TA. Disease-Causing SDHAF1 Mutations Impair Transfer of Fe-S Clusters to SDHB. Cell Metab 2016; 23:292-302. [PMID: 26749241 PMCID: PMC4749439 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
SDHAF1 mutations cause a rare mitochondrial complex II (CII) deficiency, which manifests as infantile leukoencephalopathy with elevated levels of serum and white matter succinate and lactate. Here, we demonstrate that SDHAF1 contributes to iron-sulfur (Fe-S) cluster incorporation into the Fe-S subunit of CII, SDHB. SDHAF1 transiently binds to aromatic peptides of SDHB through an arginine-rich region in its C terminus and specifically engages a Fe-S donor complex, consisting of the scaffold, holo-ISCU, and the co-chaperone-chaperone pair, HSC20-HSPA9, through an LYR motif near its N-terminal domain. Pathogenic mutations of SDHAF1 abrogate binding to SDHB, which impairs biogenesis of holo-SDHB and results in LONP1-mediated degradation of SDHB. Riboflavin treatment was found to ameliorate the neurologic condition of patients. We demonstrate that riboflavin enhances flavinylation of SDHA and reduces levels of succinate and Hypoxia-Inducible Factor (HIF)-1α and -2α, explaining the favorable response of patients to riboflavin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nunziata Maio
- Molecular Medicine Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, 9000 Rockville Pike, 20892, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Daniele Ghezzi
- Unit of Molecular Neurogenetics, Foundation Carlo Besta Neurological Institute, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Daniela Verrigni
- Unit for Muscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Teresa Rizza
- Unit for Muscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Enrico Bertini
- Unit for Muscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Diego Martinelli
- Unit of Metabolism, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Zeviani
- Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Medical Research Council, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Anamika Singh
- Molecular Medicine Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, 9000 Rockville Pike, 20892, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Rosalba Carrozzo
- Unit for Muscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Tracey A Rouault
- Molecular Medicine Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, 9000 Rockville Pike, 20892, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Maklashina E, Rajagukguk S, Starbird CA, McDonald WH, Koganitsky A, Eisenbach M, Iverson TM, Cecchini G. Binding of the Covalent Flavin Assembly Factor to the Flavoprotein Subunit of Complex II. J Biol Chem 2015; 291:2904-16. [PMID: 26644464 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.690396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli harbors two highly conserved homologs of the essential mitochondrial respiratory complex II (succinate:ubiquinone oxidoreductase). Aerobically the bacterium synthesizes succinate:quinone reductase as part of its respiratory chain, whereas under microaerophilic conditions, the quinol:fumarate reductase can be utilized. All complex II enzymes harbor a covalently bound FAD co-factor that is essential for their ability to oxidize succinate. In eukaryotes and many bacteria, assembly of the covalent flavin linkage is facilitated by a small protein assembly factor, termed SdhE in E. coli. How SdhE assists with formation of the covalent flavin bond and how it binds the flavoprotein subunit of complex II remain unknown. Using photo-cross-linking, we report the interaction site between the flavoprotein of complex II and the SdhE assembly factor. These data indicate that SdhE binds to the flavoprotein between two independently folded domains and that this binding mode likely influences the interdomain orientation. In so doing, SdhE likely orients amino acid residues near the dicarboxylate and FAD binding site, which facilitates formation of the covalent flavin linkage. These studies identify how the conserved SdhE assembly factor and its homologs participate in complex II maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Maklashina
- From the Molecular Biology Division, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California 94121, the Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Sany Rajagukguk
- From the Molecular Biology Division, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California 94121
| | | | - W Hayes McDonald
- the Department of Biochemistry and Mass Spectrometry Research Center
| | - Anna Koganitsky
- the Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Michael Eisenbach
- the Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Tina M Iverson
- the Department of Biochemistry and Mass Spectrometry Research Center, the Department of Pharmacology, the Center for Structural Biology, and the Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, and
| | - Gary Cecchini
- From the Molecular Biology Division, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California 94121, the Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158,
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84
