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Mao X, Liu Z, Sun J, Lee SY. Metabolic engineering for the microbial production of marine bioactive compounds. Biotechnol Adv 2017; 35:1004-1021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Kataoka N, Vangnai AS, Pongtharangkul T, Yakushi T, Matsushita K. Production of 1,3-diols in Escherichia coli. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 245:1538-1541. [PMID: 28550991 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.05.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 05/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
To expand the diversity of chemical compounds produced through microbial conversion, a platform pathway for the production of widely used industrial chemicals, 1,3-diols, was engineered in Escherichia coli. The pathway was designed by modifying the previously reported (R)-1,3-butanediol synthetic pathway to consist of pct (propionate CoA-transferase) from Megasphaera elsdenii, bktB (thiolase), phaB (NADPH-dependent acetoacetyl-CoA reductase) from Ralstonia eutropha, bld (butyraldehyde dehydrogenase) from Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum, and the endogenous alcohol dehydrogenase(s) of E. coli. The recombinant E. coli strains produced 1,3-pentanediol, 4-methyl-1,3-pentanediol, and 1,2,4-butanetriol, together with 1,3-butanediol, from mixtures of glucose and propionate, isobutyrate, and glycolate, respectively, in shake flask cultures. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of microbial production of 1,3-pentanediol and 4-methyl-1,3-pentanediol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Kataoka
- Division of Agricultural Sciences, Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan; Research Center for Thermotolerant Microbial Resources, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan.
| | - Alisa S Vangnai
- Biocatalyst and Environmental Biotechnology Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Hazardous Substance Management (HSM), Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | | | - Toshiharu Yakushi
- Division of Agricultural Sciences, Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan; Research Center for Thermotolerant Microbial Resources, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
| | - Kazunobu Matsushita
- Division of Agricultural Sciences, Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan; Research Center for Thermotolerant Microbial Resources, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
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Joo JC, Oh YH, Yu JH, Hyun SM, Khang TU, Kang KH, Song BK, Park K, Oh MK, Lee SY, Park SJ. Production of 5-aminovaleric acid in recombinant Corynebacterium glutamicum strains from a Miscanthus hydrolysate solution prepared by a newly developed Miscanthus hydrolysis process. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 245:1692-1700. [PMID: 28579174 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.05.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study examined nine expired industrial Corynebacterium glutamicum strains with high lysine producing capability for enhanced production of 5-AVA. C. glutamicum KCTC 1857 exhibiting the highest lysine production was transformed with either original Pseudomonas putida davBA genes, encoding the 5-AVA biosynthesis pathway, or C. glutamicum codon-optimized davBA genes. C. glutamicum KCTC 1857 expressing the original genes had superior cell viability and 5-AVA production capability compared to the other strain. This strain produced 39.93g/L of 5-AVA, which is the highest titer reported to date in fed-batch fermentation from glucose. Indeed, Miscanthus hydrolysate solution prepared from a novel process, comprising pretreatment, hydrolysis, purification, and concentration, was used as feedstock for 5-AVA production. A total of 12.51g/L 5-AVA was produced from the Miscanthus hydrolysate; this value is 34.7% higher than that obtained from glucose in batch fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Chan Joo
- Center for Bio-based Chemistry, Division of Convergence Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, P.O. Box 107, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34602, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Hoon Oh
- Center for Bio-based Chemistry, Division of Convergence Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, P.O. Box 107, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34602, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Hyun Yu
- Center for Bio-based Chemistry, Division of Convergence Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, P.O. Box 107, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34602, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Min Hyun
- Center for Bio-based Chemistry, Division of Convergence Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, P.O. Box 107, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34602, Republic of Korea; Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Hongik University, 2639 Sejong-ro, Sinan-ri, Jochiwon-eup, Sejong-si 30016, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Uk Khang
- Center for Bio-based Chemistry, Division of Convergence Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, P.O. Box 107, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34602, Republic of Korea; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Hee Kang
- Center for Bio-based Chemistry, Division of Convergence Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, P.O. Box 107, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34602, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong Keun Song
- Center for Bio-based Chemistry, Division of Convergence Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, P.O. Box 107, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34602, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungmoon Park
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Hongik University, 2639 Sejong-ro, Sinan-ri, Jochiwon-eup, Sejong-si 30016, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Kyu Oh
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Yup Lee
- Metabolic Engineering National Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 Plus program), KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Si Jae Park
- Division of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea.
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Abstract
Systems metabolic engineering, which recently emerged as metabolic engineering integrated with systems biology, synthetic biology, and evolutionary engineering, allows engineering of microorganisms on a systemic level for the production of valuable chemicals far beyond its native capabilities. Here, we review the strategies for systems metabolic engineering and particularly its applications in Escherichia coli. First, we cover the various tools developed for genetic manipulation in E. coli to increase the production titers of desired chemicals. Next, we detail the strategies for systems metabolic engineering in E. coli, covering the engineering of the native metabolism, the expansion of metabolism with synthetic pathways, and the process engineering aspects undertaken to achieve higher production titers of desired chemicals. Finally, we examine a couple of notable products as case studies produced in E. coli strains developed by systems metabolic engineering. The large portfolio of chemical products successfully produced by engineered E. coli listed here demonstrates the sheer capacity of what can be envisioned and achieved with respect to microbial production of chemicals. Systems metabolic engineering is no longer in its infancy; it is now widely employed and is also positioned to further embrace next-generation interdisciplinary principles and innovation for its upgrade. Systems metabolic engineering will play increasingly important roles in developing industrial strains including E. coli that are capable of efficiently producing natural and nonnatural chemicals and materials from renewable nonfood biomass.
