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Khairul I, Wang QQ, Jiang YH, Wang C, Naranmandura H. Metabolism, toxicity and anticancer activities of arsenic compounds. Oncotarget 2017; 8:23905-23926. [PMID: 28108741 PMCID: PMC5410354 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
A variety of studies indicated that inorganic arsenic and its methylated metabolites have paradoxical effects, namely, carcinogenic and anticancer effects. Epidemiological studies have shown that long term exposure to arsenic can increase the risk of cancers of lung, skin or bladder in man, which is probably associated with the arsenic metabolism. In fact, the enzymatic conversion of inorganic arsenic by Arsenic (+3 oxidation state) methyltransferase (AS3MT) to mono- and dimethylated arsenic species has long been considered as a major route for detoxification. However, several studies have also indicated that biomethylation of inorganic arsenic, particularly the production of trivalent methylated metabolites, is a process that activates arsenic as a toxin and a carcinogen. On the other hand, arsenic trioxide (As2O3) has recently been recognized as one of the most effective drugs for the treatment of APL. However, elaboration of the cytotoxic mechanisms of arsenic and its methylated metabolites in eradicating cancer is sorely lacking. To provide a deeper understanding of the toxicity and carcinogenicity along with them use of arsenic in chemotherapy, caution is required considering the poor understanding of its various mechanisms of exerting toxicity. Thereby, in this review, we have focused on arsenic metabolic pathway, the roles of the methylated arsenic metabolites in toxicity and in the therapeutic efficacy for the treatments of solid tumors, APL and/or non-APL malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Islam Khairul
- Department of Toxicology, School of Medicine and Public Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qian Qian Wang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Medicine and Public Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu Han Jiang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Medicine and Public Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Medicine and Public Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hua Naranmandura
- Department of Toxicology, School of Medicine and Public Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Alkushi AG. Protective Effect of Sorrel Extract on Adult Rats Treated by Carbon Tetrachloride. Pharmacognosy Res 2017; 9:200-207. [PMID: 28539746 PMCID: PMC5424563 DOI: 10.4103/0974-8490.204653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Heart, kidneys, and liver are the vital organs present in vertebrates and some other animals. They have a wide range of functions, such as maintaining homeostasis, detoxification, protein synthesis, and production of biochemical, that are necessary for digestion and maintaining circulation. These organs are necessary for the survival, and currently, there are no means to compensate for the absence of their functionalities in a long term. The damage of liver can affect other vital organs, including kidneys and heart. AIMS This study aimed at investigating the effect of sorrel extract in the treatment of some of the diseases of liver, kidneys, and heart using experimental animals. SETTINGS AND DESIGN This study is a randomized, controlled clinical trial. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty mature male albino rats, weighing 150-160 g, were used and divided into four equal groups. One group was kept as negative control (C -ve) group whereas the other three groups were injected subcutaneously (s/c) with carbon tetrachloride in 50% V/V paraffin oil (2 ml/kg b.wt.). Tissue specimens were obtained from all the groups and fixed in 10% formalin for histopathological examination. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED The obtained data were statistically analyzed using computerized Superior Performing Statistical Software (SPSS) at SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA. Effects of different treatments were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance test using Duncan's multiple range test, and P < 0.05 was also used to indicate the significance level between different groups (Snedecor and Cochran, 1967). RESULTS The resulting data showed that the sorrel extract demonstrated a significant enhancement in liver intoxication and all other tested parameters. In addition, it also helped in minimizing the structural tissue damages in the vital organs. CONCLUSIONS According to these results, sorrel can impair the liver function and maintain the functions of the vital organs. SUMMARY All rats, poisoned with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) and administrated with all tested herbs, showed a significant increase in BWG as compared to the control (+ve) groupSorrel extract demonstrates a significant enhancement in liver intoxication and all other tested parameters and can reduce the lipid peroxidation in CCl4-induced liver damageAll rats, poisoned with CCl4 and orally fed with all tested herbs, showed a significant decrease in the mentioned parameters when compared to control (+ve) group. Abbreviations Used: ALT: Alanine transaminase; AST: Aspartate transaminase; ALP: Alkaline phosphatase; ALB: Albumin; BWG%: Body weight gain percentage; CCl4: Carbon tetrachloride; CAT: Catalase; GGT: Gamma-glutamyl transferase; GSH-Px: Glutathione peroxidase; GLOB: Globulin; iNOS: Inducible nitric oxide synthase; MDA: Malondialdehyde; RP: Rumex patientia; SOD: Superoxide dismutase; TP: Total protein; TC: Total cholesterol; TGs: Riglycerides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Glil Alkushi
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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KUZU M, ÖZKAYA A, ŞAHİN Z, DAĞ Ü, ÇOMAKLI V, DEMİRDAĞ R. In Vivo Effects of Naringenin and Lead on Rat Erythrocyte Carbonic Anhydrase Enzyme. Turk J Pharm Sci 2017; 14:9-12. [PMID: 32454588 PMCID: PMC7227992 DOI: 10.4274/tjps.13008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Carbonic anhydrase (CA) enzyme catalyses the reversible reactions of CO2 with water and takes part in metabolically important events such as systemic acid-base regulation and respiration. In this study, in vivo effects of lead, which is a heavy metal and to which living beings are exposed by different ways, with naringenin, a flavanone, were investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS For this purpose, four different rat groups were established and one of them was chosen as the control group. The other three groups were given lead, naringenin and lead+naringenin substances to analyze the changes in the CA enzyme of rat erythrocytes. RESULTS The research findings showed that the enzyme activity in the control group was higher than that in the other groups. The naringenin group showed the highest inhibition effect, while the lead group showed the lowest inhibition. CONCLUSION Therefore, it can be said that naringenin is a strong inhibitor of the CA enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Müslüm KUZU
- Ağrı İbrahim Çeçen University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ağrı, Turkey
| | - Ahmet ÖZKAYA
- Adıyaman University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Adıyaman, Turkey
| | - Zafer ŞAHİN
- Necmettin Erbakan University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Konya, Turkey
| | - Üzeyir DAĞ
- Adıyaman University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Adıyaman, Turkey
| | - Veysel ÇOMAKLI
- Ağrı İbrahim Çeçen University, School of Health, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Ağrı, Turkey
| | - Ramazan DEMİRDAĞ
- Ağrı İbrahim Çeçen University, School of Health, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Ağrı, Turkey
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Federico A, Dallio M, Loguercio C. Silymarin/Silybin and Chronic Liver Disease: A Marriage of Many Years. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22020191. [PMID: 28125040 PMCID: PMC6155865 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22020191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Silymarin is the extract of Silybum marianum, or milk thistle, and its major active compound is silybin, which has a remarkable biological effect. It is used in different liver disorders, particularly chronic liver diseases, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, because of its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic power. Indeed, the anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effect of silymarin is oriented towards the reduction of virus-related liver damages through inflammatory cascade softening and immune system modulation. It also has a direct antiviral effect associated with its intravenous administration in hepatitis C virus infection. With respect to alcohol abuse, silymarin is able to increase cellular vitality and to reduce both lipid peroxidation and cellular necrosis. Furthermore, silymarin/silybin use has important biological effects in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. These substances antagonize the progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, by intervening in various therapeutic targets: oxidative stress, insulin resistance, liver fat accumulation and mitochondrial dysfunction. Silymarin is also used in liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma that represent common end stages of different hepatopathies by modulating different molecular patterns. Therefore, the aim of this review is to examine scientific studies concerning the effects derived from silymarin/silybin use in chronic liver diseases, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Federico
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Marcello Dallio
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Carmelina Loguercio
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy.
