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Contributions of the Cerebellum for Predictive and Instructional Control of Movement. CURRENT OPINION IN PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 8:146-151. [PMID: 30944888 DOI: 10.1016/j.cophys.2019.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The cerebellum with its layered structure and stereotyped and conserved connectivity has long puzzled neurobiologists. While it is well established that the cerebellum functions in regulating balance, motor coordination and motor learning, how it achieves these end results has not been very clear. Recent technical advances have made it possible to tease apart the contributions of cerebellar cell types to movement in behaving animals. We review these studies focusing on the three major cerebellar cell types, namely: granule cells, Purkinje neurons and the cells of the deep cerebellar nuclei. Further, we also review our current understanding of cortico-cerebellar and basal ganglia-cerebellar interactions that play vital roles in motor planning and motor learning.
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52
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French CA, Vinueza Veloz MF, Zhou K, Peter S, Fisher SE, Costa RM, De Zeeuw CI. Differential effects of Foxp2 disruption in distinct motor circuits. Mol Psychiatry 2019; 24:447-462. [PMID: 30108312 PMCID: PMC6514880 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-018-0199-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Disruptions of the FOXP2 gene cause a speech and language disorder involving difficulties in sequencing orofacial movements. FOXP2 is expressed in cortico-striatal and cortico-cerebellar circuits important for fine motor skills, and affected individuals show abnormalities in these brain regions. We selectively disrupted Foxp2 in the cerebellar Purkinje cells, striatum or cortex of mice and assessed the effects on skilled motor behaviour using an operant lever-pressing task. Foxp2 loss in each region impacted behaviour differently, with striatal and Purkinje cell disruptions affecting the variability and the speed of lever-press sequences, respectively. Mice lacking Foxp2 in Purkinje cells showed a prominent phenotype involving slowed lever pressing as well as deficits in skilled locomotion. In vivo recordings from Purkinje cells uncovered an increased simple spike firing rate and decreased modulation of firing during limb movements. This was caused by increased intrinsic excitability rather than changes in excitatory or inhibitory inputs. Our findings show that Foxp2 can modulate different aspects of motor behaviour in distinct brain regions, and uncover an unknown role for Foxp2 in the modulation of Purkinje cell activity that severely impacts skilled movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A. French
- 0000 0004 0453 9636grid.421010.6Champalimaud Research, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - María F. Vinueza Veloz
- 000000040459992Xgrid.5645.2Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands ,grid.442230.3School of Medicine, Escuela Superior Politécnica de Chimborazo, Riobamba, Ecuador
| | - Kuikui Zhou
- 000000040459992Xgrid.5645.2Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands ,0000000119573309grid.9227.eThe Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Saša Peter
- 000000040459992Xgrid.5645.2Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Simon E. Fisher
- 0000 0004 0501 3839grid.419550.cLanguage and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands ,0000000122931605grid.5590.9Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Rui M. Costa
- 0000 0004 0453 9636grid.421010.6Champalimaud Research, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal ,0000000419368729grid.21729.3fDepartment of Neuroscience, Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | - Chris I. De Zeeuw
- 000000040459992Xgrid.5645.2Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands ,0000 0001 2153 6865grid.418101.dNetherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Romano V, De Propris L, Bosman LW, Warnaar P, Ten Brinke MM, Lindeman S, Ju C, Velauthapillai A, Spanke JK, Middendorp Guerra E, Hoogland TM, Negrello M, D'Angelo E, De Zeeuw CI. Potentiation of cerebellar Purkinje cells facilitates whisker reflex adaptation through increased simple spike activity. eLife 2018; 7:38852. [PMID: 30561331 PMCID: PMC6326726 DOI: 10.7554/elife.38852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebellar plasticity underlies motor learning. However, how the cerebellum operates to enable learned changes in motor output is largely unknown. We developed a sensory-driven adaptation protocol for reflexive whisker protraction and recorded Purkinje cell activity from crus 1 and 2 of awake mice. Before training, simple spikes of individual Purkinje cells correlated during reflexive protraction with the whisker position without lead or lag. After training, simple spikes and whisker protractions were both enhanced with the spiking activity now leading behavioral responses. Neuronal and behavioral changes did not occur in two cell-specific mouse models with impaired long-term potentiation at their parallel fiber to Purkinje cell synapses. Consistent with cerebellar plasticity rules, increased simple spike activity was prominent in cells with low complex spike response probability. Thus, potentiation at parallel fiber to Purkinje cell synapses may contribute to reflex adaptation and enable expression of cerebellar learning through increases in simple spike activity. Rodents use their whiskers to explore the world around them. When the whiskers touch an object, it triggers involuntary movements of the whiskers called whisker reflexes. Experiencing the same sensory stimulus multiple times enables rodents to fine-tune these reflexes, e.g., by making their movements larger or smaller. This type of learning is often referred to as motor learning. A part of the brain called cerebellum controls motor learning. It contains some of the largest neurons in the nervous system, the Purkinje cells. Each Purkinje cell receives input from thousands of extensions of small neurons, known as parallel fibers. It is thought that decreasing the strength of the connections between parallel fibers and Purkinje cells can help mammals learn new movements. This is the case in a type of learning called Pavlovian conditioning. It takes its name from the Russian scientist, Pavlov, who showed that dogs can learn to salivate in response to a bell signaling food. Pavlovian conditioning enables animals to optimize their responses to sensory stimuli. But Romano et al. now show that increasing the strength of connections between parallel fibers and Purkinje cells can also support learning. To trigger reflexive whisker movements, a machine blew puffs of air onto the whiskers of awake mice. After repeated exposure to the air puffs, the mice increased the size of their whisker reflexes. At the same time, their Purkinje cells became more active and the connections between Purkinje cells and parallel fibers grew stronger. Artificially increasing Purkinje cell activity triggered the same changes in whisker reflexes as the air puffs themselves. Textbooks still report that only weakening of connections within the cerebellum enables animals to learn and modify movements. The data obtained by Romano al. thus paint a new picture of how the cerebellum works in the context of whisker learning. They show that strengthening these connections can also support movement-related learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Romano
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Licia De Propris
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Pascal Warnaar
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Sander Lindeman
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Chiheng Ju
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jochen K Spanke
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Tycho M Hoogland
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mario Negrello
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Egidio D'Angelo
