51
|
Molloy EN, Zsido RG, Piecha FA, Beinhölzl N, Scharrer U, Zheleva G, Regenthal R, Sehm B, Nikulin VV, Möller HE, Villringer A, Sacher J, Mueller K. Decreased thalamo-cortico connectivity during an implicit sequence motor learning task and 7 days escitalopram intake. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15060. [PMID: 34301974 PMCID: PMC8302647 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94009-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence suggests that selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) reorganize neural networks via a transient window of neuroplasticity. While previous findings support an effect of SSRIs on intrinsic functional connectivity, little is known regarding the influence of SSRI-administration on connectivity during sequence motor learning. To investigate this, we administered 20 mg escitalopram or placebo for 1-week to 60 healthy female participants undergoing concurrent functional magnetic resonance imaging and sequence motor training in a double-blind randomized controlled design. We assessed task-modulated functional connectivity with a psycho-physiological interaction (PPI) analysis in the thalamus, putamen, cerebellum, dorsal premotor, primary motor, supplementary motor, and dorsolateral prefrontal cortices. Comparing an implicit sequence learning condition to a control learning condition, we observed decreased connectivity between the thalamus and bilateral motor regions after 7 days of escitalopram intake. Additionally, we observed a negative correlation between plasma escitalopram levels and PPI connectivity changes, with higher escitalopram levels being associated with greater thalamo-cortico decreases. Our results suggest that escitalopram enhances network-level processing efficiency during sequence motor learning, despite no changes in behaviour. Future studies in more diverse samples, however, with quantitative imaging of neurochemical markers of excitation and inhibition, are necessary to further assess neural responses to escitalopram.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eóin N Molloy
- Emotion and Neuroimaging Lab, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany.
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstr. 1A, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
- International Max Planck Research School NeuroCom, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Rachel G Zsido
- Emotion and Neuroimaging Lab, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstr. 1A, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- International Max Planck Research School NeuroCom, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
- Max Planck School of Cognition, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Fabian A Piecha
- Emotion and Neuroimaging Lab, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstr. 1A, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nathalie Beinhölzl
- Emotion and Neuroimaging Lab, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstr. 1A, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ulrike Scharrer
- Emotion and Neuroimaging Lab, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstr. 1A, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gergana Zheleva
- Emotion and Neuroimaging Lab, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstr. 1A, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ralf Regenthal
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Rudolf-Boehm-Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Bernhard Sehm
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstr. 1A, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Halle (Saale), Halle, Germany
| | - Vadim V Nikulin
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstr. 1A, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Centre for Cognition and Decision Making, Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Harald E Möller
- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Methods and Development Group, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Arno Villringer
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstr. 1A, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- International Max Planck Research School NeuroCom, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
- MindBrainBody Institute, Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Charité-Berlin University of Medicine and Humboldt University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Clinic of Cognitive Neurology, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Julia Sacher
- Emotion and Neuroimaging Lab, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany.
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstr. 1A, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
- International Max Planck Research School NeuroCom, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany.
- Max Planck School of Cognition, Leipzig, Germany.
- Clinic of Cognitive Neurology, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Karsten Mueller
- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Methods and Development Group, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Lenzoni S, Baker J, Sumich AL, Mograbi DC. New insights into neural networks of error monitoring and clinical implications: a systematic review of ERP studies in neurological diseases. Rev Neurosci 2021; 33:161-179. [PMID: 34214387 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2021-0054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Error monitoring allows for the efficient performance of goal-directed behaviors and successful learning. Furthermore, error monitoring as a metacognitive ability may play a crucial role for neuropsychological interventions, such as rehabilitation. In the past decades, research has suggested two electrophysiological markers for error monitoring: the error-related negativity (ERN) and the error positivity (Pe), thought to reflect, respectively, error detection and error awareness. Studies on several neurological diseases have investigated the alteration of the ERN and the Pe, but these findings have not been summarized. Accordingly, a systematic review was conducted to understand what neurological conditions present alterations of error monitoring event-related potentials and their relation with clinical measures. Overall, ERN tended to be reduced in most neurological conditions while results related to Pe integrity are less clear. ERN and Pe were found to be associated with several measures of clinical severity. Additionally, we explored the contribution of different brain structures to neural networks underlying error monitoring, further elaborating on the domain-specificity of error processing and clinical implications of findings. In conclusion, electrophysiological signatures of error monitoring could be reliable measures of neurological dysfunction and a robust tool in neuropsychological rehabilitation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Lenzoni
- Department of Psychology, Pontifical University of Rio de Janeiro, 22451-900, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Department of Psychology, Nottingham Trent University, NG1 4FQ, Nottingham, UK
| | - Joshua Baker
- Department of Psychology, Nottingham Trent University, NG1 4FQ, Nottingham, UK.,Institute for Systems Neuroscience, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alexander L Sumich
- Department of Psychology, Nottingham Trent University, NG1 4FQ, Nottingham, UK.,Department of Psychology, Auckland University of Technology, 1010, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Daniel C Mograbi
- Department of Psychology, Pontifical University of Rio de Janeiro, 22451-900, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, SE5 8AF, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Guo Y, Gao F, Guo H, Yu W, Chen Z, Yang M, Yang D, Du L, Li J. Cortical morphometric changes associated with completeness, level, and duration of spinal cord injury in humans: A case-control study. Brain Behav 2021; 11:e02037. [PMID: 33438834 PMCID: PMC8035470 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigated how the injury completeness, level, and duration of spinal cord injury (SCI) affect cortical morphometric changes in humans. METHODS T1-weighted images were acquired from 59 SCI patients and 37 healthy controls. Voxel-based morphometry analyses of the gray matter volume (GMV) were performed between SCI patients and healthy controls, complete SCI and incomplete SCI, and tetraplegia and paraplegia. Correlation analyses were performed to explore the associations between GMV and clinical variables in SCI patients. RESULTS Compared to healthy controls, SCI patients showed decreased GMV in bilateral middle frontal gyrus, left superior frontal gyrus (SFG), left medial frontal gyrus in the whole-brain analysis, while increased GMV in right supplementary motor area and right pallidum in ROI analysis. The complete SCI had lower GMV in left primary somatosensory cortex (S1) and higher GMV in left primary motor cortex compared with incomplete SCI. Lower GMV was identified in left thalamus and SFG in tetraplegia than that in paraplegia. Moreover, time since injury was positive with the GMV in right pallidum, positive correlations were observed between the GMV in bilateral S1 and total motor and sensory scores, whereas the GMV in left cuneus was negatively correlated with total motor and sensory scores in SCI patients. CONCLUSIONS The study provided imaging evidence for identifying cerebral structural abnormalities in SCI patients and significant differences in complete/incomplete and paraplegia/tetraplegia subgroups. These results suggested brain structural changes occur after SCI and these changes may depend on the injury completeness, level, and duration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Guo
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Spinal and Neural Functional Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China.,China Rehabilitation Science Institute, Beijing, China.,Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, China.,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Gao
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Spinal and Neural Functional Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China.,China Rehabilitation Science Institute, Beijing, China.,Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, China.,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hua Guo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Biomedical Imaging Research, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Weiyong Yu
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Radiology, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenbo Chen
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Radiology, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China
| | - Mingliang Yang
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Spinal and Neural Functional Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China.,China Rehabilitation Science Institute, Beijing, China.,Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, China
| | - Degang Yang
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Spinal and Neural Functional Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China.,China Rehabilitation Science Institute, Beijing, China.,Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, China
| | - Liangjie Du
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Spinal and Neural Functional Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China.,China Rehabilitation Science Institute, Beijing, China.,Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, China
| | - Jianjun Li
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Spinal and Neural Functional Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China.,China Rehabilitation Science Institute, Beijing, China.,Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Porcaro C, Mayhew SD, Bagshaw AP. Role of the Ipsilateral Primary Motor Cortex in the Visuo-Motor Network During Fine Contractions and Accurate Performance. Int J Neural Syst 2021; 31:2150011. [PMID: 33622198 DOI: 10.1142/s0129065721500118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
It is widely recognized that continuous sensory feedback plays a crucial role in accurate motor control in everyday life. Feedback information is used to adapt force output and to correct errors. While primary motor cortex contralateral to the movement (cM1) plays a dominant role in this control, converging evidence supports the idea that ipsilateral primary motor cortex (iM1) also directly contributes to hand and finger movements. Similarly, when visual feedback is available, primary visual cortex (V1) and its interactions with the motor network also become important for accurate motor performance. To elucidate this issue, we performed and integrated behavioral and electroencephalography (EEG) measurements during isometric compression of a compliant rubber bulb, at 10% and 30% of maximum voluntary contraction, both with and without visual feedback. We used a semi-blind approach (functional source separation (FSS)) to identify separate functional sources of mu-frequency (8-13[Formula: see text]Hz) EEG responses in cM1, iM1 and V1. Here for the first time, we have used orthogonal FSS to extract multiple sources, by using the same functional constraint, providing the ability to extract different sources that oscillate in the same frequency range but that have different topographic distributions. We analyzed the single-trial timecourses of mu power event-related desynchronization (ERD) in these sources and linked them with force measurements to understand which aspects are most important for good task performance. Whilst the amplitude of mu power was not related to contraction force in any of the sources, it was able to provide information on performance quality. We observed stronger ERDs in both contralateral and ipsilateral motor sources during trials where contraction force was most consistently maintained. This effect was most prominent in the ipsilateral source, suggesting the importance of iM1 to accurate performance. This ERD effect was sustained throughout the duration of visual feedback trials, but only present at the start of no feedback trials, consistent with more variable performance in the absence of feedback. Overall, we found that the behavior of the ERD in iM1 was the most informative aspect concerning the accuracy of the contraction performance, and the ability to maintain a steady level of contraction. This new approach of using FSS to extract multiple orthogonal sources provides the ability to investigate both contralateral and ipsilateral nodes of the motor network without the need for additional information (e.g. electromyography). The enhanced signal-to-noise ratio provided by FSS opens the possibility of extracting complex EEG features on an individual trial basis, which is crucial for a more nuanced understanding of fine motor performance, as well as for applications in brain-computer interfacing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camillo Porcaro
- Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, (ISTC) - National Research Council (CNR), Rome, Italy.,Centre for Human Brain Health and School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,S. Anna Institute and Research in Advanced Neurorehabilitation (RAN), Crotone, Italy.,Department of Information Engineering - Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy.,Research Center for Motor Control and Neuroplasticity, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stephen D Mayhew
- Centre for Human Brain Health and School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Andrew P Bagshaw