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Abu El-Saad AM, Al-Kahtani MA, Abdel-Moneim AM. N-acetylcysteine and meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid alleviate oxidative stress and hepatic dysfunction induced by sodium arsenite in male rats. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2016; 10:3425-3434. [PMID: 27799742 PMCID: PMC5076801 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s115339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Environmental exposure to arsenic represents a serious challenge to humans and other animals. The aim of the present study was to test the protective effect of antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) either individually or in combination with a chelating agent, meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA), against sodium arsenite oral toxicity in male rats. Five groups were used: control; arsenic group (orally administrated in a concentration of 2 mg/kg body weight [b.w.]); the other three groups were orally administrated sodium arsenite in a concentration of 2 mg/kg b.w. followed by either NAC (10 mg/kg b.w., intraperitoneally [i.p.]), DMSA (50 mg/kg b.w., i.p.) or NAC plus DMSA. Arsenic toxicity caused significant rise in serum aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and total bilirubin, and a significant decrease in total protein (TP) and albumin levels after 3 weeks of experimental period. In addition, arsenic-treated rats showed significantly higher arsenic content in liver and significant rise in hepatic malondialdehyde level. By contrast, sharp decreases in glutathione content and catalase and glutathione reductase activities were discernible. NAC and/or DMSA counteracted most of these physiologic and biochemical defects. NAC monotherapy was more effective than DMSA in increasing TP, while DMSA was more effective in decreasing alanine aminotransferase. The combined treatment was superior over monotherapies in recovery of TP and glutathione. Biochemical data were well supported by histopathological and ultrastructural findings. In conclusion, the combination therapy of NAC and DMSA may be an ideal choice against oxidative insult induced by arsenic poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M Abu El-Saad
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dammam University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia; Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mohammed A Al-Kahtani
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ashraf M Abdel-Moneim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia; Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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Prakash C, Kumar V. Chronic Arsenic Exposure-Induced Oxidative Stress is Mediated by Decreased Mitochondrial Biogenesis in Rat Liver. Biol Trace Elem Res 2016; 173:87-95. [PMID: 26767369 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-016-0622-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The present study was executed to study the effect of chronic arsenic exposure on generation of mitochondrial oxidative stress and biogenesis in rat liver. Chronic sodium arsenite treatment (25 ppm for 12 weeks) decreased mitochondrial complexes activity in rat liver. There was a decrease in mitochondrial superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) activity in arsenic-treated rats that might be responsible for increased protein and lipid oxidation as observed in our study. The messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of mitochondrial and nuclear-encoded subunits of complexes I (ND1 and ND2) and IV (COX I and COX IV) was downregulated in arsenic-treated rats only. The protein and mRNA expression of MnSOD was reduced suggesting increased mitochondrial oxidative damage after arsenic treatment. There was activation of Bax and caspase-3 followed by release of cytochrome c from mitochondria suggesting induction of apoptotic pathway under oxidative stress. The entire phenomenon was associated with decrease in mitochondrial biogenesis as evident by decreased protein and mRNA expression of nuclear respiratory factor 1 (NRF-1), nuclear respiratory factor 2 (NRF-2), peroxisome proliferator activator receptor gamma-coactivator 1α (PGC-1α), and mitochondrial transcription factor A (Tfam) in arsenic-treated rat liver. The results of the present study indicate that arsenic-induced mitochondrial oxidative stress is associated with decreased mitochondrial biogenesis in rat liver that may present one of the mechanisms for arsenic-induced hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandra Prakash
- Department of Biochemistry, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, -124001, India
| | - Vijay Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, -124001, India.
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Citrus flavanones naringenin and hesperetin improve antioxidant status and membrane lipid compositions in the liver of old-aged Wistar rats. Exp Gerontol 2016; 84:49-60. [PMID: 27587005 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2016.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate effects of citrus flavanones naringenin (NAR) and hesperetin (HES) on liver antioxidant status and membrane phospholipid composition in 24-month-old rats. NAR and HES (15mg/kg) were administrated orally to male Wistar rats, once per day, for 4weeks. Control group received either vehicle (sunflower oil) or remained intact. The results showed decreased (p<0.05) activity of antioxidant enzymes (AOE), specifically catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) 1 and glutathione reductase (GR) in the liver of intact control old-aged rats in comparison to young intact controls. Flavanone administration to old-aged males increased (p<0.05) examined AOE activities in comparison to vehicle-administered animals. Namely, NAR was more potent in comparison to HES regarding the increase (p<0.05) in activities of examined antioxidant enzymes (SOD 1 and 2, glutathione peroxidase-GPx and GR) and the liver glutathione (GSH), while HES elevated (p<0.05) only activity of CAT and GR. Both flavanones significantly decreased (p<0.05) TBARS and improved (p<0.05) membrane phospholipid composition in favor of n-3 PUFA and n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio. Both flavanones did not affect liver histology and reduced (p<0.05) alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase levels in serum. The results of this study indicate beneficial potential of citrus flavanones in the old-aged rat liver.