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,Brain Connectivity Center, Instituto Fondazione C Mondino, Pavia, Italy
| | - Chris I De Zeeuw
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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54
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Ren S, Chen M, Yang L, Liu Z. 5-Hydroxytryptamine and Dopamine Neurons in the Cerebellum of the New-Hatching Yangtze Alligator Alligator sinensis. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2018; 302:861-868. [PMID: 30315688 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 03/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Nissl and immunohistochemical staining methods were used to morphologically characterize the cerebellum of the new-hatching Yangtze alligator, and the cerebellar histological structure and the distribution profiles of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and dopamine (DA) neurons were investigated for the first time. The results of cerebellar histological structure showed that there was a ventriculus cerebelli in the cerebellum of the new-hatching Yangtze alligator, the surface of the cerebellar cortex was not very smooth, the cerebellar cortex could be divided into four layers, which include external granular layer, molecular layer, Purkinje cell layer and granular layer, Purkinje cell layer could be characterized specially by multilayer, two cerebellar nuclei termed as the nucleus cerebelli lateralis and the nucleus cerebelli medialis were found in the cerebellar medulla. 5-hydroxytryptamine-immunoreactive (5-HT-IR) and dopamine-immunoreactive (DA-IR) neurons and fibers distributed widely in the cerebellum. The structures and profiles of 5-HT-IR and DA-IR neurons and fibers in the cerebellum of the Yangtze alligator were similar to that reported in other reptiles, but also had some specific features. The abundance of 5-HT and DA in cerebellum suggested that these highly conserved neurotransmitters would play important roles in motor control. Anat Rec, 302:861-868, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijia Ren
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Important Biological Resources in Anhui, Foundation of Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotic Environment and Ecological Safety in Anhui, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, 241000, China
| | - Meifang Chen
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Important Biological Resources in Anhui, Foundation of Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotic Environment and Ecological Safety in Anhui, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, 241000, China
| | - Lanying Yang
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Important Biological Resources in Anhui, Foundation of Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotic Environment and Ecological Safety in Anhui, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, 241000, China
| | - Zaiqun Liu
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Important Biological Resources in Anhui, Foundation of Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotic Environment and Ecological Safety in Anhui, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, 241000, China
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55
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Muzzu T, Mitolo S, Gava GP, Schultz SR. Encoding of locomotion kinematics in the mouse cerebellum. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203900. [PMID: 30212563 PMCID: PMC6136788 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The cerebellum is involved in coordinating motor behaviour, but how the cerebellar network regulates locomotion is still not well understood. We characterised the activity of putative cerebellar Purkinje cells, Golgi cells and mossy fibres in awake mice engaged in an active locomotion task, using high-density silicon electrode arrays. Analysis of the activity of over 300 neurons in response to locomotion revealed that the majority of cells (53%) were significantly modulated by phase of the stepping cycle. However, in contrast to studies involving passive locomotion on a treadmill, we found that a high proportion of cells (45%) were tuned to the speed of locomotion, and 19% were tuned to yaw movements. The activity of neurons in the cerebellar vermis provided more information about future speed of locomotion than about past or present speed, suggesting a motor, rather than purely sensory, role. We were able to accurately decode the speed of locomotion with a simple linear algorithm, with only a relatively small number of well-chosen cells needed, irrespective of cell class. Our observations suggest that behavioural state modulates cerebellar sensorimotor integration, and advocate a role for the cerebellar vermis in control of high-level locomotor kinematic parameters such as speed and yaw.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomaso Muzzu
- Centre for Neurotechnology and Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Susanna Mitolo
- Centre for Neurotechnology and Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Giuseppe P. Gava
- Centre for Neurotechnology and Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Simon R. Schultz
- Centre for Neurotechnology and Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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56
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Tanaka YH, Tanaka YR, Kondo M, Terada SI, Kawaguchi Y, Matsuzaki M. Thalamocortical Axonal Activity in Motor Cortex Exhibits Layer-Specific Dynamics during Motor Learning. Neuron 2018; 100:244-258.e12. [PMID: 30174116 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The thalamus is the hub through which neural signals are transmitted from the basal ganglia and cerebellum to the neocortex. However, thalamocortical axonal activity during motor learning remains largely undescribed. We conducted two-photon calcium imaging of thalamocortical axonal activity in the motor cortex of mice learning a self-initiated lever-pull task. Layer 1 (L1) axons came to exhibit activity at lever-pull initiation and termination, while layer 3 (L3) axons did so at lever-pull initiation. L1 population activity had a sequence structure related to both lever-pull duration and reproducibility. Stimulation of the substantia nigra pars reticulata activated more L1 than L3 axons, whereas deep cerebellar nuclei (DCN) stimulation did the opposite. Lesions to either the dorsal striatum or the DCN impaired motor learning and disrupted temporal dynamics in both layers. Thus, layer-specific thalamocortical signals evolve with the progression of learning, which requires both the basal ganglia and cerebellar activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyo H Tanaka
- Division of Brain Circuits, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan; CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan; Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro R Tanaka
- Division of Brain Circuits, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan; CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan; Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masashi Kondo
- Division of Brain Circuits, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan; Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro Terada
- Division of Brain Circuits, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan; Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yasuo Kawaguchi
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan; SOKENDAI (the Graduate University of Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Japan; Division of Cerebral Circuitry, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Masanori Matsuzaki
- Division of Brain Circuits, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan; CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan; Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; SOKENDAI (the Graduate University of Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Japan; International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN), The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study, Tokyo, Japan.
