51
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Moon S, Yeon Park S, Woo Park H. Regulation of the Hippo pathway in cancer biology. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:2303-2319. [PMID: 29602952 PMCID: PMC11105795 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2804-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The Hippo tumor suppressor pathway, which is well conserved from Drosophila to humans, has emerged as the master regulator of organ size, as well as major cellular properties, such as cell proliferation, survival, stemness, and tissue homeostasis. The biological significance and deregulation of the Hippo pathway in tumorigenesis have received a surge of interest in the past decade. In the current review, we present the major discoveries that made substantial contributions to our understanding of the Hippo pathway and discuss how Hippo pathway components contribute to cellular signaling, physiology, and their potential implications in anticancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungho Moon
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - So Yeon Park
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Woo Park
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
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52
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Manning SA, Dent LG, Kondo S, Zhao ZW, Plachta N, Harvey KF. Dynamic Fluctuations in Subcellular Localization of the Hippo Pathway Effector Yorkie In Vivo. Curr Biol 2018; 28:1651-1660.e4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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53
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Abstract
To create an intricately patterned and reproducibly sized and shaped organ, many cellular processes must be tightly regulated. Cell elongation, migration, metabolism, proliferation rates, cell-cell adhesion, planar polarization and junctional contractions all must be coordinated in time and space. Remarkably, a pair of extremely large cell adhesion molecules called Fat (Ft) and Dachsous (Ds), acting largely as a ligand-receptor system, regulate, and likely coordinate, these many diverse processes. Here we describe recent exciting progress on how the Ds-Ft pathway controls these diverse processes, and highlight a few of the many questions remaining as to how these enormous cell adhesion molecules regulate development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth Blair
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA
| | - Helen McNeill
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Canada.
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54
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Fulford A, Tapon N, Ribeiro PS. Upstairs, downstairs: spatial regulation of Hippo signalling. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2018; 51:22-32. [PMID: 29154163 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cellular signalling lies at the heart of every decision involved in the development and homeostasis of multicellular organisms. The Hippo pathway was discovered nearly two decades ago through seminal work in Drosophila and rapidly emerged as a crucial signalling network implicated in developmental and oncogenic growth, tissue regeneration and stem cell biology. Here, we review recent advances in the field relating to the upstream regulation of Hippo signalling and the intracellular tug-of-war that tightly controls its main target, the transcriptional co-activator Yorkie/YAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Fulford
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Nicolas Tapon
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK.
| | - Paulo S Ribeiro
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK.
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55
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Fletcher GC, Diaz-de-la-Loza MDC, Borreguero-Muñoz N, Holder M, Aguilar-Aragon M, Thompson BJ. Mechanical strain regulates the Hippo pathway in Drosophila. Development 2018; 145:dev159467. [PMID: 29440303 PMCID: PMC5868995 DOI: 10.1242/dev.159467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Animal cells are thought to sense mechanical forces via the transcriptional co-activators YAP (or YAP1) and TAZ (or WWTR1), the sole Drosophila homolog of which is named Yorkie (Yki). In mammalian cells in culture, artificial mechanical forces induce nuclear translocation of YAP and TAZ. Here, we show that physiological mechanical strain can also drive nuclear localisation of Yki and activation of Yki target genes in the Drosophila follicular epithelium. Mechanical strain activates Yki by stretching the apical domain, reducing the concentration of apical Crumbs, Expanded, Kibra and Merlin, and reducing apical Hippo kinase dimerisation. Overexpressing Hippo kinase to induce ectopic activation in the cytoplasm is sufficient to prevent Yki nuclear localisation even in flattened follicle cells. Conversely, blocking Hippo signalling in warts clones causes Yki nuclear localisation even in columnar follicle cells. We find no evidence for involvement of other pathways, such as Src42A kinase, in regulation of Yki. Finally, our results in follicle cells appear generally applicable to other tissues, as nuclear translocation of Yki is also readily detectable in other flattened epithelial cells such as the peripodial epithelium of the wing imaginal disc, where it promotes cell flattening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina C Fletcher
- Epithelial Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | | | | | - Maxine Holder
- Apoptosis and Proliferation Control Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | | | - Barry J Thompson
- Epithelial Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
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56
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Xu Y, Wang K, Yu Q. FRMD6 inhibits human glioblastoma growth and progression by negatively regulating activity of receptor tyrosine kinases. Oncotarget 2018; 7:70080-70091. [PMID: 27661120 PMCID: PMC5342536 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
FRMD6 is an Ezrin/Radixin/Moesin (ERM) family protein and a human homologue of Drosophila expanded (ex). Ex functions in parallel of Drosophila merlin at upstream of the Hippo signaling pathway that controls proliferation, apoptosis, tissue regeneration, and tumorigenesis. Even though the core kinase cascade (MST1/2-Lats1/2-YAP/TAZ) of the Hippo pathway has been well established, its upstream regulators are not well understood. Merlin promotes activation of the Hippo pathway. However, the effect of FRMD6 on the Hippo pathway is controversial. Little is known about how FRMD6 functions and the potential role of FRMD in gliomagenesis and glioblastoma (GBM) progression. We demonstrate for the first time that FRMD6 is down-regulated in human GBM cells and tissues and that increased FRMD6 expression inhibits whereas FRMD6 knockdown promotes GBM cell proliferation/invasion in vitro and GBM growth/progression in vivo. Furthermore, we demonstrate that unlike increased expression of merlin, which enhances the stress induced activation of the Hippo pathway, increased FRMD6 expression displays little effect on the pathway. In contrast, we show that FRMD6 inhibits activation of a couple of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) including c-Met and PDGFR and their downstream Erk and AKT kinases. Moreover, we show that expression of constitutively active c-Met, the TPR-Met fusion protein, largely reverses the anti-GBM effect of FRMD6 in vivo, suggesting that FRMD6 functions at least partially through inhibiting activity of RTKs especially c-Met. These results establish a novel function of FRMD6 in inhibiting human GBM growth and progression and uncover a novel mechanism by which FRMD6 exerts its anti-GBM activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Xu
- Department of Oncological Sciences Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Kaiqiang Wang
- Department of Oncological Sciences Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Qin Yu
- Department of Oncological Sciences Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
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57
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Forest E, Logeay R, Géminard C, Kantar D, Frayssinoux F, Heron-Milhavet L, Djiane A. The apical scaffold big bang binds to spectrins and regulates the growth of Drosophila melanogaster wing discs. J Cell Biol 2018; 217:1047-1062. [PMID: 29326287 PMCID: PMC5839784 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201705107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
During development, cell proliferation is regulated, ensuring that tissues reach their correct size and shape. Forest et al. show that the Drosophila melanogaster scaffold protein big bang (Bbg) controls epithelial tissue growth without affecting epithelial polarity and architecture. Bbg interacts with spectrins at the apical cortex and promotes Yki signaling and actomyosin contractility. During development, cell numbers are tightly regulated, ensuring that tissues and organs reach their correct size and shape. Recent evidence has highlighted the intricate connections between the cytoskeleton and the regulation of the key growth control Hippo pathway. Looking for apical scaffolds regulating tissue growth, we describe that Drosophila melanogaster big bang (Bbg), a poorly characterized multi-PDZ scaffold, controls epithelial tissue growth without affecting epithelial polarity and architecture. bbg-mutant tissues are smaller, with fewer cells that are less apically constricted than normal. We show that Bbg binds to and colocalizes tightly with the β-heavy–Spectrin/Kst subunit at the apical cortex and promotes Yki activity, F-actin enrichment, and the phosphorylation of the myosin II regulatory light chain Spaghetti squash. We propose a model in which the spectrin cytoskeleton recruits Bbg to the cortex, where Bbg promotes actomyosin contractility to regulate epithelial tissue growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Forest
- IRCM, Inserm, University of Montpellier, ICM, Montpellier, France
| | - Rémi Logeay
- IRCM, Inserm, University of Montpellier, ICM, Montpellier, France
| | - Charles Géminard
- IRCM, Inserm, University of Montpellier, ICM, Montpellier, France
| | - Diala Kantar
- IRCM, Inserm, University of Montpellier, ICM, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | - Alexandre Djiane
- IRCM, Inserm, University of Montpellier, ICM, Montpellier, France
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58
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Nyarko A. Differential Binding Affinities and Allosteric Conformational Changes Underlie Interactions of Yorkie and a Multivalent PPxY Partner. Biochemistry 2018; 57:547-556. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.7b00973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Afua Nyarko
- Department of Biochemistry
and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
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59
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Wang SP, Wang LH. Disease implication of hyper-Hippo signalling. Open Biol 2017; 6:rsob.160119. [PMID: 27805903 PMCID: PMC5090056 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.160119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hippo signalling pathway regulates cellular proliferation, apoptosis and differentiation, thus exerting profound effects on cellular homeostasis. Inhibition of Hippo signalling has been frequently implicated in human cancers, indicating a well-known tumour suppressor function of the Hippo pathway. However, it is less certain whether and how hyperactivation of the Hippo pathway affects biological outcome in living cells. This review describes current knowledge of the regulatory mechanisms of the Hippo pathway, mainly focusing on hyperactivation of the Hippo signalling nexus. The disease implications of hyperactivated Hippo signalling have also been discussed, including arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy, Sveinsson's chorioretinal atrophy, Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and diabetes. By highlighting the significance of disease-relevant Hippo signalling activation, this review can offer exciting prospects to address the onset and potential reversal of Hippo-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Ping Wang
