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Antibacterial and Cytotoxic Activity of Compounds Isolated from Flourensia oolepis. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 2015:912484. [PMID: 26819623 PMCID: PMC4706877 DOI: 10.1155/2015/912484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 11/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The antibacterial and cytotoxic effects of metabolites isolated from an antibacterial extract of Flourensia oolepis were evaluated. Bioguided fractionation led to five flavonoids, identified as 2′,4′-dihydroxychalcone (1), isoliquiritigenin (2), pinocembrin (3), 7-hydroxyflavanone (4), and 7,4′-dihydroxy-3′-methoxyflavanone (5). Compound 1 showed the highest antibacterial effect, with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranging from 31 to 62 and 62 to 250 μg/mL, against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, respectively. On further assays, the cytotoxic effect of compounds 1–5 was determined by MTT assay on acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) cell lines including their multidrug resistant (MDR) phenotypes. Compound 1 induced a remarkable cytotoxic activity toward ALL cells (IC50 = 6.6–9.9 μM) and a lower effect against CML cells (IC50 = 27.5–30.0 μM). Flow cytometry was used to analyze cell cycle distribution and cell death by PI-labeled cells and by Annexin V/PI staining, respectively. Upon treatment, 1 induced cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase accompanied by a strong induction of apoptosis. These results describe for the first time the antibacterial metabolites of F. oolepis extract, with 1 being the most effective. This chalcone also emerges as a selective cytotoxic agent against sensitive and resistant leukemic cells, highlighting its potential as a lead compound.
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Dong P, Zhang L, Zhan L, Liu Y. Ultra high performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry for the rapid analysis and global characterization of multiple constituents from Zibu Piyin Recipe. J Sep Sci 2015; 39:595-602. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201500852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Peipei Dong
- Institute of Integrative Medicine; Dalian Medical University; Dalian China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Institute of Integrative Medicine; Dalian Medical University; Dalian China
| | - Libin Zhan
- School of Basic Medical Sciences; Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine; Nanjing China
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital; Dalian Medical University; Dalian China
| | - Yanqiu Liu
- Institute of Integrative Medicine; Dalian Medical University; Dalian China
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Zhang GB, Song YN, Chen QL, Dong S, Lu YY, Su MY, Liu P, Su SB. Actions of Huangqi decoction against rat liver fibrosis: a gene expression profiling analysis. Chin Med 2015; 10:39. [PMID: 26691002 PMCID: PMC4683959 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-015-0066-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Huangqi decoction (HQD) is used for liver fibrosis and cirrhosis treatment in Chinese medicine. This study aims to investigate the pharmacological actions of HQD against liver fibrosis in rats by high-throughput gene expression profiling, network analysis and real-time qRT-PCR. Methods We analyzed the profiles of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in dimethylnitrosamine (DMN)-induced liver fibrosis in rat. The liver tissue samples of control group (n = 3), model group (n = 3) and HQD group (n = 3) were examined by microarrays. Pathways were analyzed by KEGG. Pathway-gene and protein–protein interaction (PPI) networks were constructed with Cytoscape software. The expression of candidate genes was verified by qRT-PCR. P values less than 0.05 indicated statistical significance. Results Collagen deposition and hydroxyproline (Hyp) content were decreased in the HQD group compared with the model group (P < 0.001), while that of Hyp in the model group were increased compared with the control group (P < 0.001). In comparison with the model group, 1085 DEGs (all P < 0.05, |fold change| >1.5) and 52 pathways in the HQD group were identified. TGF-beta, ECM-receptor interaction, and the cell adhesion molecules pathways were significantly recovered by HQD (P < 0.001). A pathway-gene network was constructed, including 303 DEGs and 52 pathways, and 514 nodes and 2602 edges, among 142 genes with node degrees greater than 10. The expressions of PDGFra, PDGFrb, PDGFb, PDGFd, COL1A1, COL1A2, COL5A2, and THBS1 were significantly down-regulated by HQD (P < 0.001). Conclusion HQD down-regulated the expressions of PDGFra, PDGFrb, PDGFb, PDGFd, COL1A1, COL1A2, COL5A2 and THBS1, and TGF-β and PDGF signaling pathways in the DMN-induced liver fibrosis in rats. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13020-015-0066-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Biao Zhang
- Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine Complexity System, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203 China
| | - Ya-Nan Song
- Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine Complexity System, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203 China
| | - Qi-Long Chen
- Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine Complexity System, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203 China
| | - Shu Dong
- Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine Complexity System, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203 China
| | - Yi-Yu Lu
- Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine Complexity System, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203 China
| | - Ming-Yu Su
- Liver Disease Institute, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203 China
| | - Ping Liu
- Liver Disease Institute, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203 China
| | - Shi-Bing Su
- Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine Complexity System, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203 China
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Tor YS, Yazan LS, Foo JB, Wibowo A, Ismail N, Cheah YK, Abdullah R, Ismail M, Ismail IS, Yeap SK. Induction of Apoptosis in MCF-7 Cells via Oxidative Stress Generation, Mitochondria-Dependent and Caspase-Independent Pathway by Ethyl Acetate Extract of Dillenia suffruticosa and Its Chemical Profile. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127441. [PMID: 26047480 PMCID: PMC4457850 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Dillenia suffruticosa, which is locally known as Simpoh air, has been traditionally used to treat cancerous growth. The ethyl acetate extract of D. suffruticosa (EADs) has been shown to induce apoptosis in MCF-7 breast cancer cells in our previous study. The present study aimed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms involved in EADs-induced apoptosis and to identify the major compounds in the extract. EADs was found to promote oxidative stress in MCF-7 cells that led to cell death because the pre-treatment with antioxidants α-tocopherol and ascorbic acid significantly reduced the cytotoxicity of the extract (P<0.05). DCFH-DA assay revealed that treatment with EADs attenuated the generation of intracellular ROS. Apoptosis induced by EADs was not inhibited by the use of caspase-inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK, suggesting that the cell death is caspase-independent. The use of JC-1 dye reflected that EADs caused disruption in the mitochondrial membrane potential. The related molecular pathways involved in EADs-induced apoptosis were determined by GeXP multiplex system and Western blot analysis. EADs is postulated to induce cell cycle arrest that is p53- and p21-dependent based on the upregulated expression of p53 and p21 (P<0.05). The expression of Bax was upregulated with downregulation of Bcl-2 following treatment with EADs. The elevated Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and the depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential suggest that EADs-induced apoptosis is mitochondria-dependent. The expression of oxidative stress-related AKT, p-AKT, ERK, and p-ERK was downregulated with upregulation of JNK and p-JNK. The data indicate that induction of oxidative-stress related apoptosis by EADs was mediated by inhibition of AKT and ERK, and activation of JNK. The isolation of compounds in EADs was carried out using column chromatography and elucidated using the nuclear resonance magnetic analysis producing a total of six compounds including 3-epimaslinic acid, kaempferol, kaempferide, protocatechuic acid, gallic acid and β-sitosterol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside. The cytotoxicity of the isolated compounds was determined using MTT assay. Gallic acid was found to be most cytotoxic against MCF-7 cell line compared to others, with IC50 of 36 ± 1.7 μg/mL (P<0.05). In summary, EADs generated oxidative stress, induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in MCF-7 cells by regulating numerous genes and proteins that are involved in the apoptotic signal transduction pathway. Therefore, EADs has the potential to be developed as an anti-cancer agent against breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Sim Tor
- Laboratory of Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Latifah Saiful Yazan
- Laboratory of Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Jhi Biau Foo
- Laboratory of Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Agustono Wibowo
