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Yu YG, Han JH, Xue HX, Li WZ, Wu WN, Yin YY. The variations of endophilin A2-FoxO3a-autophagy signal in angiotensin II-induced dopaminergic neuron injury mouse model and by biochanin A. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2021; 99:1298-1307. [PMID: 34310897 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2021-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Biochanin A (Bioch A) is a natural plant estrogen, with various biological activities such as anti-apoptosis, anti-oxidation, and suppression of inflammation. In this study, we investigated the protective effects of Bioch A on angiotensin II (AngII) - induced dopaminergic (DA) neuron damage in vivo and on molecular mechanisms. Spontaneous activity and motor ability of mice among groups was detected by open-field test and swim-test. The expression of TH, microtubule-associated proteins light chain 3B II (LC3BII)/LC3BI, beclin-1, P62, forkhead box class O3 (FoxO3), phosphorylated (p) FoxO3a/FoxO3a, FoxO3, and endophilin A2 were determined by Western blot and immunohistochemistry or immunofluorescence staining. Our results showed that AngII treatment significantly increased the behavioral dysfunction of mice and DA neuron damage. Meanwhile, AngII treatment increased the expression of LC3BII/LC3BI, beclin-1, P62, and FoxO3a and decreased the expression of endophilin A2 and p-FoxO3a/FoxO3a, however, Bioch A treatment alleviate these changes. In summary, these results suggest that Bioch A exerts protective effects on AngII-induced mouse model may be related to regulating endophilin A2, FoxO3a, and autophagy-related proteins; however, the specific mechanism is not yet clear and needs further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Gui Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, People's Republic of China
- Department of Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Hui Han
- Department of Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, People's Republic of China
- Department of Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Xia Xue
- Department of Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, People's Republic of China
- Department of Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Zu Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, People's Republic of China
- Department of Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Ning Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, People's Republic of China
- Department of Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Yan Yin
- Department of Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, People's Republic of China
- Department of Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, People's Republic of China
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de Souza-Ferrari J, Silva-Júnior EA, Vale JA, de Albuquerque Simões LA, de Moraes-Júnior MO, Dantas BB, de Araújo DAM. A late-stage diversification via Heck-Matsuda arylation: Straightforward synthesis and cytotoxic/antiproliferative profiling of novel aryl-labdane-type derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 52:128393. [PMID: 34606997 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.128393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In the current study a late-stage diversification of unactivated olefins labd-8(17)-en-15-oic acid (1a) and methyl labd-8(17)-en-15-oate (1b) via Heck-Matsuda arylation is described. The reaction provided straightforward and practical access to a series of novel aryl-labdane-type derivatives (HM adducts 3a-h) in moderate to good yields in a highly regio- and stereoselective manner at room temperature under air atmosphere. The cytotoxic activity of these compounds was investigated in vitro against three different human cell lines (THP-1, K562, MCF-7). Of these, HM adduct 3h showed a selective effect in all cancer cell lines tested and was selected for extended biological investigations in a leukemia cell line (K562), which demonstrated that the cytotoxic/antiproliferative activity observed in this compound might be mediated by induction of cell cycle arrest at the sub-G1 phase and by autophagy-induced cell death. Taken together, these findings indicate that further investigation into the anticancer activity against chronic myeloid leukemia from aryl-labdane-type derivatives may be fruitful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jailton de Souza-Ferrari
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Paraiba, Cidade Universitária, Campus I. CEP 58051-900, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil.
| | - Edvaldo Alves Silva-Júnior
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Paraiba, Cidade Universitária, Campus I. CEP 58051-900, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Juliana Alves Vale
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Paraiba, Cidade Universitária, Campus I. CEP 58051-900, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | | | - Manoel Oliveira de Moraes-Júnior
- Department of Biotechnology, Federal University of Paraiba, Cidade Universitária, Campus I. CEP 58051-900, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Bruna Braga Dantas
- Department of Biotechnology, Federal University of Paraiba, Cidade Universitária, Campus I. CEP 58051-900, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
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53
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Bozkurt E, Düssmann H, Salvucci M, Cavanagh BL, Van Schaeybroeck S, Longley DB, Martin SJ, Prehn JHM. TRAIL signaling promotes entosis in colorectal cancer. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:212649. [PMID: 34546352 PMCID: PMC8563286 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202010030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Entosis is a form of nonphagocytic cell-in-cell (CIC) interaction where a living cell enters into another. Tumors show evidence of entosis; however, factors controlling entosis remain to be elucidated. Here, we find that besides inducing apoptosis, TRAIL signaling is a potent activator of entosis in colon cancer cells. Initiation of both apoptosis and entosis requires TRAIL receptors DR4 and DR5; however, induction of apoptosis and entosis diverges at caspase-8 as its structural presence is sufficient for induction of entosis but not apoptosis. Although apoptosis and entosis are morphologically and biochemically distinct, knockout of Bax and Bak, or inhibition of caspases, also inhibits entotic cell death and promotes survival and release of inner cells. Analysis of colorectal cancer tumors reveals a significant association between TRAIL signaling and CIC structures. Finally, the presence of CIC structures in the invasive front regions of colorectal tumors shows a strong correlation with adverse patient prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emir Bozkurt
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Centre for Systems Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Izmir University of Economics, Balcova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Heiko Düssmann
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Centre for Systems Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Manuela Salvucci
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Centre for Systems Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Brenton L Cavanagh
- Cellular and Molecular Imaging Core, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sandra Van Schaeybroeck
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Daniel B Longley
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Seamus J Martin
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Genetics, The Smurfit Institute, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jochen H M Prehn
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Centre for Systems Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
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Autophagy-Related Chemoprotection against Sorafenib in Human Hepatocarcinoma: Role of FOXO3 Upregulation and Modulation by Regorafenib. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111770. [PMID: 34769197 PMCID: PMC8583804 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Early acquisition of sorafenib resistance is responsible for the dismal prognosis of advanced hepatocarcinoma (HCC). Autophagy, a catabolic process involved in liver homeostasis, has been associated with chemosensitivity modulation. Forkhead box O3 (FOXO3) is a transcription factor linked to HCC pathogenesis whose role on autophagy-related sorafenib resistance remains controversial. Here, we unraveled the linkage between autophagy and sorafenib resistance in HCC, focusing on the implication of FOXO3 and its potential modulation by regorafenib. We worked with two HepG2-derived sorafenib-resistant HCC in vitro models (HepG2S1 and HepG2S3) and checked HCC patient data from the UALCAN database. Resistant cells displayed an enhanced basal autophagic flux compared to HepG2, showing higher autophagolysosome content and autophagy markers levels. Pharmacological inhibition of autophagy boosted HepG2S1 and HepG2S3 apoptosis and subG1 cells, but reduced viability, indicating the cytoprotective role of autophagy. HCC samples displayed higher FOXO3 levels, being associated with shorter survival and autophagic genes expression. Consistently, chemoresistant in vitro models showed significant FOXO3 upregulation. FOXO3 knockdown suppressed autophagy and caused resistant cell death, demonstrating that overactivation of such pro-survival autophagy during sorafenib resistance is FOXO3-dependent; a cytoprotective mechanism that the second-line drug regorafenib successfully abolished. Therefore, targeting FOXO3-mediated autophagy could significantly improve the clinical efficacy of sorafenib.
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The Dual Role of Autophagy in Crizotinib-Treated ALK + ALCL: From the Lymphoma Cells Drug Resistance to Their Demise. Cells 2021; 10:cells10102517. [PMID: 34685497 PMCID: PMC8533885 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy has been described as harboring a dual role in cancer development and therapy. Depending on the context, it can exert either pro-survival or pro-death functions. Here, we review what is known about autophagy in crizotinib-treated ALK+ ALCL. We first present our main findings on the role and regulation of autophagy in these cells. Then, we provide literature-driven hypotheses that could explain mechanistically the pro-survival properties of autophagy in crizotinib-treated bulk and stem-like ALK+ ALCL cells. Finally, we discuss how the potentiation of autophagy, which occurs with combined therapies (ALK and BCL2 or ALK and RAF1 co-inhibition), could convert it from a survival mechanism to a pro-death process.
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56
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Shim D, Duan L, Maki CG. P53-regulated autophagy and its impact on drug resistance and cell fate. CANCER DRUG RESISTANCE (ALHAMBRA, CALIF.) 2021; 4:85-95. [PMID: 34532654 PMCID: PMC8443158 DOI: 10.20517/cdr.2020.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Wild-type p53 is a stress-responsive transcription factor and a potent tumor suppressor. P53 inhibits the growth of incipient cancer cells by blocking their proliferation or inducing their death through apoptosis. Autophagy is a self-eating process that plays a key role in response to stress. During autophagy, organelles and other intracellular components are degraded in autophagolysosomes and the autophagic breakdown products are recycled into metabolic and energy producing pathways needed for survival. P53 can promote or inhibit autophagy depending on its subcellular localization, mutation status, and the level of stress. Blocking autophagy has been reported in several studies to increase p53-mediated apoptosis, revealing that autophagy can influence cell-fate in response to activated p53 and is a potential target to increase p53-dependent tumor suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daeun Shim
- Department of Cell and Molecular Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Lei Duan
- Department of Cell and Molecular Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Carl G Maki
- Department of Cell and Molecular Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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57
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Das S, Shukla N, Singh SS, Kushwaha S, Shrivastava R. Mechanism of interaction between autophagy and apoptosis in cancer. Apoptosis 2021; 26:512-533. [PMID: 34510317 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-021-01687-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms of two programmed cell death pathways, autophagy, and apoptosis, are extensively focused areas of research in the context of cancer. Both the catabolic pathways play a significant role in maintaining cellular as well as organismal homeostasis. Autophagy facilitates this by degradation and elimination of misfolded proteins and damaged organelles, while apoptosis induces canonical cell death in response to various stimuli. Ideally, both autophagy and apoptosis have a role in tumor suppression, as autophagy helps in eliminating the tumor cells, and apoptosis prevents their survival. However, as cancer proceeds, autophagy exhibits a dual role by enhancing cancer cell survival in response to stress conditions like hypoxia, thereby promoting chemoresistance to the tumor cells. Thus, any inadequacy in either of their levels can lead to tumor progression. A complex array of biomarkers is involved in maintaining coordination between the two by acting as either positive or negative regulators of one or both of these pathways of cell death. The resulting crosstalk between the two and its role in influencing the survival or death of malignant cells makes it quintessential, among other challenges facing chemotherapeutic treatment of cancer. In view of this, the present review aims to highlight some of the factors involved in maintaining their diaphony and stresses the importance of inhibition of cytoprotective autophagy and deletion of the intermediate pathways involved to facilitate tumor cell death. This will pave the way for future prospects in designing drug combinations facilitating the synergistic effect of autophagy and apoptosis in achieving cancer cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreya Das
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Sciences (BITS), Pilani Campus, Pilani, Rajasthan, 333031, India
| | - Nidhi Shukla
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | - Sapana Kushwaha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, 226025, India
| | - Richa Shrivastava
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Sciences (BITS), Pilani Campus, Pilani, Rajasthan, 333031, India.