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Lan-Hsin Wang
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, 161, Sec. 6, Minquan E. Rd., Neihu Dist, Taipei City 114, Taiwan
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60
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Abstract
In his classic book On Growth and Form, D'Arcy Thompson discussed the necessity of a physical and mathematical approach to understanding the relationship between growth and form. The past century has seen extraordinary advances in our understanding of biological components and processes contributing to organismal morphogenesis, but the mathematical and physical principles involved have not received comparable attention. The most obvious entry of physics into morphogenesis is via tissue mechanics. In this Review, we discuss the fundamental role of mechanical interactions between cells induced by growth in shaping a tissue. Non-uniform growth can lead to accumulation of mechanical stress, which in the context of two-dimensional sheets of tissue can specify the shape it assumes in three dimensions. A special class of growth patterns - conformal growth - does not lead to the accumulation of stress and can generate a rich variety of planar tissue shapes. Conversely, mechanical stress can provide a regulatory feedback signal into the growth control circuit. Both theory and experiment support a key role for mechanical interactions in shaping tissues and, via mechanical feedback, controlling epithelial growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth D Irvine
- Waksman Institute and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway NJ 08854, USA
| | - Boris I Shraiman
- Department of Physics, Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93101, USA
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61
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Su T, Ludwig MZ, Xu J, Fehon RG. Kibra and Merlin Activate the Hippo Pathway Spatially Distinct from and Independent of Expanded. Dev Cell 2017; 40:478-490.e3. [PMID: 28292426 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The Hippo pathway is emerging as a key evolutionarily conserved signaling mechanism that controls organ size. Three membrane-associated proteins, Kibra, Merlin, and Expanded, regulate pathway activity, but the precise molecular mechanism by which they function is still poorly understood. Here we provide evidence that Merlin and Kibra activate Hippo signaling in parallel to Expanded at a spatially distinct cellular domain, the medial apical cortex. Merlin and Kibra together recruit the adapter protein Salvador, which in turn recruits the core kinase Hippo. In addition, we show that Crumbs has a dual effect on Hippo signaling. Crumbs promotes the ability of Expanded to activate the pathway but also sequesters Kibra to downregulate Hippo signaling. Together, our findings elucidate the mechanism of Hippo pathway activation by Merlin and Kibra, identify a subcellular domain for Hippo pathway regulation, and demonstrate differential activity of upstream regulators in different subcellular domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Su
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Michael Z Ludwig
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jiajie Xu
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Committee on Development, Regeneration and Stem Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Richard G Fehon
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Committee on Development, Regeneration and Stem Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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62
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Tissue growth and tumorigenesis in Drosophila: cell polarity and the Hippo pathway. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2017; 48:1-9. [PMID: 28364663 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2017.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cell polarity regulation is critical for defining membrane domains required for the establishment and maintenance of the apical-basal axis in epithelial cells (apico-basal polarity), asymmetric cell divisions, planar organization of tissues (planar cell polarity), and the formation of the front-rear axis in cell migration (front-rear polarity). In the vinegar fly, Drosophila melanogaster, cell polarity regulators also interact with the Hippo tissue growth control signaling pathway. In this review we survey the recent Drosophila literature linking cell polarity regulators with the Hippo pathway in epithelial tissue growth, neural stem cell asymmetric divisions and in cell migration in physiological and tumorigenic settings.
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63
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Cairns L, Tran T, Kavran JM. Structural Insights into the Regulation of Hippo Signaling. ACS Chem Biol 2017; 12:601-610. [PMID: 28150487 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.6b01058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
During development, the Hippo pathway regulates the balance between cell proliferation and apoptosis to control organ size. Appropriate Hippo signaling is associated with stem cell maintenance, while inappropriate signaling can result in tumorigenesis and cancer. Cellular and genetic investigations have identified core components and determined that complex formation and protein phosphorylation are crucial regulatory events. The recent spate of high-resolution structures of Hippo pathway components have begun to reveal the molecular mechanisms controlling these events, including the molecular determinates of complex formation between YAP and TEAD, the role of phosphorylation in controlling complex formation by Mob, and the conformational changes accompanying Mst1/2 kinase domain activation. We will review these advances and revisit previous structures to provide a comprehensive overview of the structural changes associated with the regulation of this pathway as well as discuss areas that could benefit from further mechanistic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah Cairns
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School
of Public Health and ‡Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Thao Tran
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School
of Public Health and ‡Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Jennifer M. Kavran
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School
of Public Health and ‡Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
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64
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Ragni CV, Diguet N, Le Garrec JF, Novotova M, Resende TP, Pop S, Charon N, Guillemot L, Kitasato L, Badouel C, Dufour A, Olivo-Marin JC, Trouvé A, McNeill H, Meilhac SM. Amotl1 mediates sequestration of the Hippo effector Yap1 downstream of Fat4 to restrict heart growth. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14582. [PMID: 28239148 PMCID: PMC5333361 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Although in flies the atypical cadherin Fat is an upstream regulator of Hippo signalling, the closest mammalian homologue, Fat4, has been shown to regulate tissue polarity rather than growth. Here we show in the mouse heart that Fat4 modulates Hippo signalling to restrict growth. Fat4 mutant myocardium is thicker, with increased cardiomyocyte size and proliferation, and this is mediated by an upregulation of the transcriptional activity of Yap1, an effector of the Hippo pathway. Fat4 is not required for the canonical activation of Hippo kinases but it sequesters a partner of Yap1, Amotl1, out of the nucleus. The nuclear translocation of Amotl1 is accompanied by Yap1 to promote cardiomyocyte proliferation. We, therefore, identify Amotl1, which is not present in flies, as a mammalian intermediate for non-canonical Hippo signalling, downstream of Fat4. This work uncovers a mechanism for the restriction of heart growth at birth, a process which impedes the regenerative potential of the mammalian heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara V Ragni
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, 75015 Paris, France.,CNRS URA2578, 75015 Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, IFD, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Diguet
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, 75015 Paris, France.,CNRS URA2578, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Jean-François Le Garrec
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, 75015 Paris, France.,CNRS URA2578, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Marta Novotova
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Genetics, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84005 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Tatiana P Resende
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica (INEB), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sorin Pop
- Institut Pasteur, Quantitative Image Analysis Unit, 75015 Paris, France.,CNRS URA 2582, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Charon
- ENS Cachan, Center of Mathematics and Their Applications, 94235 Cachan, France.,CNRS UMR 8536, 94235 Cachan, France
| | - Laurent Guillemot
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Lisa Kitasato
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Caroline Badouel
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mt Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X5
| | - Alexandre Dufour
- Institut Pasteur, Quantitative Image Analysis Unit, 75015 Paris, France.,CNRS URA 2582, 75015 Paris, France
| | | | - Alain Trouvé
- ENS Cachan, Center of Mathematics and Their Applications, 94235 Cachan, France.,CNRS UMR 8536, 94235 Cachan, France
| | - Helen McNeill
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mt Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X5
| | - Sigolène M Meilhac
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, 75015 Paris, France.,CNRS URA2578, 75015 Paris, France
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65
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Pfleger CM. The Hippo Pathway: A Master Regulatory Network Important in Development and Dysregulated in Disease. Curr Top Dev Biol 2017; 123:181-228. [PMID: 28236967 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The Hippo Pathway is a master regulatory network that regulates proliferation, cell growth, stemness, differentiation, and cell death. Coordination of these processes by the Hippo Pathway throughout development and in mature organisms in response to diverse external and internal cues plays a role in morphogenesis, in controlling organ size, and in maintaining organ homeostasis. Given the importance of these processes, the Hippo Pathway also plays an important role in organismal health and has been implicated in a variety of diseases including eye disease, cardiovascular disease, neurodegeneration, and cancer. This review will focus on Drosophila reports that identified the core components of the Hippo Pathway revealing specific downstream biological outputs of this complicated network. A brief description of mammalian reports will complement review of the Drosophila studies. This review will also survey upstream regulation of the core components with a focus on feedback mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathie M Pfleger
- The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States; The Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.
