51
|
Hoang DH, Song M, Kovale LM, Tran QH, Choe W, Kang I, Kim SS, Ha J. Beta-naphthoflavone and doxorubicin synergistically enhance apoptosis in human lung cancer cells by inducing doxorubicin accumulation, mitochondrial ROS generation, and JNK pathway signaling. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 635:37-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
52
|
Emam HE, Abdelhameed RM. Separation of anthocyanin from roselle extract by cationic nano-rode ZIF-8 constructed using removable template. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.133607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
53
|
Flavones: Six Selected Flavones and Their Related Signaling Pathways That Induce Apoptosis in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810965. [PMID: 36142874 PMCID: PMC9505532 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a horrific disease that, to date, has no cure. It is caused by various factors and takes many lives. Apoptosis is a programmed cell death mechanism and if it does not function correctly in cancer cells, it can lead to severe disease. There are various signaling pathways for regulating apoptosis in cancer cells. Flavonoids are non-artificial natural bioactive compounds that are gaining attention as being capable of for inducing apoptosis in cancer cells. Among these, in this study, we focus on flavones. Flavones are a subclass of the numerous available flavonoids and possess several bioactive functions. Some of the most reported and well-known critical flavones, namely apigenin, acacetin, baicalein, luteolin, tangeretin, and wogonin, are discussed in depth in this review. Our main aim is to investigate the effects of the selected flavones on apoptosis and cell signaling pathways that contribute to death due to various types of cancers.
Collapse
|
54
|
Park N, Cho SD, Chang MS, Kim GH. Optimization of the ultrasound-assisted extraction of flavonoids and the antioxidant activity of Ruby S apple peel using the response surface method. Food Sci Biotechnol 2022; 31:1667-1678. [PMID: 36312999 PMCID: PMC9596659 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-022-01150-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A Box–Behnken Design (BBD) was employed to optimize the extraction of antioxidants from Ruby S apple peel by ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE). The effect of extraction temperature (20–40 °C), extraction time (15–45 min), and ethanol concentration (50–90%) in water on extraction yield, total phenol content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and DPPH radical scavenging activity of Ruby S peel extracts (RPEs) were investigated. The optimized extraction conditions that maximized extraction yield, TPC, TFC, and DPPH radical scavenging ability, were temperature 20 °C, extraction time 25.30 min, and ethanol concentration 50%. The validity of designed model was verified, and experimental values obtained under optimum conditions concurred with predicted values. Hyperoside, isoquercitrin, and phloridzin, were among the major flavonoids extracted. Our findings demonstrate the suitability of UAE and RSM for the optimization of Ruby S peel extraction and suggest the potential use of RPEs as bioactive functional materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- NaYeong Park
- Department of Bio-Health Convergence, Duksung Women’s University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Duk Cho
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Duksung Women’s University, 33, Samyang-ro 144-gil, Dobong-gu, Seoul, 01369 Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Sun Chang
- Postharvest Technology Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Wanju, Republic of Korea
| | - Gun-Hee Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Duksung Women’s University, 33, Samyang-ro 144-gil, Dobong-gu, Seoul, 01369 Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Lima Bezerra JJ, Johanes I, Vieira Pinheiro AA. Anticancer potential and toxicity of the genus Handroanthus Mattos (Bignoniaceae): A systematic review. Toxicon 2022; 217:131-142. [PMID: 35998713 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2022.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
The genus Handroanthus Mattos (Bignoniaceae) is widely used for the treatment of cancer in traditional medicine in Brazil and other South American countries. The anticancer potential of species of this genus has been reported in the literature, indicating that their chemical compounds may be effective against different tumor cell lines. In this perspective, the present study aimed to conduct a systematic review of ethnobotanical, pharmacological, phytochemical and toxicological information on Handroanthus species related to cancer treatment. Searches were conducted in the Google Scholar, PubMed®, ScienceDirect® and SciELO databases. A total of 78 articles published in the last thirty-two years (1990-2022) were eligible and included in the review. According to the scientific documents analyzed, five species of Handroanthus are widely used for the treatment of cancer in the traditional medicine of Brazil and other South American countries, including Bolivia and Argentina. The bark (88%) is the main part used in traditional preparations. Extracts and fractions from Handroanthus showed cytotoxicity against the following tumor cell lines: HL-60, MDA-MB-435, MDA-MB-231, MCF-7, HT-29, HCT-8, HCT-116, HEp-2, HepG2, CACO-2, SF-295, NCI-H292, NCI-H460, HeLa, and OVCAR-8. β-Lapachone, a naphthoquinone isolated from some species of this genus, is the most investigated compound for anticancer potential and has proved effective against some lung cancer cell lines (CL1-1, CL1-5 and A549). Results related to toxicological studies were not conclusive, considering that some extracts and compounds isolated from plants of this genus may present some degree of toxicity depending on the time of use and the concentration/dose used. Thus, despite the promising effects against various cancer cell lines, caution is needed when making use of these products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José Jailson Lima Bezerra
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Departamento de Botânica, Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Biologia Vegetal, Av. da Engenharia, S/n, Cidade Universitária, 50670-420, Recife, PE, Brazil.