- Laboratory of Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Norsharina Ismail
- Laboratory of Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yoke Kqueen Cheah
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Rasedee Abdullah
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Maznah Ismail
- Laboratory of Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Intan Safinar Ismail
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Swee Keong Yeap
- Laboratory of Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Hwang YJ, Wi HR, Kim HR, Park KW, Hwang KA. Induction of apoptosis in cervical carcinoma HeLa cells by Petasites japonicus ethanol extracts. Food Sci Biotechnol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-015-0087-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Mwangi GG, Wagacha JM, Nguta JM, Mbaria JM. Brine shrimp cytotoxicity and antimalarial activity of plants traditionally used in treatment of malaria in Msambweni district. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2015; 53:588-593. [PMID: 25495507 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2014.935861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT In Kenya, most people use traditional medicine and medicinal plants to treat many diseases including malaria. To manage malaria, new knowledge and products are needed. Traditional herbal medicine has constituted a good basis for antimalarial lead discovery and drug development. OBJECTIVES To determine in vivo antimalarial activity and brine shrimp toxicity of five medicinal plants traditionally used to treat malaria in Msambweni district, Kenya. MATERIALS AND METHODS A 0.2 ml saline solution of 100 mg/kg aqueous crude extracts from five different plant parts were administered orally once a day and evaluated for their in vivo chemosuppressive effect using Plasmodium berghei berghei-infected Swiss mice for four consecutive days. Their safety was also determined using Brine shrimp lethality test: Grewia trichocarpa Hochst ex A. Rich (Tiliaceae) root, Dicrostachys cinerea (L) Wight et Am (Mimosaceae) root, Tamarindus indica L. (Caesalpiniaceae) stem bark, Azadirachta indica (L) Burn. (Meliaceae) root bark, and Acacia seyal Del. (Mimosaceae) root. RESULTS Parasitaemia was as follows: A. indica, 3.1%; D. cinerea, 6.3%; T. indica, 25.1%; A. seyal, 27.8%; and G. trichocarpa, 35.8%. In terms of toxicity, A. indica root bark extract had an LC50 of 285.8 µg/ml and was considered moderately toxic. T. indica stem bark extract and G. trichocarpa root extract had an LC50 of 516.4 and 545.8 µg/ml, respectively, and were considered to be weakly toxic while A. seyal and D. cinerea root extracts had a LC50 >1000 µg/ml and were, therefore, considered to be non-toxic. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION All extracts had antimalarial activity that was not significant compared to chloroquine (p ≥ 0.05). No extract was toxic to the arthropod invertebrate, Artemia salina L. (Artemiidae) larvae, justifying the continued use of the plant parts to treat malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Gicharu Mwangi
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Biological and Physical Sciences, University of Nairobi , Nairobi , Kenya and
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Machana S, Weerapreeyakul N, Barusrux S, Thumanu K, Tanthanuch W. Synergistic anticancer effect of the extracts from Polyalthia evecta caused apoptosis in human hepatoma (HepG2) cells. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2015; 2:589-96. [PMID: 23569977 DOI: 10.1016/s2221-1691(12)60103-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Revised: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 03/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the anticancer activity of the extract fraction of Polyalthia evecta (P. evecta) (Pierre) Finet & Gagnep and the synergistic anticancer effect of the extracts from P. evecta by using the ATR/FT-IR spectroscopy. METHODS The 50% ethanol-water crude leaf extract of P. evecta (EW-L) was prepared and was further fractionated to isolate various fractions. The anticancer activity was investigated from cytotoxicity against HepG2 using a neutral red assay and apoptosis induction by evaluation of nuclei morphological changes after DAPI staining. Synergistic anticancer effects of the extracts from P. evecta were performed using the ATR/FT-IR spectroscopy. RESULTS The result showed that the EW-L showed higher cytotoxicity and apoptosis induction in HepG2 cells than its fractionated extracts. The hexane extract exhibited higher cytotoxicity and apoptosis induction than the water extracts, but less than the EW-L. The combined water and hexane extracts apparently increased cytotoxicity and apoptosis induction. The %apoptotic cells induced by the extract mixture were increased about 2-fold compared to the single hexane extract. CONCLUSIONS The polar extract fraction is necessary for the anticancer activity of the non-polar extract fraction. The ATR/FT-IR spectra illustrates the physical interaction among the constituents in the extract mixture and reveals the presence of polyphenolic constituents in the EW-L, which might play a role for the synergistic anticancer effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasipawan Machana
- Graduate School, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
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Pathomwichaiwat T, Ochareon P, Soonthornchareonnon N, Ali Z, Khan IA, Prathanturarug S. Alkaline phosphatase activity-guided isolation of active compounds and new dammarane-type triterpenes from Cissus quadrangularis hexane extract. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 160:52-60. [PMID: 25449449 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The stem of Cissus quadrangularis L. (CQ) is used in traditional medicine to treat bone fractures and swelling. Anti-osteoporotic activity of CQ hexane extract has been reported, but the active compounds in this extract remain unknown. Thus, we aimed to identify the active compounds in CQ hexane extract using bioassay-guided isolation. MATERIALS AND METHODS The CQ hexane extract was fractionated sequentially with benzene, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and methanol. The examination of CQ extract and its fractions was guided by bioassays for alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity during the differentiation of MC3T3-E1 osteoblastic cells. The cells were treated with or without the CQ extract and its fractions for a period of time, and then the stimulatory effect of the alkaline phosphatase enzyme, a bone differentiation marker, was investigated. The compounds obtained were structurally elucidated using spectroscopic techniques and re-evaluated for activity during bone differentiation. RESULTS A total of 29 compounds were isolated, viz., triterpenes, fatty acid methyl esters, glycerolipids, steroids, phytols, and cerebrosides. Four new dammarane-type triterpenes were isolated for the first time from nature, and this report is the first to identify this group of compounds from the Vitaceae family. Seven compounds, viz., glycerolipids and squalene, stimulated ALP activity at a dose of 10μg/mL. Moreover, the synergistic effect of these compounds on bone formation was demonstrated. CONCLUSION This report describes, for the first time, the isolation of active compounds from CQ hexane extract; these active compounds will be useful for the quality control of extracts from this plant used to treat osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanika Pathomwichaiwat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, 447 Sri-Ayuthaya Road, Rajathevi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Pannee Ochareon
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, 6 Yothi Road, Rajathevi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Noppamas Soonthornchareonnon
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, 447 Sri-Ayuthaya Road, Rajathevi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Zulfiqar Ali
- National Center for Natural Products Research, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38655, USA
| | - Ikhlas A Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38655, USA; Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38655, USA
| | - Sompop Prathanturarug
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, 447 Sri-Ayuthaya Road, Rajathevi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
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Interactions between herbs and antidiabetics: an overview of the mechanisms, evidence, importance, and management. Arch Pharm Res 2014; 38:1281-98. [PMID: 25475096 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-014-0517-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Complementary and alternative therapies are quickly gaining importance because they are perceived to be free of side effects due to their natural origin. However, herbal remedies are complex mixtures of bioactive entities, which may interact with prescription drugs through pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic mechanisms and sometimes result in life-threatening consequences. In particular, diabetes patients are often treated with multiple medications due to different comorbidities, and such patients use antidiabetic medications for their entire lives; thus, it is important to make the public aware of herb interactions with antidiabetic drugs. In this paper, we summarize the reports available on the interaction of herbal remedies with oral hypoglycemic agents and describe mechanisms, preclinical or clinical evidence, importance, and management strategies.