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66
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CRB3 regulates contact inhibition by activating the Hippo pathway in mammary epithelial cells. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e2546. [PMID: 28079891 PMCID: PMC5386381 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The loss of contact inhibition is a hallmark of cancer cells. The Hippo pathway has recently been shown to be an important regulator of contact inhibition, and the cell apical polarity determinant protein CRB3 has been suggested to be involved in Hippo signalling. However, whether CRB3 regulates contact inhibition in mammary cells remains unclear, and the underlying mechanisms have not been elucidated. As shown in the present study, CRB3 decreases cell proliferation, promotes apoptosis, and enhances the formation of tight and adherens junctions. Furthermore, we report for the first time that CRB3 acts as an upstream regulator of the Hippo pathway to regulate contact inhibition by recruiting other Hippo molecules, such as Kibra and/or FRMD6, in mammary epithelial cells. In addition, CRB3 inhibits tumour growth in vivo. Collectively, the present study increases our understanding of the Hippo pathway and provides an important theoretical basis for exploring new avenues for breast cancer treatment.
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67
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Matakatsu H, Blair SS, Fehon RG. The palmitoyltransferase Approximated promotes growth via the Hippo pathway by palmitoylation of Fat. J Cell Biol 2016; 216:265-277. [PMID: 28031421 PMCID: PMC5223609 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201609094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 11/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The palmitoyl transferase Approximated regulates signaling by the protocadherin Fat to control tissue growth upstream of the Hippo pathway in Drosophila. Matakatsu et al. show that palmitoylation of the intracellular domain of Fat by Approximated negatively regulates Fat and its ability to restrict growth. The large protocadherin Fat functions to promote Hippo pathway activity in restricting tissue growth. Loss of Fat leads to accumulation of the atypical myosin Dachs at the apical junctional region, which in turn promotes growth by inhibiting Warts. We previously identified Approximated (App), a DHHC domain palmitoyltransferase, as a negative regulator of Fat signaling in growth control. We show here that App promotes growth by palmitoylating the intracellular domain of Fat, and that palmitoylation negatively regulates Fat function. Independently, App also recruits Dachs to the apical junctional region through protein–protein association, thereby stimulating Dachs’s activity in promoting growth. Further, we show that palmitoylation by App functions antagonistically to phosphorylation by Discs-overgrown, which activates Fat. Together, these findings suggest a model in which App promotes Dachs activity by simultaneously repressing Fat via posttranslational modification and recruiting Dachs to the apical junctional region, thereby promoting tissue growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Matakatsu
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637.,Department of Zoology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Seth S Blair
- Department of Zoology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Richard G Fehon
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
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68
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Zhang X, Liu X, Luo J, Xiao W, Ye X, Chen M, Li Y, Zhang GJ. Notch3 inhibits epithelial-mesenchymal transition by activating Kibra-mediated Hippo/YAP signaling in breast cancer epithelial cells. Oncogenesis 2016; 5:e269. [PMID: 27841855 PMCID: PMC5141289 DOI: 10.1038/oncsis.2016.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Invasion, metastasis and chemoresistance are leading causes of death in breast cancer patients. A vital change of epithelial cells, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), is involved in these processes. Unfortunately, the molecular mechanisms controlling EMT remain to be elucidated. Our previous studies have shown that ectopic N3ICD expression inhibits EMT in MDA-MB-231, a triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) epithelial cell line. To decipher the mechanism, we performed in-depth studies. Specifically, we found that overexpressing N3ICD transcriptionally upregulated the expression of Kibra, an upstream member of the Hippo pathway. Correspondingly, we also observed that phosphorylated Hippo pathway core kinases, including Lats1/2 and MST1/2, were increased and decreased by overexpressing and knocking down Notch3, respectively. Furthermore, we found that the oncogenic transcriptional coactivator yes-associated protein (YAP), which is negatively regulated by the Hippo pathway, was inhibited by overexpressing N3ICD in breast cancer epithelial cells. The ability of Kibra to inhibit EMT has been previously reported. We thus speculated that Notch3 inhibition of EMT is mediated by upregulated Kibra. To verify this hypothesis, a rescue experiment was performed. Evidently, the ability of Notch3 to inhibit EMT can be countered by knocking down Kibra expression. These data suggest that Notch3 inhibits EMT by activating the Hippo/YAP pathway by upregulating Kibra in breast cancer epithelial cells, and Kibra may be a downstream effector of Notch3. These findings deepen our understanding of EMT in both development and disease, and will undoubtedly help to provide new therapeutic strategies for interfering with cancer invasion and metastasis, especially for TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Zhang
- Changjiang Scholar's Laboratory, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - X Liu
- Changjiang Scholar's Laboratory, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - J Luo
- Changjiang Scholar's Laboratory, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - W Xiao
- Changjiang Scholar's Laboratory, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - X Ye
- Changjiang Scholar's Laboratory, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - M Chen
- Changjiang Scholar's Laboratory, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Y Li
- Changjiang Scholar's Laboratory, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Changjiang Scholar's Laboratory, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, 7 Raoping Road, Shantou 515041, China. E-mail: or
| | - G-J Zhang
- Changjiang Scholar's Laboratory, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- The Breast Center, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Changjiang Scholar's Laboratory, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, 7 Raoping Road, Shantou 515041, China. E-mail: or
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69
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Jahanshahi M, Hsiao K, Jenny A, Pfleger CM. The Hippo Pathway Targets Rae1 to Regulate Mitosis and Organ Size and to Feed Back to Regulate Upstream Components Merlin, Hippo, and Warts. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1006198. [PMID: 27494403 PMCID: PMC4975479 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Hippo signaling acts as a master regulatory pathway controlling growth, proliferation, and apoptosis and also ensures that variations in proliferation do not alter organ size. How the pathway coordinates restricting proliferation with organ size control remains a major unanswered question. Here we identify Rae1 as a highly-conserved target of the Hippo Pathway integrating proliferation and organ size. Genetic and biochemical studies in Drosophila cells and tissues and in mammalian cells indicate that Hippo signaling promotes Rae1 degradation downstream of Warts/Lats. In proliferating cells, Rae1 loss restricts cyclin B levels and organ size while Rae1 over-expression increases cyclin B levels and organ size, similar to Hippo Pathway over-activation or loss-of-function, respectively. Importantly, Rae1 regulation by the Hippo Pathway is crucial for its regulation of cyclin B and organ size; reducing Rae1 blocks cyclin B accumulation and suppresses overgrowth caused by Hippo Pathway loss. Surprisingly, in addition to suppressing overgrowth, reducing Rae1 also compromises survival of epithelial tissue overgrowing due to loss of Hippo signaling leading to a tissue “synthetic lethality” phenotype. Excitingly, Rae1 plays a highly conserved role to reduce the levels and activity of the Yki/YAP oncogene. Rae1 increases activation of the core kinases Hippo and Warts and plays a post-transcriptional role to increase the protein levels of the Merlin, Hippo, and Warts components of the pathway; therefore, in addition to Rae1 coordinating organ size regulation with proliferative control, we propose that Rae1 also acts in a feedback circuit to regulate pathway homeostasis. Exquisite control of organ size is critical during animal development and its loss results in pathological conditions. The Hippo Tumor Suppressor Pathway coordinates regulation of proliferation, growth, apoptosis, and autophagy to determine and maintain precise control of organ size. However, the genes responsible for Hippo-mediated regulation of mitosis or coordination of proliferation within organ size control have evaded characterization. Here, we describe Rae1, an essential WD-repeat containing protein, as a new organ size regulator. By genetic analysis, we show that Rae1 acts downstream of the Hippo Pathway to regulate mitotic cyclins and organ size. In contexts where organ size control is lost by compromised Hippo signaling, we show that there is a requirement for Rae1 that is distinct from the requriement for Yki: reducing Yki levels causes suppression of overgrowth, while reducing Rae1 levels dramatically compromises the survival of Hippo-deficient tissue. Lastly, our studies of Rae1 uncovered a potential post-transcriptional feedback loop that reinforces Yorkie-mediated transcriptional feedback for the Hippo Pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Jahanshahi
- Department of Oncological Sciences, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- The Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Kuangfu Hsiao
- The Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Andreas Jenny
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology and Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Cathie M. Pfleger
- Department of Oncological Sciences, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- The Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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70
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Gunn-Moore FJ, Tilston-Lünel AM, Reynolds PA. Willing to Be Involved in Cancer. Genes (Basel) 2016; 7:genes7070037. [PMID: 27438856 PMCID: PMC4962007 DOI: 10.3390/genes7070037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome sequencing is now a common procedure, but prior to this, screening experiments using protein baits was one of the routinely used methods that, occasionally, allowed the identification of new gene products. One such experiment uncovered the gene product called willin/human Expanded/FRMD6. Initial characterization studies found that willin bound phospholipids and was strongly co-localised with actin. However, subsequently, willin was found to be the closest human sequence homologue of the Drosophila protein Expanded (Ex), sharing 60% homology with the Ex FERM domain. This in turn suggested, and then was proven that willin could activate the Hippo signalling pathway. This review describes the increasing body of knowledge about the actions of willin in a number of cellular functions related to cancer. However, like many gene products involved in aspects of cell signalling, a convincing direct role for willin in cancer remains tantalisingly elusive, at present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank J Gunn-Moore
- Medical and Biological Sciences Building, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9TF, UK.