- Centre for Human Brain Health and School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Huang Y, Yu S, Wilson G, Park J, Cheng M, Kong X, Lu T, Kong J. Altered Extended Locus Coeruleus and Ventral Tegmental Area Networks in Boys with Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Resting-State Functional Connectivity Study. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2021; 17:1207-1216. [PMID: 33911868 PMCID: PMC8075355 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s301106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Previous studies have suggested that cerebral projections of the norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA) systems have important etiology and treatment implications for autism spectrum disorder (ASD). METHODS We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to evaluate spontaneous resting state functional connectivity in boys aged 7-15 years with ASD (n=86) and age-, intelligence quotient-matched typically developing boys (TD, n=118). Specifically, we investigated functional connectivity of the locus coeruleus (LC) and ventral tegmental area (VTA), the main source projection of neurotransmitters NE and DA, respectively. RESULTS 1) Both the LC and VTA showed reduced connectivity with the postcentral gyrus (PoCG) in boys with ASD, reflecting the potential roles of NE and DA in modulating the function of the somatosensory cortex in boys with ASD. 2) The VTA had increased connectivity with bilateral thalamus in ASD; this alteration was correlated with repetitive and restrictive features. 3) Altered functional connectivity of both the LC and VTA with brain regions such as the angular gyrus (AG), middle temporal gyrus visual area (MT/V5), and occipital face area (OFA) in ASD group. DISCUSSION Our findings implicate the role of LC-NE and VTA-DA systems from the perspective of functional neuroimaging and may shed light on pharmacological studies targeting NE and DA for the treatment of autism in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiting Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Siyi Yu
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Georgia Wilson
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joel Park
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ming Cheng
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xuejun Kong
- Martino Imaging Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tao Lu
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Kong
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Cléophat JE, Simon P, Chiniara G, St-Pierre L, Ahossi E, Dogba MJ, Chénier C, Dubuc É, Landry C, Vonarx N, Pilote B. How anxious were Quebec healthcare professionals during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic? A web-based cross-sectional survey. Work 2021; 70:701-712. [PMID: 34719462 PMCID: PMC8673505 DOI: 10.3233/wor-210525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic may cause significant anxiety among healthcare professionals (HCPs). COVID-19-related psychological impacts on HCPs in Western countries have received relatively little attention. OBJECTIVE This study aims to assess the levels of anxiety in HCPs working in the province of Quebec (Canada) during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic and identify factors associated with changes in anxiety scores. METHODS An exploratory online cross-sectional survey was conducted among Quebec HCPs from April to July 2020. The Spielberger's State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) was used to measure state anxiety among HCPs. Descriptive and multivariate analyses were performed. RESULTS A total of 426 HCPs completed the survey. Anxiety scores ranged from 20 to 75 points, with 80 being the highest possible value on the STAI scale. Being a female HCP [B = 5.89, 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.49-9.3] and declaring having the intention to avoid caring for patients with COVID-19 (B = 3.75, 95% CI: 1.29-6.22) were associated with increased anxiety scores. Having more years of experience was associated with decreased anxiety scores [B = -0.2, 95% CI: -0.32-(-0.08)]. CONCLUSION Organizational strategies aimed at preventing and relieving anxiety should target junior female HCPs who express the intention to avoid caring for patients with COVID-19. Seniority could become an important criterion in selecting frontline HCPs during pandemics. Further studies are needed to comprehensively examine the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on Canadian HCPs and identify evidence-based coping strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Philippe Simon
- Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Gilles Chiniara
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Liette St-Pierre
- Department of Nursing, Quebec University in Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
| | - Eusèbe Ahossi
- Faculty of Nursing, University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Maman Joyce Dogba
- Department of Family Medicine and EmergencyMedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | | | - Éric Dubuc
- Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Caroline Landry
- Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Nicolas Vonarx
- Faculty of Nursing, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Bruno Pilote
- Faculty of Nursing, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Research Centerfor Sustainable Health, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Bittmann FN, Dech S, Aehle M, Schaefer LV. Manual Muscle Testing-Force Profiles and Their Reproducibility. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020; 10:E996. [PMID: 33255648 PMCID: PMC7759939 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics10120996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The manual muscle test (MMT) is a flexible diagnostic tool, which is used in many disciplines, applied in several ways. The main problem is the subjectivity of the test. The MMT in the version of a "break test" depends on the tester's force rise and the patient's ability to resist the applied force. As a first step, the investigation of the reproducibility of the testers' force profile is required for valid application. The study examined the force profiles of n = 29 testers (n = 9 experiences (Exp), n = 8 little experienced (LitExp), n = 12 beginners (Beg)). The testers performed 10 MMTs according to the test of hip flexors, but against a fixed leg to exclude the patient's reaction. A handheld device recorded the temporal course of the applied force. The results show significant differences between Exp and Beg concerning the starting force (padj = 0.029), the ratio of starting to maximum force (padj = 0.005) and the normalized mean Euclidean distances between the 10 trials (padj = 0.015). The slope is significantly higher in Exp vs. LitExp (p = 0.006) and Beg (p = 0.005). The results also indicate that experienced testers show inter-tester differences and partly even a low intra-tester reproducibility. This highlights the necessity of an objective MMT-assessment. Furthermore, an agreement on a standardized force profile is required. A suggestion for this is given.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Laura V. Schaefer
- Division Regulative Physiology and Prevention, Department Sports and Health Sciences, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany; (F.N.B.); (S.D.); (M.A.)
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Hernandez-Martin E, Marcano F, Modroño C, Janssen N, González-Mora JL. Diffuse optical tomography to measure functional changes during motor tasks: a motor imagery study. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 11:6049-6067. [PMID: 33282474 PMCID: PMC7687968 DOI: 10.1364/boe.399907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The present work shows the spatial reliability of the diffuse optical tomography (DOT) system in a group of healthy subjects during a motor imagery task. Prior to imagery task performance, the subjects executed a motor task based on the finger to thumb opposition for motor training, and to corroborate the DOT spatial localization during the motor execution. DOT technology and data treatment allows us to distinguish oxy- and deoxyhemoglobin at the cerebral gyri level unlike the cerebral activations provided by fMRI series that were processed using different approaches. Here we show the DOT reliability showing functional activations at the cerebral gyri level during motor execution and motor imagery, which provide subtler cerebral activations than the motor execution. These results will allow the use of the DOT system as a monitoring device in a brain computer interface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Estefania Hernandez-Martin
- Department of Basic Medical Science (Physiology), Faculty of Health Sciences, Medicine Section, Universidad de La Laguna 38071, Spain
| | - Francisco Marcano
- Department of Basic Medical Science (Physiology), Faculty of Health Sciences, Medicine Section, Universidad de La Laguna 38071, Spain
- Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas, Universidad de la Laguna, Spain
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad de la Laguna, Spain
| | - Cristian Modroño
- Department of Basic Medical Science (Physiology), Faculty of Health Sciences, Medicine Section, Universidad de La Laguna 38071, Spain
- Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas, Universidad de la Laguna, Spain
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad de la Laguna, Spain
| | - Niels Janssen
- Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas, Universidad de la Laguna, Spain
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad de la Laguna, Spain
- Psychology Department, Universidad de La Laguna 38071, Spain
| | - Jose Luis González-Mora
- Department of Basic Medical Science (Physiology), Faculty of Health Sciences, Medicine Section, Universidad de La Laguna 38071, Spain
- Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas, Universidad de la Laguna, Spain
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad de la Laguna, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Tian Q, Studenski SA, Montero-Odasso M, Davatzikos C, Resnick SM, Ferrucci L. Cognitive and neuroimaging profiles of older adults with dual decline in memory and gait speed. Neurobiol Aging 2020; 97:49-55. [PMID: 33152563 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2020.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We previously showed that dual decline in memory and gait speed was associated with an increased risk of dementia compared to memory or gait decline only or no decline. We now characterized cognitive and neuroimaging profiles of dual decliners by comparing longitudinal rates of change in various cognitive domains (n = 664) and brain volumes (n = 391; selected frontal, temporal, parietal, subcortical, and cerebellar areas) in Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging participants who experienced age-related dual decline to others. Compared to others, dual decliners had steeper declines in verbal fluency, attention, and sensorimotor function by Pegboard nondominant hand performance. Dual decliners had greater brain volume loss in superior frontal gyrus, superior parietal gyrus, precuneus, thalamus, and cerebellum (all p ≤ 0.01). Participants with age-related dual decline experienced steeper declines in multiple cognitive domains and greater brain volume loss in cognitive, sensorimotor, and locomotion areas. Impaired sensorimotor integration and locomotion are underlying features of dual decline. Whether these features contribute to the increased risk of dementia should be investigated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qu Tian
- Translational Gerontology Branch Longitudinal Studies Section, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Stephanie A Studenski
- Translational Gerontology Branch Longitudinal Studies Section, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA; Division of Geriatric Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Manuel Montero-Odasso
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, Parkwood Hospital, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada; Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christos Davatzikos
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Susan M Resnick
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Translational Gerontology Branch Longitudinal Studies Section, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Miller L, Balodis IM, McClintock CH, Xu J, Lacadie CM, Sinha R, Potenza MN. Neural Correlates of Personalized Spiritual Experiences. Cereb Cortex 2020; 29:2331-2338. [PMID: 29846531 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhy102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 03/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Across cultures and throughout history, human beings have reported a variety of spiritual experiences and the concomitant perceived sense of union that transcends one's ordinary sense of self. Nevertheless, little is known about the underlying neural mechanisms of spiritual experiences, particularly when examined across different traditions and practices. By adapting an individualized guided-imagery task, we investigated neural correlates of personally meaningful spiritual experiences as compared with stressful and neutral-relaxing experiences. We observed in the spiritual condition, as compared with the neutral-relaxing condition, reduced activity in the left inferior parietal lobule (IPL), a result that suggests the IPL may contribute importantly to perceptual processing and self-other representations during spiritual experiences. Compared with stress cues, responses to spiritual cues showed reduced activity in the medial thalamus and caudate, regions associated with sensory and emotional processing. Overall, the study introduces a novel method for investigating brain correlates of personally meaningful spiritual experiences and suggests neural mechanisms associated with broadly defined and personally experienced spirituality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Miller
- Spirituality Mind Body Institute, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Iris M Balodis
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Peter Boris Centre for Addictions Research, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Clayton H McClintock
- Spirituality Mind Body Institute, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jiansong Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Cheryl M Lacadie
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Rajita Sinha
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Marc N Potenza
- Spirituality Mind Body Institute, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.,Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, USA
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Kim HF, Griggs WS, Hikosaka O. Long-Term Value Memory in the Primate Posterior Thalamus for Fast Automatic Action. Curr Biol 2020; 30:2901-2911.e3. [PMID: 32531286 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The thalamus is known to process information from various brain regions and relay it to other brain regions, serving an essential role in sensory perception and motor execution. The thalamus also receives inputs from basal ganglia nuclei (BG) involved in value-based decision making, suggesting a role in the value process. We found that neurons in a particular area of the rhesus macaque posterior thalamus encoded the historical value memory of visual objects. Many of these value-coding neurons were located in the suprageniculate nucleus (SGN). This thalamic area directly received anatomical input from the superior colliculus (SC), and the neurons showed visual responses with contralateral preferences. Notably, the value discrimination activity of these thalamic neurons increased during learning, with the learned values stably retained even more than 200 days after learning. Our data indicate that single neurons in the posterior thalamus not only processed simple visual information but also represented historical values. Furthermore, our data suggest an SC-posterior thalamus-BG-SC subcortical loop circuit that encodes the historical value, enabling a quick automatic gaze by bypassing the visual cortex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyoung F Kim
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Whitney S Griggs
- Laboratory of Sensorimotor Research, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Okihide Hikosaka