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55
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Dörsam S, Fesseler J, Gorte O, Hahn T, Zibek S, Syldatk C, Ochsenreither K. Sustainable carbon sources for microbial organic acid production with filamentous fungi. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2017; 10:242. [PMID: 29075326 PMCID: PMC5651581 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-017-0930-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The organic acid producer Aspergillus oryzae and Rhizopus delemar are able to convert several alternative carbon sources to malic and fumaric acid. Thus, carbohydrate hydrolysates from lignocellulose separation are likely suitable as substrate for organic acid production with these fungi. RESULTS Before lignocellulose hydrolysate fractions were tested as substrates, experiments with several mono- and disaccharides, possibly present in pretreated biomass, were conducted for their suitability for malic acid production with A. oryzae. This includes levoglucosan, glucose, galactose, mannose, arabinose, xylose, ribose, and cellobiose as well as cheap and easy available sugars, e.g., fructose and maltose. A. oryzae is able to convert every sugar investigated to malate, albeit with different yields. Based on the promising results from the pure sugar conversion experiments, fractions of the organosolv process from beechwood (Fagus sylvatica) and Miscanthus giganteus were further analyzed as carbon source for cultivation and fermentation with A. oryzae for malic acid and R. delemar for fumaric acid production. The highest malic acid concentration of 37.9 ± 2.6 g/L could be reached using beechwood cellulose fraction as carbon source in bioreactor fermentation with A. oryzae and 16.2 ± 0.2 g/L fumaric acid with R. delemar. CONCLUSIONS We showed in this study that the range of convertible sugars for A. oryzae is even higher than known before. We approved the suitability of fiber/cellulose hydrolysate obtained from the organosolv process as carbon source for A. oryzae in shake flasks as well as in a small-scale bioreactor. The more challenging hemicellulose fraction of F. sylvatica was also positively evaluated for malic acid production with A. oryzae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Dörsam
- Technical Biology, Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engler-Bunte-Ring 3, Karlsruhe, 76131 Germany
| | - Jana Fesseler
- Technical Biology, Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engler-Bunte-Ring 3, Karlsruhe, 76131 Germany
| | - Olga Gorte
- Technical Biology, Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engler-Bunte-Ring 3, Karlsruhe, 76131 Germany
| | - Thomas Hahn
- Industrial Biotechnology, Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology (IGB), Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Susanne Zibek
- Industrial Biotechnology, Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology (IGB), Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Christoph Syldatk
- Technical Biology, Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engler-Bunte-Ring 3, Karlsruhe, 76131 Germany
| | - Katrin Ochsenreither
- Technical Biology, Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engler-Bunte-Ring 3, Karlsruhe, 76131 Germany
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Windram OPF, Rodrigues RTL, Lee S, Haines M, Bayer TS. Engineering microbial phenotypes through rewiring of genetic networks. Nucleic Acids Res 2017; 45:4984-4993. [PMID: 28369627 PMCID: PMC5416768 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkx197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to program cellular behaviour is a major goal of synthetic biology, with applications in health, agriculture and chemicals production. Despite efforts to build 'orthogonal' systems, interactions between engineered genetic circuits and the endogenous regulatory network of a host cell can have a significant impact on desired functionality. We have developed a strategy to rewire the endogenous cellular regulatory network of yeast to enhance compatibility with synthetic protein and metabolite production. We found that introducing novel connections in the cellular regulatory network enabled us to increase the production of heterologous proteins and metabolites. This strategy is demonstrated in yeast strains that show significantly enhanced heterologous protein expression and higher titers of terpenoid production. Specifically, we found that the addition of transcriptional regulation between free radical induced signalling and nitrogen regulation provided robust improvement of protein production. Assessment of rewired networks revealed the importance of key topological features such as high betweenness centrality. The generation of rewired transcriptional networks, selection for specific phenotypes, and analysis of resulting library members is a powerful tool for engineering cellular behavior and may enable improved integration of heterologous protein and metabolite pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver P F Windram
- Centre for Synthetic Biology and Innovation and Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Rui T L Rodrigues
- Centre for Synthetic Biology and Innovation and Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Sangjin Lee
- Centre for Synthetic Biology and Innovation and Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Matthew Haines
- Centre for Synthetic Biology and Innovation and Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Travis S Bayer
- Centre for Synthetic Biology and Innovation and Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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Khusnutdinova AN, Flick R, Popovic A, Brown G, Tchigvintsev A, Nocek B, Correia K, Joo JC, Mahadevan R, Yakunin AF. Exploring Bacterial Carboxylate Reductases for the Reduction of Bifunctional Carboxylic Acids. Biotechnol J 2017; 12. [PMID: 28762640 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201600751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Carboxylic acid reductases (CARs) selectively reduce carboxylic acids to aldehydes using ATP and NADPH as cofactors under mild conditions. Although CARs attracts significant interest, only a few enzymes have been characterized to date, whereas the vast majority of CARs have yet to be examined. Herein the authors report that 12 bacterial CARs reduces a broad range of bifunctional carboxylic acids containing oxo-, hydroxy-, amino-, or second carboxyl groups with several enzymes showing activity toward 4-hydroxybutanoic (4-HB) and adipic acids. These CARs exhibits significant reductase activity against substrates whose second functional group is separated from the carboxylate by at least three carbons with both carboxylate groups being reduced in dicarboxylic acids. Purified CARs supplemented with cofactor regenerating systems (for ATP and NADPH), an inorganic pyrophosphatase, and an aldo-keto reductase catalyzes a high conversion (50-76%) of 4-HB to 1,4-butanediol (1,4-BDO) and adipic acid to 1,6-hexanediol (1,6-HDO). Likewise, Escherichia coli strains expressing eight different CARs efficiently reduces 4-HB to 1,4-BDO with 50-95% conversion, whereas adipic acid is reduced to a mixture of 6-hydroxyhexanoic acid (6-HHA) and 1,6-HDO. Thus, our results illustrate the broad biochemical diversity of bacterial CARs and their compatibility with other enzymes for applications in biocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna N Khusnutdinova
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, ON, M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Robert Flick
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, ON, M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Ana Popovic
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, ON, M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Greg Brown
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, ON, M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Anatoli Tchigvintsev
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, ON, M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Boguslaw Nocek
- Midwest Center for Structural Genomics and Structural Biology Center, Biosciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Kevin Correia
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, ON, M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Jeong C Joo
- Center for Bio-Based Chemistry, Division of Convergence Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Radhakrishnan Mahadevan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, ON, M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Alexander F Yakunin
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, ON, M5S 3E5, Canada
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58
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Leavitt JM, Wagner JM, Tu CC, Tong A, Liu Y, Alper HS. Biosensor-Enabled Directed Evolution to Improve Muconic Acid Production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biotechnol J 2017; 12. [PMID: 28296355 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201600687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 01/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Muconic acid is a valuable platform chemical with potential applications in the production of polymers such as nylon and polyethylene terephthalate (PET). The conjugate base, muconate, has been previously biosynthesized in the bacterial host Escherichia coli. Likewise, previous significant pathway engineering lead to the first reported instance of rationally engineered production of muconic acid in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. To further increase muconic acid production in this host, a combined adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE) strategy and rational metabolic engineering is employed. To this end, a biosensor module that responds to the endogenous aromatic amino acid (AAA) as a surrogate for pathway flux is adapted. Following two rounds of ALE coupled with an anti-metabolite feeding strategy, the strains with improved AAA pathway flux is isolated. Next, it is demonstrated that this increased flux can be redirected into the composite muconic acid pathway with a threefold increase in the total titer of the composite pathway compared to our previously engineered strain. Finally, a truncation of the penta-functional ARO1 protein is complemented and overexpress an endogenous aromatic decarboxylase to establish a final strain capable of producing 0.5 g L-1 muconic acid in shake flasks and 2.1 g L-1 in a fed-batch bioreactor with a yield of 12.9 mg muconic acid/g glucose at the rate of 9.0 mg h-1 . This value represents the highest titer of muconic acid reported to date in S. cerevisiae, in addition to the highest reported titer of a shikimate pathway derivative in this host.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Leavitt
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, 2500 Speedway Avenue, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - James M Wagner
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 200 E Dean Keeton St. Stop C0400, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Cuong C Tu
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 200 E Dean Keeton St. Stop C0400, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Alice Tong
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, 2500 Speedway Avenue, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Yanyi Liu
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 200 E Dean Keeton St. Stop C0400, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Hal S Alper
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, 2500 Speedway Avenue, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.,McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 200 E Dean Keeton St. Stop C0400, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
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Abstract
Whole-cell biocatalysts provide unique advantages and have been widely used for the efficient biosynthesis of value-added fine and bulk chemicals, as well as pharmaceutically active ingredients. What is more, advances in synthetic biology and metabolic engineering, together with the rapid development of molecular genetic tools, have brought about a renaissance of whole-cell biocatalysis. These rapid advancements mean that whole-cell biocatalysts can increasingly be rationally designed. Genes of heterologous enzymes or synthetic pathways are increasingly being introduced into microbial hosts, and depending on the complexity of the synthetic pathway or the target products, they can enable the production of value-added chemicals from cheap feedstock. Metabolic engineering and synthetic biology efforts aimed at optimizing the existing microbial cell factories concentrate on improving heterologous pathway flux, precursor supply, and cofactor balance, as well as other aspects of cellular metabolism, to enhance the efficiency of biocatalysts. In the present review, we take a critical look at recent developments in whole-cell biocatalysis, with an emphasis on strategies applied to designing and optimizing the organisms that are increasingly modified for efficient production of chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baixue Lin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yong Tao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, People's Republic of China.