| | - Andrew M Tilston-Lünel
- Medical and Biological Sciences Building, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9TF, UK.
| | - Paul A Reynolds
- Medical and Biological Sciences Building, School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9TF, UK.
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71
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Sun S, Irvine KD. Cellular Organization and Cytoskeletal Regulation of the Hippo Signaling Network. Trends Cell Biol 2016; 26:694-704. [PMID: 27268910 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The Hippo signaling network integrates diverse upstream signals to control cell fate decisions and regulate organ growth. Recent studies have provided new insights into the cellular organization of Hippo signaling, its relationship to cell-cell junctions, and how the cytoskeleton modulates Hippo signaling. Cell-cell junctions serve as platforms for Hippo signaling by localizing scaffolding proteins that interact with core components of the pathway. Interactions of Hippo pathway components with cell-cell junctions and the cytoskeleton also suggest potential mechanisms for the regulation of the pathway by cell contact and cell polarity. As our understanding of the complexity of Hippo signaling increases, a future challenge will be to understand how the diverse inputs into the pathway are integrated and to define their respective contributions in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuguo Sun
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Waksman Institute, and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Kenneth D Irvine
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Waksman Institute, and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
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72
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Twinstar/cofilin is required for regulation of epithelial integrity and tissue growth in Drosophila. Oncogene 2016; 35:5144-54. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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73
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Hu L, Xu J, Yin MX, Zhang L, Lu Y, Wu W, Xue Z, Ho MS, Gao G, Zhao Y, Zhang L. Ack promotes tissue growth via phosphorylation and suppression of the Hippo pathway component Expanded. Cell Discov 2016; 2:15047. [PMID: 27462444 PMCID: PMC4860957 DOI: 10.1038/celldisc.2015.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-receptor tyrosine kinase activated cdc42 kinase was reported to participate in several types of cancers in mammals. It is also believed to have an anti-apoptotic function in Drosophila. Here, we report the identification of Drosophila activated cdc42 kinase as a growth promoter and a novel Hippo signaling pathway regulator. We find that activated cdc42 kinase promotes tissue growth through modulating Yorkie activity. Furthermore, we demonstrate that activated cdc42 kinase interacts with Expanded and induces tyrosine phosphorylation of Expanded on multiple sites. We propose a model that activated cdc42 kinase negatively regulates Expanded by changing its phosphorylation status to promote tissue growth. Moreover, we show that ack genetically interacts with merlin and expanded. Thus, we identify Drosophila activated cdc42 kinase as a Hippo pathway regulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianxin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai, China
| | - Jiajun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai, China
| | - Meng-Xin Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai, China
| | - Liguo Zhang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Yi Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai, China
| | - Wenqing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaoyu Xue
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University , Beijing, China
| | - Margaret S Ho
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Tongji University , Shanghai, China
| | - Guanjun Gao
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University , Beijing, China
| | - Yun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
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74
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Yu H, Ge Z, Si Y, Chen G, Zhang Y, Jiang WG. The splice variant Ehm2/1 in breast cancer MCF-7 cells interacted with β-catenin and increased its localization to plasma membrane. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra07975j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ehm2, which belongs to the FERM superfamily, is a metastasis-associated protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hefen Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
- School of Basic Medicine
- Capital Medical University
- Beijing 100069
- P. R. China
| | - Zhicheng Ge
- Cancer Institute of Capital Medical University
- Beijing 100069
- P. R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research
- Beijing 100069
| | - Yang Si
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
- School of Basic Medicine
- Capital Medical University
- Beijing 100069
- P. R. China
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
- School of Basic Medicine
- Capital Medical University
- Beijing 100069
- P. R. China
| | - Yuxiang Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
- School of Basic Medicine
- Capital Medical University
- Beijing 100069
- P. R. China
| | - Wen G. Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
- School of Basic Medicine
- Capital Medical University
- Beijing 100069
- P. R. China
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75
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Gailite I, Aerne BL, Tapon N. Differential control of Yorkie activity by LKB1/AMPK and the Hippo/Warts cascade in the central nervous system. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:E5169-78. [PMID: 26324895 PMCID: PMC4577147 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1505512112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hippo (Hpo) pathway is a highly conserved tumor suppressor network that restricts developmental tissue growth and regulates stem cell proliferation and differentiation. At the heart of the Hpo pathway is the progrowth transcriptional coactivator Yorkie [Yki-Yes-activated protein (YAP)/transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) in mammals]. Yki activity is restricted through phosphorylation by the Hpo/Warts core kinase cascade, but increasing evidence indicates that core kinase-independent modes of regulation also play an important role. Here, we examine Yki regulation in the Drosophila larval central nervous system and uncover a Hpo/Warts-independent function for the tumor suppressor kinase liver kinase B1 (LKB1) and its downstream effector, the energy sensor AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), in repressing Yki activity in the central brain/ventral nerve cord. Although the Hpo/Warts core cascade restrains Yki in the optic lobe, it is dispensable for Yki target gene repression in the late larval central brain/ventral nerve cord. Thus, we demonstrate a dramatically different wiring of Hpo signaling in neighboring cell populations of distinct developmental origins in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ieva Gailite
- Apoptosis and Proliferation Control Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratory, London WC2A 3LY, United Kingdom
| | - Birgit L Aerne
- Apoptosis and Proliferation Control Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratory, London WC2A 3LY, United Kingdom
| | - Nicolas Tapon
- Apoptosis and Proliferation Control Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratory, London WC2A 3LY, United Kingdom
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76
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Gotoh H, Hust JA, Miura T, Niimi T, Emlen DJ, Lavine LC. The Fat/Hippo signaling pathway links within-disc morphogen patterning to whole-animal signals during phenotypically plastic growth in insects. Dev Dyn 2015; 244:1039-1045. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Gotoh
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University; Chikusa Nagoya Japan
| | - James A. Hust
- Department of Entomology; Washington State University; Pullman Washington
| | - Toru Miura
- Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University; Sapporo Hokkaido Japan
| | - Teruyuki Niimi
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University; Chikusa Nagoya Japan
| | - Douglas J. Emlen
- Division of Biological Sciences; University of Montana-Missoula; Montana
| | - Laura C. Lavine
- Department of Entomology; Washington State University; Pullman Washington
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77