| | - Isabella Johanes
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Departamento de Botânica, Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Biologia Vegetal, Av. da Engenharia, S/n, Cidade Universitária, 50670-420, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Anderson Angel Vieira Pinheiro
- Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Instituto de Pesquisa Em Fármacos e Medicamentos - IpeFarM, Cidade Universitária, 58051-970, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Lee NJ, Kwon Y, Kang W, Seo M, Seol Y, Park JW. Enzymatic synthesis of novel unnatural phenoxodiol glycosides with a glycosyl donor flexible glycosyltransferase MeUGT1. Enzyme Microb Technol 2022; 161:110113. [PMID: 35998478 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2022.110113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Isoflavonoids are of great interest due to their human health-promoting properties, which have resulted in studies on exploiting these phytochemicals as hotspots in diverse bio -industries. Biocatalytic glycosylation of isoflavonoid aglycones to glycosides has attracted marked interests because it enable the biosynthesis of isoflavonoid glycosides with high selectivity under mild conditions, and also provide an environmentally friendly option for the chemical synthesis. Thus, these inspired us to exploit new flexible and effective glycosyltransferases from microbes for making glycosides attractive compounds that are in high demand in several industries. Most recently, we have reported the functional characterization of a bacterial-origin recombinant glycosyltransferase (MeUGT1). Herein, more detailed kinetic characteristics of this biocatalyst, using a number of glycosyl donor substrates, were examined for further investigation of its biocatalytic applicability, enabling it feasible to biosynthesize new glycosides; phenoxodiol-4'-O-α-glucuronide, phenoxodiol-4'-O-α-(2''-N-acetyl)glucosaminide, phenoxodiol-4'-O-α-galactoside, phenoxodiol-4'-O-α-(2''-N-acetyl)galactosaminide and phenoxodiol-4'-O-α-(2''-deoxy)glucoside. The thorough kinetic analyses revealed that while the recombinant enzyme can utilize, albeit with different substrate preference and catalytic efficiency, a total five different nucleotide sugars as glycosyl donors, exhibiting its promiscuity towards glycosyl donors. This is the first report that a recombinant glycosyltransferase MeUGT1 that can regio-specifically glycosylate C4'-hydroxyl function of semi-synthetic phenoxodiol isoflavene to biosynthesize a series of unnatural phenoxodiol-4'-O-α-glycosides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Na Joon Lee
- Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Younghae Kwon
- Transdisciplinary Major in Learning Health Systems, Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Woongshin Kang
- Transdisciplinary Major in Learning Health Systems, Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Minsuk Seo
- Transdisciplinary Major in Learning Health Systems, Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Yurin Seol
- Transdisciplinary Major in Learning Health Systems, Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Je Won Park
- Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea; School of Biosystems and Biomedical Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction of Flavonoids from Juglans mandshurica Maxim.: Artificial Intelligence-Based Optimization, Kinetics Estimation, and Antioxidant Potential. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27154837. [PMID: 35956798 PMCID: PMC9369614 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27154837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) of flavonoids (JMBF) from Juglans mandshurica Maxim., an important industrial crop in China, was investigated in the present study. To improve the extraction efficiency of JMBF, suitable UAE was proposed after optimization using a hybrid response surface methodology–artificial neural network–genetic algorithm approach (RSM–ANN–GA). The maximum extraction yield (6.28 mg·g−1) of JMBF was achieved using the following optimum UAE conditions: ethanol concentration, 62%; solid–liquid ratio, 1:20 g·mL−1; ultrasonic power, 228 W; extraction temperature, 60 °C; extraction time, 40 min; total number of extractions, 1. Through the investigation of extraction kinetics, UAE offered a higher saturated concentration (Cs) for JMBF in comparison to traditional solvent extraction (TSE). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images showed that deeper holes were generated in J. mandshurica powder under the action of ultrasound, indicating that ultrasound significantly changed the structure of the plant materials to facilitate the dissolution of active substances. Extracts obtained using UAE and TSE were compared by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analysis, the results of which revealed that the functional group of bioactive compounds in the extract was unaffected by the ultrasonication process. Moreover, JMBF was further shown to exhibit significant antioxidant properties in vitro. This study provides a basis for the application of JMBF as a natural antioxidant.
Collapse
|
58
|
Halogenated Flavonoid Derivatives Display Antiangiogenic Activity. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27154757. [PMID: 35897938 PMCID: PMC9331694 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27154757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Antiangiogenic agents attenuate tumours' growth and metastases and are therefore beneficial as an adjuvant or standalone cancer regimen. Drugs with dual antiproliferative and antiangiogenic activities can achieve anticancer efficacy and overcome acquired resistance. In this study, synthetic flavones (5a,b) with reported anticancer activity, and derivatives (4b and 6a), exhibited significant inhibition of endothelial cell tube formation (40-55%, 12 h) at 1 µM, which is comparable to sunitinib (50% inhibition at 1 µM, 48 h). Flavones (4b, 5a,b and 6a) also showed 25-37% reduction in HUVECs migration at 10 µM. In a Western blotting assay, 5a and 5b subdued VEGFR2 phosphorylation by 37% and 57%, respectively, suggesting that VEGFR2 may be their main antiangiogenic target. 5b displayed the best docking fit with VEGFR2 in an in silico study, followed by 5a, emphasizing the importance of the 7-hydroxyl group accompanied by a 4-C=S for activity. Conversely, derivatives with a 4-carbonyl moiety fitted poorly into the target's binding pocket, suggesting that their antiangiogenic activity depends on a different target. This study provides valuable insight into the Structure Activity Relationships (SAR) and modes of action of halogenated flavones with VEGFR2 and highlights their therapeutic potential as antiangiogenic/anticancer lead compounds.
Collapse
|
59
|
Park MY, Kim Y, Ha SE, Kim HH, Bhosale PB, Abusaliya A, Jeong SH, Kim GS. Function and Application of Flavonoids in the Breast Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:7732. [PMID: 35887080 PMCID: PMC9323071 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the top causes of death, particularly among women, and it affects many women. Cancer can also be caused by various factors, including acquiring genetic alteration. Doctors use radiation to detect and treat breast cancer. As a result, breast cancer becomes radiation-resistant, necessitating a new strategy for its treatment. The approach discovered by the researchers is a flavonoid, which is being researched to see if it might help treat radiation-resistant breast cancer more safely than an approved medicine already being used in the field. As a result, this study focuses on the role of flavonoids in breast cancer suppression, breast cancer gene anomalies, and the resulting apoptotic mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Yeong Park
- Research Institute of Life Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Gazwa, Jinju 52828, Korea; (M.Y.P.); (S.E.H.); (H.H.K.); (P.B.B.); (A.A.); (S.H.J.)
| | - Yoonjung Kim
- College of Nursing, Konyang University Medical Campus, 158, Gwanjeodong-ro, Seo-gu, Daejeon 35365, Korea;
| | - Sang Eun Ha
- Research Institute of Life Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Gazwa, Jinju 52828, Korea; (M.Y.P.); (S.E.H.); (H.H.K.); (P.B.B.); (A.A.); (S.H.J.)