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58
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Cui X, Liang Z, Lu J, Wang X, Jia F, Hu Q, Xiao X, Deng X, Wu Y, Sheng W. A multifunctional nanodiamond-based nanoplatform for the enhanced mild-temperature photothermal/chemo combination therapy of triple negative breast cancer via an autophagy regulation strategy. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:13375-13389. [PMID: 34477743 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr03161a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Owing to its aggressive biological behavior, the lack of specific targets, and the strong therapeutic resistance of triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), current therapeutic strategies are still limited. The combination of multiple treatments has been confirmed as a promising strategy for TNBC therapy. However, the efficacy of combination therapy can be restricted due to increasing therapeutic resistance to various treatments. Herein, we constructed a nanodiamond (ND)-based nanoplatform for augmented mild-temperature photothermal/chemo combination therapy against TNBC, weakening the therapeutic resistance via autophagy inhibition enabled by the NDs. A layer-by-layer self-assembly approach was utilized to construct the ND-based nanoplatform. First, the NDs were modified with protamine sulphate (PS). Meanwhile, the photosensitizer indocyanine green (ICG) and the HSP70 small molecule inhibitor apoptozole (APZ) could be synchronously incorporated to form positively charged PS@ND (ICG + APZ). Then negatively charged hyaluronic acid (HA) was assembled onto the outer face of PS@ND (ICG + APZ) to form the NPIAs. Finally, the positively charged small molecule anti-cancer drug doxorubicin (DOX) could be adsorbed onto the surface of the NPIAs through electrostatic interactions (NPIADs). The resulting NPIADs could be triggered by NIR laser irradiation to exhibit enhanced mild-temperature photothermal therapy (PTT) effects via suppressing the expression of HSP70, and PTT combined with chemotherapy could further enhance the anti-tumor efficacy. Subsequently, the sensitivity of MDA-MB-231 cells could be significantly improved through the weakening of the thermal/drug resistance via autophagy inhibition, leading to augmented combination therapy that is efficient both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, the NPIADs could be used as a theranostic nanoplatform for fluorescence (FL) and photoacoustic (PA) imaging. Taken together, this study demonstrated a multifunctional ND-based nanoplatform for FL/PA imaging-guided augmented mild-temperature photothermal/chemo combination therapy via an autophagy regulation strategy against TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Cui
- The Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, No. 100 Pingleyuan, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100124, P.R. China.
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59
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Oliveira BSAD, de Assis ACC, Souza NM, Ferreira LFR, Soriano RN, Bilal M, Iqbal HMN. Nanotherapeutic approach to tackle chemotherapeutic resistance of cancer stem cells. Life Sci 2021; 279:119667. [PMID: 34087280 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Estimates indicate that cancer will become the leading cause of mortality worldwide in the future. Tumorigenesis is a complex process that involves self-sufficiency in signs of growth, insensitivity to anti-growth signals, prevention of apoptosis, unlimited replication, sustained angiogenesis, tissue invasion, and metastasis. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have an important role in tumor development and resistance. Here we will approach phenotypic plasticity capacity, highly efficient DNA repair systems, anti-apoptotic machinery, sustained stemness features, interaction with the tumor microenvironment, and Notch, Wnt, and Hedgehog signaling pathways. The researches about CSCs as a target in cancer treatment has been growing. Many different options have pointed beneficial results, such as pathways and CSC-surface markers targeting. Besides its limitations, nanotherapeutics have emerged as a potential strategy in this context since they aim to improve pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, and reduce the side effects observed in traditional treatments. Nanoparticles have been studied in this field, mostly for drug delivery and a multitherapy approach. Another widely researched approaches in this area are related to heat therapy, such as photothermal therapy, photodynamic therapy and magnetic hyperthermia, besides molecular targeting. This review will contemplate the most relevant studies that have shown the effects of nanotherapeutics. In conclusion, although the studies analyzed are mostly preclinical, we believe that there is strong evidence that nanoparticles can increase the chances of a better prognosis to cancer in the future. It is also essential to transpose these findings to the clinic to confirm and better understand the role of nanotherapeutics in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Stefane Alves de Oliveira
- Undergradute student, Department of Medicine, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Governador Valadares, MG 35032-620, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Correa de Assis
- Undergradute student, Department of Medicine, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Governador Valadares, MG 35032-620, Brazil
| | - Natália Melo Souza
- Undergradute student, Department of Medicine, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Governador Valadares, MG 35032-620, Brazil
| | - Luiz Fernando Romanholo Ferreira
- Graduate Program in Process Engineering, Tiradentes University (UNIT), Av. Murilo Dantas, 300, Farolândia, 49032-490 Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil; Institute of Technology and Research (ITP), Tiradentes University (UNIT), Av. Murilo Dantas, 300, Farolândia, 49032-490 Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Renato Nery Soriano
- Division of Physiology and Biophysics, Department of Basic Life Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Governador Valadares, MG 35010-177, Brazil
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China.
| | - Hafiz M N Iqbal
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey 64849, Mexico.
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60
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Devenport SN, Singhal R, Radyk MD, Taranto JG, Kerk SA, Chen B, Goyert JW, Jain C, Das NK, Oravecz-Wilson K, Zhang L, Greenson JK, Chen YE, Soleimanpour SA, Reddy P, Lyssiotis CA, Shah YM. Colorectal cancer cells utilize autophagy to maintain mitochondrial metabolism for cell proliferation under nutrient stress. JCI Insight 2021; 6:e138835. [PMID: 34138755 PMCID: PMC8328084 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.138835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells reprogram cellular metabolism to maintain adequate nutrient pools to sustain proliferation. Moreover, autophagy is a regulated mechanism to break down dysfunctional cellular components and recycle cellular nutrients. However, the requirement for autophagy and the integration in cancer cell metabolism is not clear in colon cancer. Here, we show a cell-autonomous dependency of autophagy for cell growth in colorectal cancer. Loss of epithelial autophagy inhibits tumor growth in both sporadic and colitis-associated cancer models. Genetic and pharmacological inhibition of autophagy inhibits cell growth in colon cancer–derived cell lines and patient-derived enteroid models. Importantly, normal colon epithelium and patient-derived normal enteroid growth were not decreased following autophagy inhibition. To couple the role of autophagy to cellular metabolism, a cell culture screen in conjunction with metabolomic analysis was performed. We identified a critical role of autophagy to maintain mitochondrial metabolites for growth. Loss of mitochondrial recycling through inhibition of mitophagy hinders colon cancer cell growth. These findings have revealed a cell-autonomous role of autophagy that plays a critical role in regulating nutrient pools in vivo and in cell models, and it provides therapeutic targets for colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha N Devenport
- Cellular and Molecular Biology.,Departments of Molecular & Integrative Physiology
| | | | | | | | | | - Brandon Chen
- Cellular and Molecular Biology.,Departments of Molecular & Integrative Physiology
| | | | - Chesta Jain
- Departments of Molecular & Integrative Physiology
| | - Nupur K Das
- Departments of Molecular & Integrative Physiology
| | | | - Li Zhang
- Departments of Molecular & Integrative Physiology
| | | | | | | | - Pavan Reddy
- Hematology & Oncology.,Rogel Cancer Center, and
| | - Costas A Lyssiotis
- Departments of Molecular & Integrative Physiology.,Rogel Cancer Center, and.,Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor Michigan, USA
| | - Yatrik M Shah
- Cellular and Molecular Biology.,Departments of Molecular & Integrative Physiology.,Rogel Cancer Center, and.,Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor Michigan, USA
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61
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Zhang H, Steed A, Co M, Chen X. Cancer stem cells, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, ATP and their roles in drug resistance in cancer. CANCER DRUG RESISTANCE (ALHAMBRA, CALIF.) 2021; 4:684-709. [PMID: 34322664 PMCID: PMC8315560 DOI: 10.20517/cdr.2021.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The cancer stem cell (CSC) state and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) activation are tightly interconnected. Cancer cells that acquire the EMT/CSC phenotype are equipped with adaptive metabolic changes to maintain low reactive oxygen species levels and stemness, enhanced drug transporters, anti-apoptotic machinery and DNA repair system. Factors present in the tumor microenvironment such as hypoxia and the communication with non-cancer stromal cells also promote cancer cells to enter the EMT/CSC state and display related resistance. ATP, particularly the high levels of intratumoral extracellular ATP functioning through both signaling pathways and ATP internalization, induces and regulates EMT and CSC. The three of them work together to enhance drug resistance. New findings in each of these factors will help us explore deeper into mechanisms of drug resistance and suggest new resistance-associated markers and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyun Zhang
- Department of Biological Science, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA.,Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA.,Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Alexander Steed
- Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Milo Co
- Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Xiaozhuo Chen
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA.,Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA.,Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
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62
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Zada S, Hwang JS, Ahmed M, Lai TH, Pham TM, Elashkar O, Kim DR. Cross talk between autophagy and oncogenic signaling pathways and implications for cancer therapy. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2021; 1876:188565. [PMID: 33992723 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2021.188565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved metabolic process involved in the degradation of intracellular components including proteins and organelles. Consequently, it plays a critical role in recycling metabolic energy for the maintenance of cellular homeostasis in response to various stressors. In cancer, autophagy either suppresses or promotes cancer progression depending on the stage and cancer type. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cancer metastasis are directly mediated by oncogenic signal proteins including SNAI1, SLUG, ZEB1/2, and NOTCH1, which are functionally correlated with autophagy. In this report, we discuss the crosstalk between oncogenic signaling pathways and autophagy followed by possible strategies for cancer treatment via regulation of autophagy. Although autophagy affects EMT and cancer metastasis, the overall signaling pathways connecting cancer progression and autophagy are still illusive. In general, autophagy plays a critical role in cancer cell survival by providing a minimum level of energy via self-digestion. Thus, cancer cells face nutrient limitations and challenges under stress during EMT and metastasis. Conversely, autophagy acts as a potential cancer suppressor by degrading oncogenic proteins, which are essential for cancer progression, and by removing damaged components such as mitochondria to enhance genomic stability. Therefore, autophagy activators or inhibitors represent possible cancer therapeutics. We further discuss the regulation of autophagy-dependent degradation of oncogenic proteins and its functional correlation with oncogenic signaling pathways, with potential applications in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahib Zada
- Department of Biochemistry and Convergence Medical Sciences and Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju 527-27, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Seok Hwang
- Department of Biochemistry and Convergence Medical Sciences and Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju 527-27, Republic of Korea
| | - Mahmoud Ahmed
- Department of Biochemistry and Convergence Medical Sciences and Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju 527-27, Republic of Korea
| | - Trang Huyen Lai
- Department of Biochemistry and Convergence Medical Sciences and Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju 527-27, Republic of Korea
| | - Trang Minh Pham
- Department of Biochemistry and Convergence Medical Sciences and Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju 527-27, Republic of Korea
| | - Omar Elashkar
- Department of Biochemistry and Convergence Medical Sciences and Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju 527-27, Republic of Korea
| | - Deok Ryong Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Convergence Medical Sciences and Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju 527-27, Republic of Korea.
