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Muhammad N, Steele R, Isbell TS, Philips N, Ray RB. Bitter melon extract inhibits breast cancer growth in preclinical model by inducing autophagic cell death. Oncotarget 2017; 8:66226-66236. [PMID: 29029506 PMCID: PMC5630406 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is a major public health problem worldwide in women and current therapeutic strategies are not adequately effective for this deadly disease. We have previously shown the anti-proliferative activity of bitter melon extract (BME) in breast cancer cells. In this study, we observed that BME treatment induces autophagosome-bound Long chain 3 (LC3)-B and accumulates protein p62/SQSTM1 (p62) in breast cancer cells. Additionally, we observed that BME treatment in breast cancer cells increases phospho-AMPK expression and inhibits the mTOR/Akt signaling pathway. Subsequently, we demonstrated that BME feeding effectively inhibited breast cancer growth in syngeneic and xenograft mouse models. Further, we observed the increased p62 accumulation, induction of autophagy and apoptotic cell death in tumors from BME-fed animals. Taken together, our results demonstrate that BME treatment inhibits breast tumor growth, and this anti-tumor activity in breast cancer is, in part, mediated by induction of autophagy and modulation of the AMPK/mTOR pathway. The antitumor activity of BME by oral feeding in breast cancer models suggested the high potential for a clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoshad Muhammad
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Robert Steele
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - T Scott Isbell
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Nancy Philips
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Ratna B Ray
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Cancer Center, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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Development of a strategic model for integrating complementary medicines into professional pharmacy practice. Res Social Adm Pharm 2017; 14:663-672. [PMID: 28784591 DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2017.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traditional medicine (TM) and complementary medicine (CM) products have played an increasingly important role in the business of pharmacy for over two decades in a number of countries. With a focus on the quality use of all medicines including complementary medicines, there have been a number of initiatives to encourage the integration of TM/CM products into professional practice. Recent studies report that many of the barriers that prevent such integration remain. OBJECTIVES To explore the pharmacists' perspective regarding how barriers to the integration of TM/CM products into the professional practice of pharmacy could be resolved. METHODS Purposive sampling and snowballing were used to recruit 11 registered pharmacists who had worked in community pharmacy for a minimum of 6 months to participate in one of 3 focus groups. Focus group questions informed by previous studies, explored participants' perspectives on the actions required to support professional services related to TM/CM products. RESULTS Pharmacists proposed that five key stakeholders (professional pharmacy organizations, universities, government, pharmacy owners, and pharmacists) enact 4 developments that require a collaborative effort ("education and training", "building the evidence base", "developing reliable and accessible information resources", and "workplace support for best practice"). Manufacturers of TM/CM products were not identified by pharmacists as collaborators in these developments. CONCLUSION Collectively, the findings from this study support a strategic model to guide the integration of TM/CM products into the professional practice of pharmacy.
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Huerta-Rey M, Anselme C, Cherqui A, Decocq G. Exploration Through the Venoms from Hymenoptera as Potential Therapeutic Agents in Cancer Therapy. INT J PHARMACOL 2017. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2017.507.515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Arumugam P, Subramanian R, Priyadharsini JV, Gopalswamy J. Thymoquinone inhibits the migration of mouse neuroblastoma (Neuro-2a) cells by down-regulating MMP-2 and MMP-9. Chin J Nat Med 2017; 14:904-912. [PMID: 28262117 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(17)30015-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Thymoquinone (TQ), an active component derived from the medial plant Nigella sativa, has been used for medical purposes for more than 2 000 years. Recent studies have reported that TQ blocked angiogenesis in animal model and reduced migration, adhesion, and invasion of glioblastoma cells. We have recently shown that TQ could exhibit a potent cytotoxic effect and induce apoptosis in mouse neuroblastoma (Neuro-2a) cells. In the present study, TQ treatment markedly decreased the adhesion and migration of Neuro-2a cells. TQ down-regulated MMP-2 and MMP-9 protein expression and mRNA levels and their activities. Furthermore, TQ significantly down-regulated the protein expression of transcription factor NF-κB (p65) but not significantly altered the expression of N-Myc. Taken together, our data indicated that TQ's inhibitory effect on the migration of Neuro-2a cells was mediated through the suppression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression, suggesting that TQ treatment can be a promising therapeutic strategy for human malignant neuroblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paramasivam Arumugam
- Department of Genetics, Dr. ALM Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Sekkizhar campus, Taramani, Chennai-600113, India.
| | | | - Jayaseelan Vijayashree Priyadharsini
- Department of Genetics, Dr. ALM Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Sekkizhar campus, Taramani, Chennai-600113, India
| | - Jayaraman Gopalswamy
- Department of Genetics, Dr. ALM Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Sekkizhar campus, Taramani, Chennai-600113, India
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Pharmacokinetic Herb-Drug Interactions: Insight into Mechanisms and Consequences. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2016; 41:93-108. [PMID: 26311243 DOI: 10.1007/s13318-015-0296-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Herbal medicines are currently in high demand, and their popularity is steadily increasing. Because of their perceived effectiveness, fewer side effects and relatively low cost, they are being used for the management of numerous medical conditions. However, they are capable of affecting the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of coadministered conventional drugs. These interactions are particularly of clinically relevance when metabolizing enzymes and xenobiotic transporters, which are responsible for the fate of many drugs, are induced or inhibited, sometimes resulting in unexpected outcomes. This article discusses the general use of herbal medicines in the management of several ailments, their concurrent use with conventional therapy, mechanisms underlying herb-drug interactions (HDIs) as well as the drawbacks of herbal remedy use. The authors also suggest means of surveillance and safety monitoring of herbal medicines. Contrary to popular belief that "herbal medicines are totally safe," we are of the view that they are capable of causing significant toxic effects and altered pharmaceutical outcomes when coadministered with conventional medicines. Due to the paucity of information as well as sometimes conflicting reports on HDIs, much more research in this field is needed. The authors further suggest the need to standardize and better regulate herbal medicines in order to ensure their safety and efficacy when used alone or in combination with conventional drugs.
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Structure features of the intracellular polysaccharide from Ganoderma lucidum and the irrelative immune-anticancer activities of GLPs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcdf.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Wang R, Xu Q, Liu L, Liang X, Cheng L, Zhang M, Shi Q. Antitumour activity of 2-dihydroailanthone from the bark of Ailanthus altissima against U251. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2016; 54:1641-1648. [PMID: 26956770 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2015.1110827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 09/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Context The bark of Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle (Simaroubaceae) is traditionally used to treat ascariasis, diarrhoea, spermatorrhoea, bleeding and gastrointestinal diseases. Objective The objective of this study is to investigate the antitumour activity and mechanism of 2-dihydroailanthone isolated from A. altissima. Materials and methods The U251 cells were treated with 1.00, 4.00 and 8.00 μg/mL of 2-dihydroailanthone for 48 h and the normal cells treated with 20.00 μg/mL of 2-dihydroailanthone were tested as well. Proliferation inhibition of 2-dihydroailanthone on the cells was tested by MTT. Apoptosis and cell-cycle distribution in U251 cells with 1.00, 3.00 and 5.80 μg/mL of 2-dihydroailanthone for 48 h were determined by flow cytometry, respectively. The expression of the apoptosis-related genes and proteins was analysed by RT-PCR and Western blot method, respectively. Results MTT assay revealed that 2-dihydroailanthone inhibited U251 cells proliferation. The cell viability of U251 cells was 62.82, 31.34 and 25.58%, and that of three normal cells was 72.75, 82.74 and 44.92%, respectively. Flow cytometry assay showed that 2-dihydroailanthone induced apoptosis and G0/G1 phase cycle arrest towards U251 cells. The late apoptotic cells were 11.37, 21.73 and 33.83%, and the cells cycle distributed in the G0/G1 accounted for 48.85, 62.77 and 64.40%, respectively. The Western blot and RT-PCR assay showed that up-regulation of pro-apoptotic bax protein and down-regulation of anti-apoptotic bcl-2 protein as well as their mRNA on U251 cells might be related to the apoptosis induction and proliferation inhibition. Conclusion An important bioactive component, 2-dihydroailanthone, has antitumour effects, enlightening a novel source of phytomedicines in tumour therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruxing Wang
- a Department of Medicinal Natural Product Chemistry , School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hebei Medical University , Shijiazhuang Hebei Province , China
- b Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Research and Development for Chinese Medicine , Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Chengde Medical College , Chengde , Hebei Province China
| | - Qian Xu
- c Basic Medical Institute, Chengde Medical College , Chengde , Hebei Province , China
| | - Lei Liu
- c Basic Medical Institute, Chengde Medical College , Chengde , Hebei Province , China
| | - Xiujun Liang
- c Basic Medical Institute, Chengde Medical College , Chengde , Hebei Province , China
| | - Luyang Cheng
- c Basic Medical Institute, Chengde Medical College , Chengde , Hebei Province , China
| | - Manli Zhang
- a Department of Medicinal Natural Product Chemistry , School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hebei Medical University , Shijiazhuang Hebei Province , China
| | - Qingwen Shi
- a Department of Medicinal Natural Product Chemistry , School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hebei Medical University , Shijiazhuang Hebei Province , China