- Biological Resources Research Group, Gyeongnam Department of Environment Toxicology and Chemistry, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 17 Jegok-gil, Jinju 52834, Korea
| | - Hun Hwan Kim
- Research Institute of Life Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Gazwa, Jinju 52828, Korea; (M.Y.P.); (S.E.H.); (H.H.K.); (P.B.B.); (A.A.); (S.H.J.)
| | - Pritam Bhangwan Bhosale
- Research Institute of Life Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Gazwa, Jinju 52828, Korea; (M.Y.P.); (S.E.H.); (H.H.K.); (P.B.B.); (A.A.); (S.H.J.)
| | - Abuyaseer Abusaliya
- Research Institute of Life Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Gazwa, Jinju 52828, Korea; (M.Y.P.); (S.E.H.); (H.H.K.); (P.B.B.); (A.A.); (S.H.J.)
| | - Se Hyo Jeong
- Research Institute of Life Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Gazwa, Jinju 52828, Korea; (M.Y.P.); (S.E.H.); (H.H.K.); (P.B.B.); (A.A.); (S.H.J.)
| | - Gon Sup Kim
- Research Institute of Life Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Gazwa, Jinju 52828, Korea; (M.Y.P.); (S.E.H.); (H.H.K.); (P.B.B.); (A.A.); (S.H.J.)
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Lai JR, Yin FD, Guo QS, Yuan F, Nian BF, Zhang M, Wu ZB, Zhang HB, Tang E. Silver-catalysed three-component reactions of alkynyl aryl ketones, element selenium, and boronic acids leading to 3-organoselenylchromones. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:5104-5114. [PMID: 35703142 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob00696k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An Ag-catalysed three-component reaction of alkynyl aryl ketones bearing an ortho-methoxy group, element selenium, and arylboronic acid, providing a facile route to selenofunctionalized chromone products has been developed. This protocol features high efficiency and high regioselectivity, and the use of selenium powder as the selenium source. Mechanistic experiments indicated that the combined oxidative effect of (bis(trifluoroacetoxy)iodo)benzene and oxygen in the air pushes the catalytic redox cycle of the Ag catalyst and the phenylselenium trifluoroacetate formed in situ is the key intermediate of the PIFA-mediated 6-endo-electrophilic cyclization and selenofunctionalization reaction of alkynyl aryl ketones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Rong Lai
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resources, Ministry of Education and Yunnan Province, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China.
| | - Fu-Dan Yin
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resources, Ministry of Education and Yunnan Province, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China.
| | - Qing-Song Guo
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resources, Ministry of Education and Yunnan Province, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China.
| | - Fei Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resources, Ministry of Education and Yunnan Province, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China.
| | - Bei-Fang Nian
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resources, Ministry of Education and Yunnan Province, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China.
| | - Ming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resources, Ministry of Education and Yunnan Province, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China.
| | - Zhi-Bang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resources, Ministry of Education and Yunnan Province, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China.
| | - Hong-Bin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resources, Ministry of Education and Yunnan Province, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China.
| | - E Tang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resources, Ministry of Education and Yunnan Province, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China.