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González-Rodríguez P, Cheray M, Füllgrabe J, Salli M, Engskog-Vlachos P, Keane L, Cunha V, Lupa A, Li W, Ma Q, Dreij K, Rosenfeld MG, Joseph B. The DNA methyltransferase DNMT3A contributes to autophagy long-term memory. Autophagy 2021; 17:1259-1277. [PMID: 32876528 PMCID: PMC8143216 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2020.1816664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy is a conserved catabolic pathway that targets cytoplasmic components for their degradation and recycling in an autophagosome-dependent lysosomal manner. Under physiological conditions, this process maintains cellular homeostasis. However, autophagy can be stimulated upon different forms of cellular stress, ranging from nutrient starvation to exposure to drugs. Thus, this pathway can be seen as a central component of the integrated and adaptive stress response. Here, we report that even brief induction of autophagy is coupled in vitro to a persistent downregulation of the expression of MAP1LC3 isoforms, which are key components of the autophagy core machinery. In fact, DNA-methylation mediated by de novo DNA methyltransferase DNMT3A of MAP1LC3 loci upon autophagy stimulation leads to the observed long-term decrease of MAP1LC3 isoforms at transcriptional level. Finally, we report that the downregulation of MAP1LC3 expression can be observed in vivo in zebrafish larvae and mice exposed to a transient autophagy stimulus. This epigenetic memory of autophagy provides some understanding of the long-term effect of autophagy induction and offers a possible mechanism for its decline upon aging, pathological conditions, or in response to treatment interventions.Abbreviations: ACTB: actin beta; ATG: autophagy-related; 5-Aza: 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine; BafA1: bafilomycin A1; CBZ: carbamazepine; CDKN2A: cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 2A; ChIP: chromatin immunoprecipitation; Clon.: clonidine; CpG: cytosine-guanine dinucleotide: DMSO: dimethyl sulfoxide; DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid; DNMT: DNA methyltransferase; DNMT1: DNA methyltransferase 1; DNMT3A: DNA methyltransferase alpha; DNMT3B: DNA methyltransferase beta; dpf: days post-fertilization; EBSS: Earle's balanced salt solution; EM: Zebrafish embryo medium; GABARAP: GABA type A receptor associated protein; GABARAPL1: GABA type A receptor associated protein like 1; GABARAPL2: GABA type A receptor associated protein like 2; GAPDH: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; GRO-Seq: Global Run-On sequencing; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3; MAP1LC3A: microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 alpha; MAP1LC3B: microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta; MAP1LC3B2: microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta 2; MEM: minimum essential medium; MEF: mouse embryonic fibroblasts; mRNA: messenger RNA; MTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; PBS: phosphate-buffered saline; PIK3C3: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase catalytic subunit type 3; RB1CC1/FIP200: RB1 inducible coiled-coil 1; RT-qPCR: quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; Starv.: starvation; Treh.: trehalose; ULK1: unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia González-Rodríguez
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Toxicology Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Centrum Karolinska, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mathilde Cheray
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Toxicology Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Centrum Karolinska, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jens Füllgrabe
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Centrum Karolinska, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Maria Salli
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Centrum Karolinska, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Lily Keane
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Toxicology Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Virginia Cunha
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Biochemical Toxicology Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Agata Lupa
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Centrum Karolinska, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Wenbo Li
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Qi Ma
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Kristian Dreij
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Biochemical Toxicology Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michael G. Rosenfeld
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Bertrand Joseph
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Toxicology Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Centrum Karolinska, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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64
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Simna SP, Han Z. Prospects Of Non-Coding Elements In Genomic Dna Based Gene Therapy. Curr Gene Ther 2021; 22:89-103. [PMID: 33874871 DOI: 10.2174/1566523221666210419090357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Gene therapy has made significant development since the commencement of the first clinical trials a few decades ago and has remained a dynamic area of research regardless of obstacles such as immune response and insertional mutagenesis. Progression in various technologies like next-generation sequencing (NGS) and nanotechnology has established the importance of non-coding segments of a genome, thereby taking gene therapy to the next level. In this review, we have summarized the importance of non-coding elements, highlighting the advantages of using full-length genomic DNA loci (gDNA) compared to complementary DNA (cDNA) or minigene, currently used in gene therapy. The focus of this review is to provide an overview of the advances and the future of potential use of gDNA loci in gene therapy, expanding the therapeutic repertoire in molecular medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Simna
- Department of Ophthalmology, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599. United States
| | - Zongchao Han
- Department of Ophthalmology, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599. United States
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65
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Malignant pleural mesothelioma co-opts BCL-X L and autophagy to escape apoptosis. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:406. [PMID: 33859162 PMCID: PMC8050302 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03668-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Escape from programmed cell death is a hallmark of cancer. In this study, we investigated the anti-apoptotic mechanisms and explored the therapeutic potential of BCL-2 homology domain-3 (BH3) mimetics in malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM), a lethal thoracic malignancy with an extreme dearth of treatment options. By implementing integrated analysis of functional genomic data of MPM cells and quantitative proteomics of patients’ tumors, we identified BCL-XL as an anti-apoptotic driver that is overexpressed and confers an oncogenic dependency in MPM. MPM cells harboring genetic alterations that inactivate the NF2/LATS1/2 signaling are associated with increased sensitivity to A-1155463, a BCL-XL-selective BH3 mimetic. Importantly, BCL-XL inhibition elicits protective autophagy, and concomitant blockade of BCL-XL and autophagic machinery with A-1155463 and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved autophagy inhibitor, synergistically enhances anti-MPM effects in vitro and in vivo. Together, our work delineates the molecular basis underlying resistance to apoptosis and uncovers an evasive mechanism that limits response to BH3 mimetics in MPM, suggesting a novel strategy to target this aggressive disease.
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66
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Lu W, Zhou Y, Zeng S, Zhong L, Zhou S, Song H, Ding R, Zhong G, Li Q, Hu Y, Wen Z, Liao Q, Wang Y, Lyu L, Zhong Y, Hu G, Liao Y, Xie D, Xie J. Loss of FoxO3a prevents aortic aneurysm formation through maintenance of VSMC homeostasis. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:378. [PMID: 33828087 PMCID: PMC8027644 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03659-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) phenotypic switching plays a critical role in the formation of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs). FoxO3a is a key suppressor of VSMC homeostasis. We found that in human and animal AAA tissues, FoxO3a was upregulated, SM22α and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) proteins were downregulated and synthetic phenotypic markers were upregulated, indicating that VSMC phenotypic switching occurred in these diseased tissues. In addition, in cultured VSMCs, significant enhancement of FoxO3a expression was found during angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced VSMC phenotypic switching. In vivo, FoxO3a overexpression in C57BL/6J mice treated with Ang II increased the formation of AAAs, whereas FoxO3a knockdown exerted an inhibitory effect on AAA formation in ApoE−/− mice infused with Ang II. Mechanistically, FoxO3a overexpression significantly inhibited the expression of differentiated smooth muscle cell (SMC) markers, activated autophagy, the essential repressor of VSMC homeostasis, and promoted AAA formation. Our study revealed that FoxO3a promotes VSMC phenotypic switching to accelerate AAA formation through the P62/LC3BII autophagy signaling pathway and that therapeutic approaches that decrease FoxO3a expression may prevent AAA formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiling Lu
- Department of Cardiology, Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Gannan Medical University, University Town, Ganzhou Development District, 341000, Ganzhou, China.,Department of Cardiology, Ganzhou Municipal Hospital, 49th, Grand Highway, 341000, Ganzhou, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Division of Vascular Surgery, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Vascular Disease Treatment, Engineering and Technology Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, Guangdong Engineering Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shan Zeng
- Department of Cardiology, Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Gannan Medical University, University Town, Ganzhou Development District, 341000, Ganzhou, China
| | - Lintao Zhong
- Department of Cardiology, Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), 519000, Zhuhai, China
| | - Shiju Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Gannan Medical University, University Town, Ganzhou Development District, 341000, Ganzhou, China
| | - Haoyu Song
- Wards of Cadres, Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), 519000, Zhuhai, China
| | - Rongming Ding
- Department of Cardiology, Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Gannan Medical University, University Town, Ganzhou Development District, 341000, Ganzhou, China
| | - Gaojun Zhong
- Department of Cardiology, Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Gannan Medical University, University Town, Ganzhou Development District, 341000, Ganzhou, China
| | - Qingrui Li
- Department of Cardiology, Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Gannan Medical University, University Town, Ganzhou Development District, 341000, Ganzhou, China
| | - Yuhua Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Gannan Medical University, University Town, Ganzhou Development District, 341000, Ganzhou, China
| | - Zhongyu Wen
- Department of Cardiology, Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Gannan Medical University, University Town, Ganzhou Development District, 341000, Ganzhou, China
| | - Qin Liao
- Department of Cardiology, Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Gannan Medical University, University Town, Ganzhou Development District, 341000, Ganzhou, China
| | - Yalan Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Gannan Medical University, University Town, Ganzhou Development District, 341000, Ganzhou, China
| | - Lianglliang Lyu
- Department of Cardiology, Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Gannan Medical University, University Town, Ganzhou Development District, 341000, Ganzhou, China
| | - Yiming Zhong
- Department of Cardiology, Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Gannan Medical University, University Town, Ganzhou Development District, 341000, Ganzhou, China
| | - Gonghua Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Gannan Medical University, University Town, Ganzhou Development District, 341000, Ganzhou, China
| | - Yulin Liao
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 North Guangzhou Avenue, 510515, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Dongming Xie
- Department of Cardiology, Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Gannan Medical University, University Town, Ganzhou Development District, 341000, Ganzhou, China. .,Jiangxi Branch Center of National Geriatric Disease Clinical Medical Research Center, Gannan Medical University, University Town, 341000, Ganzhou Development District, Jiangxi Province, China.
| | - Jiahe Xie
- Department of Cardiology, Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Gannan Medical University, University Town, Ganzhou Development District, 341000, Ganzhou, China. .,Jiangxi Branch Center of National Geriatric Disease Clinical Medical Research Center, Gannan Medical University, University Town, 341000, Ganzhou Development District, Jiangxi Province, China.
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67
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Miller DR, Thorburn A. Autophagy and organelle homeostasis in cancer. Dev Cell 2021; 56:906-918. [PMID: 33689692 PMCID: PMC8026727 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Beginning with the earliest studies of autophagy in cancer, there have been indications that autophagy can both promote and inhibit cancer growth and progression; autophagy regulation of organelle homeostasis is similarly complicated. In this review we discuss pro- and antitumor effects of organelle-targeted autophagy and how this contributes to several hallmarks of cancer, such as evading cell death, genomic instability, and altered metabolism. Typically, the removal of damaged or dysfunctional organelles prevents tumor development but can also aid in proliferation or drug resistance in established tumors. By better understanding how organelle-specific autophagy takes place and can be manipulated, it may be possible to go beyond the brute-force approach of trying to manipulate all autophagy in order to improve therapeutic targeting of this process in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dannah R Miller
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Andrew Thorburn
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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68
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Abstract
Cells use mitophagy to remove dysfunctional or excess mitochondria, frequently in response to imposed stresses, such as hypoxia and nutrient deprivation. Mitochondrial cargo receptors (MCR) induced by these stresses target mitochondria to autophagosomes through interaction with members of the LC3/GABARAP family. There are a growing number of these MCRs, including BNIP3, BNIP3L, FUNDC1, Bcl2-L-13, FKBP8, Prohibitin-2, and others, in addition to mitochondrial protein targets of PINK1/Parkin phospho-ubiquitination. There is also an emerging link between mitochondrial lipid signaling and mitophagy where ceramide, sphingosine-1-phosphate, and cardiolipin have all been shown to promote mitophagy. Here, we review the upstream signaling mechanisms that regulate mitophagy, including components of the mitochondrial fission machinery, AMPK, ATF4, FoxOs, Sirtuins, and mtDNA release, and address the significance of these pathways for stress responses in tumorigenesis and metastasis. In particular, we focus on how mitophagy modulators intersect with cell cycle control and survival pathways in cancer, including following ECM detachment and during cell migration and metastasis. Finally, we interrogate how mitophagy affects tissue atrophy during cancer cachexia and therapy responses in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan P Poole
- The Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The Gordon Center for Integrative Sciences, W-338, The University of Chicago, 929 E 57th Street, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
- The Committee on Cancer Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - Kay F Macleod
- The Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The Gordon Center for Integrative Sciences, W-338, The University of Chicago, 929 E 57th Street, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
- The Committee on Cancer Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, USA.