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Aung KH, Kyi-Tha-Thu C, Sano K, Nakamura K, Tanoue A, Nohara K, Kakeyama M, Tohyama C, Tsukahara S, Maekawa F. Prenatal Exposure to Arsenic Impairs Behavioral Flexibility and Cortical Structure in Mice. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:137. [PMID: 27064386 PMCID: PMC4814721 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to arsenic from well water in developing countries is suspected to cause developmental neurotoxicity. Although, it has been demonstrated that exposure to sodium arsenite (NaAsO2) suppresses neurite outgrowth of cortical neurons in vitro, it is largely unknown how developmental exposure to NaAsO2 impairs higher brain function and affects cortical histology. Here, we investigated the effect of prenatal NaAsO2 exposure on the behavior of mice in adulthood, and evaluated histological changes in the prelimbic cortex (PrL), which is a part of the medial prefrontal cortex that is critically involved in cognition. Drinking water with or without NaAsO2 (85 ppm) was provided to pregnant C3H mice from gestational days 8 to 18, and offspring of both sexes were subjected to cognitive behavioral analyses at 60 weeks of age. The brains of female offspring were subsequently harvested and used for morphometrical analyses. We found that both male and female mice prenatally exposed to NaAsO2 displayed an impaired adaptation to repetitive reversal tasks. In morphometrical analyses of Nissl- or Golgi-stained tissue sections, we found that NaAsO2 exposure was associated with a significant increase in the number of pyramidal neurons in layers V and VI of the PrL, but not other layers of the PrL. More strikingly, prenatal NaAsO2 exposure was associated with a significant decrease in neurite length but not dendrite spine density in all layers of the PrL. Taken together, our results indicate that prenatal exposure to NaAsO2 leads to behavioral inflexibility in adulthood and cortical disarrangement in the PrL might contribute to this behavioral impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyaw H Aung
- Division of Life Science, Saitama UniversitySaitama, Japan; Department of Pharmacology, National Research Institute for Child Health and DevelopmentSetagaya, Japan
| | | | - Kazuhiro Sano
- Molecular Toxicology Section, National Institute for Environmental Studies Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Nakamura
- Department of Pharmacology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development Setagaya, Japan
| | - Akito Tanoue
- Department of Pharmacology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development Setagaya, Japan
| | - Keiko Nohara
- Molecular Toxicology Section, National Institute for Environmental Studies Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Masaki Kakeyama
- Faculty of Human Sciences, Waseda University Tokorozawa, Japan
| | | | | | - Fumihiko Maekawa
- Molecular Toxicology Section, National Institute for Environmental Studies Tsukuba, Japan
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Dua TK, Dewanjee S, Khanra R. Prophylactic role of Enhydra fluctuans against arsenic-induced hepatotoxicity via anti-apoptotic and antioxidant mechanisms. Redox Rep 2016; 21:147-54. [PMID: 26066906 DOI: 10.1179/1351000215y.0000000021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The present study was undertaken to evaluate the prophylactic effect of aqueous extract of Enhydra fluctuans (AEEF) against NaAsO2-induced hepatotoxicity. METHODS The cytoprotective effect of AEEF against NaAsO2 (10 µM) toxicity was measured on isolated murine hepatocytes. The effect on lipid peroxidation, protein carbonylation, cellular redox markers and signal proteins were measured after incubating the hepatocytes with NaAsO2 (10 µM) + AEEF (400 µg/ml). Finally, the prophylactic effect of AEEF (50 and 100 mg/kg) against NaAsO2 (10 mg/kg) toxicity was measured by in vivo assay in experimental mice. RESULTS In vitro bioassay on isolated mouse hepatocytes confirmed cytoprotective effect of AEEF. The NaAsO2 treatment significantly (P<0.01) increased the levels of lipid peroxidation, protein carbonylation with concomitant reduction (P<0.01) of antioxidant enzymes and reduced glutathione levels in hepatocytes. In addition, NaAsO2 significantly (P<0.05-0.01) altered the expression of intrinsic (Bad↑, Bcl-2↓, cleaved-caspase 3↑ and cleaved-caspase 9↑) and extrinsic (Fas↑, Bid↑, cleaved-caspase 8↑) transcription proteins participating in the apoptotic event. However, AEEF treatment could significantly rescue the aforementioned parameters near-normal levels. In in vivo bioassay, NaAsO2 intoxication increased (p<0.01) bioaccumulation of As along with the abnormalities in haematological parameters and redox imbalance in the livers of experimental mice. Treatment with AEEF, however, could significantly (P<0.05-0.01) restore the hematological and redox parameters to the near-normal levels, with histological studies of livers supporting the protective role of AEEF. DISCUSSION Presence of substantial quantity of ascorbic acid, phenolics and flavonoids in the extract may be responsible for overall protective effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarun K Dua
- a Advanced Pharmacognosy Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology , Jadavpur University , Kolkata 700032 , India
| | - Saikat Dewanjee
- a Advanced Pharmacognosy Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology , Jadavpur University , Kolkata 700032 , India
| | - Ritu Khanra
- a Advanced Pharmacognosy Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology , Jadavpur University , Kolkata 700032 , India
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Ozkaya A, Sahin Z, Dag U, Ozkaraca M. Effects of Naringenin on Oxidative Stress and Histopathological Changes in the Liver of Lead Acetate Administered Rats. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2016; 30:243-8. [PMID: 26929248 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.21785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Lead has several adverse effects on the body due to one of the environmental pollutants. We aimed to determine the effects of naringenin on the oxidative stress and the hepatic damage against lead acetate treatment in the liver of male rats. Naringenin was administered by orogastric gavage (50 mg/kg) and lead acetate was given as daily 500 parts per million in drinking water for 4 weeks. Lead and antioxidant activities were measured, and histopathological evaluation was performed in the liver. Lead concentrations, malondialdehyde, and antioxidant activity were restored by the naringenin. The grade of necrosis, hydropic degeneration, and hepatic cord disorganization was decreased by the naringenin. However, there were no differences in the degree of sinusoidal congestion, hepatic steatosis, and capsular fibrosis between lead acetate and naringenin + lead acetate groups. We can suggest that naringenin has antioxidant and chelating effects in the liver. Nevertheless, this effect is not enough against the lead acetate induced hepatic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Ozkaya
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Art, Adiyaman University, Adiyaman, 02040, Turkey.