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Tarkang PA, Okalebo FA, Ayong LS, Agbor GA, Guantai AN. Anti-malarial activity of a polyherbal product (Nefang) during early and established Plasmodium infection in rodent models. Malar J 2014; 13:456. [PMID: 25421605 PMCID: PMC4251988 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-13-456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The emerging resistance of Plasmodium species to currently available anti-malarials remains a public health concern, hence the need for new effective, safe and affordable drugs. Natural products remain a reliable source of drugs. Nefang is a polyherbal anti-malarial of the Cameroonian folklore medicine with demonstrated in vitro antiplasmodial and antioxidant activities. It is composed of Mangifera indica (bark and leaf), Psidium guajava, Carica papaya, Cymbopogon citratus, Citrus sinensis, Ocimum gratissimum (leaves). This study aimed at investigating the suppressive, prophylactic and curative activities of Nefang in Plasmodium infected rodent models. METHODS Systemic acute oral toxicity of Nefang aqueous and ethanol extracts was assessed in mice up to a dose of 5,000 mgkg(-1) body weight. BALB/c mice and Wistar rats were inoculated with Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi and Plasmodium berghei, respectively, and treated with Nefang, the Mangifera indica bark/Psidium guajava combination and a Psidium guajava leaf aqueous extracts (75, 150, 300 and 600 mgkg(-1) bwt). Their schizonticidal activity was then evaluated using the Peter's 4-day suppressive test). The prophylactic and curative (Rane's Test) activity of Nefang was also evaluated by determining the parasitaemia, survival time, body weight and temperature in pre-treated rodents. RESULTS Acute oral toxicity of the extract did not cause any observed adverse effects. Percent suppressions of parasitaemia at 600 mgkg(-1) bwt were as follows (P. berghei/P. chabaudi): Nefang - 82.9/86.3, Mangifera indica bark/Psidium guajava leaf combination extract - 79.5/81.2 and Psidium guajava leaf - 58.9/67.4. Nefang exhibited a prophylactic activity of 79.5% and its chemotherapeutic effects ranged from 61.2 - 86.1% with maximum effect observed at the highest experimental dose. CONCLUSION These results indicate that Nefang has excellent in vivo anti-malarial activities against P. berghei and P. chabaudi, upholding earlier in vitro antiplasmodial activities against multi-drug resistant P. falciparum parasites as well as its traditional use. Hence, Nefang represents a promising source of new anti-malarial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Protus Arrey Tarkang
- Centre for Research on Medicinal Plants and Traditional Medicine, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies (IMPM), P, O, Box 6163, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
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Chen T, Gu J, Zhang X, Ma Y, Cao L, Wang Z, Chen L, Xu X, Xiao W. System-level study on synergism and antagonism of active ingredients in traditional Chinese medicine by using molecular imprinting technology. Sci Rep 2014; 4:7159. [PMID: 25418048 PMCID: PMC4241515 DOI: 10.1038/srep07159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, synergism and antagonism among active ingredients of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) were studied at system-level by using molecular imprinting technology. Reduning Injection (RDNI), a TCM injection, was widely used to relieve fever caused by viral infection diseases in China. Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) synthesized by sol-gel method were used to separate caffeic acid (CA) and analogues from RDNI without affecting other compounds. It can realize the preparative scale separation. The inhibitory effects of separated samples of RDNI and sample combinations in prostaglandin E2 biosynthesis in lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW264.7 cells were studied. The combination index was calculated to evaluate the synergism and antagonism. We found that components which had different scaffolds can produce synergistic anti-inflammatory effect inside and outside the RDNI. Components which had similar scaffolds exhibited the antagonistic effect, and the antagonistic effects among components could be reduced to some extent in RDNI system. The results indicated MIPs with the characteristics of specific adsorption ability and large scale preparation can be an effective approach to study the interaction mechanism among active ingredients of complex system such as TCM at system-level. And this work would provide a new idea to study the interactions among active ingredients of TCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengfei Chen
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jiangyong Gu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Lab of Rare Earth Material Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinzhuang Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical New Technology for Chinese Medicine, Kanion Pharmaceutical Corporation, Lianyungang, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yimin Ma
- National Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical New Technology for Chinese Medicine, Kanion Pharmaceutical Corporation, Lianyungang, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Liang Cao
- National Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical New Technology for Chinese Medicine, Kanion Pharmaceutical Corporation, Lianyungang, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhenzhong Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical New Technology for Chinese Medicine, Kanion Pharmaceutical Corporation, Lianyungang, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Lirong Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Lab of Rare Earth Material Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojie Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Lab of Rare Earth Material Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Xiao
- 1] School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China [2] National Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical New Technology for Chinese Medicine, Kanion Pharmaceutical Corporation, Lianyungang, Jiangsu Province, China
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Fu Y, Wang Y, Zhang B. Systems pharmacology for traditional Chinese medicine with application to cardio-cerebrovascular diseases. JOURNAL OF TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICAL SCIENCES 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcms.2014.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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Xu X, Li F, Zhang X, Li P, Zhang X, Wu Z, Li D. In vitro synergistic antioxidant activity and identification of antioxidant components from Astragalus membranaceus and Paeonia lactiflora. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96780. [PMID: 24816851 PMCID: PMC4016014 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Many traditionally used herbs demonstrate significantly better pharmacological effects when used in combination than when used alone. However, the mechanism underlying this synergism is still poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate the synergistic antioxidant activity of Astragalus membranaceus (AME) and Paeonia Lactiflora (PL), and identify the potential antioxidant components by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazine (DPPH) radical spiking test followed by a high performance liquid chromatography separation combined with diode array detection and tandem mass spectrometry analysis (DPPH-HPLC-DAD-MS/MS). Eight AME-PL combined extracts (E1-E8) were prepared based on bioactivity-guided fractionation. Among them, E1 exhibited the strongest synergistic effect in scavenging DPPH radicals and reducing ferric ions (P<0.05). Moreover, E1 presented strong cytoprotection against H2O2-induced oxidative damage in MRC-5 cells by suppressing the decrease of the superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and catalase (CAT) activities. A strong correlation between the increment of total phenolic/flavonoid and synergistic antioxidant activity, especially between the increment of total flavonoid and the increase in ferric reducing power was observed. Finally, seven antioxidant substances were identified in E1 as oxypaeoniflora, catechin, calycosin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, fomononetin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, 9,10-dimethoxy-pterocarpan-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, quercetin and 2'-dihydroxy-3',4'-dimethyl-isoflavan-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Xu
- Department of Food Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Food Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Food Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Pengcheng Li
- College of Life Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Xing Zhang
- Department of Food Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Zhaoxi Wu
- Department of Food Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Dapeng Li
- Department of Food Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
- National Research Center for Apple Engineering and Technology, Taian, Shandong, China
- * E-mail:
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Liu P, Yang H, Long F, Hao HP, Xu X, Liu Y, Shi XW, Zhang DD, Zheng HC, Wen QY, Li WW, Ji H, Jiang XJ, Zhang BL, Qi LW, Li P. Bioactive equivalence of combinatorial components identified in screening of an herbal medicine. Pharm Res 2014; 31:1788-800. [PMID: 24549817 PMCID: PMC4062815 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-013-1283-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To identify bioactive equivalent combinatorial components (BECCs) in herbal medicines. The exact composition of effective components in herbal medicines is often elusive due to the lack of adequate screening methodology. Herein, we propose a hypothesis that BECCs accounting for the whole efficacy of original herbal medicines could be discovered from a complex mixture of constituents. Methods We developed a bioactive equivalence oriented feedback screening method and applied it to discover the BECCs from an herbal preparation Cardiotonic Pill (CP). The operations include chemical profiling of CP, followed by an iterative loop of determining, collecting and evaluating candidate BECCs. Results A combination of 18 compounds was identified as BECCs from CP, which accounts for 15.0% (w/w) of original CP. We have demonstrated that the BECCs were as effective as CP in cell models and in a rat model of myocardial infarction. Conclusions This work answers the key question of which are real bioactive components for CP that have been used in clinic for many years, and provides a promising approach for discovering BECCs from herbal medicines. More importantly, the BECCs could be extended to improve quality control of herbal products and inspire an herbal medicines based discovery of combinatorial therapeutics. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s11095-013-1283-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