- Laboratory of Sensorimotor Research, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Yoo S, Choi HH, Choi HY, Yun S, Park H, Bahng H, Hong H, Kim H, Park HJ. Neural correlates of anxiety under interrogation in guilt or innocence contexts. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0230837. [PMID: 32271789 PMCID: PMC7145196 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Interrogation elicits anxiety in individuals under scrutiny regardless of their innocence, and thus, anxious responses to interrogation should be differentiated from deceptive behavior in practical lie detection settings. Despite its importance, not many empirical studies have yet been done to separate the effects of interrogation from the acts of lying or guilt state. The present fMRI study attempted to identify neural substrates of anxious responses under interrogation in either innocent or guilt contexts by developing a modified "Doubt" game. Participants in the guilt condition showed higher brain activations in the right central-executive network and bilateral basal ganglia. Regardless of the person's innocence, we observed higher activation of the salience, theory of mind and sensory-motor networks-areas associated with anxiety-related responses in the interrogative condition, compared to the waived conditions. We further explored two different types of anxious responses under interrogation-true detection anxiety in the guilty (true positive) and false detection anxiety in the innocent (false positive). Differential neural responses across these two conditions were captured at the caudate, thalamus, ventral anterior cingulate and ventromedial prefrontal cortex. We conclude that anxiety is a common neural response to interrogation, regardless of an individual's innocence, and that there are detectable differences in neural responses for true positive and false positive anxious responses under interrogation. The results of our study highlight a need to isolate complex cognitive processes involved in the deceptive acts from the emotional and regulatory responses to interrogation in lie detection schemes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sole Yoo
- Department of Cognitive Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Center for Systems and Translational Brain Sciences, Institute of Human Complexity and Systems Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hanseul H. Choi
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Center for Systems and Translational Brain Sciences, Institute of Human Complexity and Systems Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Yoon Choi
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Center for Systems and Translational Brain Sciences, Institute of Human Complexity and Systems Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungjae Yun
- BK21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Haeil Park
- Department of English Literature, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunseok Bahng
- BK21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunki Hong
- The National Forensic Service, Wonju-si, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Heesong Kim
- The National Forensic Service, Wonju-si, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Jeong Park
- Department of Cognitive Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Center for Systems and Translational Brain Sciences, Institute of Human Complexity and Systems Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- BK21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Pagnozzi AM, Pannek K, Fripp J, Fiori S, Boyd RN, Rose S. Understanding the impact of bilateral brain injury in children with unilateral cerebral palsy. Hum Brain Mapp 2020; 41:2794-2807. [PMID: 32134174 PMCID: PMC7294067 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of bilateral brain injury in patients with unilateral cerebral palsy (CP) may impact neuroplasticity in the ipsilateral hemisphere; however, this pattern of injury is typically under‐analyzed due to the lack of methods robust to severe injury. In this study, injury‐robust methods have been applied to structural brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data of a cohort of 91 children with unilateral CP (37 with unilateral and 54 with bilateral brain injury, 4–17 years) and 44 typically developing controls (5–17 years), to determine how brain structure is associated with concurrent motor function, and if these associations differ between patients with unilateral or bilateral injury. Regression models were used to associate these measures with two clinical scores of hand function, with patient age, gender, brain injury laterality, and interaction effects included. Significant associations with brain structure and motor function were observed (Pearson's r = .494–.716), implicating several regions of the motor pathway, and demonstrating an accurate prediction of hand function from MRI, regardless of the extent of brain injury. Reduced brain volumes were observed in patients with bilateral injury, including volumes of the thalamus and corpus callosum splenium, compared to those with unilateral injury, and the healthy controls. Increases in cortical thickness in several cortical regions were observed in cohorts with unilateral and bilateral injury compared to controls, potentially suggesting neuroplasticity might be occurring in the inferior frontal gyrus and the precuneus. These findings identify prospective useful target regions for transcranial magnetic stimulation intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alex M Pagnozzi
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, The Australian e-Health Research Centre, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Kerstin Pannek
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, The Australian e-Health Research Centre, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jurgen Fripp
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, The Australian e-Health Research Centre, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Roslyn N Boyd
- Queensland Cerebral Palsy and Rehabilitation Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Children's Health Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Stephen Rose
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, The Australian e-Health Research Centre, Brisbane, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
64
|
Asaridou SS, Demir-Lira ÖE, Goldin-Meadow S, Levine SC, Small SL. Language development and brain reorganization in a child born without the left hemisphere. Cortex 2020; 127:290-312. [PMID: 32259667 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2020.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We present a case of a 14-year-old girl born without the left hemisphere due to prenatal left internal carotid occlusion. We combined longitudinal language and cognitive assessments with functional and structural neuroimaging data to situate the case within age-matched, typically developing children. Despite having had a delay in getting language off the ground during the preschool years, our case performed within the normal range on a variety of standardized language tests, and exceptionally well on phonology and word reading, during the elementary and middle school years. Moreover, her spatial, number, and reasoning skills also fell in the average to above-average range based on assessments during these time periods. Functional MRI data revealed activation in right fronto-temporal areas when listening to short stories, resembling the bilateral activation patterns in age-matched typically developing children. Diffusion MRI data showed significantly larger dorsal white matter association tracts (the direct and anterior segments of the arcuate fasciculus) connecting areas active during language processing in her remaining right hemisphere, compared to either hemisphere in control children. We hypothesize that these changes in functional and structural brain organization are the result of compensatory brain plasticity, manifesting in unusually large right dorsal tracts, and exceptional performance in phonology, speech repetition, and decoding. More specifically, we posit that our case's large white matter connections might have played a compensatory role by providing fast and reliable transfer of information between cortical areas for language in the right hemisphere.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Salomi S Asaridou
- University of California, Irvine, Department of Neurology, Biological Sciences III, Irvine, CA, USA.
| | - Ö Ece Demir-Lira
- The University of Iowa, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, DeLTA Center, Iowa Neuroscience Institute, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Susan Goldin-Meadow
- Department of Psychology, Center for Gesture, Sign and Language, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Susan C Levine
- University of Chicago, Department of Psychology, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Steven L Small
- University of California, Irvine, Department of Neurology, Biological Sciences III, Irvine, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Abstract
The thalamus is a neural processor and integrator for the activities of the forebrain. Surprisingly, little is known about the roles of the "cerebellar" thalamus despite the anatomical observation that all the cortico-cerebello-cortical loops make relay in the main subnuclei of the thalamus. The thalamus displays a broad range of electrophysiological responses, such as neuronal spiking, bursting, or oscillatory rhythms, which contribute to precisely shape and to synchronize activities of cortical areas. We emphasize that the cerebellar thalamus deserves a renewal of interest to better understand its specific contributions to the cerebellar motor and associative functions, especially at a time where the anatomy between cerebellum and basal ganglia is being rewritten.
Collapse
|
66
|
Hadjivassiliou M, Croall ID, Zis P, Sarrigiannis PG, Sanders DS, Aeschlimann P, Grünewald RA, Armitage PA, Connolly D, Aeschlimann D, Hoggard N. Neurologic Deficits in Patients With Newly Diagnosed Celiac Disease Are Frequent and Linked With Autoimmunity to Transglutaminase 6. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 17:2678-2686.e2. [PMID: 30885888 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2019.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder induced by ingestion of gluten that affects 1% of the population and is characterized by gastrointestinal symptoms, weight loss, and anemia. We evaluated the presence of neurologic deficits and investigated whether the presence of antibodies to Transglutaminase 6 (TG6) increases the risk of neurologic defects in patients with a new diagnosis of celiac disease. METHODS We performed a prospective cohort study at a secondary-care gastroenterology center of 100 consecutive patients who received a new diagnosis of celiac disease based on gastroscopy and duodenal biopsy. We collected data on neurologic history, and patients were evaluated in a clinical examination along with magnetic resonance imaging of the brain, magnetic resonance (MR) spectroscopy of the cerebellum, and measurements of antibodies against TG6 in serum samples. The first 52 patients recruited underwent repeat MR spectroscopy at 1 year after a gluten-free diet (GFD). The primary aim was to establish if detection of antibodies against TG6 can be used to identify patients with celiac disease and neurologic dysfunction. RESULTS Gait instability was reported in 24% of the patients, persisting sensory symptoms in 12%, and frequent headaches in 42%. Gait ataxia was found in 29% of patients, nystagmus in 11%, and distal sensory loss in 10%. Sixty percent of patients had abnormal results from magnetic resonance imaging, 47% had abnormal results from MR spectroscopy of the cerebellum, and 25% had brain white matter lesions beyond that expected for their age group. Antibodies against TG6 were detected in serum samples from 40% of patients-these patients had significant atrophy of subcortical brain regions compared with patients without TG6 autoantibodies. In patients with abnormal results from MR spectroscopy of the cerebellum, those on the GFD had improvements detected in the repeat MR spectroscopy 1 year later. CONCLUSIONS In a prospective cohort study of patients with a new diagnosis of celiac disease at a gastroenterology clinic, neurologic deficits were common and 40% had circulating antibodies against TG6. We observed a significant reduction in volume of specific brain regions in patients with TG6 autoantibodies, providing evidence for a link between autoimmunity to TG6 and brain atrophy in patients with celiac disease. There is a need for early diagnosis, increased awareness of the neurologic manifestations among clinicians, and reinforcement of adherence to a strict GFD by patients to avoid permanent neurologic disability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marios Hadjivassiliou
- Academic Department of Neurosciences, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Sheffield, United Kingdom.
| | - Iain D Croall
- Department of Neuroradiology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals National Health Service Trust, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Panagiotis Zis
- Academic Department of Neurosciences, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Ptolemaios G Sarrigiannis
- Academic Department of Neurosciences, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - David S Sanders
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Pascale Aeschlimann
- Matrix Biology and Tissue Repair Research Unit, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Richard A Grünewald
- Academic Department of Neurosciences, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Paul A Armitage
- Department of Neuroradiology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals National Health Service Trust, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Connolly
- Department of Neuroradiology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals National Health Service Trust, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Aeschlimann
- Matrix Biology and Tissue Repair Research Unit, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Nigel Hoggard
- Department of Neuroradiology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals National Health Service Trust, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
Hemispheric Asymmetry of Globus Pallidus Relates to Alpha Modulation in Reward-Related Attentional Tasks. J Neurosci 2019; 39:9221-9236. [PMID: 31578234 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0610-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Whereas subcortical structures such as the basal ganglia have been widely explored in relation to motor control, recent evidence suggests that their mechanisms extend to the domain of attentional switching. We here investigated the subcortical involvement in reward related top-down control of visual alpha-band oscillations (8-13 Hz), which have been consistently linked to mechanisms supporting the allocation of visuospatial attention. Given that items associated with contextual saliency (e.g., monetary reward or loss) attract attention, it is not surprising that the acquired salience of visual items further modulates. The executive networks controlling such reward-dependent modulations of oscillatory brain activity have yet to be fully elucidated. Although such networks have been explored in terms of corticocortical interactions, subcortical regions are likely to be involved. To uncover this, we combined MRI and MEG data from 17 male and 11 female participants, investigating whether derived measures of subcortical structural asymmetries predict interhemispheric modulation of alpha power during a spatial attention task. We show that volumetric hemispheric lateralization of globus pallidus (GP) and thalamus (Th) explains individual hemispheric biases in the ability to modulate posterior alpha power. Importantly, for the GP, this effect became stronger when the value saliency parings in the task increased. Our findings suggest that the GP and Th in humans are part of a subcortical executive control network, differentially involved in modulating posterior alpha activity in the presence of saliency. Further investigation aimed at uncovering the interaction between subcortical and neocortical attentional networks would provide useful insight in future studies.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Whereas the involvement of subcortical regions into higher level cognitive processing, such as attention and reward attribution, has been already indicated in previous studies, little is known about its relationship with the functional oscillatory underpinnings of said processes. In particular, interhemispheric modulation of alpha band (8-13 Hz) oscillations, as recorded with magnetoencephalography, has been previously shown to vary as a function of salience (i.e., monetary reward/loss) in a spatial attention task. We here provide novel insights into the link between subcortical and cortical control of visual attention. Using the same reward-related spatial attention paradigm, we show that the volumetric lateralization of subcortical structures (specifically globus pallidus and thalamus) explains individual biases in the modulation of visual alpha activity.
