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Zhu J, Cheng KCL, Yuen KWY. Histone H3K9 and H4 Acetylations and Transcription Facilitate the Initial CENP-A HCP-3 Deposition and De Novo Centromere Establishment in Caenorhabditis elegans Artificial Chromosomes. Epigenetics Chromatin 2018; 11:16. [PMID: 29653589 PMCID: PMC5898018 DOI: 10.1186/s13072-018-0185-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The centromere is the specialized chromatin region that directs chromosome segregation. The kinetochore assembles on the centromere, attaching chromosomes to microtubules in mitosis. The centromere position is usually maintained through cell cycles and generations. However, new centromeres, known as neocentromeres, can occasionally form on ectopic regions when the original centromere is inactivated or lost due to chromosomal rearrangements. Centromere repositioning can occur during evolution. Moreover, de novo centromeres can form on exogenously transformed DNA in human cells at a low frequency, which then segregates faithfully as human artificial chromosomes (HACs). How centromeres are maintained, inactivated and activated is unclear. A conserved histone H3 variant, CENP-A, epigenetically marks functional centromeres, interspersing with H3. Several histone modifications enriched at centromeres are required for centromere function, but their role in new centromere formation is less clear. Studying the mechanism of new centromere formation has been challenging because these events are difficult to detect immediately, requiring weeks for HAC selection. Results DNA injected into the Caenorhabditis elegans gonad can concatemerize to form artificial chromosomes (ACs) in embryos, which first undergo passive inheritance, but soon autonomously segregate within a few cell cycles, more rapidly and frequently than HACs. Using this in vivo model, we injected LacO repeats DNA, visualized ACs by expressing GFP::LacI, and monitored equal AC segregation in real time, which represents functional centromere formation. Histone H3K9 and H4 acetylations are enriched on new ACs when compared to endogenous chromosomes. By fusing histone deacetylase HDA-1 to GFP::LacI, we tethered HDA-1 to ACs specifically, reducing AC histone acetylations, reducing AC equal segregation frequency, and reducing initial kinetochroe protein CENP-AHCP−3 and NDC-80 deposition, indicating that histone acetylations facilitate efficient centromere establishment. Similarly, inhibition of RNA polymerase II-mediated transcription also delays initial CENP-AHCP-3 loading. Conclusions Acetylated histones on chromatin and transcription can create an open chromatin environment, enhancing nucleosome disassembly and assembly, and potentially contribute to centromere establishment. Alternatively, acetylation of soluble H4 may stimulate the initial deposition of CENP-AHCP−3-H4 nucleosomes. Our findings shed light on the mechanism of de novo centromere activation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13072-018-0185-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhu
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Kadoorie Biological Sciences Building, Pokfulam Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Kevin Chi Lok Cheng
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Kadoorie Biological Sciences Building, Pokfulam Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Karen Wing Yee Yuen
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Kadoorie Biological Sciences Building, Pokfulam Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.
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ECSM2, an endothelial specific VE-cadherin binding protein, has a tyrosine phosphorylation site essential to cell migration. Gene 2018; 662:131-138. [PMID: 29653231 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial cell-specific molecule 2 (ECSM2) is a transmembrane protein located in cell-cell junction of endothelial cells (EC). ECSM2 was determined to play an important role in vascular development, EC migration, apoptosis and proliferation, however, no functional domains were determined in intracellular and extracellular region of ECSM2. In current work, functional domains of ECSM2, the relationship of ECSM2 with other endothelial specific protein such as VE-cadherin and the role of ECSM2 in neovascular diseases were determined. It was shown that the 54th amino acid residue of ECSM2 extracellular domain was a tyrosine phosphorylation site, whose mutation led to the loss of EGF-induced tyrosine phosphorylation and inhibition of cell migration. In primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells, ECSM2 bound with VE-cadherin and VEGF stimulation enhanced their binding. In hepatocellular carcinoma, ECSM2 expression was increased, as compared with para-cancerous tissue. This data firstly revealed the functional sites of ECSM2, the crosstalk between ECSM2 and other endothelial cell specific molecules, the expression of ECSM2 in tissues of angiogenesis diseases, thus providing understanding about ECSM2 in depth.
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53
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Posttranslational mechanisms controlling centromere function and assembly. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2018; 52:126-135. [PMID: 29621654 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Accurate chromosome segregation is critical to ensure the faithful inheritance of the genome during cell division. Human chromosomes distinguish the location of the centromere from general chromatin by the selective assembly of CENP-A containing nucleosomes at the active centromere. The location of centromeres in most higher eukaryotes is determined epigenetically, independent of DNA sequence. CENP-A containing centromeric chromatin provides the foundation for assembly of the kinetochore that mediates chromosome attachment to the microtubule spindle and controls cell cycle progression in mitosis. Here we review recent work demonstrating the role of posttranslational modifications on centromere function and CENP-A inheritance via the direct modification of the CENP-A nucleosome and pre-nucleosomal complexes, the modification of the CENP-A deposition machinery and the modification of histones within existing centromeres.
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54
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Kinetochore assembly and disassembly during mitotic entry and exit. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2018; 52:73-81. [PMID: 29477052 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Faithful chromosome segregation during mitosis in eukaryotes requires a large protein complex, kinetochore, formed on the centromere of each chromosome, to attach to spindle microtubules. Among the kinetochore proteins, Constitutive Centromere-Associated Network (CCAN) and KMN-network proteins form the base of the vertebrate kinetochore architecture. The CCAN proteins constitutively localize to the centromere throughout the cell cycle, whereas KMN-network proteins are recruited to the CCAN only during mitosis. Recent studies in cellular and structural biology, as well as biochemical reconstitutions, have revealed that mitotic phosphorylation of kinetochore proteins has critical roles in kinetochore organization. Here, we discuss the molecular processes of kinetochore assembly during mitotic entry and its disassembly during mitotic exit.