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Reexamination of the Physiological Role of PykA in Escherichia coli Revealed that It Negatively Regulates the Intracellular ATP Levels under Anaerobic Conditions. Appl Environ Microbiol 2017; 83:AEM.00316-17. [PMID: 28363967 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00316-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyruvate kinase is one of the three rate-limiting glycolytic enzymes that catalyze the last step of glycolysis, conversion of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) into pyruvate, which is associated with ATP generation. Two isozymes of pyruvate kinase, PykF and PykA, are identified in Escherichia coli PykF is considered important, whereas PykA has a less-defined role. Prior studies inactivated the pykA gene to increase the level of its substrate, PEP, and thereby increased the yield of end products derived from PEP. We were surprised when we found a pykA::Tn5 mutant in a screen for increased yield of an end product derived from pyruvate (n-butanol), suggesting that the role of PykA needs to be reexamined. We show that the pykA mutant exhibited elevated intracellular ATP levels, biomass concentrations, glucose consumption, and n-butanol production. We also discovered that the pykA mutant expresses higher levels of a presumed pyruvate transporter, YhjX, permitting the mutant to recapture and metabolize excreted pyruvate. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the nucleotide diphosphate kinase activity of PykA leads to negative regulation of the intracellular ATP levels. Taking the data together, we propose that inactivation of pykA can be considered a general strategy to enhance the production of pyruvate-derived metabolites under anaerobic conditions.IMPORTANCE This study showed that knocking out pykA significantly increased the intracellular ATP level and thus significantly increased the levels of glucose consumption, biomass formation, and pyruvate-derived product formation under anaerobic conditions. pykA was considered to be encoding a dispensable pyruvate kinase; here we show that pykA negatively regulates the anaerobic glycolysis rate through regulating the energy distribution. Thus, knocking out pykA can be used as a general strategy to increase the level of pyruvate-derived fermentative products.
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61
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Puanglek S, Kimura S, Iwata T. Thermal and mechanical properties of tailor-made unbranched α-1,3-glucan esters with various carboxylic acid chain length. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 169:245-254. [PMID: 28504143 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The convenient and environmentally friendly method for in vitro polymerization catalyzed by glucosyltransferase, designated as GtfJ, extracted from recombinant E. Coli was used to synthesize tailor-made α-1,3-glucan (α-1,3-d-glucan) having moderate molecular weight (Mw=2.0×105) and no branches. With the aim to improve thermoplasticity of this polysaccharide, after in vitro synthesis, chemical modification by acylation was selected and then fully substituted α-1,3-glucan esters were successfully obtained via both homogeneous and heterogeneous methods. Thermal degradation temperature of α-1,3-glucan esters was improved after esterification and dependent on neither side chain length nor synthesis methods. DSC curves suggested a presence of crystal structure in α-1,3-glucan acetate, propionate, butyrate, valerate and hexanoate due to detectable melting endotherm, whereas octanoate exhibited amorphous behavior. Tm's of α-1,3-glucan esters were relatively high, more than 200°C, in comparison with commercial plastics. The shorter chain length of acid component, the higher Tm and Tg ester products exhibited. In addition, tensile strength of α-1,3-glucan esters decreased in contrast with elongation at break with an increase in alkyl chain length of an acid component. Thus, crystalline and amorphous α-1,3-glucan esters with adjustable thermal and mechanical properties obtained from this research are promising materials for continuing applied researches and contemplating the future application in bio-based thermoplastic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakarin Puanglek
- Science of Polymeric Materials, Department of Biomaterial Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Kimura
- Science of Polymeric Materials, Department of Biomaterial Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.
| | - Tadahisa Iwata
- Science of Polymeric Materials, Department of Biomaterial Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.
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62
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Sagong HY, Kim KJ. Lysine Decarboxylase with an Enhanced Affinity for Pyridoxal 5-Phosphate by Disulfide Bond-Mediated Spatial Reconstitution. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170163. [PMID: 28095457 PMCID: PMC5240995 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysine decarboxylase (LDC) catalyzes the decarboxylation of l-lysine to produce cadaverine, an important industrial platform chemical for bio-based polyamides. However, due to high flexibility at the pyridoxal 5-phosphate (PLP) binding site, use of the enzyme for cadaverine production requires continuous supplement of large amounts of PLP. In order to develop an LDC enzyme from Selenomonas ruminantium (SrLDC) with an enhanced affinity for PLP, we introduced an internal disulfide bond between Ala225 and Thr302 residues with a desire to retain the PLP binding site in a closed conformation. The SrLDCA225C/T302C mutant showed a yellow color and the characteristic UV/Vis absorption peaks for enzymes with bound PLP, and exhibited three-fold enhanced PLP affinity compared with the wild-type SrLDC. The mutant also exhibited a dramatically enhanced LDC activity and cadaverine conversion particularly under no or low PLP concentrations. Moreover, introduction of the disulfide bond rendered SrLDC more resistant to high pH and temperature. The formation of the introduced disulfide bond and the maintenance of the PLP binding site in the closed conformation were confirmed by determination of the crystal structure of the mutant. This study shows that disulfide bond-mediated spatial reconstitution can be a platform technology for development of enzymes with enhanced PLP affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Young Sagong
- School of Life Sciences, KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Jin Kim
- School of Life Sciences, KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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63
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Gregory GL, López-Vidal EM, Buchard A. Polymers from sugars: cyclic monomer synthesis, ring-opening polymerisation, material properties and applications. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:2198-2217. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc09578j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This feature article gives an overview of sugar-based polymers that can be made by ring-opening-polymerisation and their applications.
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64
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Efficient production of 5-aminovalerate from l -lysine by engineered Escherichia coli whole-cell biocatalysts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2016.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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65
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Karim AS, Dudley QM, Jewett MC. Cell-Free Synthetic Systems for Metabolic Engineering and Biosynthetic Pathway Prototyping. Ind Biotechnol (New Rochelle N Y) 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527807796.ch4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ashty S. Karim
- Northwestern University; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
- Northwestern University; Chemistry of Life Processes Institute; 2170 Campus Drive Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Quentin M. Dudley
- Northwestern University; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
- Northwestern University; Chemistry of Life Processes Institute; 2170 Campus Drive Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Michael C. Jewett
- Northwestern University; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
- Northwestern University; Chemistry of Life Processes Institute; 2170 Campus Drive Evanston IL 60208 USA
- Northwestern University; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center; 676 North St. Clair Chicago IL 60611 USA
- Northwestern University; Simpson Querrey Institute for Bionanotechnology; 303 E. Superior Chicago IL 60611 USA
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66
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Crystal Structure and Pyridoxal 5-Phosphate Binding Property of Lysine Decarboxylase from Selenomonas ruminantium. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166667. [PMID: 27861532 PMCID: PMC5115768 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysine decarboxylase (LDC) is a crucial enzyme for acid stress resistance and is also utilized for the biosynthesis of cadaverine, a promising building block for bio-based polyamides. We determined the crystal structure of LDC from Selenomonas ruminantium (SrLDC). SrLDC functions as a dimer and each monomer consists of two distinct domains; a PLP-binding barrel domain and a sheet domain. We also determined the structure of SrLDC in complex with PLP and cadaverine and elucidated the binding mode of cofactor and substrate. Interestingly, compared with the apo-form of SrLDC, the SrLDC in complex with PLP and cadaverine showed a remarkable structural change at the PLP binding site. The PLP binding site of SrLDC contains the highly flexible loops with high b-factors and showed an open-closed conformational change upon the binding of PLP. In fact, SrLDC showed no LDC activity without PLP supplement, and we suggest that highly flexible PLP binding site results in low PLP affinity of SrLDC. In addition, other structurally homologous enzymes also contain the flexible PLP binding site, which indicates that high flexibility at the PLP binding site and low PLP affinity seems to be a common feature of these enzyme family.