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Zhang C, Robinson BS, Xu W, Yang L, Yao B, Zhao H, Byun PK, Jin P, Veraksa A, Moberg KH. The ecdysone receptor coactivator Taiman links Yorkie to transcriptional control of germline stem cell factors in somatic tissue. Dev Cell 2015; 34:168-80. [PMID: 26143992 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2015.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2014] [Revised: 04/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The Hippo pathway is a conserved signaling cascade that modulates tissue growth. Although its core elements are well defined, factors modulating Hippo transcriptional outputs remain elusive. Here we show that components of the steroid-responsive ecdysone (Ec) pathway modulate Hippo transcriptional effects in imaginal disc cells. The Ec receptor coactivator Taiman (Tai) interacts with the Hippo transcriptional coactivator Yorkie (Yki) and promotes expression of canonical Yki-responsive genes. Tai enhances Yki-driven growth, while Tai loss, or a form of Tai unable to bind Yki, suppresses Yki-driven tissue growth. This growth suppression is not correlated with impaired induction of canonical Hippo-responsive genes but with suppression of a distinct pro-growth program of Yki-induced/Tai-dependent genes, including the germline stem cell factors nanos and piwi. These data reveal Hippo/Ec pathway crosstalk in the form a Yki-Tai complex that collaboratively induces germline genes as part of a transcriptional program that is normally repressed in developing somatic epithelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Brian S Robinson
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Wenjian Xu
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA 02125, USA
| | - Liu Yang
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA 02125, USA
| | - Bing Yao
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Heya Zhao
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA 02125, USA
| | - Phil K Byun
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Peng Jin
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Alexey Veraksa
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA 02125, USA
| | - Kenneth H Moberg
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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78
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Kim M, Jho EH. Cross-talk between Wnt/β-catenin and Hippo signaling pathways: a brief review. BMB Rep 2015; 47:540-5. [PMID: 25154721 PMCID: PMC4261510 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2014.47.10.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Department of Life Science, The University of Seoul, Seoul 130-743, Korea Balanced cell growth is crucial in animal development as well as tissue homeostasis. Concerted cross-regulation of multiple signaling pathways is essential for those purposes, and the dysregulation of signaling may lead to a variety of human diseases such as cancer. The time-honored Wnt/β-catenin and recently identified Hippo signaling pathways are evolutionarily conserved in both Drosophila and mammals, and are generally considered as having positive and negative roles in cell proliferation, respectively. While most mainstream regulators of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway have been fairly well identified, the regulators of the Hippo pathway need to be more defined. The Hippo pathway controls organ size primarily by regulating cell contact inhibition. Recently, several crossregulations occurring between the Wnt/β-catenin and Hippo signaling pathways were determined through biochemical and genetic approaches. In the present mini-review, we mainly discuss the signal transduction mechanism of the Hippo signaling pathway, along with cross-talk between the regulators of the Wnt/β-catenin and Hippo signaling pathways. [BMB Reports 2014; 47(10): 540-545]
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Affiliation(s)
- Minseong Kim
- Department of Life Science, The University of Seoul, Seoul 130-743, Korea
| | - Eek-Hoon Jho
- Department of Life Science, The University of Seoul, Seoul 130-743, Korea
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79
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Hansen CG, Moroishi T, Guan KL. YAP and TAZ: a nexus for Hippo signaling and beyond. Trends Cell Biol 2015; 25:499-513. [PMID: 26045258 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 412] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2014] [Revised: 05/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The Hippo pathway is a potent regulator of cellular proliferation, differentiation, and tissue homeostasis. Here we review the regulatory mechanisms of the Hippo pathway and discuss the function of Yes-associated protein (YAP)/transcriptional coactivator with a PDZ-binding domain (TAZ), the prime mediators of the Hippo pathway, in stem cell biology and tissue regeneration. We highlight their activities in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm and discuss their role as a signaling nexus and integrator of several other prominent signaling pathways such as the Wnt, G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), epidermal growth factor (EGF), bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)/transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ), and Notch pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Gram Hansen
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.,Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Toshiro Moroishi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.,Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Kun-Liang Guan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.,Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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80
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Control of organ growth by patterning and hippo signaling in Drosophila. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2015; 7:7/6/a019224. [PMID: 26032720 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a019224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Control of organ size is of fundamental importance and is controlled by genetic, environmental, and mechanical factors. Studies in many species have pointed to the existence of both organ-extrinsic and -intrinsic size-control mechanisms, which ultimately must coordinate to regulate organ size. Here, we discuss organ size control by organ patterning and the Hippo pathway, which both act in an organ-intrinsic fashion. The influence of morphogens and other patterning molecules couples growth and patterning, whereas emerging evidence suggests that the Hippo pathway controls growth in response to mechanical stimuli and signals emanating from cell-cell interactions. Several points of cross talk have been reported between signaling pathways that control organ patterning and the Hippo pathway, both at the level of membrane receptors and transcriptional regulators. However, despite substantial progress in the past decade, key questions in the growth-control field remain, including precisely how and when organ patterning and the Hippo pathway communicate to control size, and whether these communication mechanisms are organ specific or general. In addition, elucidating mechanisms by which organ-intrinsic cues, such as patterning factors and the Hippo pathway, interface with extrinsic cues, such as hormones to control organ size, remain unresolved.
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81
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Gaspar P, Holder MV, Aerne BL, Janody F, Tapon N. Zyxin antagonizes the FERM protein expanded to couple F-actin and Yorkie-dependent organ growth. Curr Biol 2015; 25:679-689. [PMID: 25728696 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2015.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coordinated multicellular growth during development is achieved by the sensing of spatial and nutritional boundaries. The conserved Hippo (Hpo) signaling pathway has been proposed to restrict tissue growth by perceiving mechanical constraints through actin cytoskeleton networks. The actin-associated LIM proteins Zyxin (Zyx) and Ajuba (Jub) have been linked to the control of tissue growth via regulation of Hpo signaling, but the study of Zyx has been hampered by a lack of genetic tools. RESULTS We generated a zyx mutant in Drosophila using TALEN endonucleases and used this to show that Zyx antagonizes the FERM-domain protein Expanded (Ex) to control tissue growth, eye differentiation, and F-actin accumulation. Zyx membrane targeting promotes the interaction between the transcriptional co-activator Yorkie (Yki) and the transcription factor Scalloped (Sd), leading to activation of Yki target gene expression and promoting tissue growth. Finally, we show that Zyx's growth-promoting function is dependent on its interaction with the actin-associated protein Enabled (Ena) via a conserved LPPPP motif and is antagonized by Capping Protein (CP). CONCLUSIONS Our results show that Zyx is a functional antagonist of Ex in growth control and establish a link between actin filament polymerization and Yki activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Gaspar
- Apoptosis and Proliferation Control Laboratory, Cancer Research UK, London Research Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK; Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande 6, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Maxine V Holder
- Apoptosis and Proliferation Control Laboratory, Cancer Research UK, London Research Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Birgit L Aerne
- Apoptosis and Proliferation Control Laboratory, Cancer Research UK, London Research Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Florence Janody
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande 6, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal.
| | - Nicolas Tapon
- Apoptosis and Proliferation Control Laboratory, Cancer Research UK, London Research Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK.