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57
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Neonatal brain injury causes cerebellar learning deficits and Purkinje cell dysfunction. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3235. [PMID: 30104642 PMCID: PMC6089917 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05656-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Premature infants are more likely to develop locomotor disorders than term infants. In a chronic sub-lethal hypoxia (Hx) mouse model of neonatal brain injury, we recently demonstrated the presence of cellular and physiological changes in the cerebellar white matter. We also observed Hx-induced delay in Purkinje cell (PC) arborization. However, the behavioral consequences of these cellular alterations remain unexplored. Using the Erasmus Ladder to study cerebellar behavior, we report the presence of locomotor malperformance and long-term cerebellar learning deficits in Hx mice. Optogenetics experiments in Hx mice reveal a profound reduction in spontaneous and photoevoked PC firing frequency. Finally, treatment with a gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) reuptake inhibitor partially rescues locomotor performance and improves PC firing. Our results demonstrate a long-term miscoordination phenotype characterized by locomotor malperformance and cerebellar learning deficits in a mouse model of neonatal brain injury. Our findings also implicate the developing GABA network as a potential therapeutic target for prematurity-related locomotor deficits.
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58
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Srivastava A, Ahmad OF, Pacia CP, Hallett M, Lungu C. The Relationship between Saccades and Locomotion. J Mov Disord 2018; 11:93-106. [PMID: 30086615 PMCID: PMC6182301 DOI: 10.14802/jmd.18018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human locomotion involves a complex interplay among multiple brain regions and depends on constant feedback from the visual system. We summarize here the current understanding of the relationship among fixations, saccades, and gait as observed in studies sampling eye movements during locomotion, through a review of the literature and a synthesis of the relevant knowledge on the topic. A significant overlap in locomotor and saccadic neural circuitry exists that may support this relationship. Several animal studies have identified potential integration nodes between these overlapping circuitries. Behavioral studies that explored the relationship of saccadic and gait-related impairments in normal conditions and in various disease states are also discussed. Eye movements and locomotion share many underlying neural circuits, and further studies can leverage this interplay for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshul Srivastava
- Human Motor Control Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Omar F Ahmad
- Human Motor Control Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Christopher Pham Pacia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Mark Hallett
- Human Motor Control Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Codrin Lungu
- Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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59
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Smaragdos G, Chatzikonstantis G, Kukreja R, Sidiropoulos H, Rodopoulos D, Sourdis I, Al-Ars Z, Kachris C, Soudris D, De Zeeuw CI, Strydis C. BrainFrame: a node-level heterogeneous accelerator platform for neuron simulations. J Neural Eng 2018; 14:066008. [PMID: 28707628 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/aa7fc5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The advent of high-performance computing (HPC) in recent years has led to its increasing use in brain studies through computational models. The scale and complexity of such models are constantly increasing, leading to challenging computational requirements. Even though modern HPC platforms can often deal with such challenges, the vast diversity of the modeling field does not permit for a homogeneous acceleration platform to effectively address the complete array of modeling requirements. APPROACH In this paper we propose and build BrainFrame, a heterogeneous acceleration platform that incorporates three distinct acceleration technologies, an Intel Xeon-Phi CPU, a NVidia GP-GPU and a Maxeler Dataflow Engine. The PyNN software framework is also integrated into the platform. As a challenging proof of concept, we analyze the performance of BrainFrame on different experiment instances of a state-of-the-art neuron model, representing the inferior-olivary nucleus using a biophysically-meaningful, extended Hodgkin-Huxley representation. The model instances take into account not only the neuronal-network dimensions but also different network-connectivity densities, which can drastically affect the workload's performance characteristics. MAIN RESULTS The combined use of different HPC technologies demonstrates that BrainFrame is better able to cope with the modeling diversity encountered in realistic experiments while at the same time running on significantly lower energy budgets. Our performance analysis clearly shows that the model directly affects performance and all three technologies are required to cope with all the model use cases. SIGNIFICANCE The BrainFrame framework is designed to transparently configure and select the appropriate back-end accelerator technology for use per simulation run. The PyNN integration provides a familiar bridge to the vast number of models already available. Additionally, it gives a clear roadmap for extending the platform support beyond the proof of concept, with improved usability and directly useful features to the computational-neuroscience community, paving the way for wider adoption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Smaragdos
- Neuroscience department, Erasmus MC, Wytemaweg 80, 3015GE, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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60
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Ten Brinke MM, Boele HJ, De Zeeuw CI. Conditioned climbing fiber responses in cerebellar cortex and nuclei. Neurosci Lett 2018; 688:26-36. [PMID: 29689340 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The eyeblink conditioning paradigm captures an elementary form of associative learning in a neural circuitry that is understood to an extraordinary degree. Cerebellar cortical Purkinje cell simple spike suppression is widely regarded as the main process underlying conditioned responses (CRs), leading to disinhibition of neurons in the cerebellar nuclei that innervate eyelid muscles downstream. However, recent work highlights the addition of a conditioned Purkinje cell complex spike response, which at the level of the interposed nucleus seems to translate to a transient spike suppression that can be followed by a rapid spike facilitation. Here, we review the characteristics of these responses at the cerebellar cortical and nuclear level, and discuss possible origins and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Ten Brinke
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - H J Boele
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - C I De Zeeuw
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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61
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Locomotor activity modulates associative learning in mouse cerebellum. Nat Neurosci 2018; 21:725-735. [PMID: 29662214 PMCID: PMC5923878 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-018-0129-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Changes in behavioral state can profoundly influence brain function. Here we show that behavioral state modulates performance in delay eyeblink conditioning, a cerebellum-dependent form of associative learning. Increased locomotor speed in head-fixed mice drove earlier onset of learning and trial-by-trial enhancement of learned responses that were dissociable from changes in arousal and independent of sensory modality. Eyelid responses evoked by optogenetic stimulation of mossy fiber inputs to the cerebellum, but not at sites downstream, were positively modulated by ongoing locomotion. Substituting prolonged, low-intensity optogenetic mossy fiber stimulation for locomotion was sufficient to enhance conditioned responses. Our results suggest that locomotor activity modulates delay eyeblink conditioning through increased activation of the mossy fiber pathway within the cerebellum. Taken together, these results provide evidence for a novel role for behavioral state modulation in associative learning and suggest a potential mechanism through which engaging in movement can improve an individual’s ability to learn.