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69
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Li M. The role of P53 up-regulated modulator of apoptosis (PUMA) in ovarian development, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. Apoptosis 2021; 26:235-247. [PMID: 33783663 PMCID: PMC8197724 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-021-01667-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
P53 up-regulated modulator of apoptosis (PUMA), a pro-apoptotic BCL-2 homology 3 (BH3)-only member of the BCL-2 family, is a direct transcriptional target of P53 that elicits mitochondrial apoptosis under treatment with radiation and chemotherapy. It also induces excessive apoptosis in cardiovascular and/or neurodegenerative diseases. PUMA has been found to play a critical role in ovarian apoptosis. In the present paper, we review the progress of the study in PUMA over the past two decades in terms of its inducement and/or amplification of programmed cell death and describe recent updates to the understanding of both P53-dependent and P53-independent PUMA-mediated apoptotic pathways that are implicated in physiology and pathology, including the development of the ovary and cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. We propose that PUMA may be a key regulator during ovary development, provide a model for PUMA-mediated apoptotic pathways, including intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Li
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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70
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Wang XD, Yu WL, Sun Y. Activation of AMPK restored impaired autophagy and inhibited inflammation reaction by up-regulating SIRT1 in acute pancreatitis. Life Sci 2021; 277:119435. [PMID: 33781829 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a common inflammatory disorder with high incidence and mortality. AMPK-SIRT1 pathway is involved in a variety of diseases, but its role in AP remains elusive. This study was aimed to explore the role of AMPK-SIRT1 pathway in AP. MAIN METHODS AP models in vivo and vitro were constructed by intraperitoneal administration of L-arginine and caerulein-stimulated respectively. Rat serum amylase, IL-6 and TNF-α were determined by ELISA. The expression levels of AMPK, SIRT1, Beclin-1, LC3 and p62 were determined by qRT-PCR and western blot. The number of autophagosome was checked by transmission electron microscope. KEY FINDINGS Compared with NC rats, serum amylase, IL-6 and TNF-α were increased in AP rats. The expressions of AMPK and SIRT1 were decreased, while Beclin-1, LC3II/Iratio and p62 were markedly increased in AP rats. After activation of AMPK by metformin, expressions of p-AMPKα, SIRT1 were significantly raised, while expressions of Beclin-1, LC3 II/I, p62, TNF-α, IL-6 were reduced, and the number of autophagosome was decreased significantly in caerulein-stimulated AR42J cells. The inhibition of AMPK by compound C obtained opposite results. SIGNIFICANCE During AP occurrence, p-AMPK and SIRT1 were down-regulated, leading to the accumulation of p62, increase of autophagic vacuoles, damage of autophagy, and the occurrence of inflammation. It hinted that activation of AMPK restored impaired autophagy and inhibited inflammation reaction by up-regulating SIRT1. Our findings might provide important theoretical basis for explaining the pathogenesis of AP and investigating therapeutic target to treat and prevent AP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Die Wang
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
| | - Wei-Li Yu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China.
| | - Yun Sun
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China.
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71
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Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 Secretion by Autophagy Contributes to Melanoma Resistance to Chemotherapy through Tumor Microenvironment Modulation. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13061253. [PMID: 33809137 PMCID: PMC7999393 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13061253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Dysregulation of tumor autophagy is implicated in cancer progression and chemotherapeutic response. It is unclear how tumor autophagy modulates tumor microenvironment and thereby contributes to chemoresistance. In this study, we found that autophagy-dependent plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1 secretion contributed to melanoma resistance to mitoxantrone (MitoX), a chemotherapeutic agent clinically used for treating various types of cancers (but not melanoma), by shaping a pro-tumoral microenvironment. Disruption of autophagy activity or targeting PAI-1 pharmacologically reshaped a tumor-suppressive immune microenvironment and enhanced the susceptibility of melanoma to MitoX in vivo. Overall, the results show that targeting autophagy/PAI-1 axis can serve as a novel strategy to repurpose MitoX-based chemotherapy. Abstract Autophagy plays a crucial role in maintenance of cellular homeostasis via intracellular signaling pathways, lysosomal degradation of selective cargo and mediating protein secretion. Dysregulation of autophagy has been implicated in tumorigenesis, tumor progression, and resistance to therapy. However, the mechanism of autophagy-dependent secretion involved in the responsiveness to chemotherapy is poorly understood. In this study, we showed that mitoxantrone (MitoX), a chemotherapeutic agent used for treating various cancers but not melanoma, induced autophagy in melanoma cells in vitro and in vivo. We also found that plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1 secretion by MitoX-induced autophagy modulated the pro-tumoral microenvironment. Attenuation of PAI-1 activity using a specific inhibitor, tiplaxtinin (TPX), or by targeting the autophagy gene, Becn1, induced efficient antitumor immunity, thereby overcoming the resistance to MitoX in vivo. Of note, the therapeutic efficacy of TPX was abolished in MitoX-treated Becn1-defective tumors. Collectively, our results demonstrate that tumor autophagy-dependent PAI-1 secretion impairs the therapeutic efficacy of MitoX and highlight targeting of tumor autophagy or its secretory cargo, PAI-1, as a novel strategy to repurpose MitoX-based chemotherapy for melanoma treatment.
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72
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Liśkiewicz D, Liśkiewicz A, Grabowski M, Nowacka-Chmielewska MM, Jabłońska K, Wojakowska A, Marczak Ł, Barski JJ, Małecki A. Upregulation of hepatic autophagy under nutritional ketosis. J Nutr Biochem 2021; 93:108620. [PMID: 33705944 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2021.108620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Many of the metabolic effects evoked by the ketogenic diet mimic the actions of fasting and the benefits of the ketogenic diet are often attributed to these similarities. Since fasting is a potent autophagy inductor in vivo and in vitro it has been hypothesized that the ketogenic diet may upregulate autophagy. The aim of the present study was to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the influence of the ketogenic diet on the hepatic autophagy. C57BL/6N male mice were fed with two different ketogenic chows composed of fat of either animal or plant origin for 4 weeks. To gain some insight into the time frame for the induction of autophagy on the ketogenic diet, we performed a short-term experiment in which animals were fed with ketogenic diets for only 24 or 48 h. The results showed that autophagy is upregulated in the livers of animals fed with the ketogenic diet. Moreover, the size of the observed effect was likely dependent on the diet composition. Subsequently, the markers of regulatory pathways that may link ketogenic diet action to autophagy were measured, i.e., the activity of mTORC1, activation of AMPK, and the levels of SIRT1, p53, and FOXO3. Overall, observed treatment-specific effects including the upregulation of SIRT1 and downregulation of FOXO3 and p53. Finally, a GC/MS analysis of the fatty acid composition of animals' livers and the chows was performed in order to obtain an idea about the presence of specific compounds that may shape the effects of ketogenic diets on autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Liśkiewicz
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Physiotherapy and Health Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland.
| | - Arkadiusz Liśkiewicz
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Mateusz Grabowski
- Department for Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Marta Maria Nowacka-Chmielewska
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Physiotherapy and Health Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland
| | - Konstancja Jabłońska
- Department for Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Anna Wojakowska
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Łukasz Marczak
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Jarosław J Barski
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Department for Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Andrzej Małecki
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Physiotherapy and Health Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland
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Abstract
The use of DNA-damaging agents such as radiotherapy and chemotherapy has been a mainstay treatment protocol for many cancers, including lung and prostate. Recently, FDA approval of inhibitors of DNA repair, and targeting innate immunity to enhance the efficacy of DNA-damaging agents have gained much attention. Yet, inherent or acquired resistance against DNA-damaging therapies persists as a fundamental drawback. While cancer eradication by causing cancer cell death through induction of apoptosis is the ultimate goal of anti-cancer treatments, autophagy and senescence are two major cellular responses induced by clinically tolerable doses of DNA-damaging therapies. Unlike apoptosis, autophagy and senescence can act as both pro-tumorigenic as well as tumor suppressive mechanisms. DNA damage-induced senescence is associated with a pro-inflammatory secretory phenotype, which contributes to reshaping the tumor- immune microenvironment. Moreover, PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog) is a tumor supressor deleted in many tumors, and has been implicated in both senescence and autophagy. This review presents an overview of the literature on the regulation and consequences of DNA damage- induced senescence in cancer cells, with a specific focus on autophagy and PTEN. Both autophagy and senescence occur concurrently in the same cells in response to DNA damaging agents. However, a deterministic relationship between these fundamental processes has been controversial. We present experimental evidence obtained with tumor cells, with a prime focus on two models of cancer, prostate and lung. A better understanding of mechanisms associated with DNA damage-induced cellular senescence is central to fully exploit the potential of DNA-damaging agents against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arishya Sharma
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States.
| | - Alexandru Almasan
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States; Department of Radiation Oncology, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States; Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States.
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Jhou AJ, Chang HC, Hung CC, Lin HC, Lee YC, Liu WT, Han KF, Lai YW, Lin MY, Lee CH. Chlorpromazine, an antipsychotic agent, induces G2/M phase arrest and apoptosis via regulation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR-mediated autophagy pathways in human oral cancer. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 184:114403. [PMID: 33388284 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Chlorpromazine (CPZ), an FDA-approved phenothiazine derivative used to treat schizophrenia and other psychiatric disorders, has been demonstrated to have potential anti-tumor effects. However, the potential effects of CPZ on human oral cancer cells and the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unknown. In this study, treatment of human oral cancer cells with CPZ inhibited their proliferation and induced G2/M phase arrest. Treatment with CPZ induced apoptosis through the extrinsic death receptor and the intrinsic mitochondrial pathways. In addition, the induction of autophagy was observed by the formation of autophagosomes, the expression of autophagy-related proteins and activation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR/p70S6K pathway. The CPZ-induced cell death was reversed by the pan-caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK, by the autophagy inhibitor 3-MA and by the knockdown of LC3B using a shRNA (shLC3B), suggesting that autophagy promoted CPZ-induced apoptosis. Finally, CPZ significantly suppressed tumor growth in both a zebrafish oral cancer xenotransplantation model and in a murine model of 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide (4NQO)-induced oral cancer. Overall, this evidence demonstrated that CPZ is a novel promising strategy for the treatment of oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- An-Jie Jhou
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Chiun Chang
- Department of Orthopaedics, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 10449, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chang Hung
- Department of Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Han-Chen Lin
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chen Lee
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Wang-Ta Liu
- Department of Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708 Taiwan
| | - Kuang-Fen Han
- Department of Nursing, Min-Hwei Junior College of Health Care Management, Tainan 73658, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Wei Lai
- Division of Urology, Taipei City Hospital Renai Branch, Department of Urology, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Ying Lin
- Community Health Promotion Center, Kaohsiung Municipal Ci-Jin Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hsing Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine; School of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
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75