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Wang SY, Lin LW, Chang YY, Huang YP. Health care professionals’ interactions with cancer patients who use complementary and alternative medicine in Taiwan. Collegian 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colegn.2015.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Takeda T, Tsubaki M, Kino T, Kawamura A, Isoyama S, Itoh T, Imano M, Tanabe G, Muraoka O, Matsuda H, Satou T, Nishida S. Mangiferin enhances the sensitivity of human multiple myeloma cells to anticancer drugs through suppression of the nuclear factor κB pathway. Int J Oncol 2016; 48:2704-12. [PMID: 27035859 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2016.3470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is still an incurable hematological malignancy with a 5-year survival rate of ~35%, despite the use of various treatment options. The nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) pathway plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of MM. Thus, inhibition of the NF-κB pathway is a potential target for the treatment of MM. In a previous study, we showed that mangiferin suppressed the nuclear translocation of NF-κB. However, the treatment of MM involves a combination of two or three drugs. In this study, we examined the effect of the combination of mangiferin and conventional anticancer drugs in an MM cell line. We showed that the combination of mangiferin and an anticancer drug decreased the viability of MM cell lines in comparison with each drug used separately. The decrease in the combination of mangiferin and an anticancer drug induced cell viability was attributed to increase the expression of p53 and Noxa and decreases the expression of XIAP, survivin, and Bcl-xL proteins via inhibition of NF-κB pathway. In addition, the combination treatment caused the induction of apoptosis, activation of caspase-3 and the accumulation of the cells in the sub-G1 phase of the cell cycle. Our findings suggest that the combination of mangiferin and an anticancer drug could be used as a new regime for the treatment of MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Takeda
- Division of Pharmacotherapy, Kinki University School of Pharmacy, Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Japan
| | - Masanobu Tsubaki
- Division of Pharmacotherapy, Kinki University School of Pharmacy, Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Japan
| | - Toshiki Kino
- Division of Pharmacotherapy, Kinki University School of Pharmacy, Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Japan
| | - Ayako Kawamura
- Division of Pharmacotherapy, Kinki University School of Pharmacy, Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Japan
| | - Shota Isoyama
- Division of Pharmacotherapy, Kinki University School of Pharmacy, Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Itoh
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Kinki University School of Agriculture, Nara, Japan
| | - Motohiro Imano
- Department of Surgery, Kinki University School of Medicine, Osakasayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Genzoh Tanabe
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Kinki University School of Pharmacy, Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Japan
| | - Osamu Muraoka
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Kinki University School of Pharmacy, Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Japan
| | - Hideaki Matsuda
- Department of Natural Drugs Resources, Kinki University School of Pharmacy, Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Japan
| | - Takao Satou
- Department of Pathology, Kinki University School of Medicine, Osakasayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shozo Nishida
- Division of Pharmacotherapy, Kinki University School of Pharmacy, Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Japan
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Zhang J, Chen JM, Wang XX, Xia YM, Cui SW, Li J, Ding ZY. Inhibitor or promoter? The performance of polysaccharides from Ganoderma lucidum on human tumor cells with different p53 statuses. Food Funct 2016; 7:1872-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c5fo01628b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
GLPs inhibit cancer cell growth when the tumor suppressor protein p53 is functional but often stimulate cancer cells when p53 is absent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- School of Chemical and Materials Engineering
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi
- China
| | - Jun-ming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- School of Chemical and Materials Engineering
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi
- China
| | - Xiao-xia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- School of Chemical and Materials Engineering
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi
- China
| | - Yong-mei Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- School of Chemical and Materials Engineering
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi
- China
| | - Steve W. Cui
- Guelph Food Research Centre
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada
- Guelph
- Canada
| | - Jian Li
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine of Ministry of Health
- Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine
- Wuxi
- China
| | - Zhong-yang Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- School of Chemical and Materials Engineering
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi
- China
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Liu H, Gao M, Xu H, Guan X, Lv L, Deng S, Zhang C, Tian Y. A Promising Emodin-Loaded Poly (Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid)-d-α-Tocopheryl Polyethylene Glycol 1000 Succinate Nanoparticles for Liver Cancer Therapy. Pharm Res 2015; 33:217-36. [PMID: 26334502 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-015-1781-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Emodin (EMO) has multi-targets and multi-way antitumor effect, which was limited by the instability and poor solubility of EMO. The aim of this study was to formulate EMO-loaded poly (lactide-co-glycolide)-d-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (PLGA-TPGS) nanoparticles (EPTN) to increase the liver targeting of EMO for cancer therapy. METHODS EMO/coumarin-6-loaded PLGA-TPGS nanoparticles (ECPTN) and EMO-loaded PLGA nanoparticles (EPN) were also prepared as comparison. The cellular uptake of ECPTN by HepG2 and HCa-F cells was investigated using Confocal laser scanning microscopy. The apoptosis of HepG2 cells handled with EPTN was assayed by flow cytometry. The liver targeting property of ECPTN in mice was evaluated using the drug concentration determined by RP-HPLC and the freezing slices were investigated via fluorescence inversion microscopy. The blood samples were obtained from vein intubation to illustrate the pharmacokinetics process of EPTN. The tumor-bearing mice model was established to elucidate the in vivo therapeutic effect of EPTN. RESULTS The results demonstrated that ECPTN could be internalized by HepG2 and HCa-F cells respectively. The ratio of apoptosis cells was increased after dealing with EPTN. The detection indexes of drug concentration and fluorescence inversion microscopy images indicated ECPTN had an excellent effect on liver targeting property than EMO solutions (EMS). The pharmacokinetics process of EPTN showed obvious sustained-release effect than EMS. Compared with EPN, the in vivo antitumor activity of EPTN against tumor cells were better. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, EPTN could be used in the treatment of liver cancer acted as a kind of promising intravenous dosage forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Meng Gao
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Hong Xu
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Xin Guan
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Li Lv
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Sa Deng
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Chenghong Zhang
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Yan Tian
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China.
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Amitani M, Amitani H, Sloan RA, Suzuki H, Sameshima N, Asakawa A, Nerome Y, Owaki T, Inui A, Hoshino E. The translational aspect of complementary and alternative medicine for cancer with particular emphasis on Kampo. Front Pharmacol 2015; 6:150. [PMID: 26300773 PMCID: PMC4527580 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) including Japanese Kampo is known to have anticancer potential. An increasing number of cancer survivors are using CAM for disease prevention, immune system enhancement, and symptom control. Although there have been abundant previous clinical reports regarding CAM, scientific investigations aimed at acquiring quantifiable results in clinical trials, as well as basic research regarding CAM, have only recently been undertaken. Recent studies suggest that CAM enhancement of immune function is related to cytokines. This review provides a translational aspect of CAM, particularly Hozai in Kampo from both scientific and clinical points of view for further development of CAM for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Amitani
- Education Center for Doctors in Remote Islands and Rural Areas, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Kagoshima, Japan ; Department of Psychosomatic Internal Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Haruka Amitani
- Department of Psychosomatic Internal Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Robert A Sloan
- Department of Psychosomatic Internal Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Hajime Suzuki
- Department of Psychosomatic Internal Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Nanami Sameshima
- Department of Psychosomatic Internal Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Akihiro Asakawa
- Department of Psychosomatic Internal Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Yasuhito Nerome
- Education Center for Doctors in Remote Islands and Rural Areas, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Tetsuhiro Owaki
- Education Center for Doctors in Remote Islands and Rural Areas, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Akio Inui
- Department of Psychosomatic Internal Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Etsuo Hoshino
- Division of Kampo Support, Cancer Institute Hospital Tokyo, Japan
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Cole C, Burgoyne T, Lee A, Stehno-Bittel L, Zaid G. Arum Palaestinum with isovanillin, linolenic acid and β-sitosterol inhibits prostate cancer spheroids and reduces the growth rate of prostate tumors in mice. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 15:264. [PMID: 26243305 PMCID: PMC4525741 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-015-0774-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arum palaestinum is a plant commonly found in the Middle East that is ingested as an herbal remedy to fight cancer. However, no studies have examined the direct effect of the plant/plant extract on tumor growth in an animal model. METHODS Verified prostate cancer cells were plated as 3D spheroids to determine the effect of extract from boiled Arum Palaestinum Boiss roots. In addition, male NU/NU mice (8 weeks old) with xenograft tumors derived from the prostate cancer cell line were treated daily with 1000 mg/kg body weight gavage of the suspension GZ17. The tumor growth was measured repeatedly with calipers and the excised tumors were weighed at the termination of the 3 week study. Control mice (10 mice in each group) received vehicle in the same manner and volume. RESULTS The number of live prostate cancer cells declined in a dose/dependent manner with a 24 h exposure to the extract at doses of 0.015 to 6.25 mg/mL. A fortified version of the extract (referred to as GZ17) that contained higher levels of isovanillin, linolenic acid and β-sitosterol had a stronger effect on the cell death rate, shifting the percentage of dead cells from 30 % to 55 % at the highest dose while the vehicle control had no effect on cell numbers. When GZ17 was applied to non-cancer tissue, in this case, human islets, there was no cell death at doses that were toxic to treated cancer cells. Preliminary toxicity studies were conducted on rats using an up-down design, with no signs of toxic effect at the highest dose. NU/NU mice with xenograft prostate tumors treated with GZ17 had a dramatic inhibition of tumor progression, while tumors in the control group grew steadily through the 3 weeks. The rate of tumor volume increase was 73 mm(3)/day for the vehicle group and 24 mm(3)/day for the GZ17 treated mice. While there was a trend towards lower excised tumor weight at study termination in the GZ17 treatment group, there was no statistical difference. CONCLUSIONS Fortified Arum palaestinum Boiss caused a reduction in live cells within prostate cancer spheroids and blocked tumor growth in xenografted prostate tumors in mice without signs of toxicity.