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Kim E, Rath EM, Tsang VHM, Duff AP, Robinson BG, Church WB, Benn DE, Dwight T, Clifton-Bligh RJ. Structural and functional consequences of succinate dehydrogenase subunit B mutations. Endocr Relat Cancer 2015; 22:387-97. [PMID: 25972245 DOI: 10.1530/erc-15-0099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction, due to mutations of the gene encoding succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), has been implicated in the development of adrenal phaeochromocytomas, sympathetic and parasympathetic paragangliomas, renal cell carcinomas, gastrointestinal stromal tumours and more recently pituitary tumours. Underlying mechanisms behind germline SDH subunit B (SDHB) mutations and their associated risk of disease are not clear. To investigate genotype-phenotype correlation of SDH subunit B (SDHB) variants, a homology model for human SDH was developed from a crystallographic structure. SDHB mutations were mapped, and biochemical effects of these mutations were predicted in silico. Results of structural modelling indicated that many mutations within SDHB are predicted to cause either failure of functional SDHB expression (p.Arg27*, p.Arg90*, c.88delC and c.311delAinsGG), or disruption of the electron path (p.Cys101Tyr, p.Pro197Arg and p.Arg242His). GFP-tagged WT SDHB and mutant SDHB constructs were transfected (HEK293) to determine biological outcomes of these mutants in vitro. According to in silico predictions, specific SDHB mutations resulted in impaired mitochondrial localisation and/or SDH enzymatic activity. These results indicated strong genotype-functional correlation for SDHB variants. This study reveals new insights into the effects of SDHB mutations and the power of structural modelling in predicting biological consequences. We predict that our functional assessment of SDHB mutations will serve to better define specific consequences for SDH activity as well as to provide a much needed assay to distinguish pathogenic mutations from benign variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Kim
- Cancer GeneticsKolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, and University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, AustraliaDepartment of EndocrinologyRoyal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, AustraliaFaculty of PharmacyUniversity of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, AustraliaAustralian Nuclear Science and Technology OrganisationLucas Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - E M Rath
- Cancer GeneticsKolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, and University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, AustraliaDepartment of EndocrinologyRoyal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, AustraliaFaculty of PharmacyUniversity of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, AustraliaAustralian Nuclear Science and Technology OrganisationLucas Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - V H M Tsang
- Cancer GeneticsKolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, and University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, AustraliaDepartment of EndocrinologyRoyal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, AustraliaFaculty of PharmacyUniversity of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, AustraliaAustralian Nuclear Science and Technology OrganisationLucas Heights, New South Wales, Australia Cancer GeneticsKolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, and University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, AustraliaDepartment of EndocrinologyRoyal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, AustraliaFaculty of PharmacyUniversity of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, AustraliaAustralian Nuclear Science and Technology OrganisationLucas Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - A P Duff
- Cancer GeneticsKolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, and University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, AustraliaDepartment of EndocrinologyRoyal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, AustraliaFaculty of PharmacyUniversity of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, AustraliaAustralian Nuclear Science and Technology OrganisationLucas Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - B G Robinson
- Cancer GeneticsKolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, and University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, AustraliaDepartment of EndocrinologyRoyal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, AustraliaFaculty of PharmacyUniversity of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, AustraliaAustralian Nuclear Science and Technology OrganisationLucas Heights, New South Wales, Australia Cancer GeneticsKolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, and University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, AustraliaDepartment of EndocrinologyRoyal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, AustraliaFaculty of PharmacyUniversity of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, AustraliaAustralian Nuclear Science and Technology OrganisationLucas Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - W B Church
- Cancer GeneticsKolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, and University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, AustraliaDepartment of EndocrinologyRoyal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, AustraliaFaculty of PharmacyUniversity of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, AustraliaAustralian Nuclear Science and Technology OrganisationLucas Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - D E Benn
- Cancer GeneticsKolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, and University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, AustraliaDepartment of EndocrinologyRoyal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, AustraliaFaculty of PharmacyUniversity of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, AustraliaAustralian Nuclear Science and Technology OrganisationLucas Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - T Dwight
- Cancer GeneticsKolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, and University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, AustraliaDepartment of EndocrinologyRoyal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, AustraliaFaculty of PharmacyUniversity of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, AustraliaAustralian Nuclear Science and Technology OrganisationLucas Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - R J Clifton-Bligh