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62
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Tan GH, Liu YY, Wang L, Li K, Zhang ZQ, Li HF, Yang ZF, Li Y, Li D, Wu MY, Yu CL, Long JJ, Chen RC, Li LX, Yin LP, Liu JW, Cheng XW, Shen Q, Shu YS, Sakimura K, Liao LJ, Wu ZY, Xiong ZQ. PRRT2 deficiency induces paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia by regulating synaptic transmission in cerebellum. Cell Res 2017; 28:90-110. [PMID: 29056747 PMCID: PMC5752836 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2017.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the proline-rich transmembrane protein 2 (PRRT2) are associated with paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia (PKD) and several other paroxysmal neurological diseases, but the PRRT2 function and pathogenic mechanisms remain largely obscure. Here we show that PRRT2 is a presynaptic protein that interacts with components of the SNARE complex and downregulates its formation. Loss-of-function mutant mice showed PKD-like phenotypes triggered by generalized seizures, hyperthermia, or optogenetic stimulation of the cerebellum. Mutant mice with specific PRRT2 deletion in cerebellar granule cells (GCs) recapitulate the behavioral phenotypes seen in Prrt2-null mice. Furthermore, recording made in cerebellar slices showed that optogenetic stimulation of GCs results in transient elevation followed by suppression of Purkinje cell firing. The anticonvulsant drug carbamazepine used in PKD treatment also relieved PKD-like behaviors in mutant mice. Together, our findings identify PRRT2 as a novel regulator of the SNARE complex and provide a circuit mechanism underlying the PRRT2-related behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-He Tan
- Institute of Neuroscience and State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.,Department of Human Anatomy, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine & Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Liu
- Institute of Neuroscience and State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience and State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Kui Li
- Institute of Neuroscience and State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Ze-Qiang Zhang
- Institute of Neuroscience and State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hong-Fu Li
- Department of Neurology and Research Center of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Zhong-Fei Yang
- Institute of Neuroscience and State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yang Li
- Institute of Neuroscience and State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Dan Li
- Institute of Neuroscience and State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Ming-Yue Wu
- Institute of Neuroscience and State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Chun-Lei Yu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Juan-Juan Long
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Ren-Chao Chen
- Institute of Neuroscience and State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Li-Xi Li
- Department of Neurology and Research Center of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Lu-Ping Yin
- Institute of Neuroscience and State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Ji-Wei Liu
- Institute of Neuroscience and State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xue-Wen Cheng
- Institute of Neuroscience and State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Qi Shen
- Institute of Neuroscience and State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - You-Sheng Shu
- Institute of Neuroscience and State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Kenji Sakimura
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8585, Japan
| | - Lu-Jian Liao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Zhi-Ying Wu
- Department of Neurology and Research Center of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Zhi-Qi Xiong
- Institute of Neuroscience and State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Mathis MW, Mathis A, Uchida N. Somatosensory Cortex Plays an Essential Role in Forelimb Motor Adaptation in Mice. Neuron 2017; 93:1493-1503.e6. [PMID: 28334611 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.02.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Our motor outputs are constantly re-calibrated to adapt to systematic perturbations. This motor adaptation is thought to depend on the ability to form a memory of a systematic perturbation, often called an internal model. However, the mechanisms underlying the formation, storage, and expression of such models remain unknown. Here, we developed a mouse model to study forelimb adaptation to force field perturbations. We found that temporally precise photoinhibition of somatosensory cortex (S1) applied concurrently with the force field abolished the ability to update subsequent motor commands needed to reduce motor errors. This S1 photoinhibition did not impair basic motor patterns, post-perturbation completion of the action, or their performance in a reward-based learning task. Moreover, S1 photoinhibition after partial adaptation blocked further adaptation, but did not affect the expression of already-adapted motor commands. Thus, S1 is critically involved in updating the memory about the perturbation that is essential for forelimb motor adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mackenzie Weygandt Mathis
- Center for Brain Science, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
| | - Alexander Mathis
- Center for Brain Science, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Naoshige Uchida
- Center for Brain Science, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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64
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Abstract
Since the last review paper published in Cerebellum in 2002 [1], there has been a substantial increase in the number of experiments utilizing transgenic manipulations in murine cerebellar Purkinje cells. Most of these approaches were made possible with the use of the Cre/loxP methodology and pcp2/L7 based Cre recombinase expressing transgenic mouse strains. This review aims to summarize all studies which used Purkinje cell specific transgenesis since the first use of mouse strain with Purkinje cell specific Cre expression in 2002.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sługocka
- Center for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Jan Wiaderkiewicz
- Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, The George Washington University, 2300 Eye St., NW, Washington, DC, 20037, USA
| | - Jaroslaw J Barski
- Center for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland.