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55
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Pentakota S, Zhou K, Smith C, Maffini S, Petrovic A, Morgan GP, Weir JR, Vetter IR, Musacchio A, Luger K. Decoding the centromeric nucleosome through CENP-N. eLife 2017; 6:33442. [PMID: 29280735 PMCID: PMC5777823 DOI: 10.7554/elife.33442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Centromere protein (CENP) A, a histone H3 variant, is a key epigenetic determinant of chromosome domains known as centromeres. Centromeres nucleate kinetochores, multi-subunit complexes that capture spindle microtubules to promote chromosome segregation during mitosis. Two kinetochore proteins, CENP-C and CENP-N, recognize CENP-A in the context of a rare CENP-A nucleosome. Here, we reveal the structural basis for the exquisite selectivity of CENP-N for centromeres. CENP-N uses charge and space complementarity to decode the L1 loop that is unique to CENP-A. It also engages in extensive interactions with a 15-base pair segment of the distorted nucleosomal DNA double helix, in a position predicted to exclude chromatin remodelling enzymes. Besides CENP-A, stable centromere recruitment of CENP-N requires a coincident interaction with a newly identified binding motif on nucleosome-bound CENP-C. Collectively, our studies clarify how CENP-N and CENP-C decode and stabilize the non-canonical CENP-A nucleosome to enforce epigenetic centromere specification and kinetochore assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satyakrishna Pentakota
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Keda Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, United States
| | - Charlotte Smith
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Stefano Maffini
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Arsen Petrovic
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Garry P Morgan
- Department of MCDB, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, United States
| | - John R Weir
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Ingrid R Vetter
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Andrea Musacchio
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany.,Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Karolin Luger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Maryland, United States
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56
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Kinetochore-microtubule interactions in chromosome segregation: lessons from yeast and mammalian cells. Biochem J 2017; 474:3559-3577. [PMID: 29046344 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20170518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chromosome congression and segregation require robust yet dynamic attachment of the kinetochore with the spindle microtubules. Force generated at the kinetochore-microtubule interface plays a vital role to drive the attachment, as it is required to move chromosomes and to provide signal to sense correct attachments. To understand the mechanisms underlying these processes, it is critical to describe how the force is generated and how the molecules at the kinetochore-microtubule interface are organized and assembled to withstand the force and respond to it. Research in the past few years or so has revealed interesting insights into the structural organization and architecture of kinetochore proteins that couple kinetochore attachment to the spindle microtubules. Interestingly, despite diversities in the molecular players and their modes of action, there appears to be architectural similarity of the kinetochore-coupling machines in lower to higher eukaryotes. The present review focuses on the most recent advances in understanding of the molecular and structural aspects of kinetochore-microtubule interaction based on the studies in yeast and vertebrate cells.
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57
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Freitag
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
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58
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Using human artificial chromosomes to study centromere assembly and function. Chromosoma 2017; 126:559-575. [DOI: 10.1007/s00412-017-0633-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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59
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Reduction in chromosome mobility accompanies nuclear organization during early embryogenesis in Caenorhabditis elegans. Sci Rep 2017. [PMID: 28623274 PMCID: PMC5473868 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03483-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In differentiated cells, chromosomes are packed inside the cell nucleus in an organised fashion. In contrast, little is known about how chromosomes are packed in undifferentiated cells and how nuclear organization changes during development. To assess changes in nuclear organization during the earliest stages of development, we quantified the mobility of a pair of homologous chromosomal loci in the interphase nuclei of Caenorhabditis elegans embryos. The distribution of distances between homologous loci was consistent with a random distribution up to the 8-cell stage but not at later stages. The mobility of the loci was significantly reduced from the 2-cell to the 48-cell stage. Nuclear foci corresponding to epigenetic marks as well as heterochromatin and the nucleolus also appeared around the 8-cell stage. We propose that the earliest global transformation in nuclear organization occurs at the 8-cell stage during C. elegans embryogenesis.
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60
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Fukagawa T. Critical histone post-translational modifications for centromere function and propagation. Cell Cycle 2017; 16:1259-1265. [PMID: 28598241 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2017.1325044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The centromere is a critical genomic region that enables faithful chromosome segregation during mitosis, and must be distinguishable from other genomic regions to facilitate establishment of the kinetochore. The centromere-specific histone H3-variant CENP-A forms a special nucleosome that functions as a marker for centromere specification. In addition to the CENP-A nucleosomes, there are additional H3 nucleosomes that have been identified in centromeres, both of which are predicted to exhibit specific features. It is likely that the composite organization of CENP-A and H3 nucleosomes contributes to the formation of centromere-specific chromatin, termed 'centrochromatin'. Recent studies suggest that centrochromatin has specific histone modifications that mediate centromere specification and kinetochore assembly. We use chicken non-repetitive centromeres as a model of centromeric activities to characterize functional features of centrochromatin. This review discusses our recent progress, and that of various other research groups, in elucidating the functional roles of histone modifications in centrochromatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuo Fukagawa
- a Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences , Osaka University , Suita , Osaka , Japan
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61
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Yamazaki T, Hatano Y, Handa T, Kato S, Hoida K, Yamamura R, Fukuyama T, Uematsu T, Kobayashi N, Kimura H, Yamagata K. Targeted DNA methylation in pericentromeres with genome editing-based artificial DNA methyltransferase. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177764. [PMID: 28542388 PMCID: PMC5436701 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
To study the impact of epigenetic changes on biological functions, the ability to manipulate the epigenetic status of certain genomic regions artificially could be an indispensable technology. “Epigenome editing” techniques have gradually emerged that apply TALE or CRISPR/Cas9 technologies with various effector domains isolated from epigenetic code writers or erasers such as DNA methyltransferase, 5-methylcytosine oxidase, and histone modification enzymes. Here we demonstrate that a TALE recognizing a major satellite, consisting of a repeated sequence in pericentromeres, could be fused with the bacterial CpG methyltransferase, SssI. ChIP-qPCR assays demonstrated that the fusion protein TALMaj-SssI preferentially bound to major chromosomal satellites in cultured cell lines. Then, TALMaj-SssI was expressed in fertilized mouse oocytes with hypomethylated major satellites (10–20% CpG islands). Bisulfite sequencing revealed that the DNA methylation status was increased specifically in major satellites (50–60%), but not in minor satellites or other repeat elements, such as Intracisternal A-particle (IAP) or long interspersed nuclear elements-1 (Line1) when the expression level of TALMaj-SssI is optimized in the cell. At a microscopic level, distal ends of chromosomes at the first mitotic stage were dramatically highlighted by the mCherry-tagged methyl CpG binding domain of human MBD1 (mCherry-MBD-NLS). Moreover, targeted DNA methylation to major satellites did not interfere with kinetochore function during early embryonic cleavages. Co-injection of dCas9 fused with SssI and guide RNA (gRNA) recognizing major satellite sequences enabled increment of the DNA methylation in the satellites, but a few off-target effects were also observed in minor satellites and retrotransposons. Although CRISPR can be applied instead of the TALE system, technical improvements to reduce off-target effects are required. We have demonstrated a new method of introducing DNA methylation without the need of other binding partners using the CpG methyltransferase, SssI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiga Yamazaki
- Division of Biomedical Research, Kitasato University Medical Center, Kitasato University, Kitamoto, Saitama, Japan
- * E-mail: (TY); (KY)
| | - Yu Hatano
- Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, KINDAI University, Kinokawa, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Handa
- Cell Biology Unit, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Sakiko Kato
- Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, KINDAI University, Kinokawa, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Kensuke Hoida
- Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, KINDAI University, Kinokawa, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Rui Yamamura