- Cancer GeneticsKolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, and University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, AustraliaDepartment of EndocrinologyRoyal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, AustraliaFaculty of PharmacyUniversity of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, AustraliaAustralian Nuclear Science and Technology OrganisationLucas Heights, New South Wales, Australia Cancer GeneticsKolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, and University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, AustraliaDepartment of EndocrinologyRoyal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, AustraliaFaculty of PharmacyUniversity of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, AustraliaAustralian Nuclear Science and Technology OrganisationLucas Heights, New South Wales, Australia
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85
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Bohovych I, Chan SS, Khalimonchuk O. Mitochondrial protein quality control: the mechanisms guarding mitochondrial health. Antioxid Redox Signal 2015; 22:977-94. [PMID: 25546710 PMCID: PMC4390190 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2014.6199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Mitochondria are complex dynamic organelles pivotal for cellular physiology and human health. Failure to maintain mitochondrial health leads to numerous maladies that include late-onset neurodegenerative diseases and cardiovascular disorders. Furthermore, a decline in mitochondrial health is prevalent with aging. A set of evolutionary conserved mechanisms known as mitochondrial quality control (MQC) is involved in recognition and correction of the mitochondrial proteome. RECENT ADVANCES Here, we review current knowledge and latest developments in MQC. We particularly focus on the proteolytic aspect of MQC and its impact on health and aging. CRITICAL ISSUES While our knowledge about MQC is steadily growing, critical gaps remain in the mechanistic understanding of how MQC modules sense damage and preserve mitochondrial welfare, particularly in higher organisms. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Delineating how coordinated action of the MQC modules orchestrates physiological responses on both organellar and cellular levels will further elucidate the current picture of MQC's role and function in health, cellular stress, and degenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iryna Bohovych
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
- Nebraska Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | - Sherine S.L. Chan
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Oleh Khalimonchuk
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
- Nebraska Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
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Angerer H. Eukaryotic LYR Proteins Interact with Mitochondrial Protein Complexes. BIOLOGY 2015; 4:133-50. [PMID: 25686363 PMCID: PMC4381221 DOI: 10.3390/biology4010133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
In eukaryotic cells, mitochondria host ancient essential bioenergetic and biosynthetic pathways. LYR (leucine/tyrosine/arginine) motif proteins (LYRMs) of the Complex1_LYR-like superfamily interact with protein complexes of bacterial origin. Many LYR proteins function as extra subunits (LYRM3 and LYRM6) or novel assembly factors (LYRM7, LYRM8, ACN9 and FMC1) of the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) core complexes. Structural insights into complex I accessory subunits LYRM6 and LYRM3 have been provided by analyses of EM and X-ray structures of complex I from bovine and the yeast Yarrowia lipolytica, respectively. Combined structural and biochemical studies revealed that LYRM6 resides at the matrix arm close to the ubiquinone reduction site. For LYRM3, a position at the distal proton-pumping membrane arm facing the matrix space is suggested. Both LYRMs are supposed to anchor an acyl-carrier protein (ACPM) independently to complex I. The function of this duplicated protein interaction of ACPM with respiratory complex I is still unknown. Analysis of protein-protein interaction screens, genetic analyses and predicted multi-domain LYRMs offer further clues on an interaction network and adaptor-like function of LYR proteins in mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Angerer
- Goethe University Frankfurt, Medical School, Institute of Biochemistry II, Structural Bioenergetics Group, Max-von-Laue Street 9, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany.
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87
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Mitochondrial diseases: Drosophila melanogaster as a model to evaluate potential therapeutics. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2015; 63:60-5. [PMID: 25666557 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2015.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
While often presented as a single entity, mitochondrial diseases comprise a wide range of clinical, biochemical and genetic heterogeneous disorders. Among them, defects in the process of oxidative phosphorylation are the most prevalent. Despite intense research efforts, patients are still without effective treatment. An important part of the development of new therapeutics relies on predictive models of the pathology in order to assess their therapeutic potential. Since mitochondrial diseases are a heterogeneous group of progressive multisystemic disorders that can affect any organ at any time, the development of various in vivo models for the different diseases-associated genes defects will accelerate the search for effective therapeutics. Here, we review existing Drosophila melanogaster models for mitochondrial diseases, with a focus on alterations in oxidative phosphorylation, and discuss the potential of this powerful model organism in the process of drug target discovery. This article is part of a Directed Issue entitled: Energy Metabolism Disorders and Therapies.