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Ye L, Jia Y, Ji KE, Sanders AJ, Xue K, Ji J, Mason MD, Jiang WG. Traditional Chinese medicine in the prevention and treatment of cancer and cancer metastasis. Oncol Lett 2015; 10:1240-1250. [PMID: 26622657 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.3459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been a major part of healthcare in China, and has extensively affected medicine and healthcare in surrounding countries over a long period of time. In the fight against cancer, certain anticancer remedies using herbs or herbal formulas derived from TCM have been developed for the management of malignancies. Furthermore, there are clinical trials registered for the use of herbal remedies in cancer management. Herbal medicine has been used as part of combined therapies to reduce the side-effects of chemotherapy, including bone marrow suppression, nausea and vomiting. Herbal remedies have also been used as chemopreventive therapies to treat precancerous conditions in order to reduce the incidence of cancer in high-risk populations. Emerging evidence has revealed that herbal remedies can regulate the proliferation, apoptosis, adhesion and migration of cancer cells. In addition to this direct effect upon cancer cells, a number of herbal remedies have been identified to suppress angiogenesis and therefore reduce tumour growth. The inhibition of tumour growth may also be due to modifications of the host immune system by the herbal treatment. However, the precise mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of herbal remedies remain poorly understood and are yet to be fully elucidated. The present study aims to summarize the current literature and clinical trial results of herbal remedies for cancer treatment, with a particular focus on the recent findings and development of the Yangzheng Xiaoji capsule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Ye
- Cardiff University-Peking University Cancer Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK ; Metastasis and Angiogenesis Research Group, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK ; Institute of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Yongning Jia
- Cardiff University-Peking University Cancer Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK ; Metastasis and Angiogenesis Research Group, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK ; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Haidian, Beijing 100142, P.R. China
| | - K E Ji
- Cardiff University-Peking University Cancer Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK ; Metastasis and Angiogenesis Research Group, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK ; Institute of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Andrew J Sanders
- Cardiff University-Peking University Cancer Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK ; Metastasis and Angiogenesis Research Group, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK ; Institute of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Kan Xue
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Haidian, Beijing 100142, P.R. China
| | - Jiafu Ji
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Haidian, Beijing 100142, P.R. China
| | - Malcolm D Mason
- Institute of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Wen G Jiang
- Cardiff University-Peking University Cancer Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK ; Metastasis and Angiogenesis Research Group, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK ; Institute of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
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Wang X, Qi W, Li Y, Zhang N, Dong L, Sun M, Cun J, Zhang Y, Lv S, Yang Q. Huaier Extract Induces Autophagic Cell Death by Inhibiting the mTOR/S6K Pathway in Breast Cancer Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131771. [PMID: 26134510 PMCID: PMC4489895 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Huaier extract is attracting increased attention due to its biological activities, including antitumor, anti-parasite and immunomodulatory effects. Here, we investigated the role of autophagy in Huaier-induced cytotoxicity in MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-468 and MCF7 breast cancer cells. Huaier treatment inhibited cell viability in all three cell lines and induced various large membranous vacuoles in the cytoplasm. In addition, electron microscopy, MDC staining, accumulated expression of autophagy markers and flow cytometry revealed that Huaier extract triggered autophagy. Inhibition of autophagy attenuated Huaier-induced cell death. Furthermore, Huaier extract inhibited the mammalian target of the rapamycin (mTOR)/S6K pathway in breast cancer cells. After implanting MDA-MB-231 cells subcutaneously into the right flank of BALB/c nu/nu mice, Huaier extract induced autophagy and effectively inhibited xenograft tumor growth. This study is the first to show that Huaier-induced cytotoxicity is partially mediated through autophagic cell death in breast cancer cells through suppression of the mTOR/S6K pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Wenwen Qi
- School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Yaming Li
- School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Lun Dong
- Department of Breast Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Mingjuan Sun
- Department of Breast Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Jinjing Cun
- Department of Breast Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Shangge Lv
- School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Qifeng Yang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
- Department of Pathology Tissue Bank, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
- * E-mail:
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67
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Ma HT, Hsieh JF, Chen ST. Anti-diabetic effects of Ganoderma lucidum. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2015; 114:109-113. [PMID: 25790910 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2015.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Revised: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Ganoderma lucidum is a white rot fungus widely used as a tonic for the promotion of longevity and health. Extracts of G. lucidum have been recognized as an alternative adjuvant treatment for diabetes. Among the many biologically active constituents of G. lucidum, polysaccharides, proteoglycans, proteins and triterpenoids have been shown to have hypoglycemic effects. G. lucidum polysaccharides have been reported to have hypoglycemic activity by increasing plasma insulin levels and decreasing plasma sugar levels in mice. Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B is a promising therapeutic target in diabetes, and G. lucidum proteoglycan can inhibit this enzyme in vitro. Moreover, G. lucidum triterpenoids were shown to have inhibitory activity on aldose reductase and α-glucosidase that can suppress postprandial hyperglycemia. In addition, a protein Ling Zhi-8 extracted from G. lucidum significantly decreased lymphocyte infiltration and increased the antibody detection of insulin in diabetic mice. This review summarizes most of the research about the hypoglycemic action effects of polysaccharides, proteoglycans, proteins and tritrerpenoids from G. lucidum as a guide for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haou-Tzong Ma
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Jung-Feng Hsieh
- Department of Food Science, Fu Jen Catholic University, Taipei 242, Taiwan
| | - Shui-Tein Chen
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan; Institute of Biochemical Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
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68
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Bensoussan A, Lee S, Murray C, Bourchier S, van der Kooy F, Pearson JL, Liu J, Chang D, Khoo CS. Choosing chemical markers for quality assurance of complex herbal medicines: Development and application of the herb MaRS criteria. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2015; 97:628-40. [PMID: 25704128 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
With increasing use of herbal medicines for chronic or serious illness, relevant quality assurance methods are essential for making claims of therapeutic benefit. Adequate demonstration of safety and efficacy based on chemical composition and ensuring consistency between manufactured batches is critical. To date, there has been no uniform standard approach or detailed framework provided to industry for selecting relevant chemical markers used to standardize herbal products. We developed the Herbal Marker Ranking System (Herb MaRS) providing guidance on prioritizing the selection of chemical markers for quality control of complex multi-herb mixtures, while also taking into account the bioactivity in relation to the symptoms of the disease and its concentration in the formula. We apply the Herb MaRS evaluation criteria to a seven-herb formulation for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome with constipation. Our ranking scale accommodates the clinical and pharmacological use of the formulation and its claimed indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bensoussan
- National Institute of Complementary Medicine, University of Western Sydney, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
| | - S Lee
- National Institute of Complementary Medicine, University of Western Sydney, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
| | - C Murray
- National Institute of Complementary Medicine, University of Western Sydney, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
| | - S Bourchier
- National Institute of Complementary Medicine, University of Western Sydney, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
| | - F van der Kooy
- National Institute of Complementary Medicine, University of Western Sydney, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
| | - J L Pearson
- National Institute of Complementary Medicine, University of Western Sydney, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
| | - J Liu
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dennis Chang
- National Institute of Complementary Medicine, University of Western Sydney, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
| | - C S Khoo
- National Institute of Complementary Medicine, University of Western Sydney, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
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69
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Aoyagi T, Terracina KP, Raza A, Matsubara H, Takabe K. Cancer cachexia, mechanism and treatment. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2015; 7:17-29. [PMID: 25897346 PMCID: PMC4398892 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v7.i4.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 01/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
It is estimated that half of all patients with cancer eventually develop a syndrome of cachexia, with anorexia and a progressive loss of adipose tissue and skeletal muscle mass. Cancer cachexia is characterized by systemic inflammation, negative protein and energy balance, and an involuntary loss of lean body mass. It is an insidious syndrome that not only has a dramatic impact on patient quality of life, but also is associated with poor responses to chemotherapy and decreased survival. Cachexia is still largely an underestimated and untreated condition, despite the fact that multiple mechanisms are reported to be involved in its development, with a number of cytokines postulated to play a role in the etiology of the persistent catabolic state. Existing therapies for cachexia, including orexigenic appetite stimulants, focus on palliation of symptoms and reduction of the distress of patients and families rather than prolongation of life. Recent therapies for the cachectic syndrome involve a multidisciplinary approach. Combination therapy with diet modification and/or exercise has been added to novel pharmaceutical agents, such as Megestrol acetate, medroxyprogesterone, ghrelin, omega-3-fatty acid among others. These agents are reported to have improved survival rates as well as quality of life. In this review, we will discuss the emerging understanding of the mechanisms of cancer cachexia, the current treatment options including multidisciplinary combination therapies, as well an update on new and ongoing clinical trials.