| | - Zafer Sahin
- Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, 42040, Turkey.,Experimental Medicine Research and Application Center (KONÜDAM) of Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, 42080, Turkey
| | - Uzeyir Dag
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Art, Adiyaman University, Adiyaman, 02040, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Ozkaraca
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ataturk University, Erzurum, 25240, Turkey
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Mostafa HES, Abd El-Baset SA, Kattaia AAA, Zidan RA, Al Sadek MMA. Efficacy of naringenin against permethrin-induced testicular toxicity in rats. Int J Exp Pathol 2016; 97:37-49. [PMID: 26867500 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Permethrin (PM), a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide, has broad toxicity spectra. We aimed to investigate the effects of PM on the testes of adult albino rats, examine the recovery response and evaluate the efficacy of naringenin (NG) supplementation. Adult male albino rats were randomly assigned to five groups of six each: control, NG (50 mg/kg), PM (70 mg/kg), recovery (after subsequent withdrawal of PM) and NG-PM group. All treatments were given by oral gavage for 6 weeks and another 3 weeks for the recovery group. At the time of sacrifice, each testis was weighed. Biochemical analysis of epididymal sperm count and serum testosterone level was performed. Testes were processed for histological, ultrastructural and c-Kit immunohistochemical study. PM toxicity was evidenced by a highly significant decrease in testicular weight, epididymal sperm count and serum testosterone level compared to control. Furthermore, testicular structure abnormalities and reduced c-Kit immunoreactions were observed. Stoppage of PM in the recovery group partially reversed PM-induced changes. There was a mild decrease in testicular weight and biochemical parameters compared to control. The structure of seminiferous tubules was partially retained. The NG-PM group showed an overall improvement in testicular weight and biochemical alterations which were confirmed by light and electron microscopic examination. In conclusion, PM induced testicular toxicity, which was ameliorated by NG co-administration. However, stoppage of PM exposure was associated with partial recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba El-Sayed Mostafa
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Samia A Abd El-Baset
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Asmaa A A Kattaia
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Rania A Zidan
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Mona M A Al Sadek
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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Neha, Jaggi AS, Singh N. Silymarin and Its Role in Chronic Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 929:25-44. [PMID: 27771919 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-41342-6_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Silymarin is the active constituent of Silybum marianum (milk thistle) which is a C-25 containing flavonolignan. Milk thistle has a lot of traditional values, being used as a vegetable, as salad, as bitter tonic, and as galactogogue in nursing mothers and in various ailments such as liver complications, depression, dyspepsia, spleenic congestions, varicose veins, diabetes, amenorrhea, uterine hemorrhage, and menstrual problems. In this present chapter, a comprehensive attempt has been made to discuss the potential of silymarin in chronic disorders. An insight into modulation of cellular signaling by silymarin and its implication in various disorders such as liver disorders, inflammatory disorders, cancer, neurological disorders, skin diseases, and hypercholesterolemia is being provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha
- Pharmacology Division, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, Punjabi University, Patiala, 147002, Punjab, India
| | - Amteshwar S Jaggi
- Pharmacology Division, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, Punjabi University, Patiala, 147002, Punjab, India
| | - Nirmal Singh
- Pharmacology Division, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, Punjabi University, Patiala, 147002, Punjab, India.
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Arsenic and nicotine co-exposure lead to some synergistic effects on oxidative stress and apoptotic markers in young rat blood, liver, kidneys and brain. Toxicol Rep 2015; 2:1334-1346. [PMID: 28962476 PMCID: PMC5598477 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Revised: 09/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Arsenic and nicotine exposure has been a major health concern globally. Individually both these toxicants increase the risk to various diseases including cancers. However, limited information exists on the co-exposure. In this study, we evaluate the effects of their individual and combined exposure and if co-exposure to these toxicants might have a synergism or antagonism. Male rats were exposed to a very low dose of arsenic (25 ppm in drinking water) or nicotine (0.25 mg/kg, sub-cutaneously) for a period of 5 months and post exposure various biochemical variables indicative of oxidative stress and apoptosis evaluated. Almost all glutathione linked enzymes showed marked alteration in individual as well as co-exposure treated groups. While serum creatinine and apoptosis indicator, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were significantly increased in both treatments, an additive effect was noted in co-exposure group. A similar trend was also seen in brain and liver but not in kidneys. Gene expression studies showed marked reduction in catalase, Cu-Zn SOD, GST, there was a significant up regulation in Bax, caspase 3 in various tissues along with urinary 8-OHdG levels, indicative of DNA damage and apoptosis. Interestingly, a decrease in liver arsenic concentration was noted in co-exposed group compared to arsenic alone exposed group. In conclusion, the present study suggests that arsenic and nicotine exhibited significant toxicity during individual exposure whereas co-exposure to these toxins showed variable conditions (indicative of both synergism and antagonism) in male rats.
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Andrade VL, Mateus ML, Batoréu MC, Aschner M, Marreilha dos Santos AP. Lead, Arsenic, and Manganese Metal Mixture Exposures: Focus on Biomarkers of Effect. Biol Trace Elem Res 2015; 166:13-23. [PMID: 25693681 PMCID: PMC4470849 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-015-0267-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The increasing exposure of human populations to excessive levels of metals continues to represent a matter of public health concern. Several biomarkers have been studied and proposed for the detection of adverse health effects induced by lead (Pb), arsenic (As), and manganese (Mn); however, these studies have relied on exposures to each single metal, which fails to replicate real-life exposure scenarios. These three metals are commonly detected in different environmental, occupational, and food contexts and they share common neurotoxic effects, which are progressive and once clinically apparent may be irreversible. Thus, chronic exposure to low levels of a mixture of these metals may represent an additive risk of toxicity. Building upon their shared mechanisms of toxicity, such as oxidative stress, interference with neurotransmitters, and effects on the hematopoietic system, we address putative biomarkers, which may assist in assessing the onset of neurological diseases associated with exposure to this metal mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- VL Andrade
- Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento, iMed.UL, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - ML Mateus
- Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento, iMed.UL, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - MC Batoréu
- Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento, iMed.UL, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - M Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 10461 NY, USA
| | - AP Marreilha dos Santos
- Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento, iMed.UL, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
- Corresponding author – , Tel – 351217946400, Fax - 351217946470
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Silymarin as a Natural Antioxidant: An Overview of the Current Evidence and Perspectives. Antioxidants (Basel) 2015; 4:204-47. [PMID: 26785346 PMCID: PMC4665566 DOI: 10.3390/antiox4010204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 334] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2015] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Silymarin (SM), an extract from the Silybum marianum (milk thistle) plant containing various flavonolignans (with silybin being the major one), has received a tremendous amount of attention over the last decade as a herbal remedy for liver treatment. In many cases, the antioxidant properties of SM are considered to be responsible for its protective actions. Possible antioxidant mechanisms of SM are evaluated in this review. (1) Direct scavenging free radicals and chelating free Fe and Cu are mainly effective in the gut. (2) Preventing free radical formation by inhibiting specific ROS-producing enzymes, or improving an integrity of mitochondria in stress conditions, are of great importance. (3) Maintaining an optimal redox balance in the cell by activating a range of antioxidant enzymes and non-enzymatic antioxidants, mainly via Nrf2 activation is probably the main driving force of antioxidant (AO) action of SM. (4) Decreasing inflammatory responses by inhibiting NF-κB pathways is an emerging mechanism of SM protective effects in liver toxicity and various liver diseases. (5) Activating vitagenes, responsible for synthesis of protective molecules, including heat shock proteins (HSPs), thioredoxin and sirtuins and providing additional protection in stress conditions deserves more attention. (6) Affecting the microenvironment of the gut, including SM-bacteria interactions, awaits future investigations. (7) In animal nutrition and disease prevention strategy, SM alone, or in combination with other hepatho-active compounds (carnitine, betaine, vitamin B12, etc.), might have similar hepatoprotective effects as described in human nutrition.