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67
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Xu Q, Zang Y, Zhou J, Liu P, Li X, Yong Q, Ouyang J. Highly efficient production of D-lactic acid from chicory-derived inulin by Lactobacillus bulgaricus. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2016; 39:1749-57. [PMID: 27440161 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-016-1650-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Inulin is a readily available feedstock for cost-effective production of biochemicals. To date, several studies have explored the production of bioethanol, high-fructose syrup and fructooligosaccharide, but there are no studies regarding the production of D-lactic acid using inulin as a carbon source. In the present study, chicory-derived inulin was used for D-lactic acid biosynthesis by Lactobacillus bulgaricus CGMCC 1.6970. Compared with separate hydrolysis and fermentation processes, simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) has demonstrated the best performance of D-lactic acid production. Because it prevents fructose inhibition and promotes the complete hydrolysis of inulin, the highest D-lactic acid concentration (123.6 ± 0.9 g/L) with a yield of 97.9 % was obtained from 120 g/L inulin by SSF. Moreover, SSF by L. bulgaricus CGMCC 1.6970 offered another distinct advantage with respect to the higher optical purity of D-lactic acid (>99.9 %) and reduced number of residual sugars. The excellent performance of D-lactic acid production from inulin by SSF represents a high-yield method for D-lactic acid production from non-food grains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Xu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Zang
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Zhou
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Liu
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Li
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Yong
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology of the Ministry of Education, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Ouyang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology of the Ministry of Education, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, People's Republic of China.
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68
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Schievano A, Pepé Sciarria T, Vanbroekhoven K, De Wever H, Puig S, Andersen SJ, Rabaey K, Pant D. Electro-Fermentation – Merging Electrochemistry with Fermentation in Industrial Applications. Trends Biotechnol 2016; 34:866-878. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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69
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Mahdi HI, Muraza O. Conversion of Isobutylene to Octane-Booster Compounds after Methyl tert-Butyl Ether Phaseout: The Role of Heterogeneous Catalysis. Ind Eng Chem Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.6b02533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hilman Ibnu Mahdi
- Chemical Engineering Department and Center of Research Excellence in Nanotechnology, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran 30261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Oki Muraza
- Chemical Engineering Department and Center of Research Excellence in Nanotechnology, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran 30261, Saudi Arabia
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70
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Lee JW, Yi J, Kim TY, Choi S, Ahn JH, Song H, Lee MH, Lee SY. Homo-succinic acid production by metabolically engineered Mannheimia succiniciproducens. Metab Eng 2016; 38:409-417. [PMID: 27746096 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2016.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2016] [Revised: 09/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Succinic acid (SA) is a four carbon dicarboxylic acid of great industrial interest that can be produced by microbial fermentation. Here we report development of a high-yield homo-SA producing Mannheimia succiniciproducens strain by metabolic engineering. The PALFK strain (ldhA-, pta-, ackA-, fruA-) was developed based on optimization of carbon flux towards SA production while minimizing byproducts formation through the integrated application of in silico genome-scale metabolic flux analysis, omics analyses, and reconstruction of central carbon metabolism. Based on in silico simulation, utilization of sucrose would enhance the SA production and cell growth rates, while consumption of glycerol would reduce the byproduct formation rates. Thus, sucrose and glycerol were selected as dual carbon sources to improve the SA yield and productivity, while deregulation of catabolite-repression was also performed in engineered M. succiniciproducens. Fed-batch fermentations of PALFK with low- and medium-density (OD600 of 0.4 and 9.0, respectively) inocula produced 69.2 and 78.4g/L of homo-SA with yields of 1.56 and 1.64mol/mol glucose equivalent and overall volumetric SA productivities of 2.50 and 6.02g/L/h, respectively, using sucrose and glycerol as dual carbon sources. The SA productivity could be further increased to 38.6g/L/h by employing a membrane cell recycle bioreactor system. The systems metabolic engineering strategies employed here for achieving homo-SA production with the highest overall performance indices reported to date will be generally applicable for developing superior industrial microorganisms and competitive processes for the bio-based production of other chemicals as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Wook Lee
- Metabolic and Biomolecular Engineering National Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 Plus program), BioProcess Engineering Research Center, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongho Yi
- Metabolic and Biomolecular Engineering National Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 Plus program), BioProcess Engineering Research Center, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Yong Kim
- Metabolic and Biomolecular Engineering National Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 Plus program), BioProcess Engineering Research Center, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sol Choi
- Metabolic and Biomolecular Engineering National Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 Plus program), BioProcess Engineering Research Center, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; Center for Systems and Synthetic Biotechnology, Institute for the BioCentury, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Ho Ahn
- Metabolic and Biomolecular Engineering National Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 Plus program), BioProcess Engineering Research Center, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; Center for Systems and Synthetic Biotechnology, Institute for the BioCentury, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyohak Song
- Metabolic and Biomolecular Engineering National Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 Plus program), BioProcess Engineering Research Center, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon-Hee Lee
- Metabolic and Biomolecular Engineering National Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 Plus program), BioProcess Engineering Research Center, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; Center for Systems and Synthetic Biotechnology, Institute for the BioCentury, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Yup Lee
- Metabolic and Biomolecular Engineering National Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 Plus program), BioProcess Engineering Research Center, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; Center for Systems and Synthetic Biotechnology, Institute for the BioCentury, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
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71
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Kreyenschulte D, Emde F, Regestein L, Büchs J. Computational minimization of the specific energy demand of large-scale aerobic fermentation processes based on small-scale data. Chem Eng Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2016.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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72
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Oswald F, Dörsam S, Veith N, Zwick M, Neumann A, Ochsenreither K, Syldatk C. Sequential Mixed Cultures: From Syngas to Malic Acid. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:891. [PMID: 27445993 PMCID: PMC4914491 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthesis gas (syngas) fermentation using acetogenic bacteria is an approach for production of bulk chemicals like acetate, ethanol, butanol, or 2,3-butandiol avoiding the fuel vs. food debate by using carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen from gasification of biomass or industrial waste gases. Suffering from energetic limitations, yields of C4-molecules produced by syngas fermentation are quite low compared with ABE fermentation using sugars as a substrate. On the other hand, fungal production of malic acid has high yields of product per gram metabolized substrate but is currently limited to sugar containing substrates. In this study, it was possible to show that Aspergilus oryzae is able to produce malic acid using acetate as sole carbon source which is a main product of acetogenic syngas fermentation. Bioreactor cultivations were conducted in 2.5 L stirred tank reactors. During the syngas fermentation part of the sequential mixed culture, Clostridium ljungdahlii was grown in modified Tanner medium and sparged with 20 mL/min of artificial syngas mimicking a composition of clean syngas from entrained bed gasification of straw (32.5 vol-% CO, 32.5 vol-% H2, 16 vol-% CO2, and 19 vol-% N2) using a microsparger. Syngas consumption was monitored via automated gas chromatographic measurement of the off-gas. For the fungal fermentation part gas sparging was switched to 0.6 L/min of air and a standard sparger. Ammonia content of medium for syngas fermentation was reduced to 0.33 g/L NH4Cl to meet the requirements for fungal production of dicarboxylic acids. Malic acid production performance of A. oryzae in organic acid production medium and syngas medium with acetate as sole carbon source was verified and gave YP∕S values of 0.28 g/g and 0.37 g/g respectively. Growth and acetate formation of C. ljungdahlii during syngas fermentation were not affected by the reduced ammonia content and 66 % of the consumed syngas was converted to acetate. The overall conversion of CO and H2 into malic acid was calculated to be 3.5 g malic acid per mol of consumed syngas or 0.22 g malic acid per gram of syngas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Oswald
- Technical Biology, Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Stefan Dörsam
- Technical Biology, Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Nicolas Veith
- Technical Biology, Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Michaela Zwick
- Technical Biology, Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Anke Neumann
- Technical Biology, Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Katrin Ochsenreither
- Technical Biology, Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Christoph Syldatk
- Technical Biology, Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Karlsruhe, Germany
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73
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Characterizing seamless ligation cloning extract for synthetic biological applications. Anal Biochem 2016; 509:24-32. [PMID: 27311554 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2016.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic biology aims at designing and engineering organisms. The engineering process typically requires the establishment of suitable DNA constructs generated through fusion of multiple protein coding and regulatory sequences. Conventional cloning techniques, including those involving restriction enzymes and ligases, are often of limited scope, in particular when many DNA fragments must be joined or scar-free fusions are mandatory. Overlap-based-cloning methods have the potential to overcome such limitations. One such method uses seamless ligation cloning extract (SLiCE) prepared from Escherichia coli cells for straightforward and efficient in vitro fusion of DNA fragments. Here, we systematically characterized extracts prepared from the unmodified E. coli strain DH10B for SLiCE-mediated cloning and determined DNA sequence-associated parameters that affect cloning efficiency. Our data revealed the virtual absence of length restrictions for vector backbone (up to 13.5 kbp) and insert (90 bp to 1.6 kbp). Furthermore, differences in GC content in homology regions are easily tolerated and the deletion of unwanted vector sequences concomitant with targeted fragment insertion is straightforward. Thus, SLiCE represents a highly versatile DNA fusion method suitable for cloning projects in virtually all molecular and synthetic biology projects.