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70
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Huang W, Wang X, Shi C, Guo D, Xu G, Wang L, Bodman A, Luo J. Fine-tuning vitamin E-containing telodendrimers for efficient delivery of gambogic acid in colon cancer treatment. Mol Pharm 2015; 12:1216-29. [PMID: 25692376 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Certain natural products such as gambogic acid (GA) exhibit potent antitumor effects. Unfortunately, administration of these natural products is limited by their poor solubility in conventional pharmaceutical solvents. In this study, a series of telodendrimers, composed of linear polyethylene glycol (PEG)-blocking-dendritic oligomer of cholic acid (CA) and vitamin E (VE), have been designed with architectures optimized for efficient delivery of GA and other natural anticancer compounds. Two of the telodendrimers with segregated CA and VE domains self-assembled into stable cylindrical and/or spherical nanoparticles (NPs) after being loaded with GA as observed under transmission electron microscopy (TEM), which correlated with the dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis of sub-30 nm particle sizes. A very high GA loading capacity (3:10 drug/polymer w/w) and sustained drug release were achieved with the optimized telodendrimers. These novel nanoformulations of GA were found to exhibit similar in vitro cytotoxic activity against colon cancer cells as the free drug. Near-infrared fluorescence small animal imaging revealed preferential accumulation of GA-loaded NPs into tumor tissue. The optimized nanoformulation of GA achieved superior antitumor efficacy compared to GA-Cremophor EL formulation at equivalent doses in HT-29 human colon cancer xenograft mouse models. Given the mild adverse effects associated with this natural compound and the enhanced anticancer effects via tumor targeted telodendrimer delivery, the optimized GA nanoformulation is a promising alternative to the traditional chemotherapy in colon cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhe Huang
- †Department of Pharmacology and §Department of Neurosurgery, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13078, United States
| | - Xu Wang
- †Department of Pharmacology and §Department of Neurosurgery, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13078, United States
| | - Changying Shi
- †Department of Pharmacology and §Department of Neurosurgery, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13078, United States
| | - Dandan Guo
- †Department of Pharmacology and §Department of Neurosurgery, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13078, United States
| | - Gaofei Xu
- †Department of Pharmacology and §Department of Neurosurgery, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13078, United States
| | - Lili Wang
- †Department of Pharmacology and §Department of Neurosurgery, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13078, United States
| | - Alexa Bodman
- †Department of Pharmacology and §Department of Neurosurgery, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13078, United States
| | - Juntao Luo
- †Department of Pharmacology and §Department of Neurosurgery, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13078, United States
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Mitani T, Ito Y, Harada N, Nakano Y, Inui H, Ashida H, Yamaji R. Resveratrol reduces the hypoxia-induced resistance to doxorubicin in breast cancer cells. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2015; 60:122-8. [PMID: 24975222 DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.60.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Resveratrol (3,4',5-trihydroxy-trans-stilbene) is known to enhance the cytotoxicity of the anticancer drug doxorubicin. On the other hand, breast cancer MCF-7 cells acquire resistance to doxorubicin under hypoxic conditions. In this study, we investigated the effect of resveratrol on hypoxia-induced resistance to doxorubicin in MCF-7 cells. Resveratrol and its derivative 3,5-dihydroxy-4'-methoxy-trans-stilbene, but not 3,5-dimethoxy-4'-hydroxy-trans-stilbene, cancelled hypoxia-induced resistance to doxorubicin at a concentration of 10 μM. Carbonyl reductase 1 (CBR1) catalyzes the conversion of doxorubicin to its metabolite doxorubicinol, which is much less effective than doxorubicin. Hypoxia increased the expression of CBR1 at both mRNA and protein levels, and knockdown of CBR1 inhibited hypoxia-induced resistance to doxorubicin in MCF-7 cells. Knockdown of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α repressed the hypoxia-induced expression of CBR1. Resveratrol repressed the expression of HIF-1α protein, but not HIF-1α mRNA, and decreased hypoxia-activated HIF-1 activity. Resveratrol repressed the hypoxia-induced expression of CBR1 at both mRNA and protein levels. Likewise, 3,5-dihydroxy-4'-methoxy-trans-stilbene decreased the hypoxia-induced expression of CBR1 protein, but not 3,5-dimethoxy-4'-hydroxy-trans-stilbene. Furthermore, resveratrol decreased the expression of HIF-1α protein even in the presence of the proteasome inhibitor MG132 in hypoxia. Theses results indicate that in MCF-7 cells, HIF-1α-increased CBR1 expression plays an important role in hypoxia-induced resistance to doxorubicin and that resveratrol and 3,5-dihydroxy-4'-methoxy-trans-stilbene decrease CBR1 expression by decreasing HIF-1α protein expression, perhaps through a proteasome-independent pathway, and consequently repress hypoxia-induced resistance to doxorubicin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takakazu Mitani
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University
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72
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Apoptosis-inducing effects of extracts from desert plants in HepG2 human hepatocarcinoma cells. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/s2221-1691(15)30150-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Liu SH, Chuang WC, Lam W, Jiang Z, Cheng YC. Safety surveillance of traditional Chinese medicine: current and future. Drug Saf 2015; 38:117-28. [PMID: 25647717 PMCID: PMC4348117 DOI: 10.1007/s40264-014-0250-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Herbal medicine, including traditional Chinese medicine, has been used for the prevention, treatment, and cure of disorders or diseases for centuries. In addition to being used directly as therapeutic agents, medicinal plants are also important sources for pharmacological drug research and development. With the increasing consumption of herbal products intended to promote better health, it is extremely important to assure the safety and quality of herbal preparations. However, under current regulation surveillance, herbal preparations may not meet expectations in safety, quality, and efficacy. The challenge is how to assure the safety and quality of herbal products for consumers. It is the responsibility of producers to minimize hazardous contamination and additives during cultivation, harvesting, handling, processing, storage, and distribution. This article reviews the current safety obstacles that have been involved in traditional Chinese herbal medicine preparations with examples of popular herbs. Approaches to improve the safety of traditional Chinese medicine are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shwu-Huey Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Wu-Chang Chuang
- Brion Research Institute of Taiwan, New Taipei City, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Wing Lam
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Zaoli Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Yung-Chi Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
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74
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Edible mushrooms: improving human health and promoting quality life. Int J Microbiol 2015; 2015:376387. [PMID: 25685150 PMCID: PMC4320875 DOI: 10.1155/2015/376387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 328] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Mushrooms have been consumed since earliest history; ancient Greeks believed that mushrooms provided strength for warriors in battle, and the Romans perceived them as the “Food of the Gods.” For centuries, the Chinese culture has treasured mushrooms as a health food, an “elixir of life.” They have been part of the human culture for thousands of years and have considerable interest in the most important civilizations in history because of their sensory characteristics; they have been recognized for their attractive culinary attributes. Nowadays, mushrooms are popular valuable foods because they are low in calories, carbohydrates, fat, and sodium: also, they are cholesterol-free. Besides, mushrooms provide important nutrients, including selenium, potassium, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin D, proteins, and fiber. All together with a long history as food source, mushrooms are important for their healing capacities and properties in traditional medicine. It has reported beneficial effects for health and treatment of some diseases. Many nutraceutical properties are described in mushrooms, such as prevention or treatment of Parkinson, Alzheimer, hypertension, and high risk of stroke. They are also utilized to reduce the likelihood of cancer invasion and metastasis due to antitumoral attributes. Mushrooms act as antibacterial, immune system enhancer and cholesterol lowering agents; additionally, they are important sources of bioactive compounds. As a result of these properties, some mushroom extracts are used to promote human health and are found as dietary supplements.