Collapse
|
68
|
Sugimoto A, Yazawa S, Nakao K, Ochiai E, Suzuki Y, Iwao K, Okayama A, Ohi T, Tsuruta K. Eyes and hands oscillation in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder: A case report. J Neurol Sci 2019; 404:112-114. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2019.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
69
|
Capone F, Collorone S, Cortese R, Di Lazzaro V, Moccia M. Fatigue in multiple sclerosis: The role of thalamus. Mult Scler 2019; 26:6-16. [DOI: 10.1177/1352458519851247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Fatigue is very common in multiple sclerosis (MS) and is often considered as its most disabling symptom. Over the last 20 years, an increasing number of studies have evaluated the pathogenetic bases of MS-related fatigue. Converging evidence from neurophysiology and neuroimaging research suggests that a dysfunction in a cortico-subcortical pathway, centered on thalamus, is involved in the pathogenesis of fatigue. However, type and significance of such dysfunction remain unknown, and some studies reported an increase in the activity and connectivity within the thalamic network, whereas others suggested its reduction. Hereby, we review the results of neuroimaging studies supporting the different hypotheses about the role of thalamic network in the pathophysiology of MS-related fatigue and discuss limitations and shortcomings of available data, highlighting the key challenges in the field and the directions for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fioravante Capone
- Unit of Neurology, Neurophysiology, Neurobiology, Department of Medicine, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy/NeXT: Neurophysiology and Neuroengineering of Human-Technology Interaction Research Unit, Campus Bio-Medico University, Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Collorone
- NMR Research Unit, Queen Square MS Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Rosa Cortese
- NMR Research Unit, Queen Square MS Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Vincenzo Di Lazzaro
- Unit of Neurology, Neurophysiology, Neurobiology, Department of Medicine, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Marcello Moccia
- NMR Research Unit, Queen Square MS Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, UK/MS Clinical Care and Research Centre, Department of Neuroscience, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
70
|
Pandya S, Zeighami Y, Freeze B, Dadar M, Collins DL, Dagher A, Raj A. Predictive model of spread of Parkinson's pathology using network diffusion. Neuroimage 2019; 192:178-194. [PMID: 30851444 PMCID: PMC7180066 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests that a "prion-like" mechanism underlies the pathogenesis of many neurodegenerative disorders, including Parkinson's disease (PD). We extend and tailor previously developed quantitative and predictive network diffusion model (NDM) to PD, by specifically modeling the trans-neuronal spread of alpha-synuclein outward from the substantia nigra (SN). The model demonstrated the spatial and temporal patterns of PD from neuropathological and neuroimaging studies and was statistically validated using MRI deformation of 232 Parkinson's patients. After repeated seeding simulations, the SN was found to be the most likely seed region, supporting its unique lynchpin role in Parkinson's pathology spread. Other alternative spread models were also evaluated for comparison, specifically, random spread and distance-based spread; the latter tests for Braak's original caudorostral transmission theory. We showed that the distance-based spread model is not as well supported as the connectivity-based model. Intriguingly, the temporal sequencing of affected regions predicted by the model was in close agreement with Braak stages III-VI, providing what we consider a "computational Braak" staging system. Finally, we investigated whether the regional expression patterns of implicated genes contribute to regional atrophy. Despite robust evidence for genetic factors in PD pathogenesis, NDM outperformed regional genetic expression predictors, suggesting that network processes are far stronger mediators of regional vulnerability than innate or cell-autonomous factors. This is the first finding yet of the ramification of prion-like pathology propagation in Parkinson's, as gleaned from in vivo human imaging data. The NDM is potentially a promising robust and clinically useful tool for diagnosis, prognosis and staging of PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Pandya
- Department of Radiology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Y Zeighami
- Montreal Neurological Institute, Brain Imaging Centre, McGill University, Canada
| | - B Freeze
- Department of Radiology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - M Dadar
- Montreal Neurological Institute, Brain Imaging Centre, McGill University, Canada
| | - D L Collins
- Montreal Neurological Institute, Brain Imaging Centre, McGill University, Canada
| | - A Dagher
- Montreal Neurological Institute, Brain Imaging Centre, McGill University, Canada
| | - A Raj
- Department of Radiology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Radiology, UCSF School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
Tu S, Menke RAL, Talbot K, Kiernan MC, Turner MR. Regional thalamic MRI as a marker of widespread cortical pathology and progressive frontotemporal involvement in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2018; 89:1250-1258. [PMID: 30049750 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2018-318625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 07/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The thalamus is a major neural hub, with selective connections to virtually all cortical regions of the brain. The multisystem neurodegenerative syndrome amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) has pathogenic overlap with frontotemporal dementia, and objective in vivo markers of extra-motor pathological spread are lacking. To better consider the role of the thalamus in neurodegeneration, the present study assessed the integrity of the thalamus and its connectivity to major cortical regions of the brain in a longitudinal manner. METHODS Diffusion-based MRI tractography was used to parcellate the thalamus into distinct regions based on structural thalamo-cortical connectivity in 20 patients with ALS, half of whom were scanned at two time points, and 31 matched controls scanned on a single occasion. RESULTS At baseline, widespread diffusivity alterations in motor- and extramotor-associated thalamic parcellations were detectable. Longitudinal decline selectively affected thalamic regions associated with frontal and temporal lobe connectivity. Diffusivity measures were significantly correlated with clinical measures of disease burden. Progression of functional disability, as indicated by change on the ALS functional rating scale, was associated with longitudinal change in mean diffusivity of the right frontal lobe thalamic parcellation (r=0.59, p=0.05). CONCLUSIONS Regional thalamic connectivity changes mirror the progressive frontotemporal cortical involvement associated with the motor functional decline in ALS. Longitudinal MRI thalamic parcellation has potential as a non-invasive surrogate marker of cortical dysfunction in ALS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sicong Tu
- Brain and Mind Centre, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia .,Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ricarda A L Menke
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Kevin Talbot
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Matthew C Kiernan
- Brain and Mind Centre, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Martin R Turner
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK .,Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
72
|
Hardwick RM, Caspers S, Eickhoff SB, Swinnen SP. Neural correlates of action: Comparing meta-analyses of imagery, observation, and execution. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 94:31-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 289] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
73
|
Shirinbayan SI, Dreyer AM, Rieger JW. Cortical and subcortical areas involved in the regulation of reach movement speed in the human brain: An fMRI study. Hum Brain Mapp 2018; 40:151-162. [PMID: 30251771 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Reach movements are characterized by multiple kinematic variables that can change with age or due to medical conditions such as movement disorders. While the neural control of reach direction is well investigated, the elements of the neural network regulating speed (the nondirectional component of velocity) remain uncertain. Here, we used a custom made magnetic resonance (MR)-compatible arm movement tracking system to capture the real kinematics of the arm movements while measuring brain activation with functional magnetic resonance imaging to reveal areas in the human brain in which BOLD-activation covaries with the speed of arm movements. We found significant activation in multiple cortical and subcortical brain regions positively correlated with endpoint (wrist) speed (speed-related activation), including contralateral premotor cortex (PMC), supplementary motor area (SMA), thalamus (putative VL/VA nuclei), and bilateral putamen. The hand and arm regions of primary sensorimotor cortex (SMC) and a posterior region of thalamus were significantly activated by reach movements but showed a more binary response characteristics (movement present or absent) than with continuously varying speed. Moreover, a subregion of contralateral SMA also showed binary movement activation but no speed-related BOLD-activation. Effect size analysis revealed bilateral putamen as the most speed-specific region among the speed-related clusters whereas primary SMC showed the strongest specificity for movement versus non-movement discrimination, independent of speed variations. The results reveal a network of multiple cortical and subcortical brain regions that are involved in speed regulation among which putamen, anterior thalamus, and PMC show highest specificity to speed, suggesting a basal-ganglia-thalamo-cortical loop for speed regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexander M Dreyer
- Department of Psychology, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Jochem W Rieger
- Department of Psychology, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
74
|
Tanaka YH, Tanaka YR, Kondo M, Terada SI, Kawaguchi Y, Matsuzaki M. Thalamocortical Axonal Activity in Motor Cortex Exhibits Layer-Specific Dynamics during Motor Learning. Neuron 2018; 100:244-258.e12. [PMID: 30174116 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The thalamus is the hub through which neural signals are transmitted from the basal ganglia and cerebellum to the neocortex. However, thalamocortical axonal activity during motor learning remains largely undescribed. We conducted two-photon calcium imaging of thalamocortical axonal activity in the motor cortex of mice learning a self-initiated lever-pull task. Layer 1 (L1) axons came to exhibit activity at lever-pull initiation and termination, while layer 3 (L3) axons did so at lever-pull initiation. L1 population activity had a sequence structure related to both lever-pull duration and reproducibility. Stimulation of the substantia nigra pars reticulata activated more L1 than L3 axons, whereas deep cerebellar nuclei (DCN) stimulation did the opposite. Lesions to either the dorsal striatum or the DCN impaired motor learning and disrupted temporal dynamics in both layers. Thus, layer-specific thalamocortical signals evolve with the progression of learning, which requires both the basal ganglia and cerebellar activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyo H Tanaka
- Division of Brain Circuits, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan; CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan; Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro R Tanaka
- Division of Brain Circuits, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan; CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan; Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masashi Kondo
- Division of Brain Circuits, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan; Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro Terada
- Division of Brain Circuits, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan; Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yasuo Kawaguchi
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan; SOKENDAI (the Graduate University of Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Japan; Division of Cerebral Circuitry, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Masanori Matsuzaki
- Division of Brain Circuits, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan; CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan; Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; SOKENDAI (the Graduate University of Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Japan; International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN), The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study, Tokyo, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
75
|
Steeb B, García-Cordero I, Huizing MC, Collazo L, Borovinsky G, Ferrari J, Cuitiño MM, Ibáñez A, Sedeño L, García AM. Progressive Compromise of Nouns and Action Verbs in Posterior Cortical Atrophy. Front Psychol 2018; 9:1345. [PMID: 30123155 PMCID: PMC6085559 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Processing of nouns and action verbs can be differentially compromised following lesions to posterior and anterior/motor brain regions, respectively. However, little is known about how these deficits progress in the course of neurodegeneration. To address this issue, we assessed productive lexical skills in a patient with posterior cortical atrophy (PCA) at two different stages of his pathology. On both occasions, he underwent a structural brain imaging protocol and completed semantic fluency tasks requiring retrieval of animals (nouns) and actions (verbs). Imaging results were compared with those of controls via voxel-based morphometry (VBM), whereas fluency performance was compared to age-matched norms through Crawford's t-tests. In the first assessment, the patient exhibited atrophy of more posterior regions supporting multimodal semantics (medial temporal and lingual gyri), together with a selective deficit in noun fluency. Then, by the second assessment, the patient's atrophy had progressed mainly toward fronto-motor regions (rolandic operculum, inferior and superior frontal gyri) and subcortical motor hubs (cerebellum, thalamus), and his fluency impairments had extended to action verbs. These results offer unprecedented evidence of the specificity of the pathways related to noun and action-verb impairments in the course of neurodegeneration, highlighting the latter's critical dependence on damage to regions supporting motor functions, as opposed to multimodal semantic processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Steeb
- Laboratory of Language Research (LILEN), Institute of Cognitive and Translational Neuroscience (INCYT), INECO Foundation, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Indira García-Cordero
- Laboratory of Experimental Psychology and Neuroscience (LPEN), Institute of Cognitive and Translational Neuroscience (INCYT), INECO Foundation, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marjolein C Huizing