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Luo J, Xu H, Chen KJ. Potential benefits of Chinese Herbal Medicine for elderly patients with cardiovascular diseases. JOURNAL OF GERIATRIC CARDIOLOGY : JGC 2014; 10:305-9. [PMID: 24454321 PMCID: PMC3888910 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-5411.2013.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Chinese Herbal Medicine (CHM), as the most common form of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), has been playing an important role in the treatment of elderly cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) in China. In this paper, we briefly discuss on the potential benefits of CHM for elderly patients with CVDs. Initially, we summarize the characteristics of CVDs in the elderly, the present treatment of CVDs in the elderly, and the clinical applications of CHM for CVDs. Secondly, in addition to introducing the features of CHM, we discuss the differences between CHM and Western medicine. Lastly, the potential benefits of CHM are presented. We came to a conclusion that as mutual complementary, Western medicine and TCM together shall benefit the elderly patients with CVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Luo
- Graduate school, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Hao Xu
- Cardiovascular Diseases Centre, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Ke-Ji Chen
- Cardiovascular Diseases Centre, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China
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Hu M, Fan L, Zhou HH, Tomlinson B. Theranostics meets traditional Chinese medicine: rational prediction of drug–herb interactions. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2014; 12:815-30. [DOI: 10.1586/erm.12.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Gu P, Chen H. Modern bioinformatics meets traditional Chinese medicine. Brief Bioinform 2013; 15:984-1003. [DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbt063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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Li J, Li F, Xu Y, Yang W, Qu L, Xiang Q, Liu C, Li D. Chemical Composition and Synergistic Antioxidant Activities of Essential Oils from Atractylodes Macrocephala and Astragalus Membranaceus. Nat Prod Commun 2013. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1300800934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical composition of the essential oils derived from Atractylodes macrocephala (AMA), Astragalus membranaceus (AME) and AMA-AME herb pair was investigated using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Antioxidant activities were evaluated by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picyrlhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging and Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) assays. Forty-five, ten and forty-three components were identified in AMA, AME and AMA-AME essential oils, respectively. AMA-AME essential oil exhibited a significantly higher radical scavenging capacity than the theoretical sum of those of the respective herb essential oils ( P < 0.05). Principal component analysis showed that twenty-three components contributed to the scavenging activities against DPPH and ABTS•+ radicals. Moreover, the concentrations of these major components exhibited various increases to some extent when compared with the theoretical sum of the respective herb essential oils. These findings suggest that combination of two or more herbs might be used as a promising source of natural antioxidants in the pharmaceutical and food industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinkui Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, PR China
| | - Feng Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, PR China
| | - Yan Xu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, PR China
| | - Wenjian Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, PR China
| | - Lili Qu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, PR China
| | - Qian Xiang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, PR China
| | - Cong Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, PR China
| | - Dapeng Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, PR China
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Kapewangolo P, Hussein AA, Meyer D. Inhibition of HIV-1 enzymes, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of Plectranthus barbatus. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 149:184-190. [PMID: 23811046 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Revised: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Plectranthus barbatus is widely used in African countries as an herbal remedy to manage HIV/AIDS and related conditions. AIM OF THE STUDY To investigate the HIV-1 inhibitory, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of P. barbatus and thereby provide empirical evidence for the apparent anecdotal success of the extracts. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ethanolic extract of P. barbatus's leaves was screened against two HIV-1 enzymes: protease (PR) and reverse transcriptase (RT). Cytotoxicity of the extract was determined through measuring tetrazolium dye uptake of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and the TZM-bl cell line. Confirmatory assays for cytotoxicity were performed using flow cytometry and real-time cell electronic sensing (RT-CES). The free radical scavenging activity of the extract was investigated with 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl while the anti-inflammatory properties of the plant extract were investigated using a Th1/Th2/Th17 cytometric bead array technique. RESULTS P. barbatus extract inhibited HIV-1PR and the 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) was 62.0 µg/ml. The extract demonstrated poor inhibition of HIV-1 RT. Cytotoxicity testing presented CC50 values of 83.7 and 50.4 µg/ml in PBMCs and TZM-bl respectively. In addition, the extract stimulated proliferation in HIV negative and positive PBMCs treated. RT-CES also registered substantial TZM-bl proliferation after extract treatment. The extract exhibited strong antioxidant activity with an IC50 of 16 µg/ml and reduced the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines indicating anti-inflammatory potential. CONCLUSION This is the first demonstration of the in vitro anti HIV-1 potential of P. barbatus including direct activity as well as through the stimulation of protective immune and inflammation responses. The low cytotoxicity of the extract is also in agreement with the vast anecdotal use of this plant in treating various ailments with no reported side-effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petrina Kapewangolo
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Hatfield Campus, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
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Nguta JM, Mbaria JM. Brine shrimp toxicity and antimalarial activity of some plants traditionally used in treatment of malaria in Msambweni district of Kenya. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 148:988-992. [PMID: 23791809 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.05.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Revised: 05/18/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE In Kenya, most people especially in rural areas use traditional medicine and medicinal plants to treat many diseases including malaria. Malaria is of national concern in Kenya, in view of development of resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum to drugs especially chloroquine, which had been effective and affordable. There is need for alternative and affordable therapy. Many antimalarial drugs have been derived from medicinal plants and this is evident from the reported antiplasmodial activity. AIM OF THE STUDY The present study reports on the in vivo antimalarial activity and brine shrimp lethality of five medicinal plants traditionally used to treat malaria in Msambweni district, Kenya. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of five aqueous crude extracts from different plant parts used in traditional medicine for the treatment of malaria were evaluated for their in vivo antimalarial activity using Plasmodium berghei infected Swiss mice and for their acute toxicity using Brine shrimp lethality test. RESULTS The screened crude plant extracts suppressed parasitaemia as follows: Azadirachta indica (L) Burm. (Meliaceae), 3.1%; Dichrostachys cinerea (L) Wight et Arn (Mimosaceae), 6.3%; Tamarindus indica L. (Caesalpiniaceae), 25.1%; Acacia seyal Del. (Mimosaceae) 27.8% and Grewia trichocarpa Hochst ex A.Rich (Tiliaceae) 35.8%. In terms of toxicity, A.indica root bark extract had an LC50 of 285.8 µg/ml and was considered moderately toxic. T.indica stem bark extract and G.trichocarpa root extract had an LC50 of 516.4 and 545.8 µg/ml respectively and were considered to be weakly toxic while A.seyal and D.cinerea root extracts had a LC50>1000 µg/ml and were therefore considered to be non toxic. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that the aqueous extracts of the tested plants when used alone as monotherapy had antimalarial activity which was significantly different from that of chloroquine (P≤0.05). The results also suggest that the anecdotal efficacy of the above plants reported by the study community is related to synergism of phytoconstituents since the assayed plant parts are used in combination with others to treat malaria. It is also evident that none of the screened plant extracts is toxic to the arthropod invertebrate, Artemia salina L. (Artemiidae) larvae, justifying the continued use of the plant parts to treat malaria. A.seyal, G.trichocarpa and T.indica have not been reported before for in vivo antimalarial activity and brine shrimp lethality.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Nguta
- Department of Public Health, Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Agriculture & Veterinary Sciences, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053-00625 Nairobi, Kenya.