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74
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Turk SCHJ, Kloosterman WP, Ninaber DK, Kolen KPAM, Knutova J, Suir E, Schürmann M, Raemakers-Franken PC, Müller M, de Wildeman SMA, Raamsdonk LM, van der Pol R, Wu L, Temudo MF, van der Hoeven RAM, Akeroyd M, van der Stoel RE, Noorman HJ, Bovenberg RAL, Trefzer AC. Metabolic Engineering toward Sustainable Production of Nylon-6. ACS Synth Biol 2016; 5:65-73. [PMID: 26511532 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.5b00129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Nylon-6 is a bulk polymer used for many applications. It consists of the non-natural building block 6-aminocaproic acid, the linear form of caprolactam. Via a retro-synthetic approach, two synthetic pathways were identified for the fermentative production of 6-aminocaproic acid. Both pathways require yet unreported novel biocatalytic steps. We demonstrated proof of these bioconversions by in vitro enzyme assays with a set of selected candidate proteins expressed in Escherichia coli. One of the biosynthetic pathways starts with 2-oxoglutarate and contains bioconversions of the ketoacid elongation pathway known from methanogenic archaea. This pathway was selected for implementation in E. coli and yielded 6-aminocaproic acid at levels up to 160 mg/L in lab-scale batch fermentations. The total amount of 6-aminocaproic acid and related intermediates generated by this pathway exceeded 2 g/L in lab-scale fed-batch fermentations, indicating its potential for further optimization toward large-scale sustainable production of nylon-6.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wigard P. Kloosterman
- DSM Biotechnology Center, PO Box 1, 2600 MA Delft, The Netherlands
- University Medical Center Utrecht, PO Box 85060, 3508 AB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Dennis K. Ninaber
- DSM Biotechnology Center, PO Box 1, 2600 MA Delft, The Netherlands
- Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Julia Knutova
- DSM Biotechnology Center, PO Box 1, 2600 MA Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Erwin Suir
- DSM Biotechnology Center, PO Box 1, 2600 MA Delft, The Netherlands
- BioscienZ, Goeseelsstraat 10, 4817 MV Breda, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Schürmann
- DSM Innovative Synthesis, PO Box 18, 6160 MD Geleen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Monika Müller
- DSM Innovative Synthesis, PO Box 18, 6160 MD Geleen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Ruud van der Pol
- DSM Biotechnology Center, PO Box 1, 2600 MA Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Liang Wu
- DSM Biotechnology Center, PO Box 1, 2600 MA Delft, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Michiel Akeroyd
- DSM Biotechnology Center, PO Box 1, 2600 MA Delft, The Netherlands
| | | | - Henk J. Noorman
- DSM Biotechnology Center, PO Box 1, 2600 MA Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Roel A. L. Bovenberg
- DSM Biotechnology Center, PO Box 1, 2600 MA Delft, The Netherlands
- Synthetic
Biology and Cell Engineering, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and
Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Axel C. Trefzer
- DSM Biotechnology Center, PO Box 1, 2600 MA Delft, The Netherlands
- Life Technologies, GeneArt, Im Gewerbepark B35, 93059 Regensburg, Germany
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75
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Rebouillat S, Pla F. Recent Strategies for the Development of Biosourced-Monomers, Oligomers and Polymers-Based Materials: A Review with an Innovation and a Bigger Data Focus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.4236/jbnb.2016.74017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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76
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Wang J, Lin M, Xu M, Yang ST. Anaerobic Fermentation for Production of Carboxylic Acids as Bulk Chemicals from Renewable Biomass. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 156:323-361. [DOI: 10.1007/10_2015_5009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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77
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Ates O. Systems Biology of Microbial Exopolysaccharides Production. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2015; 3:200. [PMID: 26734603 PMCID: PMC4683990 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2015.00200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Exopolysaccharides (EPSs) produced by diverse group of microbial systems are rapidly emerging as new and industrially important biomaterials. Due to their unique and complex chemical structures and many interesting physicochemical and rheological properties with novel functionality, the microbial EPSs find wide range of commercial applications in various fields of the economy such as food, feed, packaging, chemical, textile, cosmetics and pharmaceutical industry, agriculture, and medicine. EPSs are mainly associated with high-value applications, and they have received considerable research attention over recent decades with their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and both environmental and human compatibility. However, only a few microbial EPSs have achieved to be used commercially due to their high production costs. The emerging need to overcome economic hurdles and the increasing significance of microbial EPSs in industrial and medical biotechnology call for the elucidation of the interrelations between metabolic pathways and EPS biosynthesis mechanism in order to control and hence enhance its microbial productivity. Moreover, a better understanding of biosynthesis mechanism is a significant issue for improvement of product quality and properties and also for the design of novel strains. Therefore, a systems-based approach constitutes an important step toward understanding the interplay between metabolism and EPS biosynthesis and further enhances its metabolic performance for industrial application. In this review, primarily the microbial EPSs, their biosynthesis mechanism, and important factors for their production will be discussed. After this brief introduction, recent literature on the application of omics technologies and systems biology tools for the improvement of production yields will be critically evaluated. Special focus will be given to EPSs with high market value such as xanthan, levan, pullulan, and dextran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozlem Ates
- Department of Medical Services and Techniques, Nisantasi University, Istanbul, Turkey
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78
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Delidovich I, Hausoul PJC, Deng L, Pfützenreuter R, Rose M, Palkovits R. Alternative Monomers Based on Lignocellulose and Their Use for Polymer Production. Chem Rev 2015; 116:1540-99. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 471] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Irina Delidovich
- Institut
für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Peter J. C. Hausoul
- Institut
für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Li Deng
- Institut
für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Guangzhou Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 510650 Guangzhou, China
| | - Rebecca Pfützenreuter
- Institut
für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Marcus Rose
- Institut
für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Regina Palkovits
- Institut
für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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79
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Recent advances in microbial production of fuels and chemicals using tools and strategies of systems metabolic engineering. Biotechnol Adv 2015; 33:1455-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2014.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Revised: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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80
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Systems strategies for developing industrial microbial strains. Nat Biotechnol 2015; 33:1061-72. [DOI: 10.1038/nbt.3365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 357] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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81
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Advancing metabolic engineering through systems biology of industrial microorganisms. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2015; 36:8-15. [PMID: 26318074 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2015.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Development of sustainable processes to produce bio-based compounds is necessary due to the severe environmental problems caused by the use of fossil resources. Metabolic engineering can facilitate the development of highly efficient cell factories to produce these compounds from renewable resources. The objective of systems biology is to gain a comprehensive and quantitative understanding of living cells and can hereby enhance our ability to characterize and predict cellular behavior. Systems biology of industrial microorganisms is therefore valuable for metabolic engineering. Here we review the application of systems biology tools for the identification of metabolic engineering targets which may lead to reduced development time for efficient cell factories. Finally, we present some perspectives of systems biology for advancing metabolic engineering further.