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Sarikaya DP, Extavour CG. The Hippo pathway regulates homeostatic growth of stem cell niche precursors in the Drosophila ovary. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1004962. [PMID: 25643260 PMCID: PMC4333732 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The Hippo pathway regulates organ size, stem cell proliferation and tumorigenesis in adult organs. Whether the Hippo pathway influences establishment of stem cell niche size to accommodate changes in organ size, however, has received little attention. Here, we ask whether Hippo signaling influences the number of stem cell niches that are established during development of the Drosophila larval ovary, and whether it interacts with the same or different effector signaling pathways in different cell types. We demonstrate that canonical Hippo signaling regulates autonomous proliferation of the soma, while a novel hippo-independent activity of Yorkie regulates autonomous proliferation of the germ line. Moreover, we demonstrate that Hippo signaling mediates non-autonomous proliferation signals between germ cells and somatic cells, and contributes to maintaining the correct proportion of these niche precursors. Finally, we show that the Hippo pathway interacts with different growth pathways in distinct somatic cell types, and interacts with EGFR and JAK/STAT pathways to regulate non-autonomous proliferation of germ cells. We thus provide evidence for novel roles of the Hippo pathway in establishing the precise balance of soma and germ line, the appropriate number of stem cell niches, and ultimately regulating adult female reproductive capacity. During development, organ growth must be carefully regulated to make sure that organs achieve the correct final size needed for organ function. In organs that are made of many different types of cells, this growth regulation is likely to be particularly complex, because it is important for organs to have appropriate proportions, or relative numbers, of the different kinds of cells that make up the organ, as well as the correct number of total cells. One method that cells use to regulate organ growth is a signaling pathway called the Hippo pathway. However, Hippo signaling has been studied, to date, primarily in organ systems that are made up of one cell type. In this study, we examine how Hippo signaling can work to regulate the proportions of different types of cells, as well as the total number of cells in an organ. To do this, we used the developing ovary of the fruit fly as a study system. We found that (1) Hippo signaling regulates the proliferation of many different cell types of the ovary; and (2) Hippo signaling activity in one cell type influences proliferation of other cell types, thus ensuring appropriate proportions of different ovarian cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didem P. Sarikaya
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Cassandra G. Extavour
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Brás-Pereira C, Casares F, Janody F. The retinal determination gene dachshund restricts cell proliferation by limiting the activity of the Homothorax-Yorkie complex. Development 2015; 142:1470-9. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.113340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The Drosophila transcriptional co-activator protein Yorkie and its vertebrate orthologs YAP and TAZ are potent oncogenes, whose activity is normally kept in check by the upstream Hippo kinase module. Upon its translocation into the nucleus, Yorkie forms complexes with several tissue-specific DNA-binding partners, which help to define the tissue-specific target genes of Yorkie. In the progenitor cells of the eye imaginal disc, the DNA-binding transcription factor Homothorax is required for Yorkie-promoted proliferation and survival through regulation of the bantam microRNA (miRNA). The transit from proliferating progenitors to cell cycle quiescent precursors is associated with the progressive loss of Homothorax and gain of Dachshund, a nuclear protein related to the Sno/Ski family of co-repressors. We have identified Dachshund as an inhibitor of Homothorax-Yorkie-mediated cell proliferation. Loss of dachshund induces Yorkie-dependent tissue overgrowth. Conversely, overexpressing dachshund inhibits tissue growth, prevents Yorkie or Homothorax-mediated cell proliferation of disc epithelia and restricts the transcriptional activity of the Yorkie-Homothorax complex on the bantam enhancer in Drosophila cells. In addition, Dachshund collaborates with the Decapentaplegic receptor Thickveins to repress Homothorax and Cyclin B expression in quiescent precursors. The antagonistic roles of Homothorax and Dachshund in Yorkie activity, together with their mutual repression, ensure that progenitor and precursor cells are under distinct proliferation regimes. Based on the crucial role of the human dachshund homolog DACH1 in tumorigenesis, our work suggests that DACH1 might prevent cellular transformation by limiting the oncogenic activity of YAP and/or TAZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Brás-Pereira
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande 6, Oeiras P-2780-156, Portugal
| | - Fernando Casares
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD), CSIC-UPO, Seville 41013, Spain
| | - Florence Janody
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande 6, Oeiras P-2780-156, Portugal
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85
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Del Re DP. The hippo signaling pathway: implications for heart regeneration and disease. Clin Transl Med 2014; 3:27. [PMID: 26932373 PMCID: PMC4884045 DOI: 10.1186/s40169-014-0027-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Control of cell number and organ size is critical for appropriate development and tissue homeostasis. Studies in both Drosophila and mammals have established the Hippo signaling pathway as an important modulator of organ size and tumorigenesis. Upon activation, this kinase cascade modulates gene expression through the phosphorylation and inhibition of transcription co-activators that are involved in cell proliferation, differentiation, growth and apoptosis. Hippo signaling serves to limit organ size and suppress malignancies, and has been implicated in tissue regeneration following injury. These outcomes highlight the important role that Hippo signaling plays in regulating both physiologic and pathologic processes. In this review, an overview of the signaling pathway will be discussed as well as recent work that has investigated its role in cardiac development, regeneration and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic P Del Re
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Newark, 07103, NJ, USA.
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86
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Gaspar P, Tapon N. Sensing the local environment: actin architecture and Hippo signalling. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2014; 31:74-83. [PMID: 25259681 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2014.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The Hippo network is a major conserved growth suppressor pathway that participates in organ size control during development and prevents tumour formation during adult homeostasis. Recent evidence has implicated the actin cytoskeleton as a link between tissue architecture and Hippo signalling. In this review, we will consider the evidence and models proposed for the regulation of Hippo signalling by actin dynamics and structure. We cover aspects of signalling regulation by mechanotransduction, cytoskeletal tethering and the spatial reorganization of signalling components. We also examine the physiological and pathological contexts in which these mechanisms are relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Gaspar
- Apoptosis and Proliferation Control Laboratory, Cancer Research UK, London Research Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK; Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande 6, Apartado 14, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Nicolas Tapon
- Apoptosis and Proliferation Control Laboratory, Cancer Research UK, London Research Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK.
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87
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The Hippo pathway as a target of the Drosophila DRE/DREF transcriptional regulatory pathway. Sci Rep 2014; 4:7196. [PMID: 25424907 PMCID: PMC4244634 DOI: 10.1038/srep07196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The DRE/DREF transcriptional regulatory system has been demonstrated to activate a wide variety of genes with various functions. In Drosophila, the Hippo pathway is known to suppress cell proliferation by inducing apoptosis and cell cycle arrest through inactivation of Yorkie, a transcription co-activator. In the present study, we found that half dose reduction of the hippo (hpo) gene induces ectopic DNA synthesis in eye discs that is suppressed by overexpression of DREF. Half reduction of the hpo gene dose reduced apoptosis in DREF-overexpressing flies. Consistent with these observations, overexpression of DREF increased the levels of hpo and phosphorylated Yorkie in eye discs. Interestingly, the diap1-lacZ reporter was seen to be significantly decreased by overexpression of DREF. Luciferase reporter assays in cultured S2 cells revealed that one of two DREs identified in the hpo gene promoter region was responsible for promoter activity in S2 cells. Furthermore, endogenous hpo mRNA was reduced in DREF knockdown S2 cells, and chromatin immnunoprecipitation assays with anti-DREF antibodies proved that DREF binds specifically to the hpo gene promoter region containing DREs in vivo. Together, these results indicate that the DRE/DREF pathway is required for transcriptional activation of the hpo gene to positively control Hippo pathways.
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88
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Signaling by the engulfment receptor draper: a screen in Drosophila melanogaster implicates cytoskeletal regulators, Jun N-terminal Kinase, and Yorkie. Genetics 2014; 199:117-34. [PMID: 25395664 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.114.172544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Draper, the Drosophila melanogaster homolog of the Ced-1 protein of Caenorhabditis elegans, is a cell-surface receptor required for the recognition and engulfment of apoptotic cells, glial clearance of axon fragments and dendritic pruning, and salivary gland autophagy. To further elucidate mechanisms of Draper signaling, we screened chromosomal deficiencies to identify loci that dominantly modify the phenotype of overexpression of Draper isoform II (suppressed differentiation of the posterior crossvein in the wing). We found evidence for 43 genetic modifiers of Draper II. Twenty-four of the 37 suppressor loci and 3 of the 6 enhancer loci were identified. An additional 5 suppressors and 2 enhancers were identified among mutations in functionally related genes. These studies reveal positive contributions to Drpr signaling for the Jun N-terminal Kinase pathway, supported by genetic interactions with hemipterous, basket, jun, and puckered, and for cytoskeleton regulation as indicated by genetic interactions with rac1, rac2, RhoA, myoblast city, Wiskcott-Aldrich syndrome protein, and the formin CG32138, and for yorkie and expanded. These findings indicate that Jun N-terminal Kinase activation and cytoskeletal remodeling collaborate in Draper signaling. Relationships between Draper signaling and Decapentaplegic signaling, insulin signaling, Salvador/Warts/Hippo signaling, apical-basal cell polarity, and cellular responses to mechanical forces are also discussed.