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Li P, Chen J, Wang J, Zhou W, Wang X, Li B, Tao W, Wang W, Wang Y, Yang L. Systems pharmacology strategies for drug discovery and combination with applications to cardiovascular diseases. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 151:93-107. [PMID: 23850710 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Revised: 06/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Multi-target therapeutics is a promising paradigm for drug discovery which is expected to produce greater levels of efficacy with fewer adverse effects and toxicity than monotherapies. Medical herbs featuring multi-components and multi-targets may serve as valuable resources for network-based multi-target drug discovery. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, we report an integrated systems pharmacology platform for drug discovery and combination, with a typical example applied to herbal medicines in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. RESULTS First, a disease-specific drug-target network was constructed and examined at systems level to capture the key disease-relevant biology for discovery of multi-targeted agents. Second, considering an integration of disease complexity and multilevel connectivity, a comprehensive database of literature-reported associations, chemicals and pharmacology for herbal medicines was designed. Third, a large-scale systematic analysis combining pharmacokinetics, chemogenomics, pharmacology and systems biology data through computational methods was performed and validated experimentally, which results in a superior output of information for systematic drug design strategies for complex diseases. CONCLUSIONS This strategy integrating different types of technologies is expected to help create new opportunities for drug discovery and combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Li
- Center of Bioinformatics, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jianxin Chen
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jinan Wang
- Center of Bioinformatics, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Center of Bioinformatics, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xia Wang
- Center of Bioinformatics, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Bohui Li
- Center of Bioinformatics, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Weiyang Tao
- Center of Bioinformatics, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Yonghua Wang
- Center of Bioinformatics, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ling Yang
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Resource Discovery, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning, China
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Lee KY, Jeong MR, Choi SM, Na SS, Cha JD. Synergistic effect of fucoidan with antibiotics against oral pathogenic bacteria. Arch Oral Biol 2013; 58:482-92. [PMID: 23399045 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2012.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Revised: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 11/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fucoidan is a sulphated polysaccharide that is primarily extracted from brown seaweeds; it has been broadly studied in recent years due to its numerous biological properties, including anticoagulant, antithrombotic, antitumour and antiviral activities. OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN In this study, fucoidan was evaluated against oral bacteria, either alone or with antibiotics, via the broth dilution method and chequerboard and time-kill assay. RESULTS Minimum inhibitory concentration/minimum bactericidal concentration (MIC/MBC) values for the fucoidan against all the tested bacteria ranged between 0.125 and 0.50/0.25 and 1.00mgml(-1), for ampicillin 0.125 and 64/0.5 and 64μgml(-1) and for gentamicin 2 and 256/4 and 512μgml(-1), respectively. Furthermore, the MIC and MBC were reduced to one half-eighth as a result of the combination of the fucoidan with antibiotics. One to 3h of treatment with MIC50 of fucoidan with MIC50 of antibiotics resulted from an increase of the rate of killing in colony forming units (CFUs) ml(-1) to a greater degree than was observed with alone. CONCLUSION These results suggest that fucoidan is important in the antibacterial actions of the agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Yeol Lee
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Institute of Oral Bioscience, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
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Zheng CS, Xu XJ, Ye HZ, Wu GW, Li XH, Huang SP, Liu XX. Computational approaches for exploring the potential synergy and polypharmacology of Duhuo Jisheng Decoction in the therapy of osteoarthritis. Mol Med Rep 2013; 7:1812-8. [PMID: 23563495 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2013.1411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The Duhuo Jisheng Decoction (DHJSD), a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), has been widely used to treat osteoarthritis (OA). However, the mechanisms of action of the DHJSD have not been clearly elucidated. In the present study, the compounds in the DHJSD were characterized by three computational methods; the ligand clustering, chemical space distribution and network construction and analysis methods. The compounds that formed the medical composition of the DHJSD were divided into 10 clusters and possessed a broad diversity in chemical space distribution. The compounds also had the same coverage of chemical space as the OA drug/drug‑like compounds from DrugBank. In addition, multiple active compounds were identified as able to target multiple proteins in the drug‑target association networks (D‑T networks). A certain number of key compounds in the D‑T networks have been previously reported in the literature. The present study also constructed drug‑drug association networks (D‑D networks) and classified the DHJSD compounds into five clusters. The clusters represented multiple diverse combinations binding to the OA targets. These results suggested that the DHJSD had drug‑ and lead‑like compounds with potential synergy and polypharmacology against OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Song Zheng
- Fujian Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, P.R. China
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Shi J, Fu Q, Chen W, Yang HP, Liu J, Wang XM, He X. Comparative study of pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of osthole in rats after oral administration of pure osthole and Libanotis buchtormensis supercritical extract. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 145:25-31. [PMID: 23142197 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Revised: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 10/13/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Libanotis buchtormensis is the source of an important traditional medicine from Shaanxi province of China used in the treatment of many illnesses. Libanotis buchtormensis supercritical extract (LBSE) has analgesic, sedative and anti-inflammatory qualities. Osthole is one of the major bioactive components of LBSE; it is known for its significant anti-tumor, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory properties, it also alleviates hyperglycemia. AIM OF THE STUDY The purpose of the present study was to compare the pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of osthole in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats after oral administration of pure osthole and LBSE. The two preparations were administered at the same osthole dose (approximately 130 mg/kg). The results should provide some guidance for the clinical applications of Libanotis buchtormensis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Comparative pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of osthole in SD rats after oral administration of pure osthole and LBSE were analyzed using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). All pharmacokinetic data were analyzed using 3P97 software. Samples of blood and internal organs (heart, liver, spleen, lungs and kidney) were collected and pretreated according to the experimental schedule. After pretreatment, plasma and tissue samples were extracted using ether-ethyl acetate mixture (3:1, v/v). The concentration of osthole in the plasma and tissues were determined using the RP-HPLC method. RESULTS The procedure described in this paper shows good precision and stability and is suitable for the osthole assays in biological samples. We found that the average plasma concentration-time profile of osthole after oral administration of osthole and LBSE showed a single peak. There were also clear differences between plasma concentrations of osthole after oral administration of pure osthole and LBSE. Non-osthole ingredients in LBSE showed some pharmacokinetic interactions with osthole and hence decreased its absorption levels (p<0.05). Our results show different tissue distribution of osthole in the single and composite administration regimens. CONCLUSIONS This study compares the pharmacokinetic characteristics and tissue distribution of osthole in rats after oral administration of pure osthole and LBSE; the results might be useful in clinical application of this traditional Chinese herbal medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Shi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
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Schwabl H, Vennos C, Saller R. Tibetische Rezepturen als pleiotrope Signaturen - Einsatz von Netzwerk-Arzneien bei Multimorbidität. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 20 Suppl 2:35-40. [DOI: 10.1159/000351718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Lim DW, Song M, Park J, Park SW, Kim NH, Gaire BP, Choi HY, Kim H. Anti-obesity effect of HT048, a herbal combination, in high fat diet-induced obese rats. Molecules 2012; 17:14765-77. [PMID: 23519251 PMCID: PMC6268346 DOI: 10.3390/molecules171214765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Revised: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the anti-obesity effects of HT048, a combination of C. pinnatifida fruit and C. unshiu peel extracts, in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese rats. 4-Week-old male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were divided into normal and high fat diet (HFD) groups. The HFD groups were further divided into five groups treated with distilled water, orlistat (40 mg/kg, twice daily, p.o) and HT048 (30, 100 and 300 mg/kg, twice daily, p.o.) for 12 weeks. Orlistat, an anti-obesity drug, was used as positive control in the HFD-induced obese rats. We measured the food intake, body weight, epididymal adipose tissue and liver weights, and serum total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), alanine transaminase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels. The body weight and epididymal adipose tissue and liver weights of the HT048 100 and 300 mg/kg treated groups were significantly lower than that of the HFD control group. Also, serum TC, TG, ALT, and AST levels in the HT048 100 and 300 mg/kg treated groups were significantly decreased. Moreover, the orlistat treated group showed significantly reduced body weight and improved serum lipoprotein, compared with the HFD control group. These results show that HT048 supplements improved obesity-related body weight and serum lipoprotein parameters in a HFD-induced obese rat model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wook Lim
- Department of Herbal Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea
| | - MiKyung Song
- Department of Herbal Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea
| | - Juyeon Park
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology for Eastern Medicine (KISTEM), NeuMed Inc., Seoul 130-701, Korea
| | - Sang Woug Park
- Department of Herbal Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea
| | - Nak Hoon Kim
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology for Eastern Medicine (KISTEM), NeuMed Inc., Seoul 130-701, Korea
| | - Bhakta Prasad Gaire
- Department of Herbal Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea
| | - Ho-Young Choi
- Department of Herbal Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea
| | - Hocheol Kim
- Department of Herbal Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +82-961-0419; Fax: +82-964-0325
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A systems biology approach to uncovering pharmacological synergy in herbal medicines with applications to cardiovascular disease. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2012; 2012:519031. [PMID: 23243453 PMCID: PMC3518963 DOI: 10.1155/2012/519031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background. Clinical trials reveal that multiherb prescriptions of herbal medicine often exhibit pharmacological and therapeutic superiority in comparison to isolated single constituents. However, the synergistic mechanisms underlying this remain elusive. To address this question, a novel systems biology model integrating oral bioavailability and drug-likeness screening, target identification, and network pharmacology method has been constructed and applied to four clinically widely used herbs Radix Astragali Mongolici, Radix Puerariae Lobatae, Radix Ophiopogonis Japonici, and Radix Salviae Miltiorrhiza which exert synergistic effects of combined treatment of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Results. The results show that the structural properties of molecules in four herbs have substantial differences, and each herb can interact with significant target proteins related to CVD. Moreover, the bioactive ingredients from different herbs potentially act on the same molecular target (multiple-drug-one-target) and/or the functionally diverse targets but with potentially clinically relevant associations (multiple-drug-multiple-target-one-disease). From a molecular/systematic level, this explains why the herbs within a concoction could mutually enhance pharmacological synergy on a disease. Conclusions. The present work provides a new strategy not only for the understanding of pharmacological synergy in herbal medicine, but also for the rational discovery of potent drug/herb combinations that are individually subtherapeutic.