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82
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Zhuang KH, Herrgård MJ. Multi-scale exploration of the technical, economic, and environmental dimensions of bio-based chemical production. Metab Eng 2015; 31:1-12. [PMID: 26116515 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, bio-based chemicals have gained traction as a sustainable alternative to petrochemicals. However, despite rapid advances in metabolic engineering and synthetic biology, there remain significant economic and environmental challenges. In order to maximize the impact of research investment in a new bio-based chemical industry, there is a need for assessing the technological, economic, and environmental potentials of combinations of biomass feedstocks, biochemical products, bioprocess technologies, and metabolic engineering approaches in the early phase of development of cell factories. To address this issue, we have developed a comprehensive Multi-scale framework for modeling Sustainable Industrial Chemicals production (MuSIC), which integrates modeling approaches for cellular metabolism, bioreactor design, upstream/downstream processes and economic impact assessment. We demonstrate the use of the MuSIC framework in a case study where two major polymer precursors (1,3-propanediol and 3-hydroxypropionic acid) are produced from two biomass feedstocks (corn-based glucose and soy-based glycerol) through 66 proposed biosynthetic pathways in two host organisms (Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae). The MuSIC framework allows exploration of tradeoffs and interactions between economy-scale objectives (e.g. profit maximization, emission minimization), constraints (e.g. land-use constraints) and process- and cell-scale technology choices (e.g. strain design or oxygenation conditions). We demonstrate that economy-scale assessment can be used to guide specific strain design decisions in metabolic engineering, and that these design decisions can be affected by non-intuitive dependencies across multiple scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai H Zhuang
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kogle Alle 6, Hørsholm DK-2930, Denmark.
| | - Markus J Herrgård
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kogle Alle 6, Hørsholm DK-2930, Denmark.
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83
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Pospiech D, Korwitz A, Komber H, Jehnichen D, Häußler L, Scheibner H, Liebmann M, Jähnichen K, Voit B. Biobased Aliphatic Polyesters with DOPO Substituents for Enhanced Flame Retardancy. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201500121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Doris Pospiech
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e. V.; Hohe Str. 6 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Andreas Korwitz
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e. V.; Hohe Str. 6 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Hartmut Komber
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e. V.; Hohe Str. 6 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Dieter Jehnichen
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e. V.; Hohe Str. 6 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Liane Häußler
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e. V.; Hohe Str. 6 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Holger Scheibner
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e. V.; Hohe Str. 6 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Michael Liebmann
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e. V.; Hohe Str. 6 01069 Dresden Germany
- University of Applied Sciences Zittau/Görlitz; Theodor-Körner-Allee 16 02763 Zittau Germany
| | - Klaus Jähnichen
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e. V.; Hohe Str. 6 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Brigitte Voit
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e. V.; Hohe Str. 6 01069 Dresden Germany
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84
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Xiao B, Zheng M, Pang J, Jiang Y, Wang H, Sun R, Wang A, Wang X, Zhang T. Synthesis and Characterization of Poly(ethylene terephthalate) from Biomass-Based Ethylene Glycol: Effects of Miscellaneous Diols. Ind Eng Chem Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.5b00487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Xiao
- State Key
Laboratory of Catalysis,
Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023 Liaoning, China
| | - Mingyuan Zheng
- State Key
Laboratory of Catalysis,
Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023 Liaoning, China
| | - Jifeng Pang
- State Key
Laboratory of Catalysis,
Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023 Liaoning, China
| | - Yu Jiang
- State Key
Laboratory of Catalysis,
Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023 Liaoning, China
| | - Hua Wang
- State Key
Laboratory of Catalysis,
Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023 Liaoning, China
| | - Ruiyan Sun
- State Key
Laboratory of Catalysis,
Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023 Liaoning, China
| | - Aiqin Wang
- State Key
Laboratory of Catalysis,
Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023 Liaoning, China
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- State Key
Laboratory of Catalysis,
Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023 Liaoning, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- State Key
Laboratory of Catalysis,
Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023 Liaoning, China
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85
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Sonntag F, Müller JEN, Kiefer P, Vorholt JA, Schrader J, Buchhaupt M. High-level production of ethylmalonyl-CoA pathway-derived dicarboxylic acids by Methylobacterium extorquens under cobalt-deficient conditions and by polyhydroxybutyrate negative strains. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:3407-19. [PMID: 25661812 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6418-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Bio-based production of dicarboxylic acids is an emerging research field with remarkable progress during the last decades. The recently established synthesis of the ethylmalonyl-CoA pathway (EMCP)-derived dicarboxylic acids, mesaconic acid and (2S)-methylsuccinic acid, from the alternative carbon source methanol (Sonntag et al., Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 98:4533-4544, 2014) gave a proof of concept for the sustainable production of hitherto biotechnologically inaccessible monomers. In this study, substantial optimizations of the process by different approaches are presented. Abolishment of mesaconic and (2S)-methylsuccinic acid reuptake from culture supernatant and a productivity increase were achieved by 30-fold decreased sodium ion availability in culture medium. Undesired flux from EMCP into polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) cycle was hindered by the knockout of polyhydroxyalkanoate synthase phaC which was concomitant with 5-fold increased product concentrations. However, frequently occurring suppressors of strain ΔphaC lost their beneficial properties probably due to redirected channeling of acetyl-CoA. Pool sizes of the product precursors were increased by exploiting the presence of two cobalt-dependent mutases in the EMCP: Fine-tuned growth-limiting cobalt concentrations led to 16-fold accumulation of mesaconyl- and (2S)-methylsuccinyl-CoA which in turn resulted in 6-fold increased concentrations of mesaconic and (2S)-methylsuccinic acids, with a combined titer of 0.65 g/l, representing a yield of 0.17 g/g methanol. This work represents an important step toward an industrially relevant production of ethylmalonyl-CoA pathway-derived dicarboxylic acids and the generation of a stable PHB synthesis negative Methylobacterium extorquens strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Sonntag
- DECHEMA Research Institute, Theodor-Heuss-Allee 25, 60486, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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86
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Dreschke G, Probst M, Walter A, Pümpel T, Walde J, Insam H. Lactic acid and methane: improved exploitation of biowaste potential. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2015; 176:47-55. [PMID: 25460983 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.10.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This feasibility study investigated a two-step biorefining approach to increase the value gained by recycling of organic municipal solid waste. Firstly, lactic acid was produced via batch fermentation at 37°C using the indigenous microbiome. Experiments revealed an optimal fermentation period of 24h resulting in high yields of lactic acid (up to 37gkg(-1)). The lactic acid proportion of total volatile fatty acid content reached up to 83%. Lactobacilli were selectively enriched to up to 75% of the bacterial community. Additionally conversion of organic matter to lactic acid was increased from 22% to 30% through counteracting end product inhibition by continuous lactic acid extraction. Secondly, fermentation residues were used as co-substrate in biomethane production yielding up to 618±41Nmlbiomethaneg(-1) volatile solids. Digestate, the only end product of this process can be used as organic fertilizer.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Dreschke
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25d, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - M Probst
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25d, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - A Walter