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Singh S, Singh TG, Rehni AK. An Insight into Molecular Mechanisms and Novel Therapeutic Approaches in Epileptogenesis. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS-DRUG TARGETS 2021; 19:750-779. [PMID: 32914725 DOI: 10.2174/1871527319666200910153827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy is the second most common neurological disease with abnormal neural activity involving the activation of various intracellular signalling transduction mechanisms. The molecular and system biology mechanisms responsible for epileptogenesis are not well defined or understood. Neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration and Epigenetic modification elicit epileptogenesis. The excessive neuronal activities in the brain are associated with neurochemical changes underlying the deleterious consequences of excitotoxicity. The prolonged repetitive excessive neuronal activities extended to brain tissue injury by the activation of microglia regulating abnormal neuroglia remodelling and monocyte infiltration in response to brain lesions inducing axonal sprouting contributing to neurodegeneration. The alteration of various downstream transduction pathways resulted in intracellular stress responses associating endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondrial and lysosomal dysfunction, activation of nucleases, proteases mediated neuronal death. The recently novel pharmacological agents modulate various receptors like mTOR, COX-2, TRK, JAK-STAT, epigenetic modulators and neurosteroids are used for attenuation of epileptogenesis. Whereas the various molecular changes like the mutation of the cell surface, nuclear receptor and ion channels focusing on repetitive episodic seizures have been explored by preclinical and clinical studies. Despite effective pharmacotherapy for epilepsy, the inadequate understanding of precise mechanisms, drug resistance and therapeutic failure are the current fundamental problems in epilepsy. Therefore, the novel pharmacological approaches evaluated for efficacy on experimental models of epilepsy need to be identified and validated. In addition, we need to understand the downstream signalling pathways of new targets for the treatment of epilepsy. This review emphasizes on the current state of novel molecular targets as therapeutic approaches and future directions for the management of epileptogenesis. Novel pharmacological approaches and clinical exploration are essential to make new frontiers in curing epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shareen Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | | | - Ashish Kumar Rehni
- Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Laboratories, Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Program, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33101, United States
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76
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Marcucci F, Rumio C. Glycolysis-induced drug resistance in tumors-A response to danger signals? Neoplasia 2021; 23:234-245. [PMID: 33418276 PMCID: PMC7804361 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2020.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor cells often switch from mitochondrial oxidative metabolism to glycolytic metabolism even under aerobic conditions. Tumor cell glycolysis is accompanied by several nonenzymatic activities among which induction of drug resistance has important therapeutic implications. In this article, we review the main aspects of glycolysis-induced drug resistance. We discuss the classes of antitumor drugs that are affected and the components of the glycolytic pathway (transporters, enzymes, metabolites) that are involved in the induction of drug resistance. Glycolysis-associated drug resistance occurs in response to stimuli, either cell-autonomous (e.g., oncoproteins) or deriving from the tumor microenvironment (e.g., hypoxia or pseudohypoxia, mechanical cues, etc.). Several mechanisms mediate the induction of drug resistance in response to glycolytic metabolism: inhibition of apoptosis, induction of epithelial-mesenchymal transition, induction of autophagy, inhibition of drug influx and increase of drug efflux. We suggest that drug resistance in response to glycolysis comes into play in presence of qualitative (e.g., expression of embryonic enzyme isoforms, post-translational enzyme modifications) or quantitative (e.g., overexpression of enzymes or overproduction of metabolites) alterations of glycolytic metabolism. We also discern similarities between changes occurring in tumor cells in response to stimuli inducing glycolysis-associated drug resistance and those occurring in cells of the innate immune system in response to danger signals and that have been referred to as danger-associated metabolic modifications. Eventually, we briefly address that also mitochondrial oxidative metabolism may induce drug resistance and discuss the therapeutic implications deriving from the fact that the main energy-generating metabolic pathways may be both at the origin of antitumor drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Marcucci
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
| | - Cristiano Rumio
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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77
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Morris G, Athan E, Walder K, Bortolasci CC, O'Neil A, Marx W, Berk M, Carvalho AF, Maes M, Puri BK. Can endolysosomal deacidification and inhibition of autophagy prevent severe COVID-19? Life Sci 2020; 262:118541. [PMID: 33035581 PMCID: PMC7537668 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The possibility is examined that immunomodulatory pharmacotherapy may be clinically useful in managing the pandemic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), known to result from infection by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus. The dominant route of cell entry of the coronavirus is via phagocytosis, with ensconcement in endosomes thereafter proceeding via the endosomal pathway, involving transfer from early (EEs) to late endosomes (LEs) and ultimately into lysosomes via endolysosomal fusion. EE to LE transportation is a rate-limiting step for coronaviruses. Hence inhibition or dysregulation of endosomal trafficking could potentially inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication. Furthermore, the acidic luminal pH of the endolysosomal system is critical for the activity of numerous pH-sensitive hydrolytic enzymes. Golgi sub-compartments and Golgi-derived secretory vesicles also depend on being mildly acidic for optimal function and structure. Activation of endosomal toll-like receptors by viral RNA can upregulate inflammatory mediators and contribute to a systemic inflammatory cytokine storm, associated with a worsened clinical outcome in COVID-19. Such endosomal toll-like receptors could be inhibited by the use of pharmacological agents which increase endosomal pH, thereby reducing the activity of acid-dependent endosomal proteases required for their activity and/or assembly, leading to suppression of antigen-presenting cell activity, decreased autoantibody secretion, decreased nuclear factor-kappa B activity and decreased pro-inflammatory cytokine production. It is also noteworthy that SARS-CoV-2 inhibits autophagy, predisposing infected cells to apoptosis. It is therefore also suggested that further pharmacological inhibition of autophagy might encourage the apoptotic clearance of SARS-CoV-2-infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerwyn Morris
- Deakin University, IMPACT, the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Barwon Health, School of Medicine, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Eugene Athan
- Deakin University, IMPACT, the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Barwon Health, School of Medicine, Geelong, Victoria, Australia,Department of Infectious Disease, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia
| | - Ken Walder
- Deakin University, IMPACT, the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Barwon Health, School of Medicine, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Chiara C. Bortolasci
- Deakin University, IMPACT, the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Barwon Health, School of Medicine, Geelong, Victoria, Australia,Deakin University, Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, School of Medicine, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Adrienne O'Neil
- Deakin University, IMPACT, the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Barwon Health, School of Medicine, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Wolf Marx
- Deakin University, IMPACT, the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Barwon Health, School of Medicine, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael Berk
- Deakin University, IMPACT, the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Barwon Health, School of Medicine, Geelong, Victoria, Australia,Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, the Department of Psychiatry, the Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - André F. Carvalho
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada,Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michael Maes
- Deakin University, IMPACT, the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Barwon Health, School of Medicine, Geelong, Victoria, Australia,Department of Psychiatry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Basant K. Puri
- C.A.R., Cambridge, UK,Corresponding author at: Level 1, Block A, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 0HS, UK
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78
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Liang C, Dong Z, Cai X, Shen J, Xu Y, Zhang M, Li H, Yu W, Chen W. Hypoxia induces sorafenib resistance mediated by autophagy via activating FOXO3a in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:1017. [PMID: 33250518 PMCID: PMC7701149 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-03233-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sorafenib, a multikinase inhibitor, is considered as the only approved drug to cure the advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); however, the acquired chemoresistance caused by intratumoral hypoxia through sorafenib long term therapy induces sorafenib inefficacy. We demonstrated here that hypoxia significantly attenuated sensitivity of HCC cells to sorafenib treatment and reduced its proliferation. Autophagy was observed in sorafenib-treated HCC cells in hypoxia, and inhibition of autophagy by 3-MA eliminated hypoxia-induced sorafenib resistance. Further study revealed hypoxia-activated FOXO3a, an important cellular stress transcriptional factor, via inducing its dephosphorylation and nuclear location; and FOXO3a-dependent transcriptive activation of beclin-1 was responsible for hypoxia-induced autophagy in HCC cells. Knockout of FOXO3a inhibited the autophagy induced by sorafenib itself in normoxia and significantly enhanced the cytotoxicity of sorafenib in HCC cells; and it also inhibited the hypoxia-induced autophagy and achieved the same effect in sorafenib sensitivity-enhancement in HCC cells as it in normoxia. Finally, knockout of intratumoral FOXO3a significantly enhanced curative efficacy of sorafenib via inhibition of autophagy in xenograft tumors in nude mice. Collectively, our study suggests that FOXO3a plays a key role in regulating hypoxia-induced autophagy in sorafenib-treated HCC, and FOXO3-targeted therapy may serve as a promising approach to improve clinical prognosis of patients suffering from HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liang
- Department of General Surgery, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo, 315040, PR China.
| | - Zhebin Dong
- Department of General Surgery, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo, 315040, PR China
| | - Xianlei Cai
- Department of General Surgery, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo, 315040, PR China
| | - Jie Shen
- Department of General Surgery, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo, 315040, PR China
| | - Yuan Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo, 315040, PR China
| | - Miaozun Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo, 315040, PR China
| | - Hong Li
- Department of General Surgery, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo, 315040, PR China
| | - Weiming Yu
- Department of General Surgery, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo, 315040, PR China.
| | - Wei Chen
- Cancer Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Zhejiang Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310012, PR China.
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79
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Autophagy and Redox Homeostasis in Parkinson's: A Crucial Balancing Act. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:8865611. [PMID: 33224433 PMCID: PMC7671810 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8865611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are generated primarily from endogenous biochemical reactions in mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and peroxisomes. Typically, ROS/RNS correlate with oxidative damage and cell death; however, free radicals are also crucial for normal cellular functions, including supporting neuronal homeostasis. ROS/RNS levels influence and are influenced by antioxidant systems, including the catabolic autophagy pathways. Autophagy is an intracellular lysosomal degradation process by which invasive, damaged, or redundant cytoplasmic components, including microorganisms and defunct organelles, are removed to maintain cellular homeostasis. This process is particularly important in neurons that are required to cope with prolonged and sustained operational stress. Consequently, autophagy is a primary line of protection against neurodegenerative diseases. Parkinson's is caused by the loss of midbrain dopaminergic neurons (mDANs), resulting in progressive disruption of the nigrostriatal pathway, leading to motor, behavioural, and cognitive impairments. Mitochondrial dysfunction, with associated increases in oxidative stress, and declining proteostasis control, are key contributors during mDAN demise in Parkinson's. In this review, we analyse the crosstalk between autophagy and redoxtasis, including the molecular mechanisms involved and the detrimental effect of an imbalance in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's.