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89
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Zhao Y, Yang X. The Hippo pathway in chemotherapeutic drug resistance. Int J Cancer 2014; 137:2767-73. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yulei Zhao
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine; Queen's University; Kingston Ontario Canada
| | - Xiaolong Yang
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine; Queen's University; Kingston Ontario Canada
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90
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Kwon HJ, Waghmare I, Verghese S, Singh A, Singh A, Kango-Singh M. Drosophila C-terminal Src kinase regulates growth via the Hippo signaling pathway. Dev Biol 2014; 397:67-76. [PMID: 25446534 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The Hippo signaling pathway is involved in regulating tissue size by inhibiting cell proliferation and promoting apoptosis. Aberrant Hippo pathway function is often detected in human cancers and correlates with poor prognosis. The Drosophila C-terminal Src kinase (d-Csk) is a genetic modifier of warts (wts), a tumor-suppressor gene in the Hippo pathway, and interacts with the Src oncogene. Reduction in d-Csk expression and the consequent activation of Src are frequently seen in several cancers including hepatocellular and colorectal tumors. Previous studies show that d-Csk regulates cell proliferation and tissue size during development. Given the similarity in the loss-of-function phenotypes of d-Csk and wts, we have investigated the interactions of d-Csk with the Hippo pathway. Here we present multiple lines of evidence suggesting that d-Csk regulates growth via the Hippo signaling pathway. We show that loss of dCsk caused increased Yki activity, and our genetic epistasis places dCsk downstream of Dachs. Furthermore, dCsk requires Yki for its growth regulatory functions, suggesting that dCsk is another upstream member of the network of genes that interact to regulate Wts and its effector Yki in the Hippo signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailey J Kwon
- Department of Biology, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH 45469, USA
| | | | - Shilpi Verghese
- Department of Biology, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH 45469, USA
| | - Aditi Singh
- Centerville High School, Centerville, OH 45459, USA
| | - Amit Singh
- Department of Biology, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH 45469, USA; Center for Tissue Regeneration and Engineering at Dayton, Dayton, OH 45469, USA; Premedical Programs, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH 45469, USA
| | - Madhuri Kango-Singh
- Department of Biology, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH 45469, USA; Center for Tissue Regeneration and Engineering at Dayton, Dayton, OH 45469, USA; Premedical Programs, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH 45469, USA.
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91
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Hu L, Huang H, Li J, Yin MX, Lu Y, Wu W, Zeng R, Jiang J, Zhao Y, Zhang L. Drosophila casein kinase 2 (CK2) promotes warts protein to suppress Yorkie protein activity for growth control. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:33598-607. [PMID: 25320084 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.580456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Drosophila Hippo signaling regulates Wts activity to phosphorylate and inhibit Yki in order to control tissue growth. CK2 is widely expressed and involved in a variety of signaling pathways. In this study we report that Drosophila CK2 promotes Wts activity to phosphorylate and inhibit Yki activity, which is independent of Hpo-induced Wts promotion. In vivo, CK2 overexpression suppresses hpo mutant-induced expanded (Ex) up-regulation and overgrowth phenotype, whereas it cannot affect wts mutant. Consistent with this, knockdown of CK2 up-regulates Hpo pathway target expression. We also found that Drosophila CK2 is essential for tissue growth as a cell death inhibitor as knockdown of CK2 in the developing disc induces severe growth defects as well as caspase3 signals. Taken together, our results uncover a dual role of CK2; although its major role is promoting cell survive, it may potentially be a growth inhibitor as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianxin Hu
- From the State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology and
| | | | - Jinhui Li
- From the State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology and
| | - Meng-Xin Yin
- From the State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology and
| | - Yi Lu
- From the State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology and
| | - Wenqing Wu
- From the State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology and
| | - Rong Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yue-Yang Road, Shanghai 200031, China and
| | - Jin Jiang
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Yun Zhao
- From the State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology and
| | - Lei Zhang
- From the State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology and
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92
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Ribeiro P, Holder M, Frith D, Snijders AP, Tapon N. Crumbs promotes expanded recognition and degradation by the SCF(Slimb/β-TrCP) ubiquitin ligase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:E1980-9. [PMID: 24778256 PMCID: PMC4024906 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1315508111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In epithelial tissues, growth control depends on the maintenance of proper architecture through apicobasal polarity and cell-cell contacts. The Hippo signaling pathway has been proposed to sense tissue architecture and cell density via an intimate coupling with the polarity and cell contact machineries. The apical polarity protein Crumbs (Crb) controls the activity of Yorkie (Yki)/Yes-activated protein, the progrowth target of the Hippo pathway core kinase cassette, both in flies and mammals. The apically localized Four-point-one, Ezrin, Radixin, Moesin domain protein Expanded (Ex) regulates Yki by promoting activation of the kinase cascade and by directly tethering Yki to the plasma membrane. Crb interacts with Ex and promotes its apical localization, thereby linking cell polarity with Hippo signaling. We show that, as well as repressing Yki by recruiting Ex to the apical membrane, Crb promotes phosphorylation-dependent ubiquitin-mediated degradation of Ex. We identify Skp/Cullin/F-box(Slimb/β-transducin repeats-containing protein) (SCF(Slimb/β-TrCP)) as the E3 ubiquitin ligase complex responsible for Ex degradation. Thus, Crb is part of a homeostatic mechanism that promotes Ex inhibition of Yki, but also limits Ex activity by inducing its degradation, allowing precise tuning of Yki function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Ribeiro
- Apoptosis and Proliferation Control Laboratory, Cancer Research UK, London Research Institute, London WC2A 3LY, United Kingdom;Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom; and
| | - Maxine Holder
- Apoptosis and Proliferation Control Laboratory, Cancer Research UK, London Research Institute, London WC2A 3LY, United Kingdom
| | - David Frith
- Protein Analysis and Proteomics, Cancer Research UK, London Research Institute, Herts EN6 3LD, United Kingdom
| | - Ambrosius P Snijders
- Protein Analysis and Proteomics, Cancer Research UK, London Research Institute, Herts EN6 3LD, United Kingdom
| | - Nicolas Tapon
- Apoptosis and Proliferation Control Laboratory, Cancer Research UK, London Research Institute, London WC2A 3LY, United Kingdom;
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93
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The Angiomotins--from discovery to function. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:2693-703. [PMID: 24548561 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Angiomotins were originally identified as angiostatin binding proteins and implicated in the regulation of endothelial cell migration. Recent studies have shed light on the role of Angiomotins and other members of the Motin protein family in epithelial cells and in pathways directly linked to the pathogenesis of cancer. In particular, Motins have been shown to play a role in signaling pathways regulated by small G-proteins and the Hippo-YAP pathway. In this review the role of the Motin protein family in these signaling pathways will be described and open questions will be discussed.