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25d, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - T Pümpel
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25d, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - J Walde
- Department of Statistics, University of Innsbruck, Universitätsstraße 15, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - H Insam
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25d, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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87
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Isikgor FH, Becer CR. Lignocellulosic biomass: a sustainable platform for the production of bio-based chemicals and polymers. Polym Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5py00263j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1492] [Impact Index Per Article: 165.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The ongoing research activities in the field of lignocellulosic biomass for production of value-added chemicals and polymers that can be utilized to replace petroleum-based materials are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - C. Remzi Becer
- School of Engineering and Materials Science
- Queen Mary University of London
- E1 4NS London
- UK
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88
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Jansen F, Gillessen B, Mueller F, Commandeur U, Fischer R, Kreuzaler F. Metabolic engineering forp-coumaryl alcohol production inEscherichia coliby introducing an artificial phenylpropanoid pathway. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2014; 61:646-54. [DOI: 10.1002/bab.1222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Frank Jansen
- Institute of Biology I; RWTH Aachen University; Aachen Germany
| | | | - Frank Mueller
- Institute of Biology VII; RWTH Aachen University; Aachen Germany
| | | | - Rainer Fischer
- Institute of Biology VII; RWTH Aachen University; Aachen Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute of Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology; Aachen Germany
| | - Fritz Kreuzaler
- Institute of Biology I; RWTH Aachen University; Aachen Germany
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89
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McKenna R, Thompson B, Pugh S, Nielsen DR. Rational and combinatorial approaches to engineering styrene production by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Microb Cell Fact 2014; 13:123. [PMID: 25162943 PMCID: PMC4145238 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-014-0123-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Styrene is an important building-block petrochemical and monomer used to produce numerous plastics. Whereas styrene bioproduction by Escherichia coli was previously reported, the long-term potential of this approach will ultimately rely on the use of hosts with improved industrial phenotypes, such as the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. RESULTS Classical metabolic evolution was first applied to isolate a mutant capable of phenylalanine over-production to 357 mg/L. Transcription analysis revealed up-regulation of several phenylalanine biosynthesis pathway genes including ARO3, encoding the bottleneck enzyme DAHP synthase. To catalyze the first pathway step, phenylalanine ammonia lyase encoded by PAL2 from A. thaliana was constitutively expressed from a high copy plasmid. The final pathway step, phenylacrylate decarboxylase, was catalyzed by the native FDC1. Expression of FDC1 was naturally induced by trans-cinnamate, the pathway intermediate and its substrate, at levels sufficient for ensuring flux through the pathway. Deletion of ARO10 to eliminate the competing Ehrlich pathway and expression of a feedback-resistant DAHP synthase encoded by ARO4K229L preserved and promoted the endogenous availability precursor phenylalanine, leading to improved pathway flux and styrene production. These systematic improvements allowed styrene titers to ultimately reach 29 mg/L at a glucose yield of 1.44 mg/g, a 60% improvement over the initial strain. CONCLUSIONS The potential of S. cerevisiae as a host for renewable styrene production has been demonstrated. Significant strain improvements, however, will ultimately be needed to achieve economical production levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah McKenna
- Chemical Engineering, School for Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, PO Box 876106, Tempe, AZ 85287-6106 USA
| | - Brian Thompson
- Chemical Engineering, School for Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, PO Box 876106, Tempe, AZ 85287-6106 USA
| | - Shawn Pugh
- Chemical Engineering, School for Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, PO Box 876106, Tempe, AZ 85287-6106 USA
| | - David R Nielsen
- Chemical Engineering, School for Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, PO Box 876106, Tempe, AZ 85287-6106 USA
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90
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Huang X, Chen M, Lu X, Li Y, Li X, Li JJ. Direct production of itaconic acid from liquefied corn starch by genetically engineered Aspergillus terreus. Microb Cell Fact 2014; 13:108. [PMID: 25162619 PMCID: PMC4145239 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-014-0108-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Itaconic acid is on the DOE (Department of Energy) top 12 list of biotechnologically produced building block chemicals and is produced commercially by Aspergillus terreus. However, the production cost of itaconic acid is too high to be economically competitive with the petrochemical-based products. Itaconic acid is generally produced from raw corn starch, including three steps: enzymatic hydrolysis of corn starch into a glucose-rich syrup by α-amylase and glucoamylase, fermentation, and recovery of itaconic acid. The whole process is very time-consuming and energy-intensive. Results In order to reduce the production cost, saccharification and fermentation were integrated into one step through overexpressing the glucoamylase gene in A. terreus under the control of the native PcitA promoter. The transformant XH61-5 produced higher itaconate titer from liquefied starch than WT. To further increase the titer by enhancing the secretion capacity of overexpressed glucoamylase, a stronger signal peptide was selected based on the major secreted protein ATEG_02176 (an acid phosphatase precursor) by A. terreus under the itaconate production conditions. Under the control of the stronger signal peptide, the transformant XH86-8 showed higher itaconate production level than XH61-5 from liquefied starch. The itaconate titer was further enhanced through a two-step process involving the vegetative and production phase, and the transformant XH86-8 produced comparable itaconate titer from liquefied starch to current one (~80 g/L) from saccharified starch hydrolysates in industry. The effects of the new signal peptide and the two-step process on itaconate production were investigated and discussed. Conclusions Itaconic acid could be efficiently produced from liquefied corn starch by overexpressing the glucoamylase gene in A. terreus, which will be helpful for constructing a highly efficient microbial cell factory for itaconate production and for further lowering the production cost of itaconic acid. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12934-014-0108-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jian-Jun Li
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No, 189 Songling Road, Qingdao 266101, China.
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91
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Huang X, Lu X, Li Y, Li X, Li JJ. Improving itaconic acid production through genetic engineering of an industrial Aspergillus terreus strain. Microb Cell Fact 2014; 13:119. [PMID: 25162789 PMCID: PMC4251695 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-014-0119-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Itaconic acid, which has been declared to be one of the most promising and flexible building blocks, is currently used as monomer or co-monomer in the polymer industry, and produced commercially by Aspergillus terreus. However, the production level of itaconic acid hasn’t been improved in the past 40 years, and mutagenesis is still the main strategy to improve itaconate productivity. The genetic engineering approach hasn’t been applied in industrial A. terreus strains to increase itaconic acid production. Results In this study, the genes closely related to itaconic acid production, including cadA, mfsA, mttA, ATEG_09969, gpdA, ATEG_01954, acoA, mt-pfkA and citA, were identified and overexpressed in an industrial A. terreus strain respectively. Overexpression of the genes cadA (cis-aconitate decarboxylase) and mfsA (Major Facilitator Superfamily Transporter) enhanced the itaconate production level by 9.4% and 5.1% in shake flasks respectively. Overexpression of other genes showed varied effects on itaconate production. The titers of other organic acids were affected by the introduced genes to different extent. Conclusions Itaconic acid production could be improved through genetic engineering of the industrially used A. terreus strain. We have identified some important genes such as cadA and mfsA, whose overexpression led to the increased itaconate productivity, and successfully developed a strategy to establish a highly efficient microbial cell factory for itaconate protuction. Our results will provide a guide for further enhancement of the itaconic acid production level through genetic engineering in future. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12934-014-0119-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jian-Jun Li
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No, 189 Songling Road, Qingdao 266101, China.