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80
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Gąsiorkiewicz BM, Koczurkiewicz-Adamczyk P, Piska K, Pękala E. Autophagy modulating agents as chemosensitizers for cisplatin therapy in cancer. Invest New Drugs 2020; 39:538-563. [PMID: 33159673 PMCID: PMC7960624 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-020-01032-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Although cisplatin is one of the most common antineoplastic drug, its successful utilisation in cancer treatment is limited by the drug resistance. Multiple attempts have been made to find potential cisplatin chemosensitisers which would overcome cancer cells resistance thus improving antineoplastic efficacy. Autophagy modulation has become an important area of interest regarding the aforementioned topic. Autophagy is a highly conservative cellular self-digestive process implicated in response to multiple environmental stressors. The high basal level of autophagy is a common phenomenon in cisplatin-resistant cancer cells which is thought to grant survival benefit. However current evidence supports the role of autophagy in either promoting or limiting carcinogenesis depending on the context. This encourages the search of substances modulating the process to alleviate cisplatin resistance. Such a strategy encompasses not only simple autophagy inhibition but also harnessing the process to induce autophagy-dependent cell death. In this paper, we briefly describe the mechanism of cisplatin resistance with a special emphasis on autophagy and we give an extensive literature review of potential substances with cisplatin chemosensitising properties related to autophagy modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Mateusz Gąsiorkiewicz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Paulina Koczurkiewicz-Adamczyk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688, Kraków, Poland
| | - Kamil Piska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688, Kraków, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Pękala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688, Kraków, Poland
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Farhan M, Silva M, Li S, Yan F, Fang J, Peng T, Hu J, Tsao M, Little P, Zheng W. The role of FOXOs and autophagy in cancer and metastasis-Implications in therapeutic development. Med Res Rev 2020; 40:2089-2113. [PMID: 32474970 PMCID: PMC7586888 DOI: 10.1002/med.21695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved intracellular degradation process that plays a crucial role in cell survival and stress reactions as well as in cancer development and metastasis. Autophagy process involves several steps including sequestration, fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes and degradation. Forkhead box O (FOXO) transcription factors regulate the expression of genes involved in cellular metabolic activity and signaling pathways of cancer growth and metastasis. Recent evidence suggests that FOXO proteins are also involved in autophagy regulation. The relationship among FOXOs, autophagy, and cancer has been drawing attention of many who work in the field. This study summarizes the role of FOXO proteins and autophagy in cancer growth and metastasis and analyzes their potential roles in cancer disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Farhan
- Faculty of Health SciencesCentre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of MacauTaipaMacau SARChina
| | - Marta Silva
- Faculty of Health SciencesCentre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of MacauTaipaMacau SARChina
| | - Shuai Li
- Faculty of Health SciencesCentre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of MacauTaipaMacau SARChina
| | - Fengxia Yan
- Department of MedicineJinan UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Jiankang Fang
- Faculty of Health SciencesCentre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of MacauTaipaMacau SARChina
| | - Tangming Peng
- Faculty of Health SciencesCentre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of MacauTaipaMacau SARChina
| | - Jim Hu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and PathobiologyUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Ming‐Sound Tsao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and PathobiologyUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Peter Little
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, The University of QueenslandWoolloongabbaQueenslandAustralia
| | - Wenhua Zheng
- Faculty of Health SciencesCentre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of MacauTaipaMacau SARChina
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Ashrafizadeh M, Zarrabi A, Orouei S, Kiavash Hushmandi, Hakimi A, Amirhossein Zabolian, Daneshi S, Samarghandian S, Baradaran B, Najafi M. MicroRNA-mediated autophagy regulation in cancer therapy: The role in chemoresistance/chemosensitivity. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 892:173660. [PMID: 33310181 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chemoresistance has doubled the effort needed to reach an effective treatment for cancer. Now, scientists should consider molecular pathways and mechanisms involved in chemoresistance to overcome cancer. Autophagy is a "self-digestion" mechanism in which potentially toxic and aged organelles and macromolecules are degraded. Increasing evidence has shown that autophagy possesses dual role in cancer cells (onco-suppressor or oncogene). So, it is vital to identify its role in cancer progression and malignancy. MicroRNAs (miRs) are epigenetic factors capable of modulation of autophagy in cancer cells. In the current review, we emphasize on the relationship between miRs and autophagy in cancer chemotherapy. Besides, we discuss upstream mediators of miR/autophagy axis in cancer chemotherapy including long non-coding RNAs, circular RNAs, Nrf2 c-Myc, and HIF-1α. At the final section, we provide a discussion about how anti-tumor compounds affect miR/autophagy axis in ensuring chemosensitivity. These topics are described in this review to show how autophagy inhibition/induction can lead to chemosensitivity/chemoresistance, and miRs are considered as key players in these discussions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ali Zarrabi
- Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM), Tuzla, 34956, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sima Orouei
- Department of Genetics, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kiavash Hushmandi
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Division of Epidemiology & Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azadeh Hakimi
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Zabolian
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Salman Daneshi
- Department of Public Health, School of Health, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran
| | - Saeed Samarghandian
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Masoud Najafi
- Medical Technology Research Center, Institute of Health Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Department, School of Paramedical Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
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83
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Nedungadi D, Binoy A, Pandurangan N, Nair BG, Mishra N. Proteasomal dysfunction and ER stress triggers 2'-hydroxy-retrochalcone-induced paraptosis in cancer cells. Cell Biol Int 2020; 45:164-176. [PMID: 33049087 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chalcones are biologically active class of compounds, known for their anticancer activities. Here we show for the first time that out of the six synthetic derivatives of chalcone tested, 2'-hydroxy-retrochalcone (HRC) was the most effective in inducing extensive cytoplasmic vacuolation mediated death called paraptosis in malignant breast and cervical cancer cells. The cell death by HRC is found to be nonapoptotic in nature due to the absence of DNA fragmentation, PARP cleavage, and phosphatidylserine externalization. It was also found to be nonautophagic as there was an increase in the levels of autophagic markers LC3I, LC3II and p62. Immunofluorescence with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) marker protein calreticulin showed that the cytoplasmic vacuoles formed were derived from the ER. This ER dilation was due to ER stress as evidenced from the increase in polyubiquitinated proteins, Bip and CHOP. Docking studies revealed that HRC could bind to the Thr1 residue on the active site of the chymotrypsin-like subunit of the proteasome. The inhibition of proteasomal activity was further confirmed by the fluorescence based assay of the chymotrypsin-like subunit of the 26S proteasome. The cell death by HRC was also triggered by the collapse of mitochondrial membrane potential and depletion of ATP. Pretreatment with thiol antioxidants and cycloheximide were able to inhibit this programmed cell death. Thus our data suggest that HRC can effectively kill cancer cells via paraptosis, an alternative death pathway and can be a potential lead molecule for anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Nedungadi
- School of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kollam, Kerala, India
| | - Anupama Binoy
- School of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kollam, Kerala, India
| | - Nanjan Pandurangan
- School of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kollam, Kerala, India
| | - Bipin G Nair
- School of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kollam, Kerala, India
| | - Nandita Mishra
- School of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kollam, Kerala, India
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Anlaş AA, Nelson CM. Soft Microenvironments Induce Chemoresistance by Increasing Autophagy Downstream of Integrin-Linked Kinase. Cancer Res 2020; 80:4103-4113. [PMID: 33008805 PMCID: PMC7534696 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-4021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer relapse can develop over the course of years as a result of dormant cancer cells that disseminate to secondary sites. These dormant cells are often resistant to conventional hormone and chemotherapy. Although recurrence is the main cause of death from cancer, microenvironmental factors that may influence resistance to therapy and duration of dormancy are largely unknown. Breast cancer relapse is often detected in tissues that are softer than the normal mammary gland or the primary breast tumor, such as bone marrow, brain, and lung. We therefore explored how stiffness of the microenvironment at secondary sites regulates tumor dormancy and the response of breast cancer cells to hormone and chemotherapy. In soft microenvironments reminiscent of metastatic sites, breast cancer cells were more resistant to the estrogen receptor modulator tamoxifen as a result of increased autophagy and decreased expression of estrogen receptor-α. Consistently, pharmacologic inhibition or genetic downregulation of autophagy increased the response of breast cancer cells to tamoxifen on soft substrata. In addition, autophagy was decreased downstream of integrin-linked kinase on stiff substrata. Altogether, our data show that tissue mechanics regulates therapeutic outcome and long-term survival of breast cancer cells by influencing autophagy. SIGNIFICANCE: These findings characterize the persistence of dormant cells at metastatic sites, where soft microenvironments downregulate estrogen receptor expression and upregulate autophagy, thereby promoting therapy resistance in breast cancer cells. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT: http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/canres/80/19/4103/F1.large.jpg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alişya A Anlaş
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Celeste M Nelson
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton, New Jersey.
- Department of Molecular Biology Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey
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85
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Joaquim M, Escobar-Henriques M. Role of Mitofusins and Mitophagy in Life or Death Decisions. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:572182. [PMID: 33072754 PMCID: PMC7539839 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.572182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria entail an incredible dynamism in their morphology, impacting death signaling and selective elimination of the damaged organelles. In turn, by recycling the superfluous or malfunctioning mitochondria, mostly prevalent during aging, mitophagy contributes to maintain a healthy mitochondrial network. Mitofusins locate at the outer mitochondrial membrane and control the plastic behavior of mitochondria, by mediating fusion events. Besides deciding on mitochondrial interconnectivity, mitofusin 2 regulates physical contacts between mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum, but also serves as a decisive docking platform for mitophagy and apoptosis effectors. Thus, mitofusins integrate multiple bidirectional inputs from and into mitochondria and ensure proper energetic and metabolic cellular performance. Here, we review the role of mitofusins and mitophagy at the cross-road between life and apoptotic death decisions. Furthermore, we highlight the impact of this interplay on disease, focusing on how mitofusin 2 and mitophagy affect non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Joaquim
- Institute for Genetics, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Mafalda Escobar-Henriques
- Institute for Genetics, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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86
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Zhao E, Feng L, Bai L, Cui H. NUCKS promotes cell proliferation and suppresses autophagy through the mTOR-Beclin1 pathway in gastric cancer. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2020; 39:194. [PMID: 32958058 PMCID: PMC7504682 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-020-01696-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background Nuclear casein kinase and cyclin-dependent kinase substrate (NUCKS), a novel gene first reported in 2001, is a member of the high mobility group (HMG) family. Although very little is known regarding the biological roles of NUCKS, emerging clinical evidence suggests that the NUCKS protein can be used as a biomarker and therapeutic target in various human ailments, including several types of cancer. Methods We first assessed the potential correlation between NUCKS expression and gastric cancer prognosis. Then functional experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of NUCKS in cell proliferation, cell cycle, apoptosis and autophagy. Finally, the roles of NUCKS on gastric cancer were examined in vivo. Results We found that NUCKS was overexpressed in gastric cancer patients with poor prognosis. Through manipulating NUCKS expression, it was observed to be positively associated with cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo. NUCKS knockdown could induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Then further investigation indicated that NUCKS knockdown could also significantly induce a marked increase in autophagy though the mTOR-Beclin1 pathway, which could be was rescued by NUCKS restoration. Moreover, silencing Beclin1 in NUCKS knockdown cells or adding rapamycin in NUCKS-overexpressed cells also confirmed these results. Conclusions Our findings revealed that NUCKS functions as an oncogene and an inhibitor of autophagy in gastric cancer. Thus, the downregulation or inhibition of NUCKS may be a potential therapeutic strategy for gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erhu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, No.2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei District, Chongqing, 400716, China.,Cancer Center, Reproductive Medicine Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Reproductive Health (Chongqing Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Reproductive Health, Chongqing Population and Family Planning Science and Technology Research Institute), Chongqing, 400020, China.,Engineering Research Center for Cancer Biomedical and Translational Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Liying Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, No.2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei District, Chongqing, 400716, China.,Engineering Research Center for Cancer Biomedical and Translational Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China.,Engineering and Technology Research Center for Silk Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Longchang Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, No.2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei District, Chongqing, 400716, China.,Cancer Center, Reproductive Medicine Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China.,Westa College, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Hongjuan Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, No.2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei District, Chongqing, 400716, China. .,Cancer Center, Reproductive Medicine Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China. .,NHC Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Reproductive Health (Chongqing Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Reproductive Health, Chongqing Population and Family Planning Science and Technology Research Institute), Chongqing, 400020, China. .,Engineering Research Center for Cancer Biomedical and Translational Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China. .,Engineering and Technology Research Center for Silk Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, Chongqing, 400715, China.
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87
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Chen FX, Du N, Hu J, Ning F, Mei X, Li Q, Peng L. Intramuscular accumulation of pentadecanoic acid activates AKT1 to phosphorylate NCOR1 and triggers FOXM1-mediated apoptosis in the pathogenesis of sarcopenia. Am J Transl Res 2020; 12:5064-5079. [PMID: 33042406 PMCID: PMC7540105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Sarcopenia is an age-associated disorder that results in skeletal muscle loss. Apoptosis and inflammation are the two major contributors to sarcopenia. Emerging evidence has shown that long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs) are implicated in the muscles of sarcopenic animal models. However, it is unknown whether LCFAs are correlated with apoptosis or inflammation in the pathogenesis of sarcopenia. Herein, we found that pentadecanoic acid (PDA), a C15 LCFA, was significantly accumulated in human sarcopenic muscles. In vitro PDA treatment could dose-dependently induce the expression of the transcription factor FOXM1 (forkhead box M1) and several proapoptotic genes, such as PUMA (p53-upregulated modulator of apoptosis), BAX (B-cell/lymphoma 2-associated X) and APAF1 (apoptotic peptidase activating factor 1), thereby causing apoptosis. Mechanically, PDA activated AKT1 (AKT serine/threonine kinase 1) to phosphorylate NCOR1 (nuclear receptor corepressor 1). The phosphorylated NCOR1 disassociated from the NCOR1-FOXM1 transcriptional complex and could not repress FOXM1-mediated transcription, leading to the induction of PUMA. The activated PUMA further triggered downstream apoptotic signaling, including activation of the BAX, APAF1 and caspase cascades, leading to the occurrence of apoptosis. Alkaline phosphatase or knockdown of AKT1 in vitro reversed the FOXM1-mediated apoptotic signaling. Collectively, our results provide new evidence that LCFAs are involved in the pathogenesis of sarcopenia by activating apoptotic signaling. Attempts to decrease the intake of PDA-containing foods or blocking AKT1 may improve the symptoms of sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fa-Xiu Chen
- Department of Geriatrics, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanchang University Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Ning Du
- Department of Geriatrics, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanchang University Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jian Hu
- Department of Geriatrics, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanchang University Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Fang Ning
- Department of Geriatrics, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanchang University Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xun Mei
- Department of Geriatrics, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanchang University Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Geriatrics, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanchang University Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Le Peng
- Department of Geriatrics, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanchang University Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
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88
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Abstract
In this commentary I discuss a recent paper that describes a new mechanism for how macroautophagy/autophagy regulates the immune response to cancer, and relate it to other recent studies in this area. These recent developments may allow more effective strategies to manipulate autophagy to improve cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Thorburn
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine , Aurora, CO, USA
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89
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Upregulation of DR5 and Downregulation of Survivin by IITZ-01, Lysosomotropic Autophagy Inhibitor, Potentiates TRAIL-Mediated Apoptosis in Renal Cancer Cells via Ubiquitin-Proteasome Pathway. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12092363. [PMID: 32825566 PMCID: PMC7564912 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12092363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) selectively is able to increase apoptosis in cancer cells as agent with minimum toxicity to noncancerous cells. However, all cancer cells are not sensitive to TRAIL-induced apoptosis. In this study, we showed the sub-lethal concentrations of a lysosomotropic autophagy inhibitor, IITZ-01, sensitizes cancer cells (renal, lung, and breast carcinoma) to TRAIL-induced apoptosis through DR5 upregulation and survivin downregulation through ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Knockdown of DR5 or overexpression of survivin inhibited combined treatment with IITZ-01 and TRAIL-induced apoptosis. IITZ-01 downregulated protein expression of Cbl, ubiquitin E3 ligase, and decreased expression level of Cbl markedly led to increase DR5 protein expression and TRAIL sensitivity. Moreover, IITZ-01 decreased expression level of survivin protein via downregulation of deubiquitinase ubiquitin-specific protease 9X (USP9X) expression. Taken together, these results provide the first evidence that IITZ-01 enhances TRAIL-mediated apoptosis through DR5 stabilization by downregulation of Cbl and USP9X-dependent survivin ubiquitination and degradation in renal carcinoma cells.