- Laboratory of Language Research (LILEN), Institute of Cognitive and Translational Neuroscience (INCYT), INECO Foundation, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lucas Collazo
- Laboratory of Language Research (LILEN), Institute of Cognitive and Translational Neuroscience (INCYT), INECO Foundation, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Geraldine Borovinsky
- Laboratory of Language Research (LILEN), Institute of Cognitive and Translational Neuroscience (INCYT), INECO Foundation, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jesica Ferrari
- Department of Language Speech, Institute of Cognitive Neurology, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Macarena M Cuitiño
- Laboratory of Language Research (LILEN), Institute of Cognitive and Translational Neuroscience (INCYT), INECO Foundation, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Faculty of Psychology, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Faculty of Psychology, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Agustín Ibáñez
- Laboratory of Experimental Psychology and Neuroscience (LPEN), Institute of Cognitive and Translational Neuroscience (INCYT), INECO Foundation, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Universidad Autónoma del Caribe, Barranquilla, Colombia.,Center for Social and Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Psychology, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago de Chile, Chile.,Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, Australian Research Council, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Lucas Sedeño
- Laboratory of Experimental Psychology and Neuroscience (LPEN), Institute of Cognitive and Translational Neuroscience (INCYT), INECO Foundation, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Adolfo M García
- Laboratory of Experimental Psychology and Neuroscience (LPEN), Institute of Cognitive and Translational Neuroscience (INCYT), INECO Foundation, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Faculty of Education, National University of Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
76
|
Nicholson DA, Roberts TF, Sober SJ. Thalamostriatal and cerebellothalamic pathways in a songbird, the Bengalese finch. J Comp Neurol 2018; 526:1550-1570. [PMID: 29520771 PMCID: PMC5899675 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The thalamostriatal system is a major network in the mammalian brain, originating principally from the intralaminar nuclei of thalamus. Its functions remain unclear, but a subset of these projections provides a pathway through which the cerebellum communicates with the basal ganglia. Both the cerebellum and basal ganglia play crucial roles in motor control. Although songbirds have yielded key insights into the neural basis of vocal learning, it is unknown whether a thalamostriatal system exists in the songbird brain. Thalamic nucleus DLM is an important part of the song system, the network of nuclei required for learning and producing song. DLM receives output from song system basal ganglia nucleus Area X and sits within dorsal thalamus, the proposed avian homolog of the mammalian intralaminar nuclei that also receives projections from the cerebellar nuclei. Using a viral vector that specifically labels presynaptic axon segments, we show in Bengalese finches that dorsal thalamus projects to Area X, the basal ganglia nucleus of the song system, and to surrounding medial striatum. To identify the sources of thalamic input to Area X, we map DLM and cerebellar-recipient dorsal thalamus (DTCbN ). Surprisingly, we find both DLM and dorsal anterior DTCbN adjacent to DLM project to Area X. In contrast, the ventral medial subregion of DTCbN projects to medial striatum outside Area X. Our results suggest the basal ganglia in the song system, like the mammalian basal ganglia, integrate feedback from the thalamic region to which they project as well as thalamic regions that receive cerebellar output.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David A Nicholson
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Emory University, Atlanta, 30322, Georgia
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, 30322, Georgia
| | - Todd F Roberts
- Department of Neuroscience, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, 75390-9111
| | - Samuel J Sober
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, 30322, Georgia
| |
Collapse
|
77
|
Sarappa C, Salvatore E, Filla A, Cocozza S, Russo CV, Saccà F, Brunetti A, De Michele G, Quarantelli M. Functional MRI signal fluctuations highlight altered resting brain activity in Huntington's disease. Brain Imaging Behav 2018; 11:1459-1469. [PMID: 27734308 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-016-9630-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The fractional Amplitude of Low Frequency Fluctuations (fALFF) and the degree of local synchronization (Regional Homogeneity - ReHo) of resting-state BOLD signal have been suggested to map spontaneous neuronal activity and local functional connectivity, respectively. We compared voxelwise, independent of atrophy, the fALFF and ReHo patterns of 11 presymptomatic (ps-HD) and 28 symptomatic (sHD) Huntington's disease mutation carriers, with those of 40 normal volunteers, and tested their possible correlations with the motor and cognitive subscores of the Unified Huntington's Disease Rating Scale. In sHD patients, fALFF was mainly reduced bilaterally in parietal lobes (right precuneus being already affected in psHD), and in superior frontal gyri, and increased bilaterally in cerebellar lobules VI, VIII and IX, as well as in the right inferior temporal gyrus. In sHD, and to a lesser extent in psHD, ReHo was bilaterally reduced in putamina, cerebellar lobules III to VI, and superior medial frontal gyri, and increased in both psHD and sHD in fronto-basal cortices, and in the right temporal lobe. fALFF correlated inversely with cognitive scores in lobule IX of the cerebellum (mainly with total Stroop score, p < 0.0001), and in the medial portions of both thalami. These results are consistent with a reduced neuronal activity in the cortical components of the executive networks, known to be affected in Huntington's Disease, and with reduced local functional integration in subcortical and cerebellar components of the sensori-motor network. Cerebellar clusters of significant correlation of fALFF with executive function scores may be related to compensatory mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Sarappa
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University "Federico II", Edificio 10, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Elena Salvatore
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University "Federico II", Edificio 17, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandro Filla
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University "Federico II", Edificio 17, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Sirio Cocozza
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University "Federico II", Edificio 10, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Cinzia Valeria Russo
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University "Federico II", Edificio 17, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Saccà
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University "Federico II", Edificio 17, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Arturo Brunetti
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University "Federico II", Edificio 10, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe De Michele
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University "Federico II", Edificio 17, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Mario Quarantelli
- Biostructure and Bioimaging Institute, National Research Council, Via T. De Amicis 95, 80145, Naples, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
78
|
Hayat TTA, Rutherford MA. Neuroimaging perspectives on fetal motor behavior. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 92:390-401. [PMID: 29886176 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We are entering a new era of understanding human development with the ability to perform studies at the earliest time points possible. There is a substantial body of evidence to support the concept that early motor behaviour originates from supraspinal motor centres, reflects neurological integrity, and that altered patterns of behaviour precede clinical manifestation of disease. Cine Magnetic Resonance Imaging (cineMRI) has established its value as a novel method to visualise motor behaviour in the human fetus, building on the wealth of knowledge gleaned from ultrasound based studies. This paper presents a state of the art review incorporating findings from human and preclinical models, the insights from which, we propose, can proceed a reconceptualisation of fetal motor behaviour using advanced imaging techniques. Foremost is the need to better understand the role of the intrauterine environment, and its inherent unique set of stimuli that activate sensorimotor pathways and shape early brain development. Finally, an improved model of early motor development, combined with multimodal imaging, will provide a novel source of in utero biomarkers predictive of neurodevelopmental disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tayyib T A Hayat
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom.
| | - Mary A Rutherford
- Centre for the Developing Brain, Perinatal Imaging & Health, Imaging Sciences & Biomedical Engineering Division, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
79
|
Hua AY, Sible IJ, Perry DC, Rankin KP, Kramer JH, Miller BL, Rosen HJ, Sturm VE. Enhanced Positive Emotional Reactivity Undermines Empathy in Behavioral Variant Frontotemporal Dementia. Front Neurol 2018; 9:402. [PMID: 29915557 PMCID: PMC5994409 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by profound changes in emotions and empathy. Although most patients with bvFTD become less sensitive to negative emotional cues, some patients become more sensitive to positive emotional stimuli. We investigated whether dysregulated positive emotions in bvFTD undermine empathy by making it difficult for patients to share (emotional empathy), recognize (cognitive empathy), and respond (real-world empathy) to emotions in others. Fifty-one participants (26 patients with bvFTD and 25 healthy controls) viewed photographs of neutral, positive, negative, and self-conscious emotional faces and then identified the emotions displayed in the photographs. We used facial electromyography to measure automatic, sub-visible activity in two facial muscles during the task: Zygomaticus major (ZM), which is active during positive emotional reactions (i.e., smiling), and Corrugator supercilii (CS), which is active during negative emotional reactions (i.e., frowning). Participants rated their baseline positive and negative emotional experience before the task, and informants rated participants' real-world empathic behavior on the Interpersonal Reactivity Index. The majority of participants also underwent structural magnetic resonance imaging. A mixed effects model found a significant diagnosis X trial interaction: patients with bvFTD showed greater ZM reactivity to neutral, negative (disgust and surprise), self-conscious (proud), and positive (happy) faces than healthy controls. There was no main effect of diagnosis or diagnosis X trial interaction on CS reactivity. Compared to healthy controls, patients with bvFTD had impaired emotion recognition. Multiple regression analyses revealed that greater ZM reactivity predicted worse negative emotion recognition and worse real-world empathy. At baseline, positive emotional experience was higher in bvFTD than healthy controls and also predicted worse negative emotion recognition. Voxel-based morphometry analyses found that smaller volume in the thalamus, midcingulate cortex, posterior insula, anterior temporal pole, amygdala, precentral gyrus, and inferior frontal gyrus—structures that support emotion generation, interoception, and emotion regulation—was associated with greater ZM reactivity in bvFTD. These findings suggest that dysregulated positive emotional reactivity may relate to reduced empathy in bvFTD by making patients less likely to tune their reactions to the social context and to share, recognize, and respond to others' feelings and needs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alice Y Hua
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Isabel J Sible
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - David C Perry
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Katherine P Rankin
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Joel H Kramer
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Bruce L Miller
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Howard J Rosen
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Virginia E Sturm
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
80
|
Changes in sensorimotor-related thalamic diffusion properties and cerebrospinal fluid hydrodynamics predict gait responses to tap test in idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus. Eur Radiol 2018; 28:4504-4513. [PMID: 29736847 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-018-5488-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare diffusion tensor (DT)-derived indices from the thalamic nuclei and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) hydrodynamic parameters for the prediction of gait responsiveness to the CSF tap test in early iNPH patients. METHODS In this study, 22 patients with iNPH and 16 normal controls were enrolled with the approval of an institutional review board. DT imaging and phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging were performed in patients and controls to determine DT-related indices of the sensorimotor-related thalamic nuclei and CSF hydrodynamics. Gait performance was assessed in patients using gait scale before and after the tap test. The Mann-Whitney U test and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis were applied to compare group differences between patients and controls and assess the predictive performance of gait responsiveness to the tap test in the patients. RESULTS Fractional anisotropy (FA) and axial diffusivity showed significant increases in the ventrolateral (VL) and ventroposterolateral (VPL) nuclei of the iNPH group compared with those of the control group (p < 0.05). The predictions of gait responsiveness of ventral thalamic FA alone (area under the ROC curve [AUC] < 0.8) significantly outperformed those of CSF hydrodynamics alone (AUC < 0.6). The AUC curve was elevated to 0.812 when the CSF peak systolic velocity and FA value were combined for the VPL nucleus, yielding the highest sensitivity (0.769) and specificity (0.778) to predict gait responses. CONCLUSIONS Combined measurements of sensorimotor-related thalamic FA and CSF hydrodynamics can provide potential biomarkers for gait response to the CSF tap test in patients with iNPH. KEY POINTS • Ventrolateral and ventroposterolateral thalamic FA may predict gait responsiveness to tap test. • Thalamic neuroplasticity can be assessed through DTI in idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus. • Changes in the CST associated with gait control could trigger thalamic neuroplasticity. • Activities of sensorimotor-related circuits could alter in patients with gait disturbance. • Management of patients with iNPH could be more appropriate.