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92
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Nakashima N, Akita H, Hoshino T. Establishment of a novel gene expression method, BICES (biomass-inducible chromosome-based expression system), and its application to the production of 2,3-butanediol and acetoin. Metab Eng 2014; 25:204-14. [PMID: 25108217 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2014.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Revised: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we describe a novel method for producing valuable chemicals from glucose and xylose in Escherichia coli. The notable features in our method are avoidance of plasmids and expensive inducers for foreign gene expression to reduce production costs; foreign genes are knocked into the chromosome, and their expression is induced with xylose that is present in most biomass feedstock. As loci for the gene knock-in, lacZYA and some pseudogenes are chosen to minimize unexpected effects of the knock-in on cell physiology. The promoter of xylF is inducible with xylose and is combined with the T7 RNA polymerase-T7 promoter system to ensure strong gene expression. This expression system was named BICES (biomass-inducible chromosome-based expression system). As examples of BICES application, 2,3-butanediol and acetoin were successfully produced from glucose and xylose, and the maximal concentrations reached 54gL(-1) [99.6% in (R,S)-form] and 31gL(-1), respectively. 2,3-Butanediol and acetoin are industrially important chemicals that are, at present, produced primarily through petrochemical processes. To demonstrate usability of BICES in practical situations, we produced these chemicals from a saccharified cedar solution. From these results, we can conclude that BICES is suitable for practical production of valuable chemicals from biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobutaka Nakashima
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Sciences and Technology (AIST), 2-17-2-1 Tsukisamu-Higashi, Toyohira-ku, Sapporo 062-8517, Japan; Department of Biological Information, Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-M6-5 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan.
| | - Hironaga Akita
- Biomass Refinery Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Sciences and Technology (AIST), 3-11-32 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-0046, Japan
| | - Tamotsu Hoshino
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Sciences and Technology (AIST), 2-17-2-1 Tsukisamu-Higashi, Toyohira-ku, Sapporo 062-8517, Japan; Biomass Refinery Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Sciences and Technology (AIST), 3-11-32 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-0046, Japan
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93
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Porro D, Branduardi P, Sauer M, Mattanovich D. Old obstacles and new horizons for microbial chemical production. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2014; 30:101-6. [PMID: 25000188 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2014.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Microorganisms appear as ideal catalysts for chemical conversions. Diverse metabolic routes seem to open doors to the whole range of chemistry. Indeed, a vast amount of scientific papers suggesting new microbial cell factories for old and new products is published every year. However, only very few of them reached industrial relevance. Chemical balances and some metabolic tricks allow natural microorganisms the efficient production of some chemicals, but not others. So first of all it is important to choose metabolically feasible products of value for synthetic chemistry. Here we see a clear task for the chemical and biotechnology industries to communicate for defining the right target molecules. Finally, despite our limited current knowledge, synthetic biology points to a future independent from natural strain backgrounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Porro
- University of Milano Bicocca, Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy.
| | - Paola Branduardi
- University of Milano Bicocca, Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Michael Sauer
- BOKU-VIBT University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Department of Biotechnology, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria; Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB GmbH), Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Diethard Mattanovich
- BOKU-VIBT University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Department of Biotechnology, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria; Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB GmbH), Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria
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94
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Sandström AG, Almqvist H, Portugal-Nunes D, Neves D, Lidén G, Gorwa-Grauslund MF. Saccharomyces cerevisiae: a potential host for carboxylic acid production from lignocellulosic feedstock? Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:7299-318. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5866-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2014] [Revised: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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95
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Dynamics in the microbial cytome—single cell analytics in natural systems. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2014; 27:134-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2014.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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96
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Peremezhney N, Jacob PM, Lapkin A. Alternative methods of processing bio-feedstocks in formulated consumer product design. Front Chem 2014; 2:26. [PMID: 24860803 PMCID: PMC4026751 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2014.00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work new methods of processing bio-feedstocks in the formulated consumer products industry are discussed. Our current approach to formulated products design is based on heuristic knowledge of formulators that allows selecting individual compounds from a library of available materials with known properties. We speculate that most of the compounds (or functions) that make up the product to be designed can potentially be obtained from a few bio-sources. In this case, it may be possible to design a sequence of transformations required to convert feedstocks into products with desired properties, analogous to a metabolic pathway of a complex organism. We conceptualize some novel approaches to processing bio-feedstocks with the aim of bypassing the step of a fixed library of ingredients. Two approaches are brought forward: one making use of knowledge-based expert systems and the other making use of applications of metabolic engineering and dynamic combinatorial chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolai Peremezhney
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Alexei Lapkin
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge Cambridge, UK
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97
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Alonso S, Rendueles M, Díaz M. Microbial production of specialty organic acids from renewable and waste materials. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2014; 35:497-513. [DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2014.904269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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98
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Rational design of ornithine decarboxylase with high catalytic activity for the production of putrescine. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:7483-90. [PMID: 24706212 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5669-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Putrescine finds wide industrial applications in the synthesis of polymers, pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and surfactants. Owing to economic and environmental concerns, the microbial production of putrescine has attracted a great deal of attention, and ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) is known to be a key enzyme in the biosynthetic pathway. Herein, we present the design of ODC from Escherichia coli with high catalytic efficiency using a structure-based rational approach. Through a substrate docking into the model structure of the enzyme, we first selected residues that might lead to an increase in catalytic activity. Of the selected residues that are located in the α-helix and the loops constituting the substrate entry site, a mutational analysis of the single mutants identified two key residues, I163 and E165. A combination of two single mutations resulted in a 62.5-fold increase in the catalytic efficiency when compared with the wild-type enzyme. Molecular dynamics simulations of the best mutant revealed that the substrate entry site becomes more flexible through mutations, while stabilizing the formation of the dimeric interface of the enzyme. Our approach can be applied to the design of other decarboxylases with high catalytic efficiency for the production of various chemicals through bio-based processes.
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Kim JH, Kim SH, Yoon JH, Lee PC. Carotenoid production from n-alkanes with a broad range of chain lengths by the novel species Gordonia ajoucoccus A2T. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:3759-68. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5516-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 12/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Ito Y, Hirasawa T, Shimizu H. Metabolic engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to improve succinic acid production based on metabolic profiling. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 78:151-9. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2014.877816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
We performed metabolic engineering on the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae for enhanced production of succinic acid. Aerobic succinic acid production in S. cerevisiae was achieved by disrupting the SDH1 and SDH2 genes, which encode the catalytic subunits of succinic acid dehydrogenase. Increased succinic acid production was achieved by eliminating the ethanol biosynthesis pathways. Metabolic profiling analysis revealed that succinic acid accumulated intracellularly following disruption of the SDH1 and SDH2 genes, which suggests that enhancing the export of intracellular succinic acid outside of cells increases succinic acid production in S. cerevisiae. The mae1 gene encoding the Schizosaccharomyces pombe malic acid transporter was introduced into S. cerevisiae, and as a result, succinic acid production was successfully improved. Metabolic profiling analysis is useful in producing chemicals for metabolic engineering of microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuma Ito
- Department of Bioinformatic Engineering, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takashi Hirasawa
- Department of Bioinformatic Engineering, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shimizu
- Department of Bioinformatic Engineering, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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