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90
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Chen X, Liu W, Xiao J, Zhang Y, Chen Y, Luo C, Huang Q, Peng F, Gong W, Li S, He X, Zhuang Y, Wu N, Liu Y, Wang Y, Long H. FOXO3a accumulation and activation accelerate oxidative stress-induced podocyte injury. FASEB J 2020; 34:13300-13316. [PMID: 32786113 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000783r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Podocyte injury is the primary cause of glomerular injury in diabetic nephropathy (DN). Advanced oxidation protein products (AOPPs), the triggers and markers of oxidative stress in DN, have been linked to podocyte damage. However, the underlying mechanism is not yet clear. Here, we investigated the potential role of FOXO3a, a key transcription factor in the response to stress, in mediating AOPPs-induced podocyte injury. We found that FOXO3a expression was increased in the glomeruli of kidney biopsies from patients with DN and it was positively correlated with proteinuria. The serum from patients with DN significantly increased FOXO3a and its downstream genes FasL and Bim, thereby inducing the high level of cleaved caspase3 and the loss of nephrin and podocin expressions in podocytes. Blockade of AOPPs signaling by a neutralizing antibody against the receptor of advanced glycation end products (αRAGE) abolished the effect of DN serum on podocytes, confirming the pathogenic role of AOPPs in DN serum. Downregulation of FOXO3a decreased AOPPs-induced podocyte apoptosis and restored the levels of podocyte markers nephrin and podocin, and upregulation of FOXO3a exacerbated these changes in podocytes after AOPPs treatment. Furthermore, FOXO3a specifically activated proapoptotic genes in podocytes only in the presence of AOPPs. Mechanistically, AOPPs increased the FOXO3a protein levels by inhibiting their autophagic degradation in a ROS/mTOR-dependent manner. Moreover AOPPs activated the accumulated FOXO3a by maintaining FOXO3a in the nucleus, and this process was dependent on ROS-mediated AKT signaling deactivation. These studies suggest that FOXO3a plays a critical role in mediating AOPPs-induced podocyte injury and reveal a new mechanistic linkage of oxidative stress, FOXO3a activation and podocyte injury in DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenting Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Xiao
- Department of Nephrology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yihua Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Congwei Luo
- Department of Nephrology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qianyin Huang
- Department of Nephrology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fenfen Peng
- Department of Nephrology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wangqiu Gong
- Department of Nephrology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuting Li
- Department of Nephrology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyang He
- Department of Nephrology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiyi Zhuang
- Department of Nephrology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Na Wu
- Department of Nephrology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanxia Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuxian Wang
- Department of Gerontology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haibo Long
- Department of Nephrology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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91
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Antitumor Efficacy of the Herbal Recipe Benja Amarit against Highly Invasive Cholangiocarcinoma by Inducing Apoptosis both In Vitro and In Vivo. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165669. [PMID: 32784671 PMCID: PMC7460969 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Thailand is the country with highest incidence and prevalence of cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) in the world. Due to the frequently late diagnosis that is associated with this disease, most CCA patients are prescribed chemotherapy as a form of treatment. However, CCA is able to resist the presently available chemotherapy, so to the prognosis of this disease is still very poor. In this study, we investigated the anticancer potential of a Thai herbal recipe, Benja Amarit (BJA) against CCA and the relevant mechanisms of action that are involved. We found that BJA inhibited CCA cell viability in a dose-dependent manner, especially in highly invasive KKU-213 cells. The extract induced mitochondrial- and caspase-dependent apoptosis in CCA cells by regulating the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway. BJA also triggered autophagy in CCA cells. Nonetheless, the inhibition of autophagy enhanced BJA-induced CCA cell death via apoptosis. An in vivo xenograft model revealed the growth-inhibiting and death-inducing effects of BJA against CCA by targeting apoptosis. However, general toxicity to blood cells, kidneys and the liver, as well as changes in body weight, did not appear. Our findings suggest that the herbal recipe BJA might be used as a potentially new and effective treatment for cholangiocarcinoma patients.
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92
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Autophagy-related gene expression classification defines three molecular subtypes with distinct clinical and microenvironment cell infiltration characteristics in colon cancer. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 87:106757. [PMID: 32769067 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple molecular subtypes with distinct clinical outcomes in colon cancer have been identified in recent years. Nonetheless, the autophagy-related molecular subtypes as well as its mediated tumor microenvironment (TME) cell infiltration characteristics have not been fully understood. METHODS Based on the seven colon cancer cohorts with 1580 samples, we performed a comprehensive genomic analysis to explore the molecular subtypes mediated by autophagy-related genes. The single-sample gene-set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA) was used to quantify the relative abundance of each cell infiltration in the TME. Unsupervised methods were used to perform autophagy subtype clustering. Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression (LASSO) was used to construct autophagy characterization score (APCS) signature. RESULTS We determined three distinct autophagy-related molecular subtypes in colon cancer. The three autophagy subtypes presented significant survival differences. Microenvironment analyses revealed the heterogeneous TME immune cell infiltration characterization between three subtypes. Cluster 1 autophagy subtype was characterized by abundant innate and adaptive immune cell infiltration. This subtype exhibited an enhanced stromal activity including activated pathways of epithelial-mesenchymal transition, TGF-β and angiogenesis, and an increased infiltration of fibroblasts and endothelial cells. The expression of immune checkpoint molecules was also significantly up-regulated, which may mediate immune escape in Cluster 1 subtype. Cluster 2 subtype was characterized by relatively lower TME immune cell infiltration and enhanced DNA damage repair pathways. Cluster 3 subtype was characterized by the suppression of immunity. Patients with high APCS, with poorer survival, presented a significantly positive correlation with TME stromal activity. Low APCS, relevant to activated damage repair pathways, showed enhanced responses to anti-PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy. Two immunotherapy cohorts confirmed patients with low APCS exhibited prominently enhanced clinical response and treatment advantages. CONCLUSIONS This study may help understand the molecular characterization of autophagy-related subtypes. We demonstrated the autophagy genes in colon cancer could drive the heterogeneity of TME immune cell infiltration. Our study represented a step toward personalized immunotherapy in colon cancer.
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93
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Towers CG, Wodetzki D, Thorburn A. Autophagy and cancer: Modulation of cell death pathways and cancer cell adaptations. J Cell Biol 2020; 219:jcb.201909033. [PMID: 31753861 PMCID: PMC7039213 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201909033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is intricately linked with many intracellular signaling pathways, particularly nutrient-sensing mechanisms and cell death signaling cascades. In cancer, the roles of autophagy are context dependent. Tumor cell-intrinsic effects of autophagy can be both tumor suppressive and tumor promotional. Autophagy can therefore not only activate and inhibit cell death, but also facilitate the switch between cell death mechanisms. Moreover, autophagy can play opposing roles in the tumor microenvironment via non-cell-autonomous mechanisms. Preclinical data support a tumor-promotional role of autophagy in established tumors and during cancer therapy; this has led to the launch of dozens of clinical trials targeting autophagy in multiple cancer types. However, many questions remain: which tumors and genetic backgrounds are the most sensitive to autophagy inhibition, and which therapies should be combined with autophagy inhibitors? Additionally, since cancer cells are under selective pressure and are prone to adaptation, particularly after treatment, it is unclear if and how cells adapt to autophagy inhibition. Here we review recent literature addressing these issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina G Towers
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Darya Wodetzki
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Andrew Thorburn
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
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94
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Li Z, Yi N, Chen R, Meng Y, Wang Y, Liu H, Cao W, Hu Y, Gu Y, Tong C, Lu M, Li L, Peng L. miR-29b-3p protects cardiomyocytes against endotoxin-induced apoptosis and inflammatory response through targeting FOXO3A. Cell Signal 2020; 74:109716. [PMID: 32707074 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac dysfunction represents a main component of death induced by sepsis in critical care units. And microRNAs (miRNAs) have been reported as important modulators or biomarkers of sepsis. However, the molecular detail of miRNAs involved in septic cardiac dysfunction remains unclear. Here we showed that endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) significantly down-regulated expression of miR-29b-3p in heart. Increased expression of miR-29b-3p by lentivirus improved cardiac function and attenuated damage of cardiac induced by LPS in mice. Furthermore, overexpression or knockdown of miR-29b-3p showed its crucial roles on regulation of apoptosis and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in NRCMs through directly targeting FOXO3A. miR-29b-3p ameliorates inflammatory damage likely via reducing activation of MAPKs and nuclear-translocation of NF-κB to block LPS-activated NF-κB signaling. Notably, miR-29b is also down-regulated in septic patients' plasma compared with normal subjects, indicating a potential clinical relevance of miR-29b. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that upregulation of miR-29b-3p can attenuate myocardial injury induced by sepsis via regulating FOXO3A, which provide a potential therapy target for interference of septic cardiac dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Li
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China; Institute of Medical Genetics, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China; Department of Medical Genetics, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Na Yi
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China; Institute of Medical Genetics, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China; Department of Medical Genetics, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Rou Chen
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China; Institute of Medical Genetics, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Yilei Meng
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China; Institute of Medical Genetics, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China; Department of Medical Genetics, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yumei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China; Institute of Medical Genetics, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Huan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China; Institute of Medical Genetics, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China; Department of Medical Genetics, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Wenze Cao
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China; Institute of Medical Genetics, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China; Department of Medical Genetics, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yi Hu
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China; Institute of Medical Genetics, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China; Department of Medical Genetics, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yanqiong Gu
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China; Heart Health Center, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Chang Tong
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Min Lu
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Li Li
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China; Institute of Medical Genetics, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China; Heart Health Center, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China; Research Units of Origin and Regulation of Heart Rhythm, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai 200092, China; Department of Medical Genetics, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Luying Peng
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China; Institute of Medical Genetics, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China; Heart Health Center, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China; Research Units of Origin and Regulation of Heart Rhythm, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai 200092, China; Department of Medical Genetics, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China.