Collapse
|
81
|
Schulz L, Ischebeck A, Wriessnegger SC, Steyrl D, Müller-Putz GR. Action affordances and visuo-spatial complexity in motor imagery: An fMRI study. Brain Cogn 2018; 124:37-46. [PMID: 29723681 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2018.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Imagining a complex action requires not only motor-related processing but also visuo-spatial imagery. In the current study, we examined visuo-spatial complexity and action affordances in motor imagery (MI). Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we investigated the neural activity in MI of reach-to-grasp movements of the right hand in five conditions. Thirty participants were scanned while imagining grasping an everyday object, grasping a geometrical shape, grasping next to an everyday object, grasping next to a geometrical shape, and grasping at nothing (no object involved). We found that MI of grasping next to an object recruited the visuo-spatial cognition network including posterior parietal and premotor regions more strongly than MI of grasping an object. This indicates that grasping next to an object requires additional processing resources rendering MI more complex. MI of a grasping movement involving a familiar everyday object compared to a geometrical shape yielded stronger activation in motor-related regions, including the bilateral supplementary motor area. This activation might be due to inhibitory processes preventing motor execution of motor scripts evoked by everyday objects (action affordances). Our results indicate that visuo-spatial cognition plays a significant role in MI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Schulz
- Institute of Neural Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 16/IV, 8010 Graz, Austria; Institute of Psychology, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Anja Ischebeck
- Institute of Psychology, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, 8010 Graz, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Selina C Wriessnegger
- Institute of Neural Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 16/IV, 8010 Graz, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria.
| | - David Steyrl
- Institute of Neural Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 16/IV, 8010 Graz, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Gernot R Müller-Putz
- Institute of Neural Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 16/IV, 8010 Graz, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
82
|
Camilleri JA, Müller VI, Fox P, Laird AR, Hoffstaedter F, Kalenscher T, Eickhoff SB. Definition and characterization of an extended multiple-demand network. Neuroimage 2018; 165:138-147. [PMID: 29030105 PMCID: PMC5732056 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroimaging evidence suggests that executive functions (EF) depend on brain regions that are not closely tied to specific cognitive demands but rather to a wide range of behaviors. A multiple-demand (MD) system has been proposed, consisting of regions showing conjoint activation across multiple demands. Additionally, a number of studies defining networks specific to certain cognitive tasks suggest that the MD system may be composed of a number of sub-networks each subserving specific roles within the system. We here provide a robust definition of an extended MDN (eMDN) based on task-dependent and task-independent functional connectivity analyses seeded from regions previously shown to be convergently recruited across neuroimaging studies probing working memory, attention and inhibition, i.e., the proposed key components of EF. Additionally, we investigated potential sub-networks within the eMDN based on their connectional and functional similarities. We propose an eMDN network consisting of a core whose integrity should be crucial to performance of most operations that are considered higher cognitive or EF. This then recruits additional areas depending on specific demands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J A Camilleri
- Research Centre Jülich, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1,7), 52425 Jülich, Germany; Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - V I Müller
- Research Centre Jülich, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1,7), 52425 Jülich, Germany; Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - P Fox
- Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Texas, United States
| | - A R Laird
- Department of Physics, Florida International University, Miami, United States
| | - F Hoffstaedter
- Research Centre Jülich, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1,7), 52425 Jülich, Germany; Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - T Kalenscher
- Institute of Comparative Psychology, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf Germany
| | - S B Eickhoff
- Research Centre Jülich, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1,7), 52425 Jülich, Germany; Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
83
|
Impieri D, Gamberini M, Passarelli L, Rosa MGP, Galletti C. Thalamo‐cortical projections to the macaque superior parietal lobule areas PEc and PE. J Comp Neurol 2018; 526:1041-1056. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.24389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Impieri
- Department of Pharmacy and BiotechnologyUniversity of BolognaBologna40126 Italy
| | - Michela Gamberini
- Department of Pharmacy and BiotechnologyUniversity of BolognaBologna40126 Italy
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor SciencesUniversity of BolognaBologna40126 Italy
| | - Lauretta Passarelli
- Department of Pharmacy and BiotechnologyUniversity of BolognaBologna40126 Italy
| | - Marcello G. P. Rosa
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of PhysiologyMonash UniversityClayton Victoria3800 Australia
- Australian Research Council, Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Monash University NodeClayton Victoria3800 Australia
| | - Claudio Galletti
- Department of Pharmacy and BiotechnologyUniversity of BolognaBologna40126 Italy
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor SciencesUniversity of BolognaBologna40126 Italy
| |
Collapse
|
84
|
Yeganeh Doost M, Orban de Xivry JJ, Bihin B, Vandermeeren Y. Two Processes in Early Bimanual Motor Skill Learning. Front Hum Neurosci 2017; 11:618. [PMID: 29326573 PMCID: PMC5742346 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Most daily activities are bimanual and their efficient performance requires learning and retention of bimanual coordination. Despite in-depth knowledge of the various stages of motor skill learning in general, how new bimanual coordination control policies are established is still unclear. We designed a new cooperative bimanual task in which subjects had to move a cursor across a complex path (a circuit) as fast and as accurately as possible through coordinated bimanual movements. By looking at the transfer of the skill between different circuits and by looking at training with varying circuits, we identified two processes in early bimanual motor learning. Loss of performance due to the switch in circuit after 15 min of training amounted to 20%, which suggests that a significant portion of improvements in bimanual performance is specific to the used circuit (circuit-specific skill). In contrast, the loss of performance due to the switch in circuit was 5% after 4 min of training. This suggests that learning the new bimanual coordination control policy dominates early in the training and is independent of the used circuit. Finally, switching between two circuits throughout training did not affect the early stage of learning (i.e., the first few minutes), but did affect the later stage. Together, these results suggest that early bimanual motor skill learning includes two different processes. Learning the new bimanual coordination control policy predominates in the first minutes whereas circuit-specific skill improvements unfold later in parallel with further improvements in the bimanual coordination control policy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maral Yeganeh Doost
- CHU UCL Namur, Stroke Unit/NeuroModulation Unit, Department of Neurology, Université catholique de Louvain, Yvoir, Belgium.,NEUR Division, Institute of NeuroScience, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.,Louvain Bionics, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Jean-Jacques Orban de Xivry
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Benoît Bihin
- Scientific Support Unit, CHU UCL Namur, Université catholique de Louvain, Yvoir, Belgium
| | - Yves Vandermeeren
- CHU UCL Namur, Stroke Unit/NeuroModulation Unit, Department of Neurology, Université catholique de Louvain, Yvoir, Belgium.,NEUR Division, Institute of NeuroScience, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.,Louvain Bionics, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
85
|
Seo D, Ahluwalia A, Potenza MN, Sinha R. Gender differences in neural correlates of stress-induced anxiety. J Neurosci Res 2017; 95:115-125. [PMID: 27870417 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Although gender differences have been identified as a crucial factor for understanding stress-related anxiety and associated clinical disorders, the neural mechanisms underlying these differences remain unclear. To explore gender differences in the neural correlates of stress-induced anxiety, the current study used functional magnetic resonance imaging to examine brain responses in 96 healthy men and women with commensurable levels of trait anxiety as they engaged in a personalized guided imagery paradigm to provoke stress and neutral-relaxing experiences. During the task, a significant gender main effect emerged, with men displaying greater responses in the caudate, cingulate gyrus, midbrain, thalamus, and cerebellum. In contrast, women showed greater responses in the posterior insula, temporal gyrus, and occipital lobe. Additionally, a significant anxiety ratings × gender interaction from whole-brain regression analyses was observed in the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, left inferior parietal lobe, left temporal gyrus, occipital gyrus, and cerebellum (P < 0.05, whole-brain family-wise error corrected), with positive associations between activity in these regions and stress-induced anxiety in women, but negative associations in men, indicating that men and women differentially use neural resources when experiencing stress-induced anxiety. The findings suggest that in response to stress, there is a greater use of the medial prefrontal-parietal cortices in experiencing subjective anxiety in women, while decreased use of this circuit was associated with increased subjective anxiety states in men. The current study has implications for understanding gender-specific differences in stress-induced anxiety and vulnerability to stress-related clinical disorders, and for developing more effective treatment strategies tailored to each gender. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongju Seo
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.,Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, Connecticut
| | | | - Marc N Potenza
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.,Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, Connecticut.,Department of Neuroscience and Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.,National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse (CASAColumbia), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Rajita Sinha
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.,Department of Neuroscience and Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| |
Collapse
|
86
|
Abstract
The motor cortex is far from a stable conduit for motor commands and instead undergoes significant changes during learning. An understanding of motor cortex plasticity has been advanced greatly using rodents as experimental animals. Two major focuses of this research have been on the connectivity and activity of the motor cortex. The motor cortex exhibits structural changes in response to learning, and substantial evidence has implicated the local formation and maintenance of new synapses as crucial substrates of motor learning. This synaptic reorganization translates into changes in spiking activity, which appear to result in a modification and refinement of the relationship between motor cortical activity and movement. This review presents the progress that has been made using rodents to establish the motor cortex as an adaptive structure that supports motor learning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Peters
- Neurobiology Section, Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, and Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093; , ,
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London EC1V 9EL, United Kingdom
| | - Haixin Liu
- Neurobiology Section, Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, and Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093; , ,
| | - Takaki Komiyama
- Neurobiology Section, Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, and Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093; , ,
| |
Collapse
|
87
|
Seigneur E, Südhof TC. Cerebellins are differentially expressed in selective subsets of neurons throughout the brain. J Comp Neurol 2017; 525:3286-3311. [PMID: 28714144 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cerebellins are secreted hexameric proteins that form tripartite complexes with the presynaptic cell-adhesion molecules neurexins or 'deleted-in-colorectal-cancer', and the postsynaptic glutamate-receptor-related proteins GluD1 and GluD2. These tripartite complexes are thought to regulate synapses. However, cerebellins are expressed in multiple isoforms whose relative distributions and overall functions are not understood. Three of the four cerebellins, Cbln1, Cbln2, and Cbln4, autonomously assemble into homohexamers, whereas the Cbln3 requires Cbln1 for assembly and secretion. Here, we show that Cbln1, Cbln2, and Cbln4 are abundantly expressed in nearly all brain regions, but exhibit strikingly different expression patterns and developmental dynamics. Using newly generated knockin reporter mice for Cbln2 and Cbln4, we find that Cbln2 and Cbln4 are not universally expressed in all neurons, but only in specific subsets of neurons. For example, Cbln2 and Cbln4 are broadly expressed in largely non-overlapping subpopulations of excitatory cortical neurons, but only sparse expression was observed in excitatory hippocampal neurons of the CA1- or CA3-region. Similarly, Cbln2 and Cbln4 are selectively expressed, respectively, in inhibitory interneurons and excitatory mitral projection neurons of the main olfactory bulb; here, these two classes of neurons form dendrodendritic reciprocal synapses with each other. A few brain regions, such as the nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract, exhibit astoundingly high Cbln2 expression levels. Viewed together, our data show that cerebellins are abundantly expressed in relatively small subsets of neurons, suggesting specific roles restricted to subsets of synapses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erica Seigneur
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Physiology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, California
| | - Thomas C Südhof
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Physiology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, California
| |
Collapse
|
88
|