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Del Rosario H, Saavedra E, Brouard I, González-Santana D, García C, Spínola-Lasso E, Tabraue C, Quintana J, Estévez F. Structure-activity relationships reveal a 2-furoyloxychalcone as a potent cytotoxic and apoptosis inducer for human U-937 and HL-60 leukaemia cells. Bioorg Chem 2022; 127:105926. [PMID: 35717804 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.105926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic flavonoids with new substitution patterns have attracted attention as potential anticancer drugs. Here, twelve chalcones were synthesized and their antiproliferative activities against five human tumour cells were evaluated. This series of chalcone derivatives was characterized by the presence of an additional aromatic or heterocyclic ring linked by an ether, in the case of a benzyl radical, or an ester or amide functional group in the case of a furoyl radical. In addition, the influence on cytotoxicity by the presence of one or three methoxy groups or a 2,4-dimethoxy-3-methyl system on the B ring of the chalcone scaffold was also explored. The results revealed that the most cytotoxic chalcones contain a furoyl substituent linked by an ester or an amide through the 2'-hydroxy or the 2'-amino group of the A ring of the chalcone skeleton, with IC50 values between 0.2 ± 0.1 μM and 1.3 ± 0.1 μM against human leukaemia cells. The synthetic chalcone 2'-furoyloxy-4-methoxychalcone (FMC) was, at least, ten-fold more potent than the antineoplastic agent etoposide against U-937 cells and displayed less cytotoxicity against human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Treatment of U-937 and HL-60 cells with FMC induced cell cycle arrest at the G2-M phase, an increase in the percentage of sub-G1 and annexin-V positive cells, the release of mitochondrial cytochrome c, activation of caspase and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage. In addition, it inhibited tubulin polymerization in vitro in a concentration dependent manner. Cell death triggered by this chalcone was decreased by the pan-caspase inhibitor z-VAD-fmk and was dependent of the generation of reactive oxygen species. We conclude that this furoyloxychalcone may be useful in the development of a potential anti-leukaemia strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henoc Del Rosario
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Fisiología, Genética e Inmunología, Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Sanitarias (IUIBS), Grupo de Química Orgánica y Bioquímica, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Unidad Asociada al Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Ester Saavedra
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Fisiología, Genética e Inmunología, Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Sanitarias (IUIBS), Grupo de Química Orgánica y Bioquímica, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Unidad Asociada al Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; Instituto Canario de Investigación del Cáncer, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Ignacio Brouard
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPNA-CSIC), 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Daniel González-Santana
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPNA-CSIC), 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain; Facultad de Farmacia. Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Celina García
- Instituto Universitario de Bio-orgánica AG, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Elena Spínola-Lasso
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Fisiología, Genética e Inmunología, Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Sanitarias (IUIBS), Grupo de Química Orgánica y Bioquímica, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Unidad Asociada al Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Carlos Tabraue
- Departamento de Morfología, Grupo de Investigación Medio Ambiente y Salud (GIMAS), Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Sanitarias (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - José Quintana
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Fisiología, Genética e Inmunología, Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Sanitarias (IUIBS), Grupo de Química Orgánica y Bioquímica, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Unidad Asociada al Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Francisco Estévez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Fisiología, Genética e Inmunología, Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Sanitarias (IUIBS), Grupo de Química Orgánica y Bioquímica, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Unidad Asociada al Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Perea-Domínguez XP, Mendoza-Espinoza JA, Solano González JM, Leyva-Morales JB, Espinosa-Alonso LG, Valdez-Morales M. Antioxidant and anti-proliferative activity of free, conjugates and bound phenolic compounds from tomato and industrial tomato by-product. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022; 59:2361-2369. [PMID: 35602438 PMCID: PMC9114191 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-021-05252-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant and anti-proliferative activity of different fractions of phenolic compounds from tomato and tomato by-product. Soluble free phenolics and bound phenolics (BP) fractions from saladette tomato and industrial tomato by-product as well as, conjugated acid-hydrolysable phenolics (AHP) and alkaline-hydrolysable phenolics (AKHP) from saladette tomato, grape tomato and industrial tomato by-product, were tested. The scavenging effects of phenolic fractions on superoxide anion were determined using the PMS-NADH-NBT system. The myoglobin protection ratios of samples against hydroxyl radical were evaluated and the anti-proliferative effects in the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line were determined. AHP fraction from tomato by-product and AKHP fraction from grape and saladette tomato showed the highest inhibitory capacity of the superoxide anion (p ≤ 0.05). All samples had a myoglobin protection ratio from 30 to 50%. Regarding to cytotoxicity assays, all phenolic fractions from tomato by-product, as well as, BP, AHP, AKHP from saladette tomato and AHP from grape tomato showed important anti-proliferative activity against MCF-7 breast cancer cell line (IC50 < 20 μg/mL). From the results, we can conclude that tomato and tomato by-product are a good source of natural compound with important antioxidant and anti-proliferative activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiomara Patricia Perea-Domínguez
- Doctorado en Sustentabilidad y Departamento de Salud-Licenciatura en Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Occidente, Unidad Regional Guasave, Av Universidad S/N, Fraccionamiento Villa Universidad, C.P. 81048 Guasave, Sinaloa México
| | - José Alberto Mendoza-Espinoza
- Colegio de Ciencias y Humanidades, Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México, Casa Libertad. Ermita Iztapalapa 4263, Lomas de Zaragoza, C.P. 09620 Ciudad de México, México
| | - Jesús Martin Solano González
- Tecnológico Nacional de México, Instituto Tecnológico de Los Mochis, Blvd Juan de Dios Bátiz and 20 de Noviembre, El Parque, C.P. 81250 Los Mochis, Sinaloa México
| | - José Belisario Leyva-Morales
- Lab. Alimentos Funcionales y Departamento de Biotecnología Agrícola, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CIIDIR-IPN Unidad Sinaloa, Blvd Juan de Dios Bátiz Paredes 250, Guasave, Sin México
| | - Laura Gabriela Espinosa-Alonso
- Lab. Alimentos Funcionales y Departamento de Biotecnología Agrícola, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CIIDIR-IPN Unidad Sinaloa, Blvd Juan de Dios Bátiz Paredes 250, Guasave, Sin México
| | - Maribel Valdez-Morales
- Departamento de Biotecnología Agrícola, CONACyT-Instituto Politécnico Nacional-CIIDIR-IPN Unidad Sinaloa, Lab. Alimentos Funcionales-Área de Metabolómica Agrícola, Blvd. Juan de Dios Bátiz Paredes 250, Guasave, Sinaloa México
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Cheng CS, Gu QH, Zhang JK, Tao JH, Zhao TR, Cao JX, Cheng GG, Lai GF, Liu YP. Phenolic Constituents, Antioxidant and Cytoprotective Activities, Enzyme Inhibition Abilities of Five Fractions from Vaccinium dunalianum Wight. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27113432. [PMID: 35684371 PMCID: PMC9181978 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27113432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The bud of Vaccinium dunalianum Wight has been traditionally consumed as health herbal tea by “Yi” people in Yunnan Province, China, which was locally named “Que Zui tea”. This paper studied the chemical constituents of five fractions from Vaccinium dunalianum, and their enzyme inhibitory effects of α-glucosidase and pancreatic lipase, antioxidant activity, and cytoprotective effects on H2O2-induced oxidative damage in HepG2 cells. The methanol extract of V. dunalianum was successively partitioned with petroleum ether (PF), chloroform (CF), ethyl acetate (EF), n-butanol (BF), and aqueous (WF) to obtain five fractions. The chemical profiling of the five fractions was analyzed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS), and 18 compounds were tentatively identified. Compared to PF, CF, BF and WF, the EF revealed the highest total phenols (TPC) and total flavonoids (TFC), and displayed the strongest enzyme inhibition ability (α-glucosidase and pancreatic lipase) and antioxidant capacity (DPPH, ABTS and FRAP). Furthermore, these five fractions, especially EF, could effectively inhibit reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and cell apoptosis on H2O2-induced oxidative damage protection in HepG2 cells. This inhibitory effect might be caused by the up-regulation of intracellular antioxidant enzyme activity (CAT, SOD, and GSH). The flavonoids and phenolic acids of V. dunalianum might be the bioactive substances responsible for enzyme inhibitory, antioxidant, and cytoprotective activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Shu Cheng
- Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China; (C.-S.C.); (Q.-H.G.); (J.-K.Z.); (J.-H.T.); (T.-R.Z.); (J.-X.C.); (G.-G.C.)
| | - Qing-Hui Gu
- Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China; (C.-S.C.); (Q.-H.G.); (J.-K.Z.); (J.-H.T.); (T.-R.Z.); (J.-X.C.); (G.-G.C.)
| | - Jin-Ke Zhang
- Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China; (C.-S.C.); (Q.-H.G.); (J.-K.Z.); (J.-H.T.); (T.-R.Z.); (J.-X.C.); (G.-G.C.)