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95
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Farhan M, Silva M, Xingan X, Huang Y, Zheng W. Role of FOXO Transcription Factors in Cancer Metabolism and Angiogenesis. Cells 2020; 9:E1586. [PMID: 32629884 PMCID: PMC7407656 DOI: 10.3390/cells9071586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Forkhead box O transcription factors (FOXOs) regulate several signaling pathways and play crucial roles in health and disease. FOXOs are key regulators of the expression of genes involved in multiple cellular processes and their deregulation has been implicated in cancer. FOXOs are generally considered tumor suppressors and evidence also suggests that they may have a role in the regulation of cancer metabolism and angiogenesis. In order to continue growing and proliferating, tumor cells have to reprogram their metabolism and induce angiogenesis. Angiogenesis refers to the process of new blood capillary formation from pre-existing vessels, which is an essential driving force in cancer progression and metastasis through supplying tumor cells with oxygen and nutrients. This review summarizes the roles of FOXOs in the regulation of cancer metabolism and angiogenesis. A deeper knowledge of the involvement of FOXOs in these two key processes involved in cancer dissemination may help to develop novel therapeutic approaches for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Farhan
- Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China; (M.F.); (M.S.); (X.X.)
| | - Marta Silva
- Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China; (M.F.); (M.S.); (X.X.)
| | - Xing Xingan
- Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China; (M.F.); (M.S.); (X.X.)
| | - Yu Huang
- Heart and Vascular Institute and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China;
| | - Wenhua Zheng
- Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China; (M.F.); (M.S.); (X.X.)
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96
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Huang YY, Chen CH, Hsu CH, Kuo TY, Liu CC, Liao ATC, Lin CS. Inhibiting autophagy potentiates the antitumor efficacy of Euphorbia royleana for canine mammary gland tumors. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:193. [PMID: 32532319 PMCID: PMC7291717 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02408-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Canine mammary gland tumors (cMGTs) are the most common neoplasms in intact female canines and viewed as a suitable model for studying human breast cancers. Euphorbia royleana has been reported to have a variety of antitumor efficacies. We have prepared the crude extracts of E. royleana in ethanol and hexane solvents to evaluate the anti-tumor effects for cMGT in vitro and in vivo. Results The results showed that E. royleana could inhibit cell proliferation and colony formation in cMGT cells. The suppression of tumor cell growth resulted from necrosis and cell cycle arrest. Moreover, autophagy appears to play a critical role in E. royleana-mediated cell death by triggering cell apoptosis. The in vivo results also revealed that E. royleana treatment could reduce the size of solid tumors while exhibiting low toxicity in cMGT-bearing nude mice. Conclusions The anti-tumor mechanisms of E. royleana were firstly verified to show it would cause autophagic cell death, apoptosis, and cell cycle arrest in canine mammary tumor cells. The in vitro and in vivo findings in the present study revealed E. royleana has potential anticancer effects for the treatment of canine mammary gland tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ya Huang
- Department and Graduate Institute of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, No.1 Sec.4 Roosevelt Rd, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hung Chen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Bioengineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu City, 30068, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hui Hsu
- Department and Graduate Institute of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, No.1 Sec.4 Roosevelt Rd, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Tsun-Yung Kuo
- Department of Biotechnology and Animal Science, National Ilan University, Ilan, 26041, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Chi Liu
- Department and Graduate Institute of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, No.1 Sec.4 Roosevelt Rd, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Albert Tai-Ching Liao
- Department and Graduate Institute of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, No.1 Sec.4 Roosevelt Rd, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.,Animal Cancer Center, College of Bioresources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Si Lin
- Department and Graduate Institute of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, No.1 Sec.4 Roosevelt Rd, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan. .,Animal Cancer Center, College of Bioresources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.
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97
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Autophagy-inhibiting polymer as an effective nonviral cancer gene therapy vector with inherent apoptosis-sensitizing ability. Biomaterials 2020; 255:120156. [PMID: 32505754 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Conventionally, polycations are pharmacological inert used as nonviral gene delivery vectors with the sole function of compacting and protecting nucleic acids. Here, the first autophagy-inhibiting cationic polymer delivering plasmid DNA (pDNA) encoding TRAIL (tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand) is prepared for cancer gene therapy. The copolymerization of methacryloyl chloroquine (MACQ) with 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) not only improves transfection efficacy through hydrophobic modification, but also endows the copolymer with autophagy-blocking capability, which further sensitizes cancer cells to TRAIL induced apoptosis. Importantly, the designed copolymer shows efficient TRAIL expression, autophagy inhibition and enhances TRAIL-induced apoptosis in an autophagy-dependent manner. In contrast, TRAIL gene delivered by the autophagy-blocking-deficient control copolymer without the chlorine atom presents weaker antitumor efficacy, although expressing a similar amount of therapeutic TRAIL protein. Thus, this study demonstrates a conceptually new approach in which the therapeutic outcome of the delivered gene can be inherently strengthened by the delivery vehicle with intrinsic pharmacological activity.
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98
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Condello M, Mancini G, Meschini S. The Exploitation of Liposomes in the Inhibition of Autophagy to Defeat Drug Resistance. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:787. [PMID: 32547395 PMCID: PMC7272661 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a mechanism involved in many human diseases and in cancers can have a cytotoxic/cytostatic or protective action, being in the latter case involved in multidrug resistance. Understanding which of these roles autophagy has in cancer is thus fundamental for therapeutical decisions because it permits to optimize the therapeutical approach by activating or inhibiting autophagy according to the progression of the disease. However, a serious drawback of cancer treatment is often the scarce availability of drugs and autophagy modulators at the sites of interest. In the recent years, several nanocarriers have been developed and investigated to improve the solubility, bioavailability, controlled release of therapeutics and increase their cytotoxic effect on cancer cell. Here we have reviewed only liposomes as carriers of chemotherapeutics and autophagy inhibitors because they have low toxicity and immunogenicity and they are biodegradable and versatile. In this review after the analysis of the dual role of autophagy, of the main autophagic pathways, and of the role of autophagy in multidrug resistance, we will focus on the most effective liposomal formulations, thus highlighting the great potential of these targeting systems to defeat cancer diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Condello
- National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanna Mancini
- Institute for Biological Systems, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Meschini
- National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
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99
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Rodríguez-Hernández MA, de la Cruz-Ojeda P, López-Grueso MJ, Navarro-Villarán E, Requejo-Aguilar R, Castejón-Vega B, Negrete M, Gallego P, Vega-Ochoa Á, Victor VM, Cordero MD, Del Campo JA, Bárcena JA, Padilla CA, Muntané J. Integrated molecular signaling involving mitochondrial dysfunction and alteration of cell metabolism induced by tyrosine kinase inhibitors in cancer. Redox Biol 2020; 36:101510. [PMID: 32593127 PMCID: PMC7322178 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells have unlimited replicative potential, insensitivity to growth-inhibitory signals, evasion of apoptosis, cellular stress, and sustained angiogenesis, invasiveness and metastatic potential. Cancer cells adequately adapt cell metabolism and integrate several intracellular and redox signaling to promote cell survival in an inflammatory and hypoxic microenvironment in order to maintain/expand tumor phenotype. The administration of tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) constitutes the recommended therapeutic strategy in different malignancies at advanced stages. There are important interrelationships between cell stress, redox status, mitochondrial function, metabolism and cellular signaling pathways leading to cell survival/death. The induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest widely related to the antitumoral properties of TKIs result from tightly controlled events involving different cellular compartments and signaling pathways. The aim of the present review is to update the most relevant studies dealing with the impact of TKI treatment on cell function. The induction of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and Ca2+ disturbances, leading to alteration of mitochondrial function, redox status and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-protein kinase B (Akt)-mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathways that involve cell metabolism reprogramming in cancer cells will be covered. Emphasis will be given to studies that identify key components of the integrated molecular pattern including receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) downstream signaling, cell death and mitochondria-related events that appear to be involved in the resistance of cancer cells to TKI treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- María A Rodríguez-Hernández
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), IBiS/Hospital University "Virgen del Rocío"/CSIC/University of Seville, Seville, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Madrid, Spain
| | - P de la Cruz-Ojeda
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), IBiS/Hospital University "Virgen del Rocío"/CSIC/University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Mª José López-Grueso
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Cordoba, Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
| | - Elena Navarro-Villarán
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), IBiS/Hospital University "Virgen del Rocío"/CSIC/University of Seville, Seville, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Requejo-Aguilar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Cordoba, Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
| | - Beatriz Castejón-Vega
- Research Laboratory, Oral Medicine Department, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - María Negrete
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), IBiS/Hospital University "Virgen del Rocío"/CSIC/University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Paloma Gallego
- Unit for the Clinical Management of Digestive Diseases, Hospital University "Nuestra Señora de Valme", Sevilla, Spain
| | - Álvaro Vega-Ochoa
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), IBiS/Hospital University "Virgen del Rocío"/CSIC/University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Victor M Victor
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Madrid, Spain; Service of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital University "Doctor Peset", Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region (FISABIO), Valencia, Spain; Department of Physiology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Mario D Cordero
- Research Laboratory, Oral Medicine Department, University of Seville, Seville, Spain; Department of Physiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix", Biomedical Research Center (CIBM), University of Granada, Armilla, Spain
| | - José A Del Campo
- Unit for the Clinical Management of Digestive Diseases, Hospital University "Nuestra Señora de Valme", Sevilla, Spain
| | - J Antonio Bárcena
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Cordoba, Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
| | - C Alicia Padilla
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Cordoba, Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
| | - Jordi Muntané
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), IBiS/Hospital University "Virgen del Rocío"/CSIC/University of Seville, Seville, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Madrid, Spain; Department of General Surgery, Hospital University "Virgen del Rocío"/IBiS/CSIC/University of Seville, Seville, Spain.
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100
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Andrighetti T, Bohar B, Lemke N, Sudhakar P, Korcsmaros T. MicrobioLink: An Integrated Computational Pipeline to Infer Functional Effects of Microbiome-Host Interactions. Cells 2020; 9:cells9051278. [PMID: 32455748 PMCID: PMC7291277 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbiome–host interactions play significant roles in health and in various diseases including autoimmune disorders. Uncovering these inter-kingdom cross-talks propels our understanding of disease pathogenesis and provides useful leads on potential therapeutic targets. Despite the biological significance of microbe–host interactions, there is a big gap in understanding the downstream effects of these interactions on host processes. Computational methods are expected to fill this gap by generating, integrating, and prioritizing predictions—as experimental detection remains challenging due to feasibility issues. Here, we present MicrobioLink, a computational pipeline to integrate predicted interactions between microbial and host proteins together with host molecular networks. Using the concept of network diffusion, MicrobioLink can analyse how microbial proteins in a certain context are influencing cellular processes by modulating gene or protein expression. We demonstrated the applicability of the pipeline using a case study. We used gut metaproteomic data from Crohn’s disease patients and healthy controls to uncover the mechanisms by which the microbial proteins can modulate host genes which belong to biological processes implicated in disease pathogenesis. MicrobioLink, which is agnostic of the microbial protein sources (bacterial, viral, etc.), is freely available on GitHub.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahila Andrighetti
- Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UZ, UK; (T.A.); (B.B.)
- Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-689, SP, Brazil;
| | - Balazs Bohar
- Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UZ, UK; (T.A.); (B.B.)
- Department of Genetics, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest 1117, Hungary
| | - Ney Lemke
- Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-689, SP, Brazil;
| | - Padhmanand Sudhakar
- Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UZ, UK; (T.A.); (B.B.)
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UQ, UK
- Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, KU Leuven BE-3000, Leuven, Belgium
- Correspondence: (T.K.); (P.S.)
| | - Tamas Korcsmaros
- Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UZ, UK; (T.A.); (B.B.)
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UQ, UK
- Correspondence: (T.K.); (P.S.)
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