- Division of Biomedical Research, Kitasato University Medical Center, Kitasato University, Kitamoto, Saitama, Japan
| | - Takashi Fukuyama
- Division of Biomedical Research, Kitasato University Medical Center, Kitasato University, Kitamoto, Saitama, Japan
| | - Takayuki Uematsu
- Division of Biomedical Research, Kitasato University Medical Center, Kitasato University, Kitamoto, Saitama, Japan
| | - Noritada Kobayashi
- Division of Biomedical Research, Kitasato University Medical Center, Kitasato University, Kitamoto, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kimura
- Cell Biology Unit, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kazuo Yamagata
- Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, KINDAI University, Kinokawa, Wakayama, Japan
- * E-mail: (TY); (KY)
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62
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Su H, Liu Y, Dong Q, Feng C, Zhang J, Liu Y, Birchler JA, Han F. Dynamic location changes of Bub1-phosphorylated-H2AThr133 with CENH3 nucleosome in maize centromeric regions. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 214:682-694. [PMID: 28079247 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The genomic stability of all organisms requires precise cell division with proper chromosome orientation. The Bub1-H2Aph-Sgo1 pathway and spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) components have been identified in yeast and mammals that are important for sister centromere orientation and chromosome segregation. However, their roles in plants are not clear. Maize meiotic mutants and minichromosomes were used to study the role of H2AThr133 phosphorylation and SAC components in sister centromere orientation and chromosome segregation. Unlike previously reported, SAC protein Bub1-Sgo1 recruitment was independent of Rec8 in maize and did not play a role in centromere protection in meiosis I. Chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing analysis with immnolocalization results indicate most CENH3 nucleosomes contain phosphorylated H2AThr133 in centromeric regions. H2AThr133ph spreads to encompass centromeric regions including the inner centromeric and pericentromeric regions during (pro)metaphase. The presence and localization of SAC components and H2AThr133ph on maize lines containing sister chromatids separate precociously in anaphase I revealed no direct role of these proteins on centromere orientation in meiosis I . This work sheds light on the relationship between H2AThr133ph and CENH3 nucleosome in plants, and the phosphorylation with dynamic location changes in centomeric regions suggests temporal and spatial regulation roles for H2A phosphorylation in chromosome segregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Handong Su
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yalin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qianhua Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Chao Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - James A Birchler
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, 65211-7400, USA
| | - Fangpu Han
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
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63
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Zhou HR, Fu HY, Wu DS, Zhang YY, Huang SH, Chen CJ, Yan JG, Huang JL, Shen JZ. Relationship between epigenetic changes in Wnt antagonists and acute leukemia. Oncol Rep 2017; 37:2663-2671. [PMID: 28440495 PMCID: PMC5428301 DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.5509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was designed to investigate the relationship among epigenetic changes in Wnt antagonists, histone H4K20me1 and the expression of tumor-suppressor genes in acute leukemia (AL) to better understand the pathogenesis of leukemia. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was performed to detect messenger RNA (mRNA) expression levels of Wnt antagonists (Wnt5a, HDPR1, DKK1 and DKK3) in patients with AL and in normal controls; pyrophosphate sequencing was performed to detect the methylation status of the Wnt5a promoter; and western blotting was performed to detect the overall expression levels of Wnt5a protein and histone H4K20me1 in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and in normal controls. The relationship between Wnt5a protein expression and histone H4K20me1 was analyzed. Chromatin immunoprecipitation-qPCR (ChIP-qPCR) was performed to investigate the recruitment of H4K20me1 and SET8 to the Wnt5a promoter and coding regions. Our results demonstrated that the expression levels of Wnt antagonists were generally low in AML, but showed differential expression in acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL). In most cases of AML, methylation of the Wnt5a promoter was observed and Wnt5a protein expression was low. In some cases of AML, the overall level of H4K20me1 protein was higher than that in normal controls. In addition, Wnt5a expression was positively correlated with H4K20me1 expression and was unrelated to the methylation status of its promoter. Moreover, H4K20me1 and SET8 were enriched in the Wnt5a promoter region and coding region. By contrast, Wnt5a expression was unrelated to H4K20me1 expression in normal controls. Moreover, we observed that the methylation of Wnt antagonists was often found in patients with AL, particularly those with AML, whereas the extent of methylation was variable in ALL patients. Wnt5a expression was positively correlated with the enrichment of H4K20me1 and SET8 at the Wnt5a promoter and coding regions. H4K20me1 increased Wnt5a expression by promoting transcription initiation and elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Rong Zhou
- Fujian Institute of Hematology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Hematology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, P.R. China
| | - Hai-Ying Fu
- Fujian Institute of Hematology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Hematology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, P.R. China
| | - Dan-Sen Wu
- Fujian Institute of Hematology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Hematology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, P.R. China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Zhang
- Fujian Institute of Hematology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Hematology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, P.R. China
| | - Si-Han Huang
- Fujian Institute of Hematology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Hematology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, P.R. China
| | - Cong-Jie Chen
- Fujian Institute of Hematology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Hematology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Guo Yan
- Fujian Institute of Hematology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Hematology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, P.R. China
| | - Jin-Long Huang
- Fujian Institute of Hematology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Hematology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Zhen Shen
- Fujian Institute of Hematology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Hematology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, P.R. China
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64
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Abstract
Centromeric chromatin undergoes major changes in composition and architecture during each cell cycle. These changes in specialized chromatin facilitate kinetochore formation in mitosis to ensure proper chromosome segregation. Thus, proper orchestration of centromeric chromatin dynamics during interphase, including replication in S phase, is crucial. We provide the current view concerning the centromeric architecture associated with satellite repeat sequences in mammals and its dynamics during the cell cycle. We summarize the contributions of deposited histone variants and their chaperones, other centromeric components - including proteins and their post-translational modifications, and RNAs - and we link the expression and deposition timing of each component during the cell cycle. Because neocentromeres occur at ectopic sites, we highlight how cell cycle processes can go wrong, leading to neocentromere formation and potentially disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Müller
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR3664, Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, F-75005 Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, CNRS, UMR3664, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Geneviève Almouzni
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR3664, Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, F-75005 Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, CNRS, UMR3664, F-75005 Paris, France
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65
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Musacchio A, Desai A. A Molecular View of Kinetochore Assembly and Function. BIOLOGY 2017; 6:E5. [PMID: 28125021 PMCID: PMC5371998 DOI: 10.3390/biology6010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 310] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Kinetochores are large protein assemblies that connect chromosomes to microtubules of the mitotic and meiotic spindles in order to distribute the replicated genome from a mother cell to its daughters. Kinetochores also control feedback mechanisms responsible for the correction of incorrect microtubule attachments, and for the coordination of chromosome attachment with cell cycle progression. Finally, kinetochores contribute to their own preservation, across generations, at the specific chromosomal loci devoted to host them, the centromeres. They achieve this in most species by exploiting an epigenetic, DNA-sequence-independent mechanism; notable exceptions are budding yeasts where a specific sequence is associated with centromere function. In the last 15 years, extensive progress in the elucidation of the composition of the kinetochore and the identification of various physical and functional modules within its substructure has led to a much deeper molecular understanding of kinetochore organization and the origins of its functional output. Here, we provide a broad summary of this progress, focusing primarily on kinetochores of humans and budding yeast, while highlighting work from other models, and present important unresolved questions for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Musacchio
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn Straße 11, Dortmund 44227, Germany.
- Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen 45117, Germany.
| | - Arshad Desai
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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66
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García Del Arco A, Erhardt S. Post-translational Modifications of Centromeric Chromatin. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR AND SUBCELLULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 56:213-231. [PMID: 28840239 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-58592-5_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Regulation of chromatin structures is important for the control of DNA processes such as gene expression, and misregulation of chromatin is implicated in diverse diseases. Covalent post-translational modifications of histones are a prominent way to regulate chromatin structure and different chromatin regions bear their specific signature of histone modifications. The composition of centromeric chromatin is significantly different from other chromatin structures and mainly defined by the presence of the histone H3-variant CENP-A. Here we summarize the composition of centromeric chromatin and what we know about its differential regulation by post-translational modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana García Del Arco
- Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg (ZMBH), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 282, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sylvia Erhardt
- Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg (ZMBH), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 282, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
- Cell Networks Excellence Cluster, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 282, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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67
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Hara M, Fukagawa T. Critical Foundation of the Kinetochore: The Constitutive Centromere-Associated Network (CCAN). PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR AND SUBCELLULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 56:29-57. [PMID: 28840232 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-58592-5_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The kinetochore is a large protein complex, which is assembled at the centromere of a chromosome to ensure faithful chromosome segregation during M-phase. The centromere in most eukaryotes is epigenetically specified by DNA sequence-independent mechanisms. The constitutive centromere-associated network (CCAN) is a subcomplex in the kinetochore that localizes to the centromere throughout the cell cycle. The CCAN has interfaces bound to the centromeric chromatin and the spindle microtubule-binding complex; therefore, it functions as a foundation of kinetochore formation. Here, we summarize recent progress in our understanding of the structure and organization of the CCAN. We also discuss an additional role of the CCAN in the maintenance of centromere position and dynamic reorganization of the CCAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Hara
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Fukagawa
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
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68
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Maina PK, Shao P, Liu Q, Fazli L, Tyler S, Nasir M, Dong X, Qi HH. c-MYC drives histone demethylase PHF8 during neuroendocrine differentiation and in castration-resistant prostate cancer. Oncotarget 2016; 7:75585-75602. [PMID: 27689328 PMCID: PMC5342763 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic factors play critical roles in prostate cancer (PCa) development. However, how they contribute to neuroendocrine differentiation (NED) and castration-resistant PCa (CRPC) is not fully understood. Using bioinformatics and biochemical approaches to analyze cell-based models of NED and CRPC, we found a cluster of epigenetic factors whose expression is downregulated during NED and upregulated in CRPC (i.e. follow a Down-Up pattern). Two histone demethylases within this cluster, PHF8 and KDM3A, are post-transcriptionally regulated by c-MYC through miR-22, which targets both PHF8 and KDM3A. We also found that the c-MYC/miR-22/PHF8 axis is downstream of androgen receptor (AR) signaling in CRPC cells. The co-expression of PHF8 with AR in clinical CRPC samples, normal mouse prostate, and adenocarcinomas of the prostate during PCa progression in a transgenic (TRAMP) mouse model supports the connection between PHF8 and AR. Knockdown of PHF8 impedes cell cycle progression in CRPC cells and has more profound effects on their growth than on the parental LNCaP cell line. Furthermore, PHF8 knockdown sensitizes LNCaP-Abl cells to the AR antagonist enzalutamide. Our data reveal novel mechanisms that underlie the regulation of PHF8 and KDM3A during NED and in CRPC, and support the candidacy of PHF8 as a therapeutic target in CRPC.
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MESH Headings
- 3' Untranslated Regions
- Animals
- Cell Cycle/drug effects
- Cell Cycle/genetics
- Cell Cycle Checkpoints/genetics
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation/genetics
- Cell Survival/genetics
- Epigenesis, Genetic
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Genes, myc
- Histone Demethylases/genetics
- Humans
- Interleukin-6/metabolism
- Interleukin-6/pharmacology
- Jumonji Domain-Containing Histone Demethylases/genetics
- Jumonji Domain-Containing Histone Demethylases/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- MicroRNAs/genetics
- Models, Biological
- Neoplasm Grading
- Neuroendocrine Tumors/genetics
- Neuroendocrine Tumors/metabolism
- Neuroendocrine Tumors/pathology
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/genetics
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/metabolism
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/pathology
- RNA Interference
- Receptors, Androgen/genetics
- Receptors, Androgen/metabolism
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcriptome
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Affiliation(s)
- Peterson Kariuki Maina
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
| | - Peng Shao
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
| | - Qi Liu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
| | - Ladan Fazli
- Vancouver Prostate Center, Department of Urology Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Scott Tyler
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
| | - Moman Nasir
- Department of Health and Human Physiology, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Xuesen Dong
- Vancouver Prostate Center, Department of Urology Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Hank Heng Qi
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
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69
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Shang WH, Hori T, Westhorpe FG, Godek KM, Toyoda A, Misu S, Monma N, Ikeo K, Carroll CW, Takami Y, Fujiyama A, Kimura H, Straight AF, Fukagawa T. Acetylation of histone H4 lysine 5 and 12 is required for CENP-A deposition into centromeres. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13465. [PMID: 27811920 PMCID: PMC5097169 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Centromeres are specified epigenetically through the deposition of the centromere-specific histone H3 variant CENP-A. However, how additional epigenetic features are involved in centromere specification is unknown. Here, we find that histone H4 Lys5 and Lys12 acetylation (H4K5ac and H4K12ac) primarily occur within the pre-nucleosomal CENP-A–H4–HJURP (CENP-A chaperone) complex, before centromere deposition. We show that H4K5ac and H4K12ac are mediated by the RbAp46/48–Hat1 complex and that RbAp48-deficient DT40 cells fail to recruit HJURP to centromeres and do not incorporate new CENP-A at centromeres. However, C-terminally-truncated HJURP, that does not bind CENP-A, does localize to centromeres in RbAp48-deficient cells. Acetylation-dead H4 mutations cause mis-localization of the CENP-A–H4 complex to non-centromeric chromatin. Crucially, CENP-A with acetylation-mimetic H4 was assembled specifically into centromeres even in RbAp48-deficient DT40 cells. We conclude that H4K5ac and H4K12ac, mediated by RbAp46/48, facilitates efficient CENP-A deposition into centromeres. The deposition of histone H3 variant CENP-A bound with histone H4 is a key feature designating the centromere region of a chromosome. Here the authors show acetylation on residues K5 and K12 in histone H4, mediated by the RbAp46/48-Hat1 complex, is required for deposition of CENP-A-H4 into centromeres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hao Shang
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Hori
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Frederick G Westhorpe
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University Medical School, 259 Campus Drive, Beckman B409, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Kristina M Godek
- Department of Biochemistry, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, HB7200, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA
| | - Atsushi Toyoda
- Comparative Genomics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Sadahiko Misu
- DNA Data Analysis Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Norikazu Monma
- DNA Data Analysis Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Kazuho Ikeo
- DNA Data Analysis Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Christopher W Carroll
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, SHM C-230, 333 Cedar St., New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Yasunari Takami
- Section of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Miyazaki, 5200, Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Asao Fujiyama
- Comparative Genomics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan.,National Institute of Informatics, Hitotsubashi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8430, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kimura
- Cell Biology Unit, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Aaron F Straight
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University Medical School, 259 Campus Drive, Beckman B409, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Tatsuo Fukagawa
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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70