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Sasu A, Herman H, Mariasiu T, Rosu M, Balta C, Anghel N, Miutescu E, Cotoraci C, Hermenean A. Protective effects of silymarin on epirubicin-induced mucosal barrier injury of the gastrointestinal tract. Drug Chem Toxicol 2015; 38:442-51. [DOI: 10.3109/01480545.2014.992072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Mir IA, Tiku AB. Chemopreventive and therapeutic potential of "naringenin," a flavanone present in citrus fruits. Nutr Cancer 2014; 67:27-42. [PMID: 25514618 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2015.976320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is one of the major causes of deaths in developed countries and is emerging as a major public health burden in developing countries too. Changes in cancer prevalence patterns have been noticed due to rapid urbanization and changing lifestyles. One of the major concerns is an influence of dietary habits on cancer rates. Approaches to prevent cancer are many and chemoprevention or dietary cancer prevention is one of them. Therefore, nutritional practices are looked at as effective types of dietary cancer prevention strategies. Attention has been given to identifying plant-derived dietary agents, which could be developed as a promising chemotherapeutic with minimal toxic side effects. Naringenin, a phytochemical mainly present in citrus fruits and tomatoes, is a frequent component of the human diet and has gained increasing interest because of its positive health effects not only in cancer prevention but also in noncancer diseases. In the last few years, significant progress has been made in studying the biological effects of naringenin at cellular and molecular levels. This review examines the cancer chemopreventive/therapeutic effects of naringenin in an organ-specific format, evaluating its limitations, and its considerable potential for development as a cancer chemopreventive/therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irfan Ahmad Mir
- a Department of Clinical Biochemistry , University of Kashmir , Kashmir , India
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Patel K, Singh GK, Patel DK. A Review on Pharmacological and Analytical Aspects of Naringenin. Chin J Integr Med 2014; 24:551-560. [PMID: 25501296 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-014-1960-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids are a widely distributed group of phytochemicals having benzo-pyrone nucleus, and more than 4,000 different flavonoids have been described and categorized into flavonols, flavones, flavanones, isoflavones, catechins and anthocyanidins. Flavonoids occurs naturally in fruits, vegetables, nuts, and beverages such as coffee, tea, and red wine, as well as in medical herbs. Flavonoids are responsible for the different colors of plant parts and are important constituents of the human diet. Flavanoids have different pharmacological activities, such as antioxidant, anti-allergic, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antimutagenic and anticancer activity. Naringenin belongs to the flavanones and is mainly found in fruits (grapefruit and oranges) and vegetables. Pharmacologically, it has anticancer, antimutagenic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiproliferative and antiatherogenic activities. Naringenin is used for the treatments of osteoporosis, cancer and cardiovascular diseases, and showed lipid-lowering and insulin-like properties. In the present review, detailed pharmacological and analytical aspects of naringenin have been presented, which revealed the impressive pharmacological profile and the possible usefulness in the treatment of different types of diseases in the future. The information provided in this communication will act as an important source for development of effective medicines for the treatment of various disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanika Patel
- G.L.A Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Mathura, India
| | - Gireesh Kumar Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Dinesh Kumar Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India.
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Joshi R, Garabadu D, Teja GR, Krishnamurthy S. Silibinin ameliorates LPS-induced memory deficits in experimental animals. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2014; 116:117-31. [PMID: 25444719 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2014.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is considered as one of the predisposing factor in the etiology of several neurodegenerative disorders. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the protective effect of silibinin (SIL) in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced neuroinflammatory model. The effect of SIL on memory function was also evaluated on normal rats without LPS administration. In the first experiment, male rats were divided into five groups. Except control group animals, all rats received bilateral intracerebroventricular injection of LPS (5 μg/5 μl) into lateral ventricles on the first day of the experimental schedule. Control rats received bilateral intracerebroventricular injection of artificial cerebrospinal fluid into lateral ventricles. SIL in doses of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg, p.o. was administered 1h before LPS injection and continued for 7 days. On Day-7, SIL attenuated the LPS-induced long-term and working memory loss in elevated plus and Y-maze test respectively. Further, SIL dose-dependently attenuated LPS-induced decrease in acetylcholine level and increase in the acetylcholinestrase activity in hippocampus and pre-frontal cortex. SIL ameliorated LPS-induced decrease in the mitochondrial complex activity (I, IV and V) and integrity, increase in lipid peroxidation and decrease in the activity of superoxide dismutase in both the brain regions. SIL attenuated amyloidogenesis in the hippocampus, while it decreased the LPS-induced increase in the level of NFκB in the pre-frontal cortex. In another study, SIL dose-dependently, enhanced memory functions in the normal rats, indicating its nootropic activity. Hence, SIL could be a potential candidate in the management of neuroinflammation-related memory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritu Joshi
- Neurotherapeutics Lab, Department of Pharmaceutics, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Debapriya Garabadu
- Neurotherapeutics Lab, Department of Pharmaceutics, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Gangineni Ravi Teja
- Neurotherapeutics Lab, Department of Pharmaceutics, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Sairam Krishnamurthy
- Neurotherapeutics Lab, Department of Pharmaceutics, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi 221005, India.