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland.
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65
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The Roles of the Olivocerebellar Pathway in Motor Learning and Motor Control. A Consensus Paper. THE CEREBELLUM 2017; 16:230-252. [PMID: 27193702 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-016-0787-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
For many decades, the predominant view in the cerebellar field has been that the olivocerebellar system's primary function is to induce plasticity in the cerebellar cortex, specifically, at the parallel fiber-Purkinje cell synapse. However, it has also long been proposed that the olivocerebellar system participates directly in motor control by helping to shape ongoing motor commands being issued by the cerebellum. Evidence consistent with both hypotheses exists; however, they are often investigated as mutually exclusive alternatives. In contrast, here, we take the perspective that the olivocerebellar system can contribute to both the motor learning and motor control functions of the cerebellum and might also play a role in development. We then consider the potential problems and benefits of it having multiple functions. Moreover, we discuss how its distinctive characteristics (e.g., low firing rates, synchronization, and variable complex spike waveforms) make it more or less suitable for one or the other of these functions, and why having multiple functions makes sense from an evolutionary perspective. We did not attempt to reach a consensus on the specific role(s) the olivocerebellar system plays in different types of movements, as that will ultimately be determined experimentally; however, collectively, the various contributions highlight the flexibility of the olivocerebellar system, and thereby suggest that it has the potential to act in both the motor learning and motor control functions of the cerebellum.
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66
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New insights into olivo-cerebellar circuits for learning from a small training sample. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2017; 46:58-67. [PMID: 28841437 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2017.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Artificial intelligence such as deep neural networks exhibited remarkable performance in simulated video games and 'Go'. In contrast, most humanoid robots in the DARPA Robotics Challenge fell down to ground. The dramatic contrast in performance is mainly due to differences in the amount of training data, which is huge and small, respectively. Animals are not allowed with millions of the failed trials, which lead to injury and death. Humans fall only several thousand times before they balance and walk. We hypothesize that a unique closed-loop neural circuit formed by the Purkinje cells, the cerebellar deep nucleus and the inferior olive in and around the cerebellum and the highest density of gap junctions, which regulate synchronous activities of the inferior olive nucleus, are computational machinery for learning from a small sample. We discuss recent experimental and computational advances associated with this hypothesis.
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67
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Giovannucci A, Pnevmatikakis EA, Deverett B, Pereira T, Fondriest J, Brady MJ, Wang SSH, Abbas W, Parés P, Masip D. Automated gesture tracking in head-fixed mice. J Neurosci Methods 2017; 300:184-195. [PMID: 28728948 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2017.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 06/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The preparation consisting of a head-fixed mouse on a spherical or cylindrical treadmill offers unique advantages in a variety of experimental contexts. Head fixation provides the mechanical stability necessary for optical and electrophysiological recordings and stimulation. Additionally, it can be combined with virtual environments such as T-mazes, enabling these types of recording during diverse behaviors. NEW METHOD In this paper we present a low-cost, easy-to-build acquisition system, along with scalable computational methods to quantitatively measure behavior (locomotion and paws, whiskers, and tail motion patterns) in head-fixed mice locomoting on cylindrical or spherical treadmills. EXISTING METHODS Several custom supervised and unsupervised methods have been developed for measuring behavior in mice. However, to date there is no low-cost, turn-key, general-purpose, and scalable system for acquiring and quantifying behavior in mice. RESULTS We benchmark our algorithms against ground truth data generated either by manual labeling or by simpler methods of feature extraction. We demonstrate that our algorithms achieve good performance, both in supervised and unsupervised settings. CONCLUSIONS We present a low-cost suite of tools for behavioral quantification, which serve as valuable complements to recording and stimulation technologies being developed for the head-fixed mouse preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Giovannucci
- Center for Computational Biology, Flatiron Institute, Simons Foundation, New York, NY, USA; Princeton Neuroscience Institute and Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
| | - E A Pnevmatikakis
- Center for Computational Biology, Flatiron Institute, Simons Foundation, New York, NY, USA
| | - B Deverett
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute and Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA; Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - T Pereira
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute and Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - J Fondriest
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute and Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA; Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - M J Brady
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute and Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA; Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - S S-H Wang
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute and Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA; Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - W Abbas
- Department of Computer Science, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - P Parés
- Department of Computer Science, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - D Masip
- Department of Computer Science, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
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Dendritic excitation-inhibition balance shapes cerebellar output during motor behaviour. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13722. [PMID: 27976716 PMCID: PMC5172235 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Feedforward excitatory and inhibitory circuits regulate cerebellar output, but how these circuits interact to shape the somatodendritic excitability of Purkinje cells during motor behaviour remains unresolved. Here we perform dendritic and somatic patch-clamp recordings in vivo combined with optogenetic silencing of interneurons to investigate how dendritic excitation and inhibition generates bidirectional (that is, increased or decreased) Purkinje cell output during self-paced locomotion. We find that granule cells generate a sustained depolarization of Purkinje cell dendrites during movement, which is counterbalanced by variable levels of feedforward inhibition from local interneurons. Subtle differences in the dendritic excitation-inhibition balance generate robust, bidirectional changes in simple spike (SSp) output. Disrupting this balance by selectively silencing molecular layer interneurons results in unidirectional firing rate changes, increased SSp regularity and disrupted locomotor behaviour. Our findings provide a mechanistic understanding of how feedforward excitatory and inhibitory circuits shape Purkinje cell output during motor behaviour.