Schiffler P, Tenberge JG, Wiendl H, Meuth SG. Cortex Parcellation Associated Whole White Matter Parcellation in Individual Subjects. Front Hum Neurosci 2017; 11:352. [PMID: 28729829 PMCID: PMC5498510 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The investigation of specific white matter areas is a growing field in neurological research and is typically achieved through the use of atlases. However, the definition of anatomically based regions remains challenging for the white matter and thus hinders region-specific analysis in individual subjects. In this article, we focus on creating a whole white matter parcellation method for individual subjects where these areas can be associated to cortex regions. This is done by combining cortex parcellation and fiber tracking data. By tracking fibers out of each cortex region and labeling the fibers according to their origin, we populate a candidate image. We then derive the white matter parcellation by classifying each white matter voxel according to the distribution of labels in the corresponding voxel from the candidate image. The parcellation of the white matter with the presented method is highly reliable and is not as dependent on registration as with white matter atlases. This method allows for the parcellation of the whole white matter into individual cortex region associated areas and, therefore, associates white matter alterations to cortex regions. In addition, we compare the results from the presented method to existing atlases. The areas generated by the presented method are not as sharply defined as the areas in most existing atlases; however, they are computed directly in the DWI space of the subject and, therefore, do not suffer from distortion caused by registration. The presented approach might be a promising tool for clinical and basic research to investigate modalities or system specific micro structural alterations of white matter areas in a quantitative manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Schiffler
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital MünsterMünster, Germany
| | - Jan-Gerd Tenberge
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital MünsterMünster, Germany
| | - Heinz Wiendl
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital MünsterMünster, Germany
| | - Sven G Meuth
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital MünsterMünster, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
89
|
Drummond NM, Hayduk-Costa G, Leguerrier A, Carlsen AN. Effector-independent reduction in choice reaction time following bi-hemispheric transcranial direct current stimulation over motor cortex. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172714. [PMID: 28263998 PMCID: PMC5338788 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased reaction times (RT) during choice-RT tasks stem from a requirement for additional processing as well as reduced motor-specific preparatory activation. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) can modulate primary motor cortex excitability, increasing (anodal stimulation) or decreasing (cathodal stimulation) excitability in underlying cortical tissue. The present study investigated whether lateralized differences in choice-RT would result from the concurrent modulation of left and right motor cortices using bi-hemispheric tDCS. Participants completed a choice-RT task requiring either a left or right wrist extension. In forced-choice trials an illuminated target indicated the required response, whereas in free-choice trials participants freely selected either response upon illumination of a central fixation. Following a pre-test trial block, offline bi-hemispheric tDCS (1 mA) was applied over the left and right motor cortices for 10 minutes, which was followed by a post-tDCS block of RT trials. Twelve participants completed three experimental sessions, two with real tDCS (anode right, anode left), as well as a sham tDCS session. Post-tDCS results showed faster RTs for both right and left responses irrespective of tDCS polarity during forced-choice trials, while sham tDCS had no effect. In contrast, no stimulation-related RT or response selection differences were observed in free-choice trials. The present study shows evidence of an effector-independent speeding of response initiation in a forced-choice RT task following bi-hemispheric tDCS and yields novel information regarding the functional effect of bi-hemispheric tDCS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neil M. Drummond
- School of Human Kinetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gabrielle Hayduk-Costa
- School of Human Kinetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alexandra Leguerrier
- School of Human Kinetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anthony N. Carlsen
- School of Human Kinetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail: ,
| |
Collapse
|
90
|
Ramírez-Rodríguez R, Tecamachaltzi-Silvaran MB, Díaz-Estrada VX, Chena-Becerra F, Herrera-Covarrubias D, Paredes-Ramos P, Manzo J, Garcia LI, Coria-Avila GA. Heterosexual experience prevents the development of conditioned same-sex partner preference in male rats. Behav Processes 2017; 136:43-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2017.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
91
|
Coria-Avila GA, Herrera-Covarrubias D, Ismail N, Pfaus JG. The role of orgasm in the development and shaping of partner preferences. SOCIOAFFECTIVE NEUROSCIENCE & PSYCHOLOGY 2016; 6:31815. [PMID: 27799080 PMCID: PMC5087697 DOI: 10.3402/snp.v6.31815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effect of orgasm on the development and shaping of partner preferences may involve a catalysis of the neurochemical mechanisms of bonding. Therefore, understanding such process is relevant for neuroscience and psychology. METHODS A systematic review was carried out using the terms Orgasm, Sexual Reward, Partner Preference, Pair Bonding, Brain, Learning, Sex, Copulation. RESULTS In humans, concentrations of arousing neurotransmitters and potential bonding neurotransmitters increase during orgasm in the cerebrospinal fluid and the bloodstream. Similarly, studies in animals indicate that those neurotransmitters (noradrenaline, oxytocin, prolactin) and others (e.g. dopamine, opioids, serotonin) modulate the appetitive and consummatory phases of sexual behavior and reward. This suggests a link between the experience of orgasm/sexual reward and the neurochemical mechanisms of pair bonding. Orgasm/reward functions as an unconditioned stimulus (UCS). Some areas in the nervous system function as UCS-detection centers, which become activated during orgasm. Partner-related cues function as conditioned stimuli (CS) and are processed in CS-detector centers. CONCLUSIONS Throughout the article, we discuss how UCS- and CS-detection centers must interact to facilitate memory consolidation and produce recognition and motivation during future social encounters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Deissy Herrera-Covarrubias
- Centro de Investigaciones Cerebrales, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Mexico
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Nafissa Ismail
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - James G Pfaus
- Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology, Concordia University, Montréal, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
92
|
Maximova OA, Bernbaum JG, Pletnev AG. West Nile Virus Spreads Transsynaptically within the Pathways of Motor Control: Anatomical and Ultrastructural Mapping of Neuronal Virus Infection in the Primate Central Nervous System. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004980. [PMID: 27617450 PMCID: PMC5019496 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background During recent West Nile virus (WNV) outbreaks in the US, half of the reported cases were classified as neuroinvasive disease. WNV neuroinvasion is proposed to follow two major routes: hematogenous and/or axonal transport along the peripheral nerves. How virus spreads once within the central nervous system (CNS) remains unknown. Methodology/Principal Findings Using immunohistochemistry, we examined the expression of viral antigens in the CNS of rhesus monkeys that were intrathalamically inoculated with a wild-type WNV. The localization of WNV within the CNS was mapped to specific neuronal groups and anatomical structures. The neurological functions related to structures containing WNV-labeled neurons were reviewed and summarized. Intraneuronal localization of WNV was investigated by electron microscopy. The known anatomical connectivity of WNV-labeled neurons was used to reconstruct the directionality of WNV spread within the CNS using a connectogram design. Anatomical mapping revealed that all structures identified as containing WNV-labeled neurons belonged to the pathways of motor control. Ultrastructurally, virions were found predominantly within vesicular structures (including autophagosomes) in close vicinity to the axodendritic synapses, either at pre- or post-synaptic positions (axonal terminals and dendritic spines, respectively), strongly indicating transsynaptic spread of the virus between connected neurons. Neuronal connectivity-based reconstruction of the directionality of transsynaptic virus spread suggests that, within the CNS, WNV can utilize both anterograde and retrograde axonal transport to infect connected neurons. Conclusions/Significance This study offers a new insight into the neuropathogenesis of WNV infection in a primate model that closely mimics WNV encephalomyelitis in humans. We show that within the primate CNS, WNV primarily infects the anatomical structures and pathways responsible for the control of movement. Our findings also suggest that WNV most likely propagates within the CNS transsynaptically, by both, anterograde and retrograde axonal transport. West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne neurotropic flavivirus that has emerged as a human pathogen of global scale. During recent WNV outbreaks in the US, half of the reported human cases were classified as neuroinvasive disease. Although much research has been done, there are still gaps in our understanding of WNV neuropathogenesis. While WNV neuroinvasion is proposed to occur by the hematogenous route and/or by axonal transport along the peripheral nerves, how virus spreads once within the central nervous system (CNS) remains unknown. In this study, we examined the expression of viral antigens in the CNS of monkeys that were intrathalamically inoculated with WNV. Next, we mapped the localization of WNV-infected neurons to specific anatomical structures, identified the intraneuronal localizations of WNV particles and investigated the role of neuronal connectivity in the spread of WNV within the CNS. Our results revealed that all structures containing WNV-labeled neurons belonged to the pathways of motor control. Virions were found in close vicinity to the axodendritic synapses, strongly indicating transsynaptic spread of the virus. Neuronal connectivity-based reconstruction of the directionality of transsynaptic virus spread suggests that, within the CNS, WNV can utilize both anterograde and retrograde axonal transport to infect connected neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olga A. Maximova
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (OAM); (AGP)
| | - John G. Bernbaum
- Office of the Chief Scientist, Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Alexander G. Pletnev
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (OAM); (AGP)
| |
Collapse
|
93
|
Maarouf M, Neudorfer C, El Majdoub F, Lenartz D, Kuhn J, Sturm V. Deep Brain Stimulation of Medial Dorsal and Ventral Anterior Nucleus of the Thalamus in OCD: A Retrospective Case Series. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160750. [PMID: 27504631 PMCID: PMC4978440 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current notion that cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical circuits are involved in the pathophysiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) has instigated the search for the most suitable target for deep brain stimulation (DBS). However, despite extensive research, uncertainty about the ideal target remains with many structures being underexplored. The aim of this report is to address a new target for DBS, the medial dorsal (MD) and the ventral anterior (VA) nucleus of the thalamus, which has thus far received little attention in the treatment of OCD. METHODS In this retrospective trial, four patients (three female, one male) aged 31-48 years, suffering from therapy-refractory OCD underwent high-frequency DBS of the MD and VA. In two patients (de novo group) the thalamus was chosen as a primary target for DBS, whereas in two patients (rescue DBS group) lead implantation was performed in a rescue DBS attempt following unsuccessful primary stimulation. RESULTS Continuous thalamic stimulation yielded no significant improvement in OCD symptom severity. Over the course of thalamic DBS symptoms improved in only one patient who showed "partial response" on the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive (Y-BOCS) Scale. Beck Depression Inventory scores dropped by around 46% in the de novo group; anxiety symptoms improved by up to 34%. In the de novo DBS group no effect of DBS on anxiety and mood was observable. CONCLUSION MD/VA-DBS yielded no adequate alleviation of therapy-refractory OCD, the overall strategy in targeting MD/VA as described in this paper can thus not be recommended in DBS for OCD. The magnocellular portion of MD (MDMC), however, might prove a promising target in the treatment of mood related and anxiety disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Maarouf
- Department of Stereotaxy and Functional Neurosurgery, Cologne-Merheim Medical Center (CMMC), University of Witten/Herdecke, Cologne, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Clemens Neudorfer
- Department of Stereotaxy and Functional Neurosurgery, Cologne-Merheim Medical Center (CMMC), University of Witten/Herdecke, Cologne, Germany
| | - Faycal El Majdoub
- Department of Stereotaxy and Functional Neurosurgery, Cologne-Merheim Medical Center (CMMC), University of Witten/Herdecke, Cologne, Germany
| | - Doris Lenartz
- Department of Stereotaxy and Functional Neurosurgery, Cologne-Merheim Medical Center (CMMC), University of Witten/Herdecke, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jens Kuhn
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, Johanniter Hospital Oberhausen, Oberhausen, Germany
| | - Volker Sturm
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
94
|
Thalamus Degeneration and Inflammation in Two Distinct Multiple Sclerosis Animal Models. J Mol Neurosci 2016; 60:102-14. [PMID: 27491786 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-016-0790-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
There is a broad consensus that multiple sclerosis (MS) represents more than an inflammatory disease: it harbors several characteristic aspects of a classical neurodegenerative disorder, i.e., damage to axons, synapses, and nerve cell bodies. While several accepted paraclinical methods exist to monitor the inflammatory-driven aspects of the disease, techniques to monitor progression of early and late neurodegeneration are still in their infancy and have not been convincingly validated. It was speculated that the thalamus with its multiple reciprocal connections is sensitive to inflammatory processes occurring in different brain regions, thus acting as a "barometer" for diffuse brain parenchymal damage in MS. To what extent the thalamus is affected in commonly applied MS animal models is, however, not known. In this article we describe direct and indirect damage to the thalamus in two distinct MS animal models. In the cuprizone model, we observed primary oligodendrocyte stress which is followed by demyelination, microglia/astrocyte activation, and acute axonal damage. These degenerative cuprizone-induced lesions were found to be more severe in the lateral compared to the medial part of the thalamus. In MOG35-55-induced EAE, in contrast, most parts of the forebrain, including the thalamus were not directly involved in the autoimmune attack. However, important thalamic afferent fiber tracts, such as the spinothalamic tract were inflamed and demyelinated on the spinal cord level. Quantitative immunohistochemistry revealed that this spinal cord inflammatory-demyelination is associated with neuronal loss within the target region of the spinothalamic tract, namely the sensory ventral posterolateral nucleus of the thalamus. This study highlights the possibility of trans-neuronal degeneration as one mechanism of secondary neuronal damage in MS. Further studies are now warranted to investigate involved cell types and cellular mechanisms.