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Protective Effect of Naringenin Against Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Injury in Normal Human Bronchial Epithelium via Suppression of MAPK Signaling. Inflammation 2014; 38:195-204. [DOI: 10.1007/s10753-014-0022-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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71
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Chtourou Y, Garoui EM, Boudawara T, Zeghal N. Protective role of silymarin against manganese-induced nephrotoxicity and oxidative stress in rat. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2014; 29:1147-1154. [PMID: 23339144 DOI: 10.1002/tox.21845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2012] [Revised: 12/15/2012] [Accepted: 12/25/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Metal toxicity may occur after exposure from many sources. Oxidative stress is thought to be involved in manganese-induced toxicity and leads to various health disorders. Silymarin (SIL), a natural flavonoid, has been reported to have many benefits and medicinal properties. The aim of this study was to assess the toxicity of manganese (Mn) on oxidative stress and DNA damage in the kidney of rats and its alleviation by SIL. Manganese was given orally in drinking water (20 mg MnCl2 /mL) with or without SIL administration (100 mg /kg intraperitoneally) for 30 days. Our data showed that SIL significantly prevented Mn induced nephrotoxicity, indicated by both diagnostic indicators of kidney injury like plasma urea, uric acid and creatinine and urinary electrolyte levels and by histopathological analysis. Moreover, Mn-induced profound elevation of the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and altered the levels of oxidative stress related biomarkers in kidney tissue. This is evidenced by the increase of lipid peroxidation, protein carbonylation, DNA fragmentation and urinary hydrogen peroxide, while, the activities of enzymatic antioxidant and glutathione level were decreased. Treatment with SIL reduced the alterations in the renal and urine markers, decreasing lipid peroxidation markers, increasing the antioxidant cascade and decreasing the Mn-induced damage. All these changes were supported by histopathological observations. These findings suggested that the inhibition of Mn-induced damage by SIL was due at least in part to its antioxidant activity and its capacity to modulate the oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yassine Chtourou
- Department of Life Sciences, Animal Physiology Laboratory, UR/08-73, University of Sfax, Faculty of Sciences, BP 1171, 3000 Sfax, Tunisia
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Demirdag R, Comakli V, Ozkaya A, Sahin Z, Dag U, Yerlikaya E, Kuzu M. Examination of Changes in Enzyme Activities of Erythrocyte Glucose 6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase and 6-Phosphogluconate Dehydrogenase in Rats Given Naringenin and Lead Acetate. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2014; 29:43-7. [DOI: 10.1002/jbt.21606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Veysel Comakli
- School of Health; Agri Ibrahim Cecen University; Agri Turkey
| | - Ahmet Ozkaya
- Science and Art Faculty; Adiyaman University; Adiyaman Turkey
| | - Zafer Sahin
- School of Health; Bitlis Eren University; Bitlis Turkey
- Department of Physiology; Faculty of Medicine; Firat University; Elazig Turkey
| | - Uzeyir Dag
- Science and Art Faculty; Adiyaman University; Adiyaman Turkey
| | | | - Muslum Kuzu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Agri Ibrahim Cecen University; Ağrı Turkey
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73
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Resveratrol, a natural antioxidant, has a protective effect on liver injury induced by inorganic arsenic exposure. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:617202. [PMID: 25147808 PMCID: PMC4132329 DOI: 10.1155/2014/617202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 07/05/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Resveratrol (Rev) can ameliorate cytotoxic chemotherapy-induced toxicity and oxidative stress. Arsenic trioxide (As2O3) is a known cytotoxic environmental toxicant and a potent chemotherapeutic agent. However, the mechanisms by which resveratrol protects the liver against the cytotoxic effects of As2O3 are not known. Therefore, in the present study we investigated the mechanisms involved in the action of resveratrol using a cat model in which hepatotoxicity was induced by means of As2O3 treatment. We found that pretreatment with resveratrol, administered using a clinically comparable dose regimen, reversed changes in As2O3-induced morphological and liver parameters and resulted in a significant improvement in hepatic function. Resveratrol treatment also improved the activities of antioxidant enzymes and attenuated As2O3-induced increases in reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde production. In addition, resveratrol attenuated the As2O3-induced reduction in the ratio of reduced glutathione to oxidized glutathione and the retention of arsenic in liver tissue. These findings provide a better understanding of the mechanisms whereby resveratrol modulates As2O3-induced changes in liver function and tissue morphology. They also provide a stronger rationale for the clinical utilization of resveratrol for the reduction of As2O3-induced hepatotoxicity.
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74
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Sachdeva S, Flora SJS. Efficacy of some antioxidants supplementation in reducing oxidative stress post sodium tungstate exposure in male wistar rats. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2014; 28:233-239. [PMID: 24613855 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2014.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Revised: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the protective efficacy of some antioxidants against sodium tungstate induced oxidative stress in male wistar rats. Animals were sub-chronically exposed to sodium tungstate (100ppm in drinking water) for three months except for control group. In the same time, many rats were supplemented orally with different antioxidants (alpha-lipoic acid (ALA), n-acetylcysteine (NAC), quercetin or naringenin (0.30mM)) for five consecutive days a week for the same mentioned period before. Exposure to sodium tungstate significantly (P<0.05) inhibit blood δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) activity, liver and blood reduced glutathione (GSH) levels and an increase in oxidized glutathione (GSSG) and thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS) levels in tissues. ALA acid and NAC supplementation post sodium tungstate exposure increased GSH and also, was beneficial in the recovery of altered superoxide dismutase and catalase activity, besides, significantly reducing blood and tissue reactive oxygen species and TBARS levels. The results suggest a more pronounced efficacy of ALA acid and NAC supplementation than quercetin or naringenin supplementation post sodium tungstate exposure in preventing induced oxidative stress in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sachdeva
- Division of Regulatory Toxicology, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior 474 002, India
| | - S J S Flora
- Division of Regulatory Toxicology, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior 474 002, India.