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Sato Y, Kujirai T, Arai R, Asakawa H, Ohtsuki C, Horikoshi N, Yamagata K, Ueda J, Nagase T, Haraguchi T, Hiraoka Y, Kimura A, Kurumizaka H, Kimura H. A Genetically Encoded Probe for Live-Cell Imaging of H4K20 Monomethylation. J Mol Biol 2016; 428:3885-3902. [PMID: 27534817 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2016.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Eukaryotic gene expression is regulated in the context of chromatin. Dynamic changes in post-translational histone modification are thought to play key roles in fundamental cellular functions such as regulation of the cell cycle, development, and differentiation. To elucidate the relationship between histone modifications and cellular functions, it is important to monitor the dynamics of modifications in single living cells. A genetically encoded probe called mintbody (modification-specific intracellular antibody), which is a single-chain variable fragment tagged with a fluorescent protein, has been proposed as a useful visualization tool. However, the efficacy of intracellular expression of antibody fragments has been limited, in part due to different environmental conditions in the cytoplasm compared to the endoplasmic reticulum where secreted proteins such as antibodies are folded. In this study, we have developed a new mintbody specific for histone H4 Lys20 monomethylation (H4K20me1). The specificity of the H4K20me1-mintbody in living cells was verified using yeast mutants and mammalian cells in which this target modification was diminished. Expression of the H4K20me1-mintbody allowed us to monitor the oscillation of H4K20me1 levels during the cell cycle. Moreover, dosage-compensated X chromosomes were visualized using the H4K20me1-mintbody in mouse and nematode cells. Using X-ray crystallography and mutational analyses, we identified critical amino acids that contributed to stabilization and/or proper folding of the mintbody. Taken together, these data provide important implications for future studies aimed at developing functional intracellular antibodies. Specifically, the H4K20me1-mintbody provides a powerful tool to track this particular histone modification in living cells and organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Sato
- Cell Biology Unit, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan.
| | - Tomoya Kujirai
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
| | - Ritsuko Arai
- Cell Architecture Laboratory, Structural Biology Center, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Asakawa
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Chizuru Ohtsuki
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Naoki Horikoshi
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
| | - Kazuo Yamagata
- Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Kinokawa City, Wakayama 649-6493, Japan
| | - Jun Ueda
- Center for Education in Laboratory Animal Research, Chubu University, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan
| | - Takahiro Nagase
- Public Relations Team, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Chiba 292-0818, Japan
| | - Tokuko Haraguchi
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan; Advanced ICT Research Institute, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT), Kobe 651-2492, Japan
| | - Yasushi Hiraoka
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan; Advanced ICT Research Institute, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT), Kobe 651-2492, Japan
| | - Akatsuki Kimura
- Cell Architecture Laboratory, Structural Biology Center, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Kurumizaka
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kimura
- Cell Biology Unit, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan.
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71
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Nelson DM, Jaber-Hijazi F, Cole JJ, Robertson NA, Pawlikowski JS, Norris KT, Criscione SW, Pchelintsev NA, Piscitello D, Stong N, Rai TS, McBryan T, Otte GL, Nixon C, Clark W, Riethman H, Wu H, Schotta G, Garcia BA, Neretti N, Baird DM, Berger SL, Adams PD. Mapping H4K20me3 onto the chromatin landscape of senescent cells indicates a function in control of cell senescence and tumor suppression through preservation of genetic and epigenetic stability. Genome Biol 2016; 17:158. [PMID: 27457071 PMCID: PMC4960804 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-016-1017-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Histone modification H4K20me3 and its methyltransferase SUV420H2 have been implicated in suppression of tumorigenesis. The underlying mechanism is unclear, although H4K20me3 abundance increases during cellular senescence, a stable proliferation arrest and tumor suppressor process, triggered by diverse molecular cues, including activated oncogenes. Here, we investigate the function of H4K20me3 in senescence and tumor suppression. RESULTS Using immunofluorescence and ChIP-seq we determine the distribution of H4K20me3 in proliferating and senescent human cells. Altered H4K20me3 in senescence is coupled to H4K16ac and DNA methylation changes in senescence. In senescent cells, H4K20me3 is especially enriched at DNA sequences contained within specialized domains of senescence-associated heterochromatin foci (SAHF), as well as specific families of non-genic and genic repeats. Altered H4K20me3 does not correlate strongly with changes in gene expression between proliferating and senescent cells; however, in senescent cells, but not proliferating cells, H4K20me3 enrichment at gene bodies correlates inversely with gene expression, reflecting de novo accumulation of H4K20me3 at repressed genes in senescent cells, including at genes also repressed in proliferating cells. Although elevated SUV420H2 upregulates H4K20me3, this does not accelerate senescence of primary human cells. However, elevated SUV420H2/H4K20me3 reinforces oncogene-induced senescence-associated proliferation arrest and slows tumorigenesis in vivo. CONCLUSIONS These results corroborate a role for chromatin in underpinning the senescence phenotype but do not support a major role for H4K20me3 in initiation of senescence. Rather, we speculate that H4K20me3 plays a role in heterochromatinization and stabilization of the epigenome and genome of pre-malignant, oncogene-expressing senescent cells, thereby suppressing epigenetic and genetic instability and contributing to long-term senescence-mediated tumor suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M. Nelson
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1BD UK
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, G61 1BD UK
| | - Farah Jaber-Hijazi
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1BD UK
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, G61 1BD UK
| | - John J. Cole
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1BD UK
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, G61 1BD UK
| | - Neil A. Robertson
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1BD UK
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, G61 1BD UK
| | - Jeffrey S. Pawlikowski
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1BD UK
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, G61 1BD UK
| | - Kevin T. Norris
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN UK
| | - Steven W. Criscione
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903 USA
| | - Nikolay A. Pchelintsev
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1BD UK
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, G61 1BD UK
| | - Desiree Piscitello
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1BD UK
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, G61 1BD UK
| | | | - Taranjit Singh Rai
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1BD UK
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, G61 1BD UK
- Institute of Biomedical and Environmental Health Research, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, PA1 2BE UK
| | - Tony McBryan
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1BD UK
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, G61 1BD UK
| | - Gabriel L. Otte
- Epigenetics Program, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Colin Nixon
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, G61 1BD UK
| | - William Clark
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, G61 1BD UK
| | | | - Hong Wu
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111 USA
| | - Gunnar Schotta
- Ludwig Maximilians University and Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science (CiPSM), Biomedical Center, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Benjamin A. Garcia
- Epigenetics Program, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Nicola Neretti
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903 USA
| | - Duncan M. Baird
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN UK
| | - Shelley L. Berger
- Epigenetics Program, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Peter D. Adams
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1BD UK
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, G61 1BD UK
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72
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Kinetochore assembly and function through the cell cycle. Chromosoma 2016; 125:645-59. [DOI: 10.1007/s00412-016-0608-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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73
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Pesenti ME, Weir JR, Musacchio A. Progress in the structural and functional characterization of kinetochores. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2016; 37:152-63. [PMID: 27039078 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Kinetochores are macromolecular complexes built on a specialized chromatin domain called the centromere. Kinetochores provide a site of attachment for spindle microtubules during mitosis. They also control a cell cycle checkpoint, the spindle assembly checkpoint, which coordinates mitotic exit with the completion of chromosome alignment on the mitotic spindle. Correct kinetochore operation is therefore indispensable for accurate chromosome segregation. With multiple copies of at least 30 structural core subunits and a myriad of regulatory subunits, kinetochores are among the largest known macromolecular machines. Biochemical reconstitution and structural analysis, together with functional studies, are bringing to light the organizational principles of these complex and fascinating structures. We summarize recent work and identify a few challenges for future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion E Pesenti
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - John R Weir
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Andrea Musacchio
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany; Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße, 45141 Essen, Germany.