| | - Jun-Hong Tao
- Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China; (C.-S.C.); (Q.-H.G.); (J.-K.Z.); (J.-H.T.); (T.-R.Z.); (J.-X.C.); (G.-G.C.)
| | - Tian-Rui Zhao
- Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China; (C.-S.C.); (Q.-H.G.); (J.-K.Z.); (J.-H.T.); (T.-R.Z.); (J.-X.C.); (G.-G.C.)
| | - Jian-Xin Cao
- Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China; (C.-S.C.); (Q.-H.G.); (J.-K.Z.); (J.-H.T.); (T.-R.Z.); (J.-X.C.); (G.-G.C.)
| | - Gui-Guang Cheng
- Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China; (C.-S.C.); (Q.-H.G.); (J.-K.Z.); (J.-H.T.); (T.-R.Z.); (J.-X.C.); (G.-G.C.)
| | - Guo-Fang Lai
- Yunnan Institute for Food and Drug Control, Kunming 650106, China
- Correspondence: (G.-F.L.); (Y.-P.L.)
| | - Ya-Ping Liu
- Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China; (C.-S.C.); (Q.-H.G.); (J.-K.Z.); (J.-H.T.); (T.-R.Z.); (J.-X.C.); (G.-G.C.)
- Correspondence: (G.-F.L.); (Y.-P.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
64
|
Yang J, Chen X, Rao S, Li Y, Zang Y, Zhu B. Identification and Quantification of Flavonoids in Okra ( Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) and Antiproliferative Activity In Vitro of Four Main Components Identified. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12060483. [PMID: 35736417 PMCID: PMC9228595 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12060483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Okra is a kind of flavonoid-rich food which was reported to have a variety of health functions. Flavonoids are the major polyphenolic compounds in okra and are thought to play a role in reducing the risk of disease. The aim of this study was to isolate and identify the flavonoids composition in okra pods and explore the activity of the main flavonoids components identified on inhibiting tumor cell proliferation in vitro. Six individual flavonoids were identified by HPLC-MS/MS: quercetin-3-gentiobioside (Q3G), quercetin-3-sambubioside (Q3S), rutin, quercetin-7-glucoside (Q7G), isoquercitrin (ISO) and quercetin-3-malonylglucoside (Q3M), which were all separated well within 30 min. The analytical method was validated by the recovery of spiked samples and so on. Moreover, four main flavonoids components, namely Q3G, Q3S, ISO and Q3M, exhibited significant (p < 0.05) inhibition of NCI-N87, A375, A549 cells proliferation (25−100 μmol/L) and of HFLS-RA (200−300 μmol/L) in different levels, according to MTT method, respectively. It is demonstrated that the flavonoids components of okra exhibited a noteworthy development prospect as a possible nutraceutical dietary supplement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Biao Zhu
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-571-63743001
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Han T, Jiang C, Wei X, Sheng M, Xie Q, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Jin C. Design, synthesis of amide derivatives of scutellarin and their antileukemia and neuroprotective activities. Med Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-022-02885-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
66
|
In Vitro Inhibitory and Proliferative Cellular Effects of Different Extracts of Struthanthus quercicola: A Preliminary Study. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:9679739. [PMID: 35463089 PMCID: PMC9020953 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9679739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Struthanthus quercicola, a hemiparasitic plant known as “seca palo,” is used by Nahuatl traditional healers against diabetes, wounds, and rashes. We aimed to investigate the effects of different S. quercicola extracts, which were selected based on their traditional use in Tamazunchale, San Luis Potosí, on the cell viability and antioxidant activity in HeLa cell cultures. S. quercicola growing on Guazuma ulmifolia and Citrus sp. hosts was collected, and methanolic and ethanolic extracts as well as decoctions, infusions, and microwave-assisted extracts were obtained. The terpenoid, alkaloid, flavonoid, saponin, and tannin contents of each extract were evaluated qualitatively and quantitatively. The effects of different extracts on the viability of cervical adenocarcinoma (HeLa) cells were tested using an MTT assay. The differences in the total flavonoid and phenolic contents and free-radical scavenging activity in relation to the host and the extract were also determined. In assessments of the effects of the extracts on cell viability, eight organic extracts (4 from G. quercicola grown on Host 1 and 4 from G. quercicola grown on Host 2) were shown to decrease cell viability significantly in comparison with the control. However, the extract obtained by percolation (PMeOH) caused a significant increase in cell viability (p < 0.05), especially with the plant grown on Host 1. The microwave aqueous and methanolic extracts of the plants grown on both hosts showed a significant increase in the percentage of apoptosis (p < 005). In conclusion, different extracts of Struthanthus quercicola showed variable effects on cell viability and apoptosis. Isolation of the molecule or molecules with inhibitory and proliferative effects on cells should be conducted to evaluate their possible use as antineoplastic agents.