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75
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Lo HY, Li CC, Huang HC, Lin LJ, Hsiang CY, Ho TY. Application of transcriptomics in Chinese herbal medicine studies. J Tradit Complement Med 2014; 2:105-14. [PMID: 24716122 PMCID: PMC3942912 DOI: 10.1016/s2225-4110(16)30083-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcriptomics using DNA microarray has become a practical and popular tool for herbal medicine study because of high throughput, sensitivity, accuracy, specificity, and reproducibility. Therefore, this article focuses on the overview of DNA microarray technology and the application of DNA microarray in Chinese herbal medicine study. To understand the number and the objectives of articles utilizing DNA microarray for herbal medicine study, we surveyed 297 frequently used Chinese medicinal herbs listed in Pharmacopoeia Commission of People's Republic of China. We classified these medicinal herbs into 109 families and then applied PudMed search using “microarray” and individual herbal family as keywords. Although thousands of papers applying DNA microarray in Chinese herbal studies have been published since 1998, most of the articles focus on the elucidation of mechanisms of certain biological effects of herbs. Construction of the bioactivity database containing large-scaled gene expression profiles of quality control herbs can be applied in the future to analyze the biological events induced by herbs, predict the therapeutic potential of herbs, evaluate the safety of herbs, and identify the drug candidate of herbs. Moreover, the linkage of systems biology tools, such as functional genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, pharmacogenomics and toxicogenomics, will become a new translational platform between Western medicine and Chinese herbal medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Yi Lo
- Graduate Institute of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Cheng Li
- Graduate Institute of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Chi Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Li-Jen Lin
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Yun Hsiang
- Department of Microbiology, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Tin-Yun Ho
- Department of Microbiology, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
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76
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Gupta RK, Patel AK. Do the health claims made for Morinda citrifolia (Noni) harmonize with current scientific knowledge and evaluation of its biological effects. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 14:4495-9. [PMID: 24083691 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2013.14.8.4495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Morinda citrifolia, also known as Great Morinda, Indian Mulberry, or Noni, is a plant belonging to the family Rubiaceae. A number of major chemical compounds have been identified in the leaves, roots, and fruits of Noni plant. The fruit juice is in high demand in alternative medicine for different kinds for illnesses such as arthritis, diabetes, high blood pressure, muscle ached and pains, menstrual difficulties, headache, heart diseases, AIDS, gastric ulcer, sprains, mental depression, senility, poor digestion, arteriosclerosis, blood vessel problems, and drug addiction. Several studies have also demonstrated the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and apoptosis-inducing effect of Noni in various cancers. Based on a toxicological assessment, Noni juice was considered as safe. Though a large number of in vitro, and, to a certain extent, in vivo studies demonstrated a range of potentially beneficial effects, clinical data are essentially lacking. To what extent the findings from experimental pharmacological studies are of potential clinical relevance is not clear at present and this question needs to be explored in detail before an recommendations can be made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Kumar Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry, National Medical College, Birgunj, Nepal E-mail :
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77
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Effect of Sipjeondaebo-tang on cancer-induced anorexia and cachexia in CT-26 tumor-bearing mice. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:736563. [PMID: 24963216 PMCID: PMC4052064 DOI: 10.1155/2014/736563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer-associated anorexia and cachexia are a multifactorial condition described by a loss of body weight and muscle with anorexia, asthenia, and anemia. Moreover, they correlate with a high mortality rate, poor response to chemotherapy, poor performance status, and poor quality of life. Cancer cachexia is regulated by proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). In addition, glucagon like peptide-1 (GIP-1), peptide YY (PYY), ghrelin, and leptin plays a crucial role in food intake. In this study, we investigated the therapeutic effects of one of the traditional herbal medicines, Sipjeondaebo-tang (Juzen-taiho-to in Japanese; SJDBT), on cancer anorexia and cachexia in a fundamental mouse cancer anorexia/cachexia model, CT-26 tumor-bearing mice. SJDBT was more significantly effective in a treatment model where it was treated after anorexia and cachexia than in a prevention model where it was treated before anorexia and cachexia on the basis of parameters such as weights of muscles and whole body and food intakes. Moreover, SJDBT inhibited a production of IL-6, MCP-1, PYY, and GLP-1 and ameliorated cancer-induced anemia. Therefore, our in vivo studies provide evidence on the role of SJDBT in cancer-associated anorexia and cachexia, thereby suggesting that SJDBT may be useful for treating cancer-associated anorexia and cachexia.
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78
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Song RJ, Pu FP, Zhou J, Sun JB, Zeng P, Zhang Q. Three-phase hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction based on a magnetofluid for the analysis of aristolochic acids in plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography. J Sep Sci 2014; 37:1622-31. [PMID: 24729270 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201400042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Juan Song
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xi'an University of Arts and Sciences; Xi'an Shanxi China
| | - Feng Ping Pu
- Department of Emergency; Urumqi General Hospital of PLA; Urumqi Xinjiang China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy; Urumqi General Hospital of PLA; Urumqi Xinjiang China
| | - Jiang Bing Sun
- Department Clinical Laboratory; No.23 Hospital of PLA; Urumqi Xinjiang China
| | - Ping Zeng
- Department of Pharmacy; Urumqi General Hospital of PLA; Urumqi Xinjiang China
| | - Qiong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy; Urumqi General Hospital of PLA; Urumqi Xinjiang China
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Isolation and chemopreventive evaluation of novel naphthoquinone compounds from Alkanna tinctoria. Anticancer Drugs 2014; 24:1058-68. [PMID: 24025561 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000000017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Botanically derived natural products have recently become an attractive source of new chemotherapeutic agents. To explore active anticolorectal cancer compounds, we carried out phytochemical studies on Alkanna tinctoria and isolated eight quinone compounds. Using different spectral methods, compounds were identified as alkannin (1), acetylalkannin (2), angelylalkannin (3), 5-methoxyangenylalkannin (4), dimethylacryl alkannin (5), arnebifuranone (6), alkanfuranol (7), and alkandiol (8). Compounds 4, 7, and 8 are novel compounds. The structures of the three novel compounds were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic evidence including high-resolution mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectra. The antiproliferative effects of these eight compounds on HCT-116 and SW-480 human colorectal cancer cells were determined using the MTS method. Cell cycle and apoptosis were determined using flow cytometry. Enzymatic activities of caspases were determined using a colorimetric assay, and interactions of compound 4 and caspase 9 were explored by docking analysis. Among the eight compounds, alkannin (1), angelylalkannin (3), and 5-methoxyangenylalkannin (4) showed strong antiproliferative effects, whereas compound 4 showed the most potent effects. Compound 4 arrested cancer cells in the S and G2/M phases, and significantly induced cell apoptosis. The apoptotic effects of compound 4 were supported by caspase assay and docking analysis. The structural-functional relationship assay suggested that to increase anticancer potential, future modifications on alkannin (1) should focus on the hydroxyl groups at C-5 and C-8.
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80
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Alsemari A, Alkhodairy F, Aldakan A, Al-Mohanna M, Bahoush E, Shinwari Z, Alaiya A. The selective cytotoxic anti-cancer properties and proteomic analysis of Trigonella Foenum-Graecum. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2014; 14:114. [PMID: 24679057 PMCID: PMC4021494 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-14-114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are a number of dietary components that may prove useful in the prevention and treatment of cancer. In some cultures, fenugreek seeds are used to treat cancer. The current study focuses on the anticancer properties and proteomic profiles of fenugreek seeds, and is prompted by the clinical profile of a case of primary CNS T cell lymphoma that responded to fenugreek treatment and resulted in tumor regression. METHOD Various normal and cancer cell lines were exposed to fenugreek extract at differing concentrations (100 μg/ml, 200 μg/ml and 300 μg/ml) and at different time points (0, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hrs). Protein fingerprints of fenugreek grain/seed types, obtained from four different geographical regions, were analyzed by proteomic expression profiles. RESULTS We observed selective cytotoxic effects of fenugreek extract in vitro to a panel of cancer cell lines, including T-cell lymphoma. Additionally, the cluster analysis of proteomics data showed that the protein profile of the particular fenugreek used by the patient is significantly different from three other regional subtypes of fenugreek extract. CONCLUSION The in vitro effect of fenugreek as a substance with significant cytotoxicity to cancer cells points to the potential usefulness of fenugreek in the prevention and treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulaziz Alsemari
- Department of Neurosciences, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, PO box 3354, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia.