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Qin C, Tan KL, Zhang CL, Tan CY, Chen YZ, Jiang YY. What does it take to synergistically combine sub-potent natural products into drug-level potent combinations? PLoS One 2012; 7:e49969. [PMID: 23209627 PMCID: PMC3509152 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Accepted: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
There have been renewed interests in natural products as drug discovery sources. In particular, natural product combinations have been extensively studied, clinically tested, and widely used in traditional, folk and alternative medicines. But opinions about their therapeutic efficacies vary from placebo to synergistic effects. The important questions are whether synergistic effects can sufficiently elevate therapeutic potencies to drug levels, and by what mechanisms and at what odds such combinations can be assembled. We studied these questions by analyzing literature-reported cell-based potencies of 190 approved anticancer and antimicrobial drugs, 1378 anticancer and antimicrobial natural products, 99 natural product extracts, 124 synergistic natural product combinations, and 122 molecular interaction profiles of the 19 natural product combinations with collective potency enhanced to drug level or by >10-fold. Most of the evaluated natural products and combinations are sub-potent to drugs. Sub-potent natural products can be assembled into combinations of drug level potency at low probabilities by distinguished multi-target modes modulating primary targets, their regulators and effectors, and intracellular bioavailability of the active natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chu Qin
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P. R. China
- The Ministry-Province Jointly Constructed Base for State Key Lab-Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, the Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, P. R. China
- Bioinformatics and Drug Design Group, Department of Pharmacy, and Center for Computational Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore,Singapore
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kai Leng Tan
- Bioinformatics and Drug Design Group, Department of Pharmacy, and Center for Computational Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore,Singapore
| | - Cun Long Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P. R. China
- The Ministry-Province Jointly Constructed Base for State Key Lab-Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, the Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Chun Yan Tan
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P. R. China
- The Ministry-Province Jointly Constructed Base for State Key Lab-Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, the Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Yu Zong Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P. R. China
- The Ministry-Province Jointly Constructed Base for State Key Lab-Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, the Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, P. R. China
- Bioinformatics and Drug Design Group, Department of Pharmacy, and Center for Computational Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore,Singapore
- * E-mail: (YZC); (YYJ)
| | - Yu Yang Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P. R. China
- The Ministry-Province Jointly Constructed Base for State Key Lab-Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, the Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (YZC); (YYJ)
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80
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Hooper
- British Nutrition Foundation; London; UK
| | - R. Frazier
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences; University of Reading; UK
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81
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Harnessing traditional Chinese medicine to improve cancer therapy: issues for future development. Ther Deliv 2012; 1:335-44. [PMID: 22816136 DOI: 10.4155/tde.10.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has recently yielded a number of chemical compounds with clinically significant anticancer activity. The theory of TCM formulas, however, unlike Western medicine, is based on the interactions of the various Chinese medicinal materials in the body, rather than the activity of a single purified chemical compound. Mechanisms for the possible synergistic anticancer effects of components in TCM formulas have recently been postulated. Advanced research on the clinical effects of TCM formulas, however, has been hampered by inconsistent dosage formulations and unreliable quality control. Scientific challenges in dosage formulation and methods for ensuring quality control of TCM products will be discussed.
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82
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Ajmani S, Kulkarni SA. Application of GQSAR for Scaffold Hopping and Lead Optimization in Multitarget Inhibitors. Mol Inform 2012; 31:473-90. [DOI: 10.1002/minf.201100160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Accepted: 04/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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83
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Fasinu PS, Bouic PJ, Rosenkranz B. An overview of the evidence and mechanisms of herb-drug interactions. Front Pharmacol 2012; 3:69. [PMID: 22557968 PMCID: PMC3339338 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2012.00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the lack of sufficient information on the safety of herbal products, their use as alternative and/or complementary medicine is globally popular. There is also an increasing interest in medicinal herbs as precursor for pharmacological actives. Of serious concern is the concurrent consumption of herbal products and conventional drugs. Herb-drug interaction (HDI) is the single most important clinical consequence of this practice. Using a structured assessment procedure, the evidence of HDI presents with varying degree of clinical significance. While the potential for HDI for a number of herbal products is inferred from non-human studies, certain HDIs are well established through human studies and documented case reports. Various mechanisms of pharmacokinetic HDI have been identified and include the alteration in the gastrointestinal functions with consequent effects on drug absorption; induction and inhibition of metabolic enzymes and transport proteins; and alteration of renal excretion of drugs and their metabolites. Due to the intrinsic pharmacologic properties of phytochemicals, pharmacodynamic HDIs are also known to occur. The effects could be synergistic, additive, and/or antagonistic. Poor reporting on the part of patients and the inability to promptly identify HDI by health providers are identified as major factors limiting the extensive compilation of clinically relevant HDIs. A general overview and the significance of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic HDI are provided, detailing basic mechanism, and nature of evidence available. An increased level of awareness of HDI is necessary among health professionals and drug discovery scientists. With the increasing number of plant-sourced pharmacological actives, the potential for HDI should always be assessed in the non-clinical safety assessment phase of drug development process. More clinically relevant research is also required in this area as current information on HDI is insufficient for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pius S. Fasinu
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of StellenboschCape Town, South Africa
| | - Patrick J. Bouic
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of StellenboschCape Town, South Africa
- Synexa Life Sciences, Montague GardensCape Town, South Africa
| | - Bernd Rosenkranz
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of StellenboschCape Town, South Africa
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84
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Sheridan H, Krenn L, Jiang R, Sutherland I, Ignatova S, Marmann A, Liang X, Sendker J. The potential of metabolic fingerprinting as a tool for the modernisation of TCM preparations. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 140:482-491. [PMID: 22338647 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.01.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Revised: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A vast majority Chinese herbal medicines (CHM) are traditionally administered as individually prepared water decoctions (tang) which are rather complicated in practice and their dry extracts show technological problems that hamper straight production of more convenient application forms. Modernised extraction procedures may overcome these difficulties but there is lack of clinical evidence supporting their therapeutic equivalence to traditional decoctions and their quality can often not solely be attributed to the single marker compounds that are usually used for chemical extract optimisation. As demonstrated by the example of the rather simple traditional TCM formula Danggui Buxue Tang, both the chemical composition and the biological activity of extracts resulting from traditional water decoction are influenced by details of the extraction procedure and especially involve pharmacokinetic synergism based on co-extraction. Hence, a more detailed knowledge about the traditional extracts' chemical profiles and their impact on biological activity is desirable in order to allow the development of modernised extracts that factually contain the whole range of compounds relevant for the efficacy of the traditional application. We propose that these compounds can be identified by metabolomics based on comprehensive fingerprint analysis of different extracts with known biological activity. TCM offers a huge variety of traditional products of the same botanical origin but with distinct therapeutic properties, like differentially processed drugs and special daodi qualities. Through this variety, TCM gives an ideal field for the application of metabolomic techniques aiming at the identification of active constituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Sheridan
- Trinity College, Dublin, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, East End Development 4/5, Dublin 2, Ireland
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85
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Nuño G, Zampini IC, Ordoñez RM, Alberto MR, Arias ME, Isla MI. Antioxidant/Antibacterial Activities of a Topical Phytopharmaceutical Formulation Containing a Standardized Extract ofBaccharis incarum, an Extremophile Plant Species from Argentine Puna. Phytother Res 2012; 26:1759-67. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.4633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 01/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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86
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Song JX, Sze SCW, Ng TB, Lee CKF, Leung GPH, Shaw PC, Tong Y, Zhang YB. Anti-Parkinsonian drug discovery from herbal medicines: what have we got from neurotoxic models? JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 139:698-711. [PMID: 22212501 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Revised: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Herbal medicines are used to treat Parkinson's disease (PD) in ancient medical systems in Asian countries such as India, China, Japan and Korea based on their own anecdotal or experience-based theories. AIM OF THE REVIEW To systematically summarize and analyze the anti-Parkinsonian activities of herbal preparations (including active compounds, herbal extracts and formulations) investigated in the neurotoxic models of PD and provide future references for basic and clinical investigations. MATERIALS AND METHODS All the herbal materials tested on in vitro and in vivo neurotoxic models of PD were retrieved from PubMed database by using pre-set searching strings. The relevant compounds and herbal extracts with anti-Parkinsonian activities were included and analyzed according to their chemical classifications or biological activities. RESULTS A total of 51 herbal medicines were analyzed. A diversity of compounds isolated from herbal materials were reported to be effective on neurotoxic models of PD by modulating multiple key events or signaling pathways implicated in the pathogenesis of PD. The main structure types of these compounds belong to catechols, stilbenoids, flavonoids, phenylpropanoids and lignans, phenylethanoid glycosides and terpenes. Although some herbal extracts and formulations have shown positive results on PD animal models, the relative compounds accounting for the effects and the underlying mechanisms remain to be further investigated. CONCLUSIONS Herbal medicines can be an alternative and valuable source for anti-Parkinsonian drug discovery. Compounds classified into stilbenoids, flavonoids, catechols and terpenes may be the most promising candidates for further investigation. Some well-studies compounds such as baicalein, puerarin, resveratrol, curcumin and ginsenosides deserve further consideration in clinical trials. In-depth experimental studies are still needed to evaluate the efficacy of herbal extracts and formulations in PD models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Xian Song