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74
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Rošić S, Erhardt S. No longer a nuisance: long non-coding RNAs join CENP-A in epigenetic centromere regulation. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:1387-98. [PMID: 26748759 PMCID: PMC11108473 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-2124-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Centromeres represent the basis for kinetochore formation, and are essential for proper chromosome segregation during mitosis. Despite these essential roles, centromeres are not defined by specific DNA sequences, but by epigenetic means. The histone variant CENP-A controls centromere identity epigenetically and is essential for recruiting kinetochore components that attach the chromosomes to the mitotic spindle during mitosis. Recently, a new player in centromere regulation has emerged: long non-coding RNAs transcribed from repetitive regions of centromeric DNA function in regulating centromeres epigenetically. This review summarizes recent findings on the essential roles that transcription, pericentromeric transcripts, and centromere-derived RNAs play in centromere biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Rošić
- Medical Research Council Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Sylvia Erhardt
- ZMBH, DKFZ-ZMBH-Alliance and CellNetworks Excellence Cluster, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 282, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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75
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Bailey AO, Panchenko T, Shabanowitz J, Lehman SM, Bai DL, Hunt DF, Black BE, Foltz DR. Identification of the Post-translational Modifications Present in Centromeric Chromatin. Mol Cell Proteomics 2015; 15:918-31. [PMID: 26685127 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m115.053710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The centromere is the locus on the chromosome that acts as the essential connection point between the chromosome and the mitotic spindle. A histone H3 variant, CENP-A, defines the location of the centromere, but centromeric chromatin consists of a mixture of both CENP-A-containing and H3-containing nucleosomes. We report a surprisingly uniform pattern of primarily monomethylation on lysine 20 of histone H4 present in short polynucleosomes mixtures of CENP-A and H3 nucleosomes isolated from functional centromeres. Canonical H3 is not a component of CENP-A-containing nucleosomes at centromeres, so the H3 we copurify from these preparations comes exclusively from adjacent nucleosomes. We find that CENP-A-proximal H3 nucleosomes are not uniformly modified but contain a complex set of PTMs. Dually modified K9me2-K27me2 H3 nucleosomes are observed at the centromere. Side-chain acetylation of both histone H3 and histone H4 is low at the centromere. Prior to assembly at centromeres, newly expressed CENP-A is sequestered for a large portion of the cell cycle (late S-phase, G2, and most of mitosis) in a complex that contains its partner, H4, and its chaperone, HJURP. In contrast to chromatin associated centromeric histone H4, we show that prenucleosomal CENP-A-associated histone H4 lacks K20 methylation and contains side-chain and α-amino acetylation. We show HJURP displays a complex set of serine phosphorylation that may potentially regulate the deposition of CENP-A. Taken together, our findings provide key information regarding some of the key components of functional centromeric chromatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron O Bailey
- From the ‡Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22908
| | - Tanya Panchenko
- §Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104-6059
| | - Jeffrey Shabanowitz
- ¶Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22908
| | - Stephanie M Lehman
- ¶Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22908
| | - Dina L Bai
- ¶Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22908
| | - Donald F Hunt
- ¶Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22908
| | - Ben E Black
- §Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104-6059;
| | - Daniel R Foltz
- From the ‡Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22908; ‖Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22908; **Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago Illinois 60611
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76
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Ohzeki JI, Larionov V, Earnshaw WC, Masumoto H. Genetic and epigenetic regulation of centromeres: a look at HAC formation. Chromosome Res 2015; 23:87-103. [PMID: 25682171 DOI: 10.1007/s10577-015-9470-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The centromere is a specialized chromosomal locus required for accurate chromosome segregation. A specific histone H3 variant, CENP-A, assembles at centromeres. CENP-A is required for kinetochore protein assembly and is an epigenetic marker for the maintenance of a functional centromere. Human CENP-A chromatin normally assembles on α-satellite DNA (alphoid DNA), a centromeric repetitive sequence. Using alphoid DNA arrays, human artificial chromosomes (HACs) have been constructed in human HT1080 cells and used to dissect the requirements for CENP-A assembly on DNA sequence. However, centromere formation is not a simple genetic event. In other commonly used human cell lines, such as HeLa and U2OS cells, no functional de novo centromere formation occurs efficiently with the same centromeric alphoid DNA sequences. Recent studies using protein tethering combined with the HAC system and/or genetic manipulation have revealed that epigenetic chromatin regulation mechanisms are also involved in the CENP-A chromatin assembly pathway and subsequent centromere/kinetochore formation. We summarize the DNA sequence requirements for CENP-A assembly and discuss the epigenetic regulation of human centromeres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-ichirou Ohzeki
- Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Department of Frontier Research, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, 2-6-7 Kazusa-Kamatari, Kisarazu, Chiba, 292-0818, Japan
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77
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McKinley KL, Cheeseman IM. The molecular basis for centromere identity and function. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2015; 17:16-29. [PMID: 26601620 DOI: 10.1038/nrm.2015.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 397] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The centromere is the region of the chromosome that directs its segregation in mitosis and meiosis. Although the functional importance of the centromere has been appreciated for more than 130 years, elucidating the molecular features and properties that enable centromeres to orchestrate chromosome segregation is an ongoing challenge. Most eukaryotic centromeres are defined epigenetically and require the presence of nucleosomes containing the histone H3 variant centromere protein A (CENP-A; also known as CENH3). Ongoing work is providing important molecular insights into the central requirements for centromere identity and propagation, and the mechanisms by which centromeres recruit kinetochores to connect to spindle microtubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara L McKinley
- Whitehead Institute and Department of Biology, MIT, Nine Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Iain M Cheeseman
- Whitehead Institute and Department of Biology, MIT, Nine Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
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78
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Distribution of histone H4 modifications as revealed by a panel of specific monoclonal antibodies. Chromosome Res 2015; 23:753-66. [PMID: 26343042 PMCID: PMC4666908 DOI: 10.1007/s10577-015-9486-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Post-translational histone modifications play a critical role in genome functions such as epigenetic gene regulation and genome maintenance. The tail of the histone H4 N-terminus contains several amino acids that can be acetylated and methylated. Some of these modifications are known to undergo drastic changes during the cell cycle. In this study, we generated a panel of mouse monoclonal antibodies against histone H4 modifications, including acetylation at K5, K8, K12, and K16, and different levels of methylation at K20. Their specificity was evaluated by ELISA and immunoblotting using synthetic peptide and recombinant proteins that harbor specific modifications or amino acid substitutions. Immunofluorescence confirmed the characteristic distributions of target modifications. An H4K5 acetylation (H4K5ac)-specific antibody CMA405 reacted with K5ac only when the neighboring K8 was unacetylated. This unique feature allowed us to detect newly assembled H4, which is diacetylated at K5 and K12, and distinguish it from hyperacetylated H4, where K5 and K8 are both acetylated. Chromatin immunoprecipiation combined with deep sequencing (ChIP-seq) revealed that acetylation of both H4K8 and H4K16 were enriched around transcription start sites. These extensively characterized and highly specific antibodies will be useful for future epigenetics and epigenome studies.