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69
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Wang H, Zhang R, Zhang S, Zhou Y, Wu X. Immunohistochemical Localization of Somatostatin in the Brain of Chinese Alligator Alligator sinensis. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2016; 300:507-519. [PMID: 27615412 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the regional distribution and histological localization of somatostatin (SS) immunoreactive (IR) perikarya and fibers was investigated for the first time in the brain of adult Chinese alligator by immunohistochemical method. The results showed SS-IR perikarya and fibers were widely distributed in various parts of the brain except for olfactory bulbs. In the telencephalon, SS-IR perikarya were predominantly located in the cellular layer and deep plexiform layer of dorsomedial and medial cortex, less in the dorsal and lateral cortex, while SS-IR fibers were found in all layers of the cerebral cortex. SS-IR perikarya and fibers were also detected in the dorsal ventricular ridge, hippocampus cortex, accessory olfactory bulb nuclearus, lenticular nucleus, and caudate nucleus. In the diencephalon, SS-IR perikarya and fibers were mainly present in supraoptic nucleus, paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus, recessus infundibular nucleus, median eminence, the pineal gland and pituitary gland, in which the IR-fibers were abundant, appearing dot-shaped and varicosity-like. In the mesencephalon, they were present in tectum cortex, ependyma of cerebral aqueduct and the periaqueductal grey matter. Additionally, they were also detected in Purkinje's cellular layer of cerebellum, in the reticularis nucleus and raphe nucleus of medulla oblongata. The distribution pattern of SS-IR perikarya and fibers in the brain of Chinese alligator is generally similar to that reported in other reptiles, but also has some specific features. The wide distribution indicated that SS might be a neurotransmitter or neuromodulator which acts on many kinds of target cells with a wide range of physiological functions. Anat Rec, 300:507-519, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Wang
- Key Laboratory for Conservation and Use of Important Biological Resources of Anhui Province, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, 241000, China
| | - Ruidong Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Conservation and Use of Important Biological Resources of Anhui Province, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, 241000, China
| | - Shengzhou Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Conservation and Use of Important Biological Resources of Anhui Province, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, 241000, China
| | - Yongkang Zhou
- Alligator Research Center of Anhui Province, Xuanzhou, 242000, China
| | - Xiaobing Wu
- Key Laboratory for Conservation and Use of Important Biological Resources of Anhui Province, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, 241000, China
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70
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Koppen H, Boele HJ, Palm-Meinders IH, Koutstaal BJ, Horlings CG, Koekkoek BK, van der Geest J, Smit AE, van Buchem MA, Launer LJ, Terwindt GM, Bloem BR, Kruit MC, Ferrari MD, De Zeeuw CI. Cerebellar function and ischemic brain lesions in migraine patients from the general population. Cephalalgia 2016; 37:177-190. [PMID: 27059879 DOI: 10.1177/0333102416643527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Objective The objective of this article is to obtain detailed quantitative assessment of cerebellar function and structure in unselected migraine patients and controls from the general population. Methods A total of 282 clinically well-defined participants (migraine with aura n = 111; migraine without aura n = 89; non-migraine controls n = 82; age range 43-72; 72% female) from a population-based study were subjected to a range of sensitive and validated cerebellar tests that cover functions of all main parts of the cerebellar cortex, including cerebrocerebellum, spinocerebellum, and vestibulocerebellum. In addition, all participants underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain to screen for cerebellar lesions. As a positive control, the same cerebellar tests were conducted in 13 patients with familial hemiplegic migraine type 1 (FHM1; age range 19-64; 69% female) all carrying a CACNA1A mutation known to affect cerebellar function. Results MRI revealed cerebellar ischemic lesions in 17/196 (8.5%) migraine patients and 3/79 (4%) controls, which were always located in the posterior lobe except for one control. With regard to the cerebellar tests, there were no differences between migraine patients with aura, migraine patients without aura, and controls for the: (i) Purdue-pegboard test for fine motor skills (assembly scores p = 0.1); (ii) block-design test for visuospatial ability (mean scaled scores p = 0.2); (iii) prism-adaptation task for limb learning (shift scores p = 0.8); (iv) eyeblink-conditioning task for learning-dependent timing (peak-time p = 0.1); and (v) body-sway test for balance capabilities (pitch velocity score under two-legs stance condition p = 0.5). Among migraine patients, those with cerebellar ischaemic lesions performed worse than those without lesions on the assembly scores of the pegboard task ( p < 0.005), but not on the primary outcome measures of the other tasks. Compared with controls and non-hemiplegic migraine patients, FHM1 patients showed substantially more deficits on all primary outcomes, including Purdue-peg assembly ( p < 0.05), block-design scaled score ( p < 0.001), shift in prism-adaptation ( p < 0.001), peak-time of conditioned eyeblink responses ( p < 0.05) and pitch-velocity score during stance-sway test ( p < 0.001). Conclusions Unselected migraine patients from the general population show normal cerebellar functions despite having increased prevalence of ischaemic lesions in the cerebellar posterior lobe. Except for an impaired pegboard test revealing deficits in fine motor skills, these lesions appear to have little functional impact. In contrast, all cerebellar functions were significantly impaired in participants with FHM1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hille Koppen
- 1 Department of Neurology, Haga Hospital, The Netherlands.,2 Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Henk-Jan Boele
- 3 Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Corinne Gc Horlings
- 5 Department of Neurology, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, The Netherlands
| | - Bas K Koekkoek
- 3 Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Jos van der Geest
- 3 Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Albertine E Smit
- 3 Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Mark A van Buchem
- 4 Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Lenore J Launer
- 6 Laboratory of Epidemiology, Demography and Biometry, National Institutes of Health, USA
| | - Gisela M Terwindt
- 2 Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Bas R Bloem
- 5 Department of Neurology, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, The Netherlands
| | - Mark C Kruit
- 4 Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Michel D Ferrari
- 2 Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Chris I De Zeeuw
- 3 Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, The Netherlands.,7 Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Academy of Arts & Sciences (KNAW), The Netherlands