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Abstract
Mistletoes are a group of obligate plant semi-parasites in the order Santalales. These clumps of plants growing on a wide range of host plants have been traditionally regarded as medicinal repositories. However, current scientific discoveries have validated their health potentials like never before. Their extracts containing alkaloids, viscotoxins, lectins, and polysaccharides have been evidenced to possess a myriad biological potentials including cancer inhibition. Mistletoes have emerged as promising alternative therapy against colon, oral, lung, and pancreas cancers. The plant extracts bolster immunity, delay tumour initiation and progression, kill malignant tumours, stabilize DNA, alleviate side effects of chemotherapeutics, improve the lifespan, and coping ability of cancer patients and survivors. A range of proprietary formulations viz. Iscador, Eurixor, Helixor, Lektinol, Isorel, Iscucin, Abnoba-viscum and recombinant lectin ML-1 are already being commercialized. This review presents an informative account on the recent developments in mistletoe-mediated cancer management. The underlying mechanisms, possibilities and limitations in cancer therapeutic development are outlined for kindling both researcher and public interest.
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Pirzadeh S, Fakhari S, Jalili A, Mirzai S, Ghaderi B, Haghshenas V. Glycyrrhetinic Acid Induces Apoptosis in Leukemic HL60 Cells Through Upregulating of CD95/ CD178. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR MEDICINE 2014; 3:272-8. [PMID: 25635254 PMCID: PMC4293615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Acute leukemia is characterized by the accumulation of neoplastic cells in the bone marrow and peripheral blood. Currently, chemotherapy and differentiating agents have been used for the treatment of leukemia. Recently, plant extracts, either alone or in combination with chemo agents, have been proposed to be used for the treatment of cancers. The aim of the present research was to study the cytotoxicity and apoptosis effects of an active licorice-derived compound, glycyrrhetinic acid (GA), on human leukemic HL60 cells. HL60 cells were cultured in RPMI1640 containing 10% fetal bovine serum. Cells were treated with different doses of GA and their viability and proliferation were detected by dye exclusion and 3-bis-(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide (XTT) assays. Apoptosis induction and expression of CD95 and CD178 were analyzed by flow cytometry. We observed that GA decreases cell viability and suppresses cells proliferation in a dose- dependent manner. In addition, our flow cytometry data show that GA not only induces apoptosis in HL60 cells, but also upregulates both CD95 and CD178 expression on the cell surface of these cells in a dose-dependent manner. The combination of GA with cytotoxic drugs and differentiation agents requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Pirzadeh
- Department of Biochemistry, Research & Development, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj, Iran.
| | - Shohreh Fakhari
- Kurdistan Cellular & Molecular Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.
| | - Ali Jalili
- Kurdistan Cellular & Molecular Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.,Corresponding author: Kurdistan Cellular & Molecular Research Center Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences Sanandaj, Iran.
| | - Sako Mirzai
- Department of Biochemistry, Research & Development, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj, Iran.
| | - Bayazeed Ghaderi
- Kurdistan Cellular & Molecular Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.
| | - Venous Haghshenas
- Department of Biochemistry, Research & Development, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj, Iran.
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Ha DT, Oh J, Khoi NM, Dao TT, Dung LV, Do TNQ, Lee SM, Jang TS, Jeong GS, Na M. In vitro and in vivo hepatoprotective effect of ganodermanontriol against t-BHP-induced oxidative stress. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 150:875-885. [PMID: 24140584 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Revised: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Ganoderma lucidum (Fr.) Karst. (Ganodermataceae) is a mushroom which is used as a traditional remedy in the treatment of human diseases such as hepatitis, liver disorders, hypercholesterolemia, arthritis, bronchitis and tumorigenic diseases. This study targets the evaluation of hepatoprotective activity of ganodermanontriol, a sterol isolated from Ganoderma lucidum, and the investigation of its mechanism of action in Hepa1c1c7 and murine liver cells upon tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP)-induced inflammation. t-BHP was utilized to stimulate an anti-inflammatory reaction in the hepatic cell lines and murine hepatic tissue examined. Western blot and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were used to estimate the expression of ganodermanontriol (GDT)-induced proteins, including heme oxidase-1 (HO-1) and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) as well as the corresponding mRNA. Luciferase assays were conducted to evaluate the interaction between NF-E2-related factor-2 (Nrf-2), the antioxidant response element (ARE), and the promoter region of the HO-1 gene and subsequent gene expression. Biochemical markers for hepatotoxicity were monitored to assess whether GDT protected the cells from the t-BHP-mediated oxidative stimuli. RESULTS GDT induced HO-1 expression via the activation of Nrf-2 nuclear translocation and the subsequent transcription of the HO-1 gene in vitro and in vivo, which seemed to be regulated by phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) and p38 signaling pathways. GDT exhibited in vitro and in vivo hepatoprotective activity as determined by the lowered levels of hepatic enzymes and malondialdehydes and the elevated glutathione levels. CONCLUSIONS This study validates the ethnopharmacological application of Ganoderma lucidum as a treatment for hepatic disorders. GDT induced in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory activity in t-BHP-damaged hepatic cells through the expression of HO-1, and in which PI3K/Akt and p38 kinases are involved. Our study motivates further research in the exploration of potent hepatoprotective agents from Ganoderma lucidum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do Thi Ha
- National Institute of Medicinal Materials (NIMM), 3B Quangtrung, Hoankiem, Hanoi, Vietnam; College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
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84
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Wang LH, Li Y, Yang SN, Wang FY, Hou Y, Cui W, Chen K, Cao Q, Wang S, Zhang TY, Wang ZZ, Xiao W, Yang JY, Wu CF. Gambogic acid synergistically potentiates cisplatin-induced apoptosis in non-small-cell lung cancer through suppressing NF-κB and MAPK/HO-1 signalling. Br J Cancer 2013; 110:341-52. [PMID: 24300974 PMCID: PMC3899775 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2013.752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2013] [Revised: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Gambogic acid (GA) has been reported to have potent anticancer activity and is authorised to be tested in phase II clinical trials for treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The present study aims to investigate whether GA would be synergistic with cisplatin (CDDP) against the NSCLC. Methods: 1-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-3,5-diphenylformazan (MTT), combination index (CI) isobologram, western blot, quantitative PCR, flow cytometry, electrophoretic mobility shift assay, xenograft tumour models and terminal deoxynucleotide transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labelling analysis were used in this study. Results: The cell viability results showed that sequential CDDP-GA treatment resulted in a strong synergistic action in A549, NCI-H460, and NCI-H1299 cell lines, whereas the reverse sequence and simultaneous treatments led to a slight synergistic or additive action. Increased sub-G1 phase cells and enhanced PARP cleavage demonstrated that the sequence of CDDP-GA treatment markedly increased apoptosis in comparison with other treatments. Furthermore, the sequential combination could enhance the activation of caspase-3, -8, and 9, increase the expression of Fas and Bax, and decrease the expression of Bcl-2, survivin and X-inhibitor of apoptosis protein (X-IAP) in A549 and NCI-H460 cell lines. In addition, increased apoptosis was correlated with enhanced reactive oxygen species generation. Importantly, it was found that, followed by CDDP treatment, GA could inhibit NF-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) signalling pathways, which have been validated to reduce ROS release and confer CDDP resistance. The roles of NF-κB and MAPK pathways were further confirmed by using specific inhibitors, which significantly increased ROS release and apoptosis induced by the sequential combination of CDDP and GA. Moreover, our results indicated that the combination of CDDP and GA exerted increased antitumour effects on A549 xenograft models through inhibiting NF-κB, HO-1, and subsequently inducing apoptosis. Conclusion: Gambogic acid sensitises lung cancer cells to CDDP in vitro and in vivo in NSCLC through inactivation of NF-κB and MAPK/HO-1 signalling pathways, providing a rationale for the combined use of CDDP and GA in lung cancer chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- L-H Wang
- 1] Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China [2] Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Lianyungang 222001, People's Republic of China
| | - Y Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - S-N Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - F-Y Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Y Hou
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - W Cui
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - K Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Q Cao
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - S Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - T-Y Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Z-Z Wang
- Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Lianyungang 222001, People's Republic of China
| | - W Xiao
- Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Lianyungang 222001, People's Republic of China
| | - J-Y Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - C-F Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
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Mohammad RY, Somayyeh G, Gholamreza H, Majid M, Yousef R. Diosgenin Inhibits hTERT Gene Expression in the A549 Lung Cancer Cell Line. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2013; 14:6945-8. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2013.14.11.6945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Arslan D, Tural D, Akar E. Herbal Administration and Interaction of Cancer Treatment. J Palliat Med 2013; 16:1466-76. [DOI: 10.1089/jpm.2013.0126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Arslan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Deniz Tural