- School of Chinese Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
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87
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Combinatorial support vector machines approach for virtual screening of selective multi-target serotonin reuptake inhibitors from large compound libraries. J Mol Graph Model 2012; 32:49-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2011.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2011] [Revised: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 09/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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88
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Zou J, Ji P, Zhao YL, Li LL, Wei YQ, Chen YZ, Yang SY. Neighbor communities in drug combination networks characterize synergistic effect. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2012; 8:3185-96. [DOI: 10.1039/c2mb25267h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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89
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Chinese medicine pattern diagnosis could lead to innovation in medical sciences. Chin J Integr Med 2011; 17:811-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s11655-011-0891-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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90
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Herrmann F, Wink M. Synergistic interactions of saponins and monoterpenes in HeLa cells, Cos7 cells and in erythrocytes. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2011; 18:1191-1196. [PMID: 21968386 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2011.08.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Accepted: 08/24/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In phytomedicine complex extracts consisting of phenolics, monoterpenes or saponins are traditionally used. It is often impossible to attribute the biological activity of an extract to one or few compounds. As an explanation of the superior activity of extracts, a synergistic effect of combinations of active compounds has been suggested. Since lipophilic monoterpenes or saponins targeting the biomembrane usually accompany polar polyphenols in phytomedical preparations, we decided to investigate their effect as single substances and in combination to gain further insight into potential synergistic effects of herbal medicine. Combinations of the monoterpenes α-pinene, thymol and menthol with the monodesmosidic saponins digitonin, aescin, glycyrrhizic acid and Quillaja saponin demonstrated strong synergistic activity. The IC(50) of haemolysis was lowered by a factor of 10-100 from 316μg/ml to 2μg/ml for aescin, 157μg/ml to 11μg/ml for Quillaja saponins and 20μg/ml to 3μg/ml for digitonin when combined with thymol. A similar significant synergistic cytotoxicity occurred both in HeLa and Cos7 cells by combining the α-pinene, thymol and menthol with the saponins. The IC(50) of glycyrrhizic acid was lowered by a factor 100 from around 300μg/ml to around 1-10μg/ml and the IC(50) of aescin, digitonin and Quillaja saponins about the factor 10. Monoterpenes and monodesmosidic saponins have a common target, the biomembrane, which is present in all animal, fungal and bacterial cells. Disturbance of membrane fluidity and permeability is the mode of action. This activity is non-specific which makes it extremely difficult for bacteria and fungi to develop resistance. This explains the overall success of these molecules as defence chemicals in the plant kingdom. The synergistic effect of combinations of saponins with monoterpenes opens a complete new field of possible applications in medicine to overcome resistance in multidrug resistant microbial and human cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Herrmann
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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91
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Li JC, Shen XF, Meng XL, Zhang Y, Lai XR. Analgesic effect and mechanism of the three TCM-herbal drug-combination Tou Feng Yu pill on treatment of migraine. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2011; 18:788-794. [PMID: 21315572 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2011.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2010] [Revised: 11/04/2010] [Accepted: 01/06/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that pain is one of the most important characteristics of migraine. Therefore, it is important and interesting to investigate the analgesic effect and mechanism of drugs which are used to treat migraine. Tou Feng Yu pill (TFY) is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine, consisting of the three Chinese herbal drugs Radix Angelicae dahuricae (Baizhi), Rhizome Ligustici (Chuanxiong) and Folium Camelliae sinensis (green tea) for the treatment of migraine. In this study, we found that TFY could significantly reduce the writhing times induced by acetic acid and licking foot response induced by formalin, and extend the writhing latent period. But the analgesic effect was not observed at hot-plate test. Meanwhile, experimental migrainous model induced by nitroglycerin was used to investigate the therapeutic effect of TFY. Compared with the control group, the levels of plasma calcitonin gene related to peptide (CGRP), serum nitric oxide (NO) and contents of brain dopamine (DA) in TFY administration groups were significantly decreased, and the levels of plasma endothelin (ET) and contents of brain 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) were remarkably increased, also the ratio of ET/NO was clearly corrected. Furthermore, the improving effect of behavior abnormality was observed in TFY administration rats. Meanwhile, isolated vascular ring test indicated that TFY had an significant effect on vasomotion, and antagonize vasospasm; moreover TFY also could increase cerebral blood flow (CBF) and reduce cerebrovascular resistance index (RI) in normal rabbits, which verified the effect of TFY on vasomotion and abnormal hemorheology. All the results indicate that TFY has an effective therapeutical action on migraine, which may be related to three aspects as following: firstly, adjusting the level of neurotransmitters, neuropeptides and vasoactive substances, relieving neurogenic inflammation; secondly, improving vasomotion, increase cerebral blood flow, then improving hemorheology; finally, increasing pain threshold, relieving or preventing headache. These findings provide additional pharmacological information and may contribute for the further study and use of TFY as a phytomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-chuan Li
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, China
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92
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Capelari-Oliveira P, Paula CA, Rezende SA, Campos FT, Grabe-Guimarães A, Lombardi JA, Saúde-Guimarães DA. Anti-inflammatory activity of Lychnophora passerina, Asteraceae (Brazilian "Arnica"). JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2011; 135:393-398. [PMID: 21420480 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2010] [Revised: 02/27/2011] [Accepted: 03/12/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Lychnophora passerina (Asteraceae), popularly known as "arnica," is used to treat inflammation, pain, rheumatism, contusions, bruises and insect bites in Brazilian traditional medicine. MATERIALS AND METHODS The anti-inflammatory activity of crude ethanolic extract of aerial parts of L. passerina and its ethyl acetate and methanolic fractions had their abilities to modulate the production of NO, TNF-α and IL-10 inflammatory mediators in LPS/IFN-γ-stimulated J774.A1 macrophages evaluated. Moreover, the crude ethanolic extract and derived fractions were also in vivo assayed by carrageenan-induced paw oedema in mice. RESULTS In vitro assays showed remarkable anti-inflammatory activity of L. passerina crude ethanolic extract (EE) and its ethyl acetate (A) and methanolic (M) fractions, through the inhibition of production of NO and TNF-α inflammatory mediators and induction of production of IL-10 anti-inflammatory cytokine. In vivo assays showed anti-inflammatory activity for EE 10% ointment, similar to the standard drug diclofenac gel. The A and M fraction ointments 20% presented anti-inflammatory activity. CONCLUSION The results obtained showed that possible anti-inflammatory effects of EE and its A and M fractions may be attributed to inhibition pro-inflammatory cytokines production, TNF-α and NO and to increased IL-10 production. EE, A and M ointments showed topical in vivo anti-inflammatory activity. The in vivo anti-inflammatory activity of EE of L. passerina may be related to synergistic effects of different substances in the crude extract. Therefore, traditional use of aerial parts of L. passerina in the inflammatory conditions could be beneficial to treat topical inflammatory conditions, as evidenced by the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Capelari-Oliveira
- Laboratório de Plantas Medicinais, Escola de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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93
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Ginsburg H, Deharo E. A call for using natural compounds in the development of new antimalarial treatments - an introduction. Malar J 2011; 10 Suppl 1:S1. [PMID: 21411010 PMCID: PMC3059457 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-10-s1-s1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural compounds, mostly from plants, have been the mainstay of traditional medicine for thousands of years. They have also been the source of lead compounds for modern medicine, but the extent of mining of natural compounds for such leads decreased during the second half of the 20th century. The advantage of natural compounds for the development of drugs derives from their innate affinity for biological receptors. Natural compounds have provided the best anti-malarials known to date. Recent surveys have identified many extracts of various organisms (mostly plants) as having antiplasmodial activity. Huge libraries of fractionated natural compounds have been screened with impressive hit rates. Importantly, many cases are known where the crude biological extract is more efficient pharmacologically than the most active purified compound from this extract. This could be due to synergism with other compounds present in the extract, that as such have no pharmacological activity. Indeed, such compounds are best screened by cell-based assay where all potential targets in the cell are probed and possible synergies identified. Traditional medicine uses crude extracts. These have often been shown to provide many concoctions that deal better with the overall disease condition than with the causative agent itself. Traditional medicines are used by ~80 % of Africans as a first response to ailment. Many of the traditional medicines have demonstrable anti-plasmodial activities. It is suggested that rigorous evaluation of traditional medicines involving controlled clinical trials in parallel with agronomical development for more reproducible levels of active compounds could improve the availability of drugs at an acceptable cost and a source of income in malaria endemic countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hagai Ginsburg
- Dept, Biol, Chem, Inst, Life Sci, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel.