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Hermenean A, Ardelean A, Stan M, Hadaruga N, Mihali CV, Costache M, Dinischiotu A. Antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects of naringenin and its β-cyclodextrin formulation in mice intoxicated with carbon tetrachloride: a comparative study. J Med Food 2014; 17:670-7. [PMID: 24611872 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2013.0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study evaluated the antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects of the flavonoid naringenin (NGN) and its β-cyclodextrin formulation at a dose of 50 mg/kg b.w. The assessment was done by the investigation of serum-enzymatic and liver antioxidant activity, histopathological and ultrastructural changes in male Swiss mice, which were subjected to acute experimental intoxication with CCl4. Formulated and free flavonoid were orally given to mice for 7 days and then were intraperitoneally injected with 1.0 mL/kg CCl4 on the 8th day. After 24 h of CCl4 administration, an increase in the levels of transaminases aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase activities and malondialdehyde concentration occurred and a significant decrease in superoxide dismutase, catalase glutathione-peroxidase activities, and glutathione levels was detected as well. These were accompanied by extended centrilobular necrosis, steatosis, fibrosis, and an altered ultrastructure of hepatocytes. Pretreatment with formulated or free flavonoid retained the biochemical markers to control values. Histopathological and electron-microscopic examination confirmed the biochemical results. In conclusion, both NGN and NGN/β-cyclodextrin complex showed antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects against injuries induced by CCl4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca Hermenean
- 1 Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Dentistry, Vasile Goldis Western University of Arad , Arad, Romania
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Wang X, Zhao H, Shao Y, Wang P, Wei Y, Zhang W, Jiang J, Chen Y, Zhang Z. Nephroprotective effect of astaxanthin against trivalent inorganic arsenic-induced renal injury in wistar rats. Nutr Res Pract 2014; 8:46-53. [PMID: 24611105 PMCID: PMC3944156 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2014.8.1.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Revised: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Inorganic arsenic (iAs) is a toxic metalloid found ubiquitously in the environment. In humans, exposure to iAs can result in toxicity and cause toxicological manifestations. Arsenic trioxide (As2O3) has been used in the treatment for acute promyelocytic leukemia. The kidney is the critical target organ of trivalent inorganic As (iAsIII) toxicity. We examine if oral administration of astaxanthin (AST) has protective effects on nephrotoxicity and oxidative stress induced by As2O3 exposure (via intraperitoneal injection) in rats. Markers of renal function, histopathological changes, Na+-K+ ATPase, sulfydryl, oxidative stress, and As accumulation in kidneys were evaluated as indicators of As2O3 exposure. AST showed a significant protective effect against As2O3-induced nephrotoxicity. These results suggest that the mechanisms of action, by which AST reduces nephrotoxicity, may include antioxidant protection against oxidative injury and reduction of As accumulation. These findings might be of therapeutic benefit in humans or animals suffering from exposure to iAsIII from natural sources or cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaona Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Haiyuan Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yilan Shao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Pei Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yanru Wei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Weiqian Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Jing Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yan Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Zhigang Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
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Dwivedi N, Flora G, Kushwaha P, Flora SJS. Alpha-lipoic acid protects oxidative stress, changes in cholinergic system and tissue histopathology during co-exposure to arsenic-dichlorvos in rats. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2014; 37:7-23. [PMID: 24291368 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2013.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Revised: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/12/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We investigated protective efficacy of α-lipoic acid (LA), an antioxidant against arsenic and DDVP co-exposed rats. Biochemical variables suggestive of oxidative stress, neurological dysfunction, and tissue histopathological alterations were determined. Male rats were exposed either to 50 ppm sodium arsenite in drinking water or in combination with DDVP (4 mg/kg, subcutaneously) for 10 weeks. α-Lipoic acid (50mg/kg, pos) was also co-administered in above groups. Arsenic exposure led to significant oxidative stress along, hepatotoxicity, hematotoxicity and altered brain biogenic amines levels accompanied by increased arsenic accumulation in blood and tissues. These altered biochemical variables were supported by histopathological examinations leading to oxidative stress and cell death. These biochemical alterations were significantly restored by co-administration of α-lipoic acid with arsenic and DDVP alone and concomitantly. The results indicate that arsenic and DDVP induced oxidative stress and cholinergic dysfunction can be significantly protected by the supplementation of α-lipoic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Dwivedi
- Division of Regulatory Toxicology, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior 474 002, India
| | - Govinder Flora
- Department of Applied Sciences, Sant Baba Bhag Singh Institute of Engineering and Technology, Jalandhar 144030, Panjab, India
| | - Pramod Kushwaha
- Division of Regulatory Toxicology, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior 474 002, India
| | - Swaran J S Flora
- Division of Regulatory Toxicology, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior 474 002, India.
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78
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Al-Enazi MM. Protective Effects of Combined Therapy of Rutin with Silymarin on Experimentally-Induced Diabetic Neuropathy in Rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.4236/pp.2014.59098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Motawi TK, Teleb ZA, El-Boghdady NA, Ibrahim SA. Effect of simvastatin and naringenin coadministration on rat liver DNA fragmentation and cytochrome P450 activity: an in vivo and in vitro study. J Physiol Biochem 2013; 70:225-37. [PMID: 24264056 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-013-0296-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
This study was designed to assess the effect of naringenin (NRG) on simvastatin (SV)-induced hepatic damage in rat and to investigate the effects of these drugs on cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2E1 and 3A1/2 isoforms in order to evaluate the possibility of their coadministration. Hepatic damage in rat was induced by SV (20 and 40 mg/kg/day, po for 30 days). The protective effect of NRG (50 mg/kg/day, po) was identified by estimating liver functions and oxidative stress markers such as lipid peroxidation, reduced glutathione, superoxide dismutase, glutathion s-transferase, and catalase as well as protein profile. DNA fragmentation and histopathological study were carried out to confirm the hepatic damage. An in vitro study was conducted to further evaluate the effect of SV and/or NRG administration on the activities of two microsomal CYP isoenzymes including CYP2E1 and CYP3A1/2. SV exerted an oxidative stress which may contribute to the hepatotoxicity. Administration of NRG in combination with SV significantly improved the liver functions, state of oxidative stress, protein profile, DNA fragmentation, and the histopathological changes. SV and/or NRG have a potential to inhibit CYP3A1/2 and CYP2E1. This study concluded that concurrent administration of NRG with SV provided a protection of liver tissue against the SV-induced hepatic damage. The inhibition of CYP2E1 and CYP3A1/2 by the SV and NRG should be taken into account in order to adjust doses to avoid interaction between SV and NRG and adverse effects of SV.
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Affiliation(s)
- T K Motawi
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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80
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Effect of simvastatin and naringenin coadministration on rat liver DNA fragmentation and cytochrome P450 activity: an in vivo and in vitro study. J Physiol Biochem 2013. [PMID: 24264056 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-103-0296-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to assess the effect of naringenin (NRG) on simvastatin (SV)-induced hepatic damage in rat and to investigate the effects of these drugs on cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2E1 and 3A1/2 isoforms in order to evaluate the possibility of their coadministration. Hepatic damage in rat was induced by SV (20 and 40 mg/kg/day, po for 30 days). The protective effect of NRG (50 mg/kg/day, po) was identified by estimating liver functions and oxidative stress markers such as lipid peroxidation, reduced glutathione, superoxide dismutase, glutathion s-transferase, and catalase as well as protein profile. DNA fragmentation and histopathological study were carried out to confirm the hepatic damage. An in vitro study was conducted to further evaluate the effect of SV and/or NRG administration on the activities of two microsomal CYP isoenzymes including CYP2E1 and CYP3A1/2. SV exerted an oxidative stress which may contribute to the hepatotoxicity. Administration of NRG in combination with SV significantly improved the liver functions, state of oxidative stress, protein profile, DNA fragmentation, and the histopathological changes. SV and/or NRG have a potential to inhibit CYP3A1/2 and CYP2E1. This study concluded that concurrent administration of NRG with SV provided a protection of liver tissue against the SV-induced hepatic damage. The inhibition of CYP2E1 and CYP3A1/2 by the SV and NRG should be taken into account in order to adjust doses to avoid interaction between SV and NRG and adverse effects of SV.