- Department of Medical Oncology, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Emre Akar
- Cerrahpasa Medical School, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Ooi KL, Muhammad TST, Sulaiman SF. Physalin F from Physalis minima L. triggers apoptosis-based cytotoxic mechanism in T-47D cells through the activation caspase-3- and c-myc-dependent pathways. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 150:382-388. [PMID: 24051023 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/07/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Physalin F (a secosteroid derivative), is well recognized as a potent anticancer compound from Physalis minima L., a plant that is traditionally used to treat cancer. However, the exact molecular anticancer mechanism remains to be elucidated. AIM OF THE STUDY We have recently reported the apoptosis-based cytotoxic effect of the chloroform extract of this plant. Here, we investigated the cytotoxicity and possible cell death mechanism elicited by the active constituent, physalin F on human breast T-47D carcinoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cytotoxic-guided fractionation of the chloroform extract of Physalis minima has led to the isolation of physalin F. The cytotoxicity activity was assayed using MTS assay. The effect of the compound to induce apoptosis was determined by biochemical and morphological observations through DeadEnd Colorimetric and annexin V assays, respectively, and RT-PCR analysis of mRNA expression of the apoptotic-associated genes. RESULTS Cytotoxicity screening of physalin F displayed a remarkable dose-dependent inhibitory effect on T-47D cells with lower EC50 value (3.60 μg/ml) than the crude extract. mRNA expression analysis revealed the co-regulation of c-myc- and caspase-3-apoptotic genes in the treated cells with the peak expression at 9 and 12h of treatment, respectively. This apoptotic mechanism is reconfirmed by DNA fragmentation and phosphatidylserine externalization. CONCLUSION These findings indicate that physalin F may potentially act as a chemopreventive and/or chemotherapeutic agent by triggering apoptosis mechanism via the activation of caspase-3 and c-myc pathways in T-47D cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kheng Leong Ooi
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM, Penang, Malaysia
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89
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Pihlak R, Liivand R, Trelin O, Neissar H, Peterson I, Kivistik S, Lilo K, Jaal J. Complementary medicine use among cancer patients receiving radiotherapy and chemotherapy: methods, sources of information and the need for counselling. Eur J Cancer Care (Engl) 2013; 23:249-54. [DOI: 10.1111/ecc.12132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Pihlak
- Faculty of Medicine; University of Tartu; Tartu Estonia
- Haematology and Oncology Clinic; Department of Radiotherapy and Oncological Therapy; Tartu University Hospital; Tartu Estonia
| | - R. Liivand
- Faculty of Medicine; University of Tartu; Tartu Estonia
| | - O. Trelin
- Haematology and Oncology Clinic; Department of Radiotherapy and Oncological Therapy; Tartu University Hospital; Tartu Estonia
| | - H. Neissar
- Haematology and Oncology Clinic; Department of Radiotherapy and Oncological Therapy; Tartu University Hospital; Tartu Estonia
| | - I. Peterson
- Haematology and Oncology Clinic; Department of Radiotherapy and Oncological Therapy; Tartu University Hospital; Tartu Estonia
| | - S. Kivistik
- Haematology and Oncology Clinic; Department of Radiotherapy and Oncological Therapy; Tartu University Hospital; Tartu Estonia
| | - K. Lilo
- Haematology and Oncology Clinic; Department of Radiotherapy and Oncological Therapy; Tartu University Hospital; Tartu Estonia
| | - J. Jaal
- Faculty of Medicine; University of Tartu; Tartu Estonia
- Haematology and Oncology Clinic; Department of Radiotherapy and Oncological Therapy; Tartu University Hospital; Tartu Estonia
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Fattahi S, Ardekani AM, Zabihi E, Abedian Z, Mostafazadeh A, Pourbagher R, Akhavan-Niaki H. Antioxidant and Apoptotic Effects of an Aqueous Extract of Urtica dioica on the MCF-7 Human Breast Cancer Cell Line. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2013; 14:5317-23. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2013.14.9.5317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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91
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Antiangiogenic activity and pharmacogenomics of medicinal plants from traditional korean medicine. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:131306. [PMID: 23970927 PMCID: PMC3736538 DOI: 10.1155/2013/131306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Revised: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Aim. In the present study, we investigated the antiangiogenic properties of 59 plants used in traditional Korean medicine. Selected phytochemicals were investigated in more detail for their modes of action. Methods. A modified chicken-chorioallantoic-membrane (CAM) assay using quail eggs was applied to test for antiangiogenic effects of plant extracts. A molecular docking in silico approached the binding of plant constituents to the vascular endothelial growth factor receptors 1 and 2 (VEGFR1, VEGFR2). Microarray-based mRNA expression profiling was employed to correlate the 50% inhibition concentrations (IC50) of a panel of 60 NCI cell lines to these phytochemicals. Results. Extracts from Acer mono leaves, Reynoutria sachalniensis fruits, Cinnamomum japonicum stems, Eurya japonica leaves, Adenophora racemosa whole plant, Caryopteris incana leaves-stems, and Schisandra chinensis stems inhibited angiogenesis more than 50% in quail eggs. Selected phytochemicals from Korean plants were analyzed in more detail using microarray-based mRNA expression profiles and molecular docking to VEGFR1 and VEGFR2. These results indicate multifactorial modes of action of these natural products. Conclusion. The antiangiogenic activity of plants used in traditional Korean medicine implicates their possible application for diseases where inhibition of blood vessel formation is desired, for example, cancer, macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy and others.
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Suzuki H, Asakawa A, Amitani H, Nakamura N, Inui A. Cancer cachexia--pathophysiology and management. J Gastroenterol 2013; 48:574-94. [PMID: 23512346 PMCID: PMC3698426 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-013-0787-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
About half of all cancer patients show a syndrome of cachexia, characterized by anorexia and loss of adipose tissue and skeletal muscle mass. Cachexia can have a profound impact on quality of life, symptom burden, and a patient's sense of dignity. It is a very serious complication, as weight loss during cancer treatment is associated with more chemotherapy-related side effects, fewer completed cycles of chemotherapy, and decreased survival rates. Numerous cytokines have been postulated to play a role in the etiology of cancer cachexia. Cytokines can elicit effects that mimic leptin signaling and suppress orexigenic ghrelin and neuropeptide Y (NPY) signaling, inducing sustained anorexia and cachexia not accompanied by the usual compensatory response. Furthermore, cytokines have been implicated in the induction of cancer-related muscle wasting. Cytokine-induced skeletal muscle wasting is probably a multifactorial process, which involves a protein synthesis inhibition, an increase in protein degradation, or a combination of both. The best treatment of the cachectic syndrome is a multifactorial approach. Many drugs including appetite stimulants, thalidomide, cytokine inhibitors, steroids, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, branched-chain amino acids, eicosapentaenoic acid, and antiserotoninergic drugs have been proposed and used in clinical trials, while others are still under investigation using experimental animals. There is a growing awareness of the positive impact of supportive care measures and development of promising novel pharmaceutical agents for cachexia. While there has been great progress in understanding the underlying biological mechanisms of cachexia, health care providers must also recognize the psychosocial and biomedical impact cachexia can have.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Suzuki
- />Department of Psychosomatic Internal Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, 890-8520 Japan
- />Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, 890-8520 Japan
| | - Akihiro Asakawa
- />Department of Psychosomatic Internal Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, 890-8520 Japan
| | - Haruka Amitani
- />Department of Psychosomatic Internal Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, 890-8520 Japan
| | - Norifumi Nakamura
- />Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, 890-8520 Japan
| | - Akio Inui
- />Department of Psychosomatic Internal Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, 890-8520 Japan
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93
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Thoppil RJ, Harlev E, Mandal A, Nevo E, Bishayee A. Antitumor activities of extracts from selected desert plants against HepG2 human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2013; 51:668-674. [PMID: 23368935 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2012.749922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Phytochemicals are produced by desert plants to protect themselves against stressful environments. They have been shown to be useful in preventing and fighting adverse pathophysiological conditions and complex diseases, including cancer. Although many desert plants have been investigated for their antitumor properties, a large number of them still remain to be explored for possible therapeutic applications in oncologic diseases. OBJECTIVE To screen the antitumor effects of selected desert plants, namely Achillea fragrantissima (Forssk.) Sch. Bip. (Compositae), Ochradenus baccatus Delile (Resedaceae), Origanum dayi Post (Lamiaceae), Phlomis platystegia Post (Lamiaceae) and Varthemia iphionoides Boiss (Compositae), against an in vitro tumor model utilizing HepG2 human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS The aqueous extracts of aerial parts of the aforementioned plants were prepared and used for the in vitro experiments. The HepG2 cells were exposed to varying concentrations (0-4 mg/mL) of each plant extract for 24 or 48 h and the cytotoxicity was measured by the MTT assay. RESULTS Following 24 h exposure, O. dayi extract exhibited a substantial antiproliferative effect in HepG2 cells (IC50 = 1.0 mg/mL) followed by O. baccatus (IC50 = 1.5 mg/mL). All plant extracts displayed cytotoxicity following 48 h exposure. Nevertheless, a substantial effect was observed with O. dayi (IC50 = 0.35 mg/mL) or O. baccatus (IC50 = 0.83 mg/mL). CONCLUSION The aqueous extracts from aerial parts of O. dayi and O. baccatus possess antitumor effects against human liver cancer cells. These desert plants represent valuable resources for the development of potential anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roslin J Thoppil