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94
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Wang X, Sun H, Zhang A, Jiao G, Sun W, Yuan Y. Pharmacokinetics screening for multi-components absorbed in the rat plasma after oral administration traditional Chinese medicine formula Yin-Chen-Hao-Tang by ultra performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization/quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry combined with pattern recognition methods. Analyst 2011; 136:5068-76. [DOI: 10.1039/c1an15752c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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95
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Zhao FR, Mao HP, Zhang H, Hu LM, Wang H, Wang YF, Yanagihara N, Gao XM. Antagonistic effects of two herbs in Zuojin Wan, a traditional Chinese medicine formula, on catecholamine secretion in bovine adrenal medullary cells. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2010; 17:659-668. [PMID: 20153155 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2009.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2009] [Revised: 09/27/2009] [Accepted: 10/13/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In order to research the target of superior efficacy and lesser side effects, combination of herbal materials has been applied to phytotherapy for thousands of years in China and some other countries. Zuojin Wan (ZJW), a famous traditional Chinese medicine formula, is used in treating gastric diseases in China. It is composed of two herbs, Rhizoma Coptidis (RC) and Fructus Evodiae (FE) in the ratio of 6: 1(w/w). In the present study, we examined the effects of ZJW, RC, FE and active components isolated from these herbs on catecholamine (CA) secretion and intracellular calcium ([Ca(2+)](i)) in cultured bovine adrenal medullary cells. Extracts of ZJW and RC and berberine, palmatine and jatrorrhizine, components of RC, all inhibited CA secretion and rise in [Ca(2+)](i) induced by acetylcholine (ACh), veratridine (Ver) and/or 56 mM K(+). On the other hand, extract of FE, evodiamine and rutaecarpine, components of FE, stimulated CA secretion and rise in [Ca(2+)](i) induced by ACh. Furthermore, different proportions of RC and FE caused different responses in CA secretion. The present findings suggest that two herbs in ZJW have opposite effects, i.e., inhibitory effect of RC and stimulatory effect of FE, on CA secretion induced by acetylcholine in cultured bovine adrenal medullary cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- F-R Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
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96
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Ma XH, Shi Z, Tan C, Jiang Y, Go ML, Low BC, Chen YZ. In-silico approaches to multi-target drug discovery : computer aided multi-target drug design, multi-target virtual screening. Pharm Res 2010; 27:739-49. [PMID: 20221898 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-010-0065-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2009] [Accepted: 01/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Multi-target drugs against selective multiple targets improve therapeutic efficacy, safety and resistance profiles by collective regulations of a primary therapeutic target together with compensatory elements and resistance activities. Efforts have been made to employ in-silico methods for facilitating the search and design of selective multi-target agents. These methods have shown promising potential in facilitating drug discovery directed at selective multiple targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Hua Ma
- Bioinformatics and Drug Design Group, Department of Pharmacy, Centre for Computational Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Blk S16, Level 8, 3 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
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97
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Zhao J, Jiang P, Zhang W. Molecular networks for the study of TCM pharmacology. Brief Bioinform 2009; 11:417-30. [PMID: 20038567 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbp063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
To target complex, multi-factorial diseases more effectively, there has been an emerging trend of multi-target drug development based on network biology, as well as an increasing interest in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) that applies a more holistic treatment to diseases. Thousands of years' clinic practices in TCM have accumulated a considerable number of formulae that exhibit reliable in vivo efficacy and safety. However, the molecular mechanisms responsible for their therapeutic effectiveness are still unclear. The development of network-based systems biology has provided considerable support for the understanding of the holistic, complementary and synergic essence of TCM in the context of molecular networks. This review introduces available sources and methods that could be utilized for the network-based study of TCM pharmacology, proposes a workflow for network-based TCM pharmacology study, and presents two case studies on applying these sources and methods to understand the mode of action of TCM recipes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Second Military Medical University, PR China
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Assessment of herbal medicinal products: challenges, and opportunities to increase the knowledge base for safety assessment. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2009; 243:198-216. [PMID: 20018204 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2009.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2009] [Revised: 12/03/2009] [Accepted: 12/04/2009] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Although herbal medicinal products (HMP) have been perceived by the public as relatively low risk, there has been more recognition of the potential risks associated with this type of product as the use of HMPs increases. Potential harm can occur via inherent toxicity of herbs, as well as from contamination, adulteration, plant misidentification, and interactions with other herbal products or pharmaceutical drugs. Regulatory safety assessment for HMPs relies on both the assessment of cases of adverse reactions and the review of published toxicity information. However, the conduct of such an integrated investigation has many challenges in terms of the quantity and quality of information. Adverse reactions are under-reported, product quality may be less than ideal, herbs have a complex composition and there is lack of information on the toxicity of medicinal herbs or their constituents. Nevertheless, opportunities exist to capitalise on newer information to increase the current body of scientific evidence. Novel sources of information are reviewed, such as the use of poison control data to augment adverse reaction information from national pharmacovigilance databases, and the use of more recent toxicological assessment techniques such as predictive toxicology and omics. The integration of all available information can reduce the uncertainty in decision making with respect to herbal medicinal products. The example of Aristolochia and aristolochic acids is used to highlight the challenges related to safety assessment, and the opportunities that exist to more accurately elucidate the toxicity of herbal medicines.
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Chan SSK, Chen JH, Hwang SM, Wang IJ, Li HJ, Lee RT, Hsieh PCH. Salvianolic acid B-vitamin C synergy in cardiac differentiation from embryonic stem cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 387:723-8. [PMID: 19643081 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.07.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2009] [Accepted: 07/21/2009] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Inefficient cardiomyocyte differentiation limits the therapeutic use of embryonic stem (ES) cell-derived cardiomyocytes. While large collections of proprietary chemicals had been screened to improve ES cell differentiation into cardiomyocytes, the natural product library remained unexplored. Using a mouse ES cell line transfected with a cardiomyocyte-specific alpha-myosin heavy chain promoter-driven enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) reporter, we screened 24 natural products with known cardioprotective actions. Salvianolic acid B (saB), while produced minimal effect on its own, concentration-dependently synergized with vitamin C in inducing cardiomyocyte differentiation, as demonstrated by an increase in EGFP(+) cells, beating area in embryoid bodies, and expression of cardiomyocyte maturity markers. This synergy is specific to cardiomyocyte differentiation, and is involved with collagen synthesis. The present study demonstrates the saB-vitamin C synergy in inducing ES cell differentiation into matured and functional cardiomyocytes, and this may lead to a practicable cocktail approach to generate ES cell-derived cardiomyocytes for cardiac stem cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunny Sun-Kin Chan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine and Research Center for Clinical Medicine, National Cheng Kung University & Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
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