Collapse
|
95
|
Montgomery DL. Distribution and Cellular Heterogeneity of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Viral Antigen Expression in the Brain of Persistently Infected Calves: A New Perspective. Vet Pathol 2016; 44:643-54. [PMID: 17846236 DOI: 10.1354/vp.44-5-643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Persistent infection following in utero exposure to bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) early in gestation is a serious cause of morbidity and mortality in cattle industries worldwide. The brain is a primary target of persistent infection. In the current study, the types of cells infected and topography of viral antigen expression were examined in brain sections from 9 BVDV persistently infected crossbred calves, all less than 1 year of age, by immunohistochemical staining using the 15C5 primary monoclonal antibody. BVDV antigen was detected in the brains of all persistently infected calves. A variety of cell types was infected, including neurons, astrocytes, oligodendroglia, blood vessel-associated cells (pericytes, perivascular macrophages, smooth muscle cells), and cells in the leptomeninges (blood vessel-associated cells). Conclusive demonstration of viral antigen in vascular endothelial cells was elusive. The intensity and distribution of viral antigen staining in neurons were highly variable. Viral antigen staining was most consistent and intense in thalamic nuclei, most notably in dorsal and medial nuclear groups, followed by the hippocampus, entorhinal cortex, basal nuclei, and piriform cortex. Staining in other brain areas was often less intense and inconsistent. The variability in the intensity and topography of viral antigen in the brain may explain the heterogeneity in the clinical manifestations of BVDV-induced disease. Additionally, infection of the brain in persistently infected calves may underlie or at least contribute to endocrine disturbances and immunologic deficits that are protean manifestations of BVDV-induced disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D L Montgomery
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, College of Agriculture, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82070, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
96
|
Rzhepetskyy Y, Lazniewska J, Blesneac I, Pamphlett R, Weiss N. CACNA1H missense mutations associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis alter Cav3.2 T-type calcium channel activity and reticular thalamic neuron firing. Channels (Austin) 2016; 10:466-77. [PMID: 27331657 DOI: 10.1080/19336950.2016.1204497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects nerve cells in the brain and the spinal cord. In a recent study by Steinberg and colleagues, 2 recessive missense mutations were identified in the Cav3.2 T-type calcium channel gene (CACNA1H), in a family with an affected proband (early onset, long duration ALS) and 2 unaffected parents. We have introduced and functionally characterized these mutations using transiently expressed human Cav3.2 channels in tsA-201 cells. Both of these mutations produced mild but significant changes on T-type channel activity that are consistent with a loss of channel function. Computer modeling in thalamic reticular neurons suggested that these mutations result in decreased neuronal excitability of thalamic structures. Taken together, these findings implicate CACNA1H as a susceptibility gene in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuriy Rzhepetskyy
- a Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Joanna Lazniewska
- a Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Iulia Blesneac
- b Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences , John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford , Oxford , UK
| | - Roger Pamphlett
- c The Stacey MND Laboratory, Discipline of Pathology, The University of Sydney , Sydney , NSW , Australia
| | - Norbert Weiss
- a Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , Prague , Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
97
|
Nagalski A, Puelles L, Dabrowski M, Wegierski T, Kuznicki J, Wisniewska MB. Molecular anatomy of the thalamic complex and the underlying transcription factors. Brain Struct Funct 2016; 221:2493-510. [PMID: 25963709 PMCID: PMC4884203 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-015-1052-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Thalamocortical loops have been implicated in the control of higher-order cognitive functions, but advances in our understanding of the molecular underpinnings of neocortical organization have not been accompanied by similar analyses in the thalamus. Using expression-based correlation maps and the manual mapping of mouse and human datasets available in the Allen Brain Atlas, we identified a few individual regions and several sets of molecularly related nuclei that partially overlap with the classic grouping that is based on topographical localization and thalamocortical connections. These new molecular divisions of the adult thalamic complex are defined by the combinatorial expression of Tcf7l2, Lef1, Gbx2, Prox1, Pou4f1, Esrrg, and Six3 transcription factor genes. Further in silico and experimental analyses provided the evidence that TCF7L2 might be a pan-thalamic specifier. These results provide substantial insights into the "molecular logic" that underlies organization of the thalamic complex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Nagalski
- Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Warsaw, 02-109, Poland
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, 00-927, Poland
| | - Luis Puelles
- Department of Human Anatomy, University of Murcia and IMIB, Murcia, 30071, Spain
| | - Michal Dabrowski
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center of Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, 02-093, Poland
| | - Tomasz Wegierski
- Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Warsaw, 02-109, Poland
| | - Jacek Kuznicki
- Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Warsaw, 02-109, Poland
| | - Marta B Wisniewska
- Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Warsaw, 02-109, Poland.
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, 00-927, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
98
|
Miyazaki M, Kadota H, Matsuzaki KS, Takeuchi S, Sekiguchi H, Aoyama T, Kochiyama T. Dissociating the neural correlates of tactile temporal order and simultaneity judgements. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23323. [PMID: 27064734 PMCID: PMC4827393 DOI: 10.1038/srep23323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Perceiving temporal relationships between sensory events is a key process for recognising dynamic environments. Temporal order judgement (TOJ) and simultaneity judgement (SJ) are used for probing this perceptual process. TOJ and SJ exhibit identical psychometric parameters. However, there is accumulating psychophysical evidence that distinguishes TOJ from SJ. Some studies have proposed that the perceptual processes for SJ (e.g., detecting successive/simultaneity) are also included in TOJ, whereas TOJ requires more processes (e.g., determination of the temporal order). Other studies have proposed two independent processes for TOJ and SJ. To identify differences in the neural activity associated with TOJ versus SJ, we performed functional magnetic resonance imaging of participants during TOJ and SJ with identical tactile stimuli. TOJ-specific activity was observed in multiple regions (e.g., left ventral and bilateral dorsal premotor cortices and left posterior parietal cortex) that overlap the general temporal prediction network for perception and motor systems. SJ-specific activation was observed only in the posterior insular cortex. Our results suggest that TOJ requires more processes than SJ and that both TOJ and SJ implement specific process components. The neural differences between TOJ and SJ thus combine features described in previous psychophysical hypotheses that proposed different mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Miyazaki
- Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Informatics, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu, shizuoka 432-8011, Japan.,Research Institute, Kochi University of Technology, 185 Miyanokuchi, Tosayamada, Kami-city, Kochi 782-8502, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kadota
- Research Institute, Kochi University of Technology, 185 Miyanokuchi, Tosayamada, Kami-city, Kochi 782-8502, Japan
| | - Kozue S Matsuzaki
- Research Institute, Kochi University of Technology, 185 Miyanokuchi, Tosayamada, Kami-city, Kochi 782-8502, Japan
| | - Shigeki Takeuchi
- Faculty of Business and Information Sciences, Jobu University, 634-1 Toyazukamachi, Isesaki, Gumma 372-8588, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Sekiguchi
- Faculty of Business and Information Sciences, Jobu University, 634-1 Toyazukamachi, Isesaki, Gumma 372-8588, Japan
| | - Takuo Aoyama
- Research Institute for Time Studies, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8511, Japan
| | - Takanori Kochiyama
- ATR Brain Activity Imaging Center, 2-2-2 Hikaridai, Seika-cho, Sorakugun, Kyoto 619-0288, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
99
|
Jankowski KF, Bruce J, Beauchamp KG, Roos LE, Moore WE, Fisher PA. Preliminary evidence of the impact of early childhood maltreatment and a preventive intervention on neural patterns of response inhibition in early adolescence. Dev Sci 2016; 20. [PMID: 27061609 DOI: 10.1111/desc.12413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Maltreated youths in foster care often experience negative developmental and psychological outcomes, which have been linked with poor response inhibition. Recent evidence suggests that childhood maltreatment is also associated with alterations in the neural circuitry underlying response inhibition. However, a burgeoning line of research has begun to explore the mitigating effects of preventive interventions on neural functioning. The current study used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to explore the impact of early childhood maltreatment and a preventive intervention on response inhibition in early adolescence. Thirty-six demographically similar adolescents (ages 9-14 years) completed a Go/NoGo task. The sample included nonmaltreated adolescents (n = 14) and maltreated adolescents who were in foster care as preschoolers and randomly assigned to receive services as usual (n = 11) or a preventive intervention, Multidimensional Treatment Foster Care for Preschoolers (n = 11). The groups demonstrated similar behavioral performance but significantly different neural patterns. The maltreated adolescents who received services as usual demonstrated subcortical hypoactivity during successful response inhibition and subcortical hyperactivity during unsuccessful response inhibition. In contrast, the nonmaltreated adolescents and maltreated adolescents who received the intervention exhibited strikingly similar neural patterns during successful response inhibition, but the maltreated adolescents who received the intervention demonstrated prefrontal hypoactivity during unsuccessful response inhibition. These findings offer preliminary evidence that early childhood maltreatment alters the neural patterns underlying response inhibition in early adolescence and that participating in a preventive intervention could mitigate maltreatment-related effects on these neural systems.
Collapse
|
100
|
Nelson MJ, Murthy A, Schall JD. Neural control of visual search by frontal eye field: chronometry of neural events and race model processes. J Neurophysiol 2016; 115:1954-69. [PMID: 26864769 DOI: 10.1152/jn.01023.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the chronometry of neural processes in frontal eye fields of macaques performing double-step saccade visual search in which a conspicuous target changes location in the array on a random fraction of trials. Durations of computational processes producing a saccade to original and final target locations (GO1 and GO2, respectively) are derived from response times (RT) on different types of trials. In these data, GO2 tended to be faster than GO1, demonstrating that inhibition of the initial saccade did not delay production of the compensated saccade. Here, we measured the dynamics of visual, visuomovement, and movement neuron activity in relation to these processes by examining trials when neurons instantiated either process. First, we verified that saccades were initiated when the discharge rate of movement neurons reached a threshold that was invariant across RT and trial type. Second, the time when visual and visuomovement neurons selected the target and when movement neuron activity began to accumulate were not significantly different across trial type. Third, the interval from the beginning of accumulation to threshold of movement-related activity was significantly shorter when instantiating the GO2 relative to the GO1 process. Differences observed between monkeys are discussed. Fourth, random variation of RT was accounted for to some extent by random variation in both the onset and duration of selective activity of each neuron type but mostly by variation of movement neuron accumulation duration. These findings offer new insights into the sources of control of target selection and saccade production in dynamic environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Nelson
- Department of Psychology, Center for Integrative & Cognitive Neuroscience, Vanderbilt Vision Research Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California; and
| | - Aditya Murthy
- Centre for Neuroscience, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Jeffrey D Schall
- Department of Psychology, Center for Integrative & Cognitive Neuroscience, Vanderbilt Vision Research Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee;
| |
Collapse
|