- Cancer Therapeutics and Chemoprevention Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA
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Pharmacokinetics of ganoderic acid D and its main metabolite by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2013; 930:1-6. [PMID: 23692850 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Revised: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The present study aims to investigate the pharmacokinetics of ganoderic acid D (GD), a representative active triterpenoid from Ganoderma lucidum. A sensitive and selective liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was developed for the simultaneous determination of the concentrations of GD and its main metabolite (ganoderic acid B) in rat plasma. Following protein precipitation, the analytes were separated on a reversed-phase C18 column. Acetonitrile-water-acetic acid (40:60:0.01) was used at a flow-rate of 0.2ml/min. A triple quadrupole mass spectrometer equipped with an electrospray ionization source was used as the detector and was operated in the negative ion mode. Multiple reaction monitoring using the characteristic transitions was performed to quantify the analytes. The method had a lower limit of quantification of 8.19ng/ml for GD, and 8.59ng/ml for ganoderic acid B (GB). The calibration curves were demonstrated to be linear over the concentration range of 8.19-4096ng/ml and 8.59-2149ng/ml, respectively. Variations within- and between-batch were less than 6.4% and 4.6%, respectively. The extraction recovery rates ranged from 98.8 to 105.2% and 100.7 to 113.6%, respectively. The validated method was successfully applied to the quantification of GD and GB concentrations in rat plasma after oral administration (or intravenous administration) of GD preparations at a dose of 15mg/kg. The data showed that the absolute bioavailability increased from 22% to 70% after the GD suspension was changed to GD loaded solid lipid nanoparticles. In the meantime, the Cmax increased from 107.2 to 1555.6ng/ml; the tmax changed from 2.0h to 0.3h. These results are very helpful in the further studies.
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95
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Zhang H, Qian Y, Liu Y, Li G, Cui P, Zhu Y, Ma H, Ji X, Guo S, Tadashi H. Celastrus orbiculatus extract induces mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. J TRADIT CHIN MED 2013; 32:621-6. [PMID: 23427399 DOI: 10.1016/s0254-6272(13)60081-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the apoptotic effects and underlying molecular mechanisms of Celastrus orbiculatus (C. orbiculatus) extract in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. METHODS Human hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HCCLM6) were treated with C. orbiculatus extract (COE) at different nontoxic concentrations (10, 20, 40, 80, and 160 microg/mL). The effect of COE on HCCLM6 viability was examined using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays. Cellular apoptosis following COE treatment was assessed by flow cytometry and western blot analysis. RESULTS COE significantly inhibited cell viability and induced apoptosis of HCCLM6 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Apoptosis was accompanied by increased Bax expression and decreased Bcl-2 expression. In addition, COE treatment led to the release of cytochrome c, activation of caspase-3, and cleavage of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). Furthermore, activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), p38 kinase, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) phosphorylation, and down-regulation of Akt phosphorylation was observed. CONCLUSION COE induces mitochondrial-mediated, caspase-dependent apoptosis in HCCLM6 cells, which might be attributed to the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and inhibition of Akt signaling pathways. These data suggest that COE may be a potential treatment for human hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhang
- Department of Nursing, School of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, China
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Wang CZ, Calway TD, Wen XD, Smith J, Yu C, Wang Y, Mehendale SR, Yuan CS. Hydrophobic flavonoids from Scutellaria baicalensis induce colorectal cancer cell apoptosis through a mitochondrial-mediated pathway. Int J Oncol 2013; 42:1018-26. [PMID: 23337959 PMCID: PMC3576930 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2013.1777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Scutellaria baicalensis extract (SbE) has been shown to exert chemopreventive effects on several types of cancer. Baicalin, a hydrophilic flavonoid found in SbE, may have opposing effects that decrease the antitumor potential of SbE against colorectal cancer. In this study, after removing baicalin, we prepared an aglycone-rich fraction (ARF) of SbE and evaluated its anti-proliferative activity and mechanisms of action. The flavonoids found in ARF, baicalin fraction (BF) and SbE were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The effects of ARF, BF, SbE and representative flavonoids on the proliferation of HCT-116 and HT-29 human colorectal cancer cells were determined by an MTS assay. The cell cycle, the expression of cyclins A and B1 and cell apoptosis were assayed using flow cytometry. Apoptosis-related gene expression was visualized by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and mitochondrial membrane potential was estimated following staining with JC-1. HPLC analysis showed that ARF contained two hydrophobic flavonoids, baicalein and wogonin, and that BF contained only baicalin. SbE had little anti-proliferative effect on the colorectal cancer cells; cancer cell growth was even observed at certain concentrations. ARF exerted potent anti-proliferative effects on the cancer cells. By contrast, BF increased cancer cell growth. ARF arrested cells in the S and G2/M phases, increased the expression of cyclins A and B1, and significantly induced cell apoptosis. Multiple genes in the mitochondrial pathway are involved in ARF-induced apoptosis, and subsequent cellular functional analysis validated the involvement of this pathway. These results suggest that removing baicalin from SbE produces an ARF that significantly inhibits the growth of colorectal cancer cells, and that the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway plays a role in hydrophobic flavonoid-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong-Zhi Wang
- Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research, and Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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CHOI EUNA, PARK HYEYOUNG, YOO HWASEUNG, CHOI YUNGHYUN. Anti-inflammatory effects of egg white combined with chalcanthite in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated BV2 microglia through the inhibition of NF-κB, MAPK and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways. Int J Mol Med 2012; 31:154-62. [DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2012.1169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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98
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Saw CLL, Chew L, Goh C. Recent Non-Interventional Advances in Cancer Pain Among Singapore Patients. ANNALS OF THE ACADEMY OF MEDICINE, SINGAPORE 2012. [DOI: 10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.v41n9p407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Pain is a common symptom in cancer patients, but very little information about the prevalence, severity, and treatment of pain in cancer patients in Singapore is available. Therefore, our prospective survey in the National Cancer Centre (NCC) outpatients is incorporated in this report. In addition, a review concerning the recent advances on non-interventional pain management in cancer treatment, which is relevant in the context, is discussed. Materials and Methods: For the prospective survey, a questionnaire was distributed for self-administration by patients while waiting for consultation at the NCC outpatient departments. Literature searches on advances in pain management were conducted, reviewed and discussed. Results: In the last decade, there have been advances in pain pharmacology ranging from wider therapeutic options and management approaches to novel delivery techniques. Acupuncture and massage therapy became increasingly popular among cancer patients. Some clinical trials of acupuncture show benefits in palliation of cancer pain. From the prospective survey, 41.2% of the responders reported pain in the past week, and only 70.8% talked to their doctors about their pain. One third of the patients received analgesics. Of these, 86.5% said that they were taking the prescribed medications, however, 37.4% admitted to having difficulties taking them. Non-drug methods were used by 25.4% of the patients. Medicated oil, cream or gel was used by 49.3%; only 2.6% reported use of Chinese herbs. Conclusion: Pain is a significant symptom in outpatients attending a cancer centre, affecting 41.2% of the patients. Although majority of patients who suffered from pain reported this to doctors, much more medical effort is needed to help patients to relieve their pain and proper complementary therapy could be considered.
Key words: Cancer outpatients, Complementary therapies, Non-pharmacological pain treatments, Pain prevalence
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Cheng C, Yang M, Yu K, Guan S, Tao S, Millar A, Pang X, Guo D. Identification of Metabolites of Ganoderic Acid D by Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography/Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry. Drug Metab Dispos 2012; 40:2307-14. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.112.047506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
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100
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Yurt Kilcar A, Cekic B, Biber Muftuler FZ, Unak P, Medine EI. In vitro evaluation of radiolabeled (125I) methanol extracts of yarrow in cell lines of MCF-7, PC-3, A-549 and Caco-2. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-012-1895-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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