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88
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Lane DJR, Merlot AM, Huang MLH, Bae DH, Jansson PJ, Sahni S, Kalinowski DS, Richardson DR. Cellular iron uptake, trafficking and metabolism: Key molecules and mechanisms and their roles in disease. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2015; 1853:1130-44. [PMID: 25661197 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Iron is a crucial transition metal for virtually all life. Two major destinations of iron within mammalian cells are the cytosolic iron-storage protein, ferritin, and mitochondria. In mitochondria, iron is utilized in critical anabolic pathways, including: iron-storage in mitochondrial ferritin, heme synthesis, and iron-sulfur cluster (ISC) biogenesis. Although the pathways involved in ISC synthesis in the mitochondria and cytosol have begun to be characterized, many crucial details remain unknown. In this review, we discuss major aspects of the journey of iron from its initial cellular uptake, its modes of trafficking within cells, to an overview of its downstream utilization in the cytoplasm and within mitochondria. The understanding of mitochondrial iron processing and its communication with other organelles/subcellular locations, such as the cytosol, has been elucidated by the analysis of certain diseases e.g., Friedreich's ataxia. Increased knowledge of the molecules and their mechanisms of action in iron processing pathways (e.g., ISC biogenesis) will shape the investigation of iron metabolism in human health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J R Lane
- Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Blackburn Building, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.
| | - A M Merlot
- Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Blackburn Building, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - M L-H Huang
- Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Blackburn Building, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - D-H Bae
- Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Blackburn Building, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - P J Jansson
- Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Blackburn Building, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - S Sahni
- Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Blackburn Building, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - D S Kalinowski
- Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Blackburn Building, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - D R Richardson
- Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Blackburn Building, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.
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89
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Rutter J, Hughes AL. Power(2): the power of yeast genetics applied to the powerhouse of the cell. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2015; 26:59-68. [PMID: 25591985 PMCID: PMC4315768 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2014.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has served as a remarkable model organism for numerous seminal discoveries in biology. This paradigm extends to the mitochondria, a central hub for cellular metabolism, where studies in yeast have helped to reinvigorate the field and launch an exciting new era in mitochondrial biology. Here we discuss a few recent examples in which yeast research has laid a foundation for our understanding of evolutionarily conserved mitochondrial processes and functions, from key factors and pathways involved in the assembly of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) complexes to metabolite transport, lipid metabolism, and interorganelle communication. We also highlight new areas of yeast mitochondrial biology that are likely to aid in our understanding of the mitochondrial etiology of disease in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared Rutter
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
| | - Adam L Hughes
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
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90
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Her YF, Maher LJ. Succinate Dehydrogenase Loss in Familial Paraganglioma: Biochemistry, Genetics, and Epigenetics. Int J Endocrinol 2015; 2015:296167. [PMID: 26294907 PMCID: PMC4532907 DOI: 10.1155/2015/296167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
It is counterintuitive that metabolic defects reducing ATP production can cause, rather than protect from, cancer. Yet this is precisely the case for familial paraganglioma, a form of neuroendocrine malignancy caused by loss of succinate dehydrogenase in the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Here we review biochemical, genetic, and epigenetic considerations in succinate dehydrogenase loss and present leading models and mysteries associated with this fascinating and important tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeng F. Her
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Mayo Clinic Medical Scientist Training Program, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - L. James Maher
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- *L. James Maher III:
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91
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Van Vranken JG, Na U, Winge DR, Rutter J. Protein-mediated assembly of succinate dehydrogenase and its cofactors. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 50:168-80. [PMID: 25488574 DOI: 10.3109/10409238.2014.990556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Succinate dehydrogenase (or complex II; SDH) is a heterotetrameric protein complex that links the tribarboxylic acid cycle with the electron transport chain. SDH is composed of four nuclear-encoded subunits that must translocate independently to the mitochondria and assemble into a mature protein complex embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Recently, it has become clear that failure to assemble functional SDH complexes can result in cancer and neurodegenerative syndromes. The effort to thoroughly elucidate the SDH assembly pathway has resulted in the discovery of four subunit-specific assembly factors that aid in the maturation of individual subunits and support the assembly of the intact complex. This review will focus on these assembly factors and assess the contribution of each factor to the assembly of SDH. Finally, we propose a model of the SDH assembly pathway that incorporates all extant data.
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