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94
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Alves CH, Pellissier LP, Wijnholds J. The CRB1 and adherens junction complex proteins in retinal development and maintenance. Prog Retin Eye Res 2014; 40:35-52. [PMID: 24508727 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2014.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The early developing retinal neuroepithelium is composed of multipotent retinal progenitor cells that differentiate in a time specific manner, giving rise to six major types of neuronal and one type of glial cells. These cells migrate and organize in three distinct nuclear layers divided by two plexiform layers. Apical and adherens junction complexes have a crucial role in this process by the establishment of polarity and adhesion. Changes in these complexes disturb the spatiotemporal aspects of retinogenesis, leading to retinal degeneration resulting in mild or severe impairment of retinal function and vision. In this review, we summarize the mouse models for the different members of the apical and adherens junction protein complexes and describe the main features of their retinal phenotypes. The knowledge acquired from the different mutant animals for these proteins corroborate their importance in retina development and maintenance of normal retinal structure and function. More recently, several studies have tried to unravel the connection between the apical proteins, important cellular signaling pathways and their relation in retina development. Still, the mechanisms by which these proteins function remain largely unknown. Here, we hypothesize how the mammalian apical CRB1 complex might control retinogenesis and prevents onset of Leber congenital amaurosis or retinitis pigmentosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celso Henrique Alves
- Department of Neuromedical Genetics, The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lucie P Pellissier
- Department of Neuromedical Genetics, The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Wijnholds
- Department of Neuromedical Genetics, The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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95
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Hauri S, Wepf A, van Drogen A, Varjosalo M, Tapon N, Aebersold R, Gstaiger M. Interaction proteome of human Hippo signaling: modular control of the co-activator YAP1. Mol Syst Biol 2013; 9:713. [PMID: 24366813 PMCID: PMC4019981 DOI: 10.1002/msb.201304750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Revised: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue homeostasis is controlled by signaling systems that coordinate cell proliferation, cell growth and cell shape upon changes in the cellular environment. Deregulation of these processes is associated with human cancer and can occur at multiple levels of the underlying signaling systems. To gain an integrated view on signaling modules controlling tissue growth, we analyzed the interaction proteome of the human Hippo pathway, an established growth regulatory signaling system. The resulting high-resolution network model of 480 protein-protein interactions among 270 network components suggests participation of Hippo pathway components in three distinct modules that all converge on the transcriptional co-activator YAP1. One of the modules corresponds to the canonical Hippo kinase cassette whereas the other two both contain Hippo components in complexes with cell polarity proteins. Quantitative proteomic data suggests that complex formation with cell polarity proteins is dynamic and depends on the integrity of cell-cell contacts. Collectively, our systematic analysis greatly enhances our insights into the biochemical landscape underlying human Hippo signaling and emphasizes multifaceted roles of cell polarity complexes in Hippo-mediated tissue growth control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Hauri
- Institute of Molecular Systems BiologyETH ZürichZürichSwitzerland
- Competence Center for Systems Physiology and Metabolic DiseasesETH ZürichZürichSwitzerland
| | | | | | - Markku Varjosalo
- Institute of Molecular Systems BiologyETH ZürichZürichSwitzerland
- Institute of BiotechnologyUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Nic Tapon
- Cancer Research UKLondon Research InstituteLondonUK
| | - Ruedi Aebersold
- Institute of Molecular Systems BiologyETH ZürichZürichSwitzerland
- Competence Center for Systems Physiology and Metabolic DiseasesETH ZürichZürichSwitzerland
- Faculty of ScienceUniversity of ZürichZürichSwitzerland
| | - Matthias Gstaiger
- Institute of Molecular Systems BiologyETH ZürichZürichSwitzerland
- Competence Center for Systems Physiology and Metabolic DiseasesETH ZürichZürichSwitzerland
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96
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Ilanges A, Jahanshahi M, Balobin DM, Pfleger CM. Alcohol interacts with genetic alteration of the Hippo tumor suppressor pathway to modulate tissue growth in Drosophila. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78880. [PMID: 24205337 PMCID: PMC3804493 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol-mediated cancers represent more than 3.5% of cancer-related deaths, yet how alcohol promotes cancer is a major open question. Using Drosophila, we identified novel interactions between dietary ethanol and loss of tumor suppressor components of the Hippo Pathway. The Hippo Pathway suppresses tumors in flies and mammals by inactivating transcriptional co-activator Yorkie, and the spectrum of cancers associated with impaired Hippo signaling overlaps strikingly with those associated with alcohol. Therefore, our findings may implicate loss of Hippo Pathway tumor suppression in alcohol-mediated cancers. Ethanol enhanced overgrowth from loss of the expanded, hippo, or warts tumor suppressors but, surprisingly, not from over-expressing the yorkie oncogene. We propose that in parallel to Yorkie-dependent overgrowth, impairing Hippo signaling in the presence of alcohol may promote overgrowth via additional alcohol-relevant targets. We also identified interactions between alcohol and Hippo Pathway over-activation. We propose that exceeding certain thresholds of alcohol exposure activates Hippo signaling to maintain proper growth control and prevent alcohol-mediated mis-patterning and tissue overgrowth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anoj Ilanges
- Department of Oncological Sciences, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Maryam Jahanshahi
- Department of Oncological Sciences, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- The Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Denis M. Balobin
- Department of Oncological Sciences, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Cathie M. Pfleger
- Department of Oncological Sciences, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- The Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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97
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Wang W, Li X, Huang J, Feng L, Dolinta KG, Chen J. Defining the protein-protein interaction network of the human hippo pathway. Mol Cell Proteomics 2013; 13:119-31. [PMID: 24126142 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m113.030049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hippo pathway, which is conserved from Drosophila to mammals, has been recognized as a tumor suppressor signaling pathway governing cell proliferation and apoptosis, two key events involved in organ size control and tumorigenesis. Although several upstream regulators, the conserved kinase cascade and key downstream effectors including nuclear transcriptional factors have been defined, the global organization of this signaling pathway is not been fully understood. Thus, we conducted a proteomic analysis of human Hippo pathway, which revealed the involvement of an extensive protein-protein interaction network in this pathway. The mass spectrometry data were deposited to ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD000415. Our data suggest that 550 interactions within 343 unique protein components constitute the central protein-protein interaction landscape of human Hippo pathway. Our study provides a glimpse into the global organization of Hippo pathway, reveals previously unknown interactions within this pathway, and uncovers new potential components involved in the regulation of this pathway. Understanding these interactions will help us further dissect the Hippo signaling-pathway and extend our knowledge of organ size control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqi Wang
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, Unit 66, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, Texas 77030
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98
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Abstract
The Hippo pathway is a kinase cascade, formed by Hippo, Salvador, Warts, and Mats, that regulates the subcellular distribution and transcriptional activity of Yorkie. Yorkie is a transcriptional coactivator that promotes the expression of genes that inhibit apoptosis and drive cell proliferation. We review recent studies indicating that activity of the Hippo pathway is controlled by cell-cell junctions, cell adhesion molecules, scaffolding proteins, and cytoskeletal proteins, as well as by regulators of apical-basal polarity and extracellular tension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie Enderle
- 1Biozentrum, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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99
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Abstract
Our understanding of the FERM (4.1/ezrin/radixin/moesin) protein family has been rapidly expanding in the last few years, with the result that many new physiological functions have been ascribed to these biochemically unique proteins. In the present review, we will discuss a number of new FRMD (FERM domain)-containing proteins that were initially discovered from genome sequencing but are now being established through biochemical and genetic studies to be involved both in normal cellular processes, but are also associated with a variety of human diseases.
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Kim JE, Finlay GJ, Baguley BC. The role of the hippo pathway in melanocytes and melanoma. Front Oncol 2013; 3:123. [PMID: 23720711 PMCID: PMC3655322 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2013.00123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hippo signaling pathway comprises a series of cytoplasmic tumor suppressor proteins including Merlin and the Lats1/2 and MST1/2 kinases, and is thought to play a critical role in determining the sizes of organs and tissues. The Hippo pathway is regulated upstream by extracellular mechanosensory signaling arising from cell shape and polarity, as well as by a variety of extracellular signaling molecules. When active, the pathway maintains the transcriptional activators Yes-associated protein (YAP) and TAZ in phosphorylated forms in the cytoplasm, preventing cell proliferation. When the Hippo pathway is inactivated, YAP and TAZ are translocated to the nucleus and induce the expression of a variety of proteins concerned with entry into the cell division cycle, such as cyclin D1 and Fox M1, as well as the inhibition of apoptosis. The failure of the Hippo pathway has been implicated in the development of many different types of cancer but there is limited information available as to its involvement in melanoma. We hypothesize here firstly that the Hippo pathway is involved in maintaining density of cutaneous melanocytes on the basement membrane at the junction of the epidermis and the dermis, and secondly, that its function is disturbed in melanoma. We have analyzed a series of 23 low passage human melanoma lines as well as cultured normal melanoma, and find that melanocytes, as well as all melanoma cell lines examined express TAZ. Melanocytes and most melanoma lines also express YAP. E-cadherin, an upstream regulator of the Hippo pathway, and Axl, a receptor tyrosine kinase regulated by the Hippo pathway, are expressed in melanocytes and in several melanoma cell lines. These observations, together with published evidence for the presence of Merlin, Lats1/2, and MST1/2 in melanocytes and melanoma cells, support the hypothesis that the Hippo pathway is an important component of melanocyte and melanoma behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Eun Kim
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, The University of Auckland Auckland, New Zealand
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