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SLC26A11 (KBAT) in Purkinje Cells Is Critical for Inhibitory Transmission and Contributes to Locomotor Coordination. eNeuro 2016; 3:eN-NWR-0028-16. [PMID: 27390771 PMCID: PMC4908300 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0028-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 05/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chloride homeostasis determines the impact of inhibitory synaptic transmission and thereby mediates the excitability of neurons. Even though cerebellar Purkinje cells (PCs) receive a pronounced inhibitory GABAergic input from stellate and basket cells, the role of chloride homeostasis in these neurons is largely unknown. Here we studied at both the cellular and systems physiological level the function of a recently discovered chloride channel, SLC26A11 or kidney brain anion transporter (KBAT), which is prominently expressed in PCs. Using perforated patch clamp recordings of PCs, we found that a lack of KBAT channel in PC-specific KBAT KO mice (L7-KBAT KOs) induces a negative shift in the reversal potential of chloride as reflected in the GABAA-receptor-evoked currents, indicating a decrease in intracellular chloride concentration. Surprisingly, both in vitro and in vivo PCs in L7-KBAT KOs showed a significantly increased action potential firing frequency of simple spikes, which correlated with impaired motor performance on the Erasmus Ladder. Our findings support an important role for SLC26A11 in moderating chloride homeostasis and neuronal activity in the cerebellum.
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72
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White JJ, Lin T, Brown AM, Arancillo M, Lackey EP, Stay TL, Sillitoe RV. An optimized surgical approach for obtaining stable extracellular single-unit recordings from the cerebellum of head-fixed behaving mice. J Neurosci Methods 2016; 262:21-31. [PMID: 26777474 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2016.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Electrophysiological recording approaches are essential for understanding brain function. Among these approaches are various methods of performing single-unit recordings. However, a major hurdle to overcome when recording single units in vivo is stability. Poor stability results in a low signal-to-noise ratio, which makes it challenging to isolate neuronal signals. Proper isolation is needed for differentiating a signal from neighboring cells or the noise inherent to electrophysiology. Insufficient isolation makes it impossible to analyze full action potential waveforms. A common source of instability is an inadequate surgery. Problems during surgery cause blood loss, tissue damage and poor healing of the surrounding tissue, limited access to the target brain region, and, importantly, unreliable fixation points for holding the mouse's head. NEW METHOD We describe an optimized surgical procedure that ensures limited tissue damage and delineate a method for implanting head plates to hold the animal firmly in place. RESULTS Using the cerebellum as a model, we implement an extracellular recording technique to acquire single units from Purkinje cells and cerebellar nuclear neurons in behaving mice. We validate the stability of our method by holding single units after injecting the powerful tremorgenic drug harmaline. We performed multiple structural analyses after recording. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS Our approach is ideal for studying neuronal function in active mice and valuable for recording single-neuron activity when considerable motion is unavoidable. CONCLUSIONS The surgical principles we present for accessing the cerebellum can be easily adapted to examine the function of neurons in other brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J White
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children's Hospital, 1250 Moursund Street, Suite 1325, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Tao Lin
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children's Hospital, 1250 Moursund Street, Suite 1325, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Amanda M Brown
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children's Hospital, 1250 Moursund Street, Suite 1325, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Marife Arancillo
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children's Hospital, 1250 Moursund Street, Suite 1325, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Elizabeth P Lackey
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children's Hospital, 1250 Moursund Street, Suite 1325, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Trace L Stay
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children's Hospital, 1250 Moursund Street, Suite 1325, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Roy V Sillitoe
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children's Hospital, 1250 Moursund Street, Suite 1325, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Evolving Models of Pavlovian Conditioning: Cerebellar Cortical Dynamics in Awake Behaving Mice. Cell Rep 2015; 13:1977-88. [PMID: 26655909 PMCID: PMC4674627 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.10.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Revised: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Three decades of electrophysiological research on cerebellar cortical activity underlying Pavlovian conditioning have expanded our understanding of motor learning in the brain. Purkinje cell simple spike suppression is considered to be crucial in the expression of conditional blink responses (CRs). However, trial-by-trial quantification of this link in awake behaving animals is lacking, and current hypotheses regarding the underlying plasticity mechanisms have diverged from the classical parallel fiber one to the Purkinje cell synapse LTD hypothesis. Here, we establish that acquired simple spike suppression, acquired conditioned stimulus (CS)-related complex spike responses, and molecular layer interneuron (MLI) activity predict the expression of CRs on a trial-by-trial basis using awake behaving mice. Additionally, we show that two independent transgenic mouse mutants with impaired MLI function exhibit motor learning deficits. Our findings suggest multiple cerebellar cortical plasticity mechanisms underlying simple spike suppression, and they implicate the broader involvement of the olivocerebellar module within the interstimulus interval. Simple spike suppression correlates trial by trial to conditioned eyelid behavior Conditioned stimulus-related complex spikes relate to simple spikes and behavior Molecular layer interneuron (MLI) modulation correlates to behavior Transgenic deficits in MLI input result in partially impaired eyeblink conditioning
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74