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79
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Perpelescu M, Hori T, Toyoda A, Misu S, Monma N, Ikeo K, Obuse C, Fujiyama A, Fukagawa T. HJURP is involved in the expansion of centromeric chromatin. Mol Biol Cell 2015; 26:2742-54. [PMID: 26063729 PMCID: PMC4571335 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e15-02-0094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The CENP-A-specific chaperone HJURP mediates CENP-A deposition at centromeres. The N-terminal region of HJURP is responsible for binding to soluble CENP-A. However, it is unclear whether other regions of HJURP have additional functions for centromere formation and maintenance. In this study, we generated chicken DT40 knockout cell lines and gene replacement constructs for HJURP to assess the additional functions of HJURP in vivo. Our analysis revealed that the middle region of HJURP associates with the Mis18 complex protein M18BP1/KNL2 and that the HJURP-M18BP1 association is required for HJURP function. In addition, on the basis of the analysis of artificial centromeres induced by ectopic HJURP localization, we demonstrate that HJURP exhibits a centromere expansion activity that is separable from its CENP-A-binding activity. We also observed centromere expansion surrounding natural centromeres after HJURP overexpression. We propose that this centromere expansion activity reflects the functional properties of HJURP, which uses this activity to contribute to the plastic establishment of a centromeric chromatin structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marinela Perpelescu
- Department of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Genetics, and Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Hori
- Department of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Genetics, and Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Atsushi Toyoda
- Comparative Genomics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Sadahiko Misu
- Cell Innovation Project, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Norikazu Monma
- Cell Innovation Project, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Kazuho Ikeo
- Cell Innovation Project, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Chikashi Obuse
- Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo. 001-0021, Japan
| | - Asao Fujiyama
- Comparative Genomics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan National Institute of Informatics, Hitotsubashi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8430, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Fukagawa
- Department of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Genetics, and Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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80
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Steiner FA, Henikoff S. Diversity in the organization of centromeric chromatin. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2015; 31:28-35. [PMID: 25956076 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2015.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2014] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Centromeric chromatin is distinguished primarily by nucleosomes containing the histone variant cenH3, which organizes the kinetochore that links the chromosome to the spindle apparatus. Whereas budding yeast have simple 'point' centromeres with single cenH3 nucleosomes, and fission yeast have 'regional' centromeres without obvious sequence specificity, the centromeres of most organisms are embedded in highly repetitive 'satellite' DNA. Recent studies have revealed a remarkable diversity in centromere chromatin organization among different lineages, including some that have lost cenH3 altogether. We review recent progress in understanding point, regional and satellite centromeres, as well as less well-studied centromere types, such as holocentromeres. We also discuss the formation of neocentromeres, the role of pericentric heterochromatin, and the structure and composition of the cenH3 nucleosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian A Steiner
- Basic Sciences Division and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Steven Henikoff
- Basic Sciences Division and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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81
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Folco HD, Campbell CS, May KM, Espinoza CA, Oegema K, Hardwick KG, Grewal SIS, Desai A. The CENP-A N-tail confers epigenetic stability to centromeres via the CENP-T branch of the CCAN in fission yeast. Curr Biol 2015; 25:348-356. [PMID: 25619765 PMCID: PMC4318777 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2014.11.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Revised: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In most eukaryotes, centromeres are defined epigenetically by presence of the histone H3 variant CENP-A [1-3]. CENP-A-containing chromatin recruits the constitutive centromere-associated network (CCAN) of proteins, which in turn directs assembly of the outer kinetochore to form microtubule attachments and ensure chromosome segregation fidelity [4-6]. Whereas the mechanisms that load CENP-A at centromeres are being elucidated, the functions of its divergent N-terminal tail remain enigmatic [7-12]. Here, we employ the well-studied fission yeast centromere [13-16] to investigate the function of the CENP-A (Cnp1) N-tail. We show that alteration of the N-tail does not affect Cnp1 loading at centromeres, outer kinetochore formation, or spindle checkpoint signaling but nevertheless elevates chromosome loss. N-tail mutants exhibited synthetic lethality with an altered centromeric DNA sequence, with rare survivors harboring chromosomal fusions in which the altered centromere was epigenetically inactivated. Elevated centromere inactivation was also observed for N-tail mutants with unaltered centromeric DNA sequences. N-tail mutants specifically reduced localization of the CCAN proteins Cnp20/CENP-T and Mis6/CENP-I, but not Cnp3/CENP-C. Overexpression of Cnp20/CENP-T suppressed defects in an N-tail mutant, suggesting a link between reduced CENP-T recruitment and the observed centromere inactivation phenotype. Thus, the Cnp1 N-tail promotes epigenetic stability of centromeres in fission yeast, at least in part via recruitment of the CENP-T branch of the CCAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Diego Folco
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Christopher S Campbell
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Karen M May
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, Institute of Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Celso A Espinoza
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Karen Oegema
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Kevin G Hardwick
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, Institute of Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Shiv I S Grewal
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Arshad Desai
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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82