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81
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Surya Sandeep M, Sridhar V, Puneeth Y, Ravindra Babu P, Naveen Babu K. Enhanced oral bioavailability of felodipine by naringenin in Wistar rats and inhibition of P-glycoprotein in everted rat gut sacsin vitro. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2013; 40:1371-7. [DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2013.819885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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82
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Protective effects of naringenin on carbon tetrachloride-induced acute nephrotoxicity in mouse kidney. Chem Biol Interact 2013; 205:138-47. [PMID: 23845967 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2013.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2013] [Revised: 06/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The ability of naringenin (NGN) to protect the kidney against CCl4-induced renal toxicity in male Swiss mice was investigated. The flavonoid was given orally to mice for 7days and then on the 8th day, these were intraperitoneally injected with 10mmol/kg CCl4. When the toxicant was administrated alone, an increase of malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration was observed and a significant decrease in superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) glutathione-peroxidase (GPx) specific activities as well as glutathione (GSH) levels was detected after 24h. These were accompanied by glomerular and tubular degenerations, vascular congestion, necrosis and fatty changes. Marked collagen deposition and strong TGF-β1 expression were observed mainly in the mesangial cells of the glomeruli and tubulointerstitial areas. Ultrastructural investigations showed proximal and distal tubular epithelial cells alterations including numerous lysosomes and dense granular bodies, altered mitochondria, appearance of "myeloid bodies" and basal enfolding dilatation. Pre-treatment with NGN resulted in the return of biochemical markers to control values. Histopathological and electron-microscopic examinations confirmed the biochemical results. In conclusion, NGN showed antioxidant and renal protective effects against injuries induced by CCl4.
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83
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Zhang W, Yao C, Ge M, Xue J, Ma D, Liu Y, Liu J, Zhang Z. Attenuation of arsenic retention by resveratrol in lung of arsenic trioxide-exposed rats. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2013; 36:35-39. [PMID: 23545367 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2013.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2012] [Revised: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic trioxide (As2O3) is an important environmental toxin. In this study, the effect of resveratrol on As2O3-induced lung injury in rats is evaluated. The results showed that pre-treatment with resveratrol protected As2O3-induced lung injury by the maintenance of glutathione redox system and decrease in arsenic retention. These suggest supplement with resveratrol may alleviate lung injury in the individuals with chronic exposure to arsenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqian Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
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84
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Wu H, Zhang X, Wang Q, Li L, Ji C, Liu X, Zhao J, Yin X. A metabolomic investigation on arsenic-induced toxicological effects in the clam Ruditapes philippinarum under different salinities. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2013; 90:1-6. [PMID: 23374855 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2012.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2011] [Revised: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/22/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic is an important contaminant in the Bohai marine ecosystem due to the anthropogenic activities. In this work, we investigated the toxicological effects of arsenic in Ruditapes philippinarum under different seawater salinities using NMR-based metabolomics. Under normal salinity (31.1 ppt), arsenic decreased the levels of amino acids (glutamate, β-alanine, etc.), and increased the levels of betaine and fumarate. The metabolic biomarkers including decreased threonine, histidine, ATP and fumarate were found in the muscles of arsenic-treated clams under medium salinity (23.3 ppt). However, only elevated ATP and depleted succinate were detected in the arsenic-exposed clam samples under low salinity (15.6 ppt). These differential metabolic biomarkers indicated that arsenic could induce osmotic stress and disturbance in energy metabolism in clam under normal and medium salinities. However, arsenic caused only disturbance in energy metabolism in clam under low salinity. Overall, our results demonstrated that seawater salinity could influence the toxicological effects of arsenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifeng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Yantai Shandong 264003, PR China.
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85
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Pachauri V, Flora S. Effect of nicotine pretreatment on arsenic-induced oxidative stress in male Wistar rats. Hum Exp Toxicol 2013; 32:972-82. [DOI: 10.1177/0960327112474833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Humans are commonly exposed to nicotine, one of the most important lifestyle chemicals. The occurrence of high levels of arsenic in the groundwater of the southeast region of Asia has received much attention in the past decade and has become a global health concern. Predominant occurrence of both these chemicals and ease of their human exposure led us to investigate the effect of nicotine, a major tobacco alkaloid, on arsenic toxicity. Adult male rats were pre-exposed to two different doses of nicotine (0.75 and 3 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) for 7 days followed by 30 days of arsenic exposure (50 ppm sodium arsenite in drinking water). Nicotine pre-exposure resulted in an increased brain arsenic accumulation and a decreased liver arsenic concentration. Arsenic also caused a significant oxidative stress in the blood, brain and liver of the exposed rats. Glutathione- S-transferase, a phase II enzyme, was inhibited by both arsenic and nicotine but no such inhibition was noted in arsenic-treated animals pre-exposed to nicotine. Upon nicotine pre-exposure, brain acetylcholinesterase increased, while monoamine oxidase (MAO) decreased. The toxic effects of MAO significantly attenuated with nicotine pre-exposure. The present study suggests that nicotine may not be the major contributing factor for the previously reported synergistic toxic interaction between tobacco and arsenic. Nicotine pre-exposure in arsenic-exposed animals revealed interesting toxicokinetics and oxidative stress modulating interactions in the brain and liver of rats, which requires further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Pachauri
- Division of Regulatory Toxicology, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior, India
| | - S.J.S. Flora
- Division of Regulatory Toxicology, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior, India
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86
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Chandranayagam C, Veeraraghavan G, Subash A, Vasanthi HR. Restoration of arsenite induced hepato-toxicity by crude tannin rich fraction of Theobroma cacao in Sprague Dawley rats. Food Res Int 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2012.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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87
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Combined treatment of HEDTA and propolis prevents aluminum induced toxicity in rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2012; 50:2487-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2011] [Revised: 12/24/2011] [Accepted: 12/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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88
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Abstract
Arsenic is an environmental pollutant and its contamination in the drinking water is considered as a serious worldwide environmental health threat. The chronic arsenic exposure is a cause of immense health distress as it accounts for the increased risk of various disorders such as cardiovascular abnormalities, diabetes mellitus, neurotoxicity, and nephrotoxicity. In addition, the exposure to arsenic has been suggested to affect the liver function and to induce hepatotoxicity. Moreover, few studies demonstrated the induction of carcinogenicity especially cancer of the skin, bladder, and lungs after the chronic exposure to arsenic. The present review addresses diverse mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of arsenic-induced toxicity and end-organ damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrit Pal Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar - 143 005
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