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Sauerbrei BA, Lubenov EV, Siapas AG. Structured Variability in Purkinje Cell Activity during Locomotion. Neuron 2015; 87:840-52. [PMID: 26291165 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2015.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Revised: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The cerebellum is a prominent vertebrate brain structure that is critically involved in sensorimotor function. During locomotion, cerebellar Purkinje cells are rhythmically active, shaping descending signals and coordinating commands from higher brain areas with the step cycle. However, the variation in this activity across steps has not been studied, and its statistical structure, afferent mechanisms, and relationship to behavior remain unknown. Here, using multi-electrode recordings in freely moving rats, we show that behavioral variables systematically influence the shape of the step-locked firing rate. This effect depends strongly on the phase of the step cycle and reveals a functional clustering of Purkinje cells. Furthermore, we find a pronounced disassociation between patterns of variability driven by the parallel and climbing fibers. These results suggest that Purkinje cell activity not only represents step phase within each cycle but also is shaped by behavior across steps, facilitating control of movement under dynamic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britton A Sauerbrei
- Computation and Neural Systems Program, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Evgueniy V Lubenov
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Athanassios G Siapas
- Computation and Neural Systems Program, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
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75
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Gaffield MA, Amat SB, Bito H, Christie JM. Chronic imaging of movement-related Purkinje cell calcium activity in awake behaving mice. J Neurophysiol 2015; 115:413-22. [PMID: 26561609 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00834.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Purkinje cells (PCs) are a major site of information integration and plasticity in the cerebellum, a brain region involved in motor task refinement. Thus PCs provide an ideal location for studying the mechanisms necessary for cerebellum-dependent motor learning. Increasingly, sophisticated behavior tasks, used in combination with genetic reporters and effectors of activity, have opened up the possibility of studying cerebellar circuits during voluntary movement at an unprecedented level of quantitation. However, current methods used to monitor PC activity do not take full advantage of these advances. For example, single-unit or multiunit electrode recordings, which provide excellent temporal information regarding electrical activity, only monitor a small population of cells and can be quite invasive. Bolus loading of cell-permeant calcium (Ca(2+)) indicators is short-lived, requiring same-day imaging immediately after surgery and/or indicator injection. Genetically encoded Ca(2+) indicators (GECIs) overcome many of these limits and have garnered considerable use in many neuron types but only limited use in PCs. Here we employed these indicators to monitor Ca(2+) activity in PCs over several weeks. We could repeatedly image from the same cerebellar regions across multiple days and observed stable activity. We used chronic imaging to monitor PC activity in crus II, an area previously linked to licking behavior, and identified a region of increased activity at the onset of licking. We then monitored this same region after training tasks to initiate voluntary licking behavior in response to different sensory stimuli. In all cases, PC Ca(2+) activity increased at the onset of rhythmic licking.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Samantha B Amat
- Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience, Jupiter, Florida; and
| | - Haruhiko Bito
- Department of Neurochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jason M Christie
- Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience, Jupiter, Florida; and
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76
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Machado AS, Darmohray DM, Fayad J, Marques HG, Carey MR. A quantitative framework for whole-body coordination reveals specific deficits in freely walking ataxic mice. eLife 2015; 4. [PMID: 26433022 PMCID: PMC4630674 DOI: 10.7554/elife.07892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The coordination of movement across the body is a fundamental, yet poorly understood aspect of motor control. Mutant mice with cerebellar circuit defects exhibit characteristic impairments in locomotor coordination; however, the fundamental features of this gait ataxia have not been effectively isolated. Here we describe a novel system (LocoMouse) for analyzing limb, head, and tail kinematics of freely walking mice. Analysis of visibly ataxic Purkinje cell degeneration (pcd) mice reveals that while differences in the forward motion of individual paws are fully accounted for by changes in walking speed and body size, more complex 3D trajectories and, especially, inter-limb and whole-body coordination are specifically impaired. Moreover, the coordination deficits in pcd are consistent with a failure to predict and compensate for the consequences of movement across the body. These results isolate specific impairments in whole-body coordination in mice and provide a quantitative framework for understanding cerebellar contributions to coordinated locomotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana S Machado
- Champalimaud Neuroscience Programme, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Champalimaud Foundation, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Dana M Darmohray
- Champalimaud Neuroscience Programme, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Champalimaud Foundation, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - João Fayad
- Champalimaud Neuroscience Programme, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Champalimaud Foundation, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Hugo G Marques
- Champalimaud Neuroscience Programme, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Champalimaud Foundation, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Megan R Carey
- Champalimaud Neuroscience Programme, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Champalimaud Foundation, Lisbon, Portugal
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De Zeeuw CI, Hoogland TM. Reappraisal of Bergmann glial cells as modulators of cerebellar circuit function. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:246. [PMID: 26190972 PMCID: PMC4488625 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Just as there is a huge morphological and functional diversity of neuron types specialized for specific aspects of information processing in the brain, astrocytes have equally distinct morphologies and functions that aid optimal functioning of the circuits in which they are embedded. One type of astrocyte, the Bergmann glial cell (BG) of the cerebellum, is a prime example of a highly diversified astrocyte type, the architecture of which is adapted to the cerebellar circuit and facilitates an impressive range of functions that optimize information processing in the adult brain. In this review we expand on the function of the BG in the cerebellum to highlight the importance of astrocytes not only in housekeeping functions, but also in contributing to plasticity and information processing in the cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris I De Zeeuw
- Cerebellar Coordination and Cognition, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience Amsterdam, Netherlands ; Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Tycho M Hoogland
- Cerebellar Coordination and Cognition, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience Amsterdam, Netherlands ; Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Netherlands
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