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Krizaic I, Williams SJ, Sánchez P, Rodríguez-Corsino M, Stukenberg PT, Losada A. The distinct functions of CENP-C and CENP-T/W in centromere propagation and function in Xenopus egg extracts. Nucleus 2015; 6:133-43. [PMID: 25569378 PMCID: PMC4615894 DOI: 10.1080/19491034.2014.1003509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The centromere is the chromosomal region in which the kinetochore is assembled to orchestrate chromosome segregation. It is defined by the presence of a histone H3 variant called Centromere Protein A (CENP-A) or CenH3. Propagation of centromere identity entails deposition of new CENP-A upon exit from mitosis in vertebrate cells. A group of 16 proteins that co-immunoprecipitate with CENP-A, the Constitutive Centromere Associated Network or CCAN, contribute to kinetochore assembly and function. For most of them it is still unclear how and when they are recruited to centromeres and whether they have a role in CENP-A deposition. Taking advantage of the Xenopus egg cell-free system, we have addressed these issues for CCAN proteins CENP-C, CENP-T and CENP-W. CENP-C recruitment occurs as soon as sperm DNA, containing CENP-A, is added to the egg extract, and continues after de novo incorporation of CENP-A in early interphase. In contrast, centromeric recruitment of CENP-T occurs in late interphase and precedes that of CENP-W, which occurs in mitosis. Unlike CENP-C, CENP-T and CENP-W do not participate in CENP-A deposition. However, like CENP-C, they play a major role in kinetochore assembly. Depletion of CENP-C results in reduced amount of CENP-T at centromeres, an effect more prominent in mitosis than in interphase. In spite of this, kinetochores can still be assembled under this condition although the recruitment of Ndc80 and Mis12 is decreased. Our results support the existence of 2 pathways for kinetochore assembly directed by CENP-C and CENP-T/W, which can be reconstituted in Xenopus egg extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iva Krizaic
- a Chromosome Dynamics Group ; Molecular Oncology Program ; Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO) ; Madrid , Spain
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83
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Benada J, Burdová K, Lidak T, von Morgen P, Macurek L. Polo-like kinase 1 inhibits DNA damage response during mitosis. Cell Cycle 2015; 14:219-31. [PMID: 25607646 PMCID: PMC4613155 DOI: 10.4161/15384101.2014.977067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to genotoxic stress, cells protect their genome integrity by activation of a conserved DNA damage response (DDR) pathway that coordinates DNA repair and progression through the cell cycle. Extensive modification of the chromatin flanking the DNA lesion by ATM kinase and RNF8/RNF168 ubiquitin ligases enables recruitment of various repair factors. Among them BRCA1 and 53BP1 are required for homologous recombination and non-homologous end joining, respectively. Whereas mechanisms of DDR are relatively well understood in interphase cells, comparatively less is known about organization of DDR during mitosis. Although ATM can be activated in mitotic cells, 53BP1 is not recruited to the chromatin until cells exit mitosis. Here we report mitotic phosphorylation of 53BP1 by Plk1 and Cdk1 that impairs the ability of 53BP1 to bind the ubiquitinated H2A and to properly localize to the sites of DNA damage. Phosphorylation of 53BP1 at S1618 occurs at kinetochores and in cytosol and is restricted to mitotic cells. Interaction between 53BP1 and Plk1 depends on the activity of Cdk1. We propose that activity of Cdk1 and Plk1 allows spatiotemporally controlled suppression of 53BP1 function during mitosis.
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Key Words
- 53BP1
- 53BP1, p53 binding protein 1
- ATM, ataxia telangiectasia mutated kinase
- BRCA1, breast cancer type 1 susceptibility protein
- Cdk, cyclin dependent kinase
- DDR, DNA damage response
- DNA damage response
- H2AX, histone variant H2AX
- IR – ionizing radiation
- MDC1, mediator of DNA damage checkpoint protein 1
- NCS – neocarzinostatin
- NZ – nocodazole
- PTIP, PAX transactivation activation domain-interacting protein
- Plk1, Polo-like kinase 1
- Polo like kinase 1
- RIF1, Rap1-interacting factor 1 homolog
- RNAi, RNA interference
- RNF168, RING finger protein 168
- RNF8, RING finger protein 8
- mitosis
- phosphorylation
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Benada
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology; Institute of Molecular Genetics; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kamila Burdová
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology; Institute of Molecular Genetics; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Lidak
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology; Institute of Molecular Genetics; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Patrick von Morgen
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology; Institute of Molecular Genetics; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Libor Macurek
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology; Institute of Molecular Genetics; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Prague, Czech Republic
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84
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Rizzardi LF, Coleman KE, Varma D, Matson JP, Oh S, Cook JG. CDK1-dependent inhibition of the E3 ubiquitin ligase CRL4CDT2 ensures robust transition from S Phase to Mitosis. J Biol Chem 2014; 290:556-67. [PMID: 25411249 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.614701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Replication-coupled destruction of a cohort of cell cycle proteins ensures efficient and precise genome duplication. Three proteins destroyed during replication via the CRL4(CDT2) ubiquitin E3 ligase, CDT1, p21, and SET8 (PR-SET7), are also essential or important during mitosis, making their reaccumulation after S phase a critical cell cycle event. During early and mid-S phase and during DNA repair, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) loading onto DNA (PCNA(DNA)) triggers the interaction between CRL4(CDT2) and its substrates, resulting in their degradation. We have discovered that, beginning in late S phase, PCNA(DNA) is no longer sufficient to trigger CRL4(CDT2)-mediated degradation. A CDK1-dependent mechanism that blocks CRL4(CDT2) activity by interfering with CDT2 recruitment to chromatin actively protects CRL4(CDT2) substrates. We postulate that deliberate override of replication-coupled destruction allows anticipatory accumulation in late S phase. We further show that (as for CDT1) de novo SET8 reaccumulation is important for normal mitotic progression. In this manner, CDK1-dependent CRL4(CDT2) inactivation contributes to efficient transition from S phase to mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kate E Coleman
- From the Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology and
| | - Dileep Varma
- the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Jacob P Matson
- the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Seeun Oh
- the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Jeanette Gowen Cook
- From the Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology and the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
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85
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Abstract
Since discovery of the centromere-specific histone H3 variant CENP-A, centromeres have come to be defined as chromatin structures that establish the assembly site for the complex kinetochore machinery. In most organisms, centromere activity is defined epigenetically, rather than by specific DNA sequences. In this review, we describe selected classic work and recent progress in studies of centromeric chromatin with a focus on vertebrates. We consider possible roles for repetitive DNA sequences found at most centromeres, chromatin factors and modifications that assemble and activate CENP-A chromatin for kinetochore assembly, plus the use of artificial chromosomes and kinetochores to study centromere function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuo Fukagawa
- Department of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Genetics and Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan.
| | - William C Earnshaw
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JR, UK.
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86
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Epigenetics of kinetochore assembly. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2014. [DOI: 10.1038/nrm3851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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