Collapse
|
67
|
Synthesis of Polymethoxyflavonoids from Hesperidin and Naringin and their Antiproliferative Activity. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-022-03062-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
68
|
Gu L, Sun M, Li R, Zhang X, Tao Y, Yuan Y, Luo X, Xie Z. Didymin Suppresses Microglia Pyroptosis and Neuroinflammation Through the Asc/Caspase-1/GSDMD Pathway Following Experimental Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Front Immunol 2022; 13:810582. [PMID: 35154128 PMCID: PMC8828494 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.810582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation has been proven to exert an important effect on brain injury after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Previous studies reported that Didymin possessed anti-inflammatory properties after acute hepatic injury, hyperglycemia-induced endothelial dysfunction, and death. However, the role of Didymin in microglial pyroptosis and neuroinflammation after ICH is unclear. The current study aimed to investigate the effect of Didymin on neuroinflammation mediated by microglial pyroptosis in mouse models of ICH and shed some light on the underlying mechanisms. In this study, we observed that Didymin treatment remarkably improved neurobehavioral performance and decreased BBB disruption and brain water content. Microglial activation and neutrophil infiltration in the peri-hematoma tissue after ICH were strikingly mitigated by Didymin as well. At the molecular level, administration of Didymin significantly unregulated the expression of Rkip and downregulated the expression of pyroptotic molecules and inflammatory cytokines such as Nlrp3 inflammasome, GSDMD, caspase-1, and mature IL-1β, TNF-α, and MPO after ICH. Besides, Didymin treatment decreased the number of Caspase-1-positive microglia and GSDMD-positive microglia after ICH. Inversely, Locostatin, an Rkip-specific inhibitor, significantly abolished the anti-pyroptosis and anti-neuroinflammation effects of Didymin. Moreover, Rkip binding with Asc could interrupt the activation and assembly of the inflammasome. Mechanistically, inhibition of Caspase-1 by VX-765 attenuated brain injury and suppressed microglial pyroptosis and neuroinflammation by downregulation of GSDMD, mature IL-1β, TNF-α, and MPO based on Locostatin-treated ICH. Taken together, Didymin alleviated microglial pyroptosis and neuroinflammation, at least in part through the Asc/Caspase-1/GSDMD pathway via upregulating Rkip expression after ICH. Therefore, Didymin may be a potential agent to attenuate neuroinflammation via its anti-pyroptosis effect after ICH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lingui Gu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Mingjiang Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ruihao Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xingyu Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yihao Tao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ye Yuan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xu Luo
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zongyi Xie
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| |
Collapse
|
69
|
The role of hydroxyl group of ethanol in the self-assembly of pharmaceutical cocrystal of myricetin with 4,4′-bipyridine. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.131848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
70
|
ABUALHASAN M, JARADAT N, AL-RIMAWI F, SHAHWAN M, MANSOUR D, ALHEND Z, ALSOROGHLI Y, MOUSA A. Bioactivity evaluation of synthesized flavone analogs. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.57122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
71
|
Sun J, Sun W, Zhang G, Lv B, Li C. High efficient production of plant flavonoids by microbial cell factories: Challenges and opportunities. Metab Eng 2022; 70:143-154. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2022.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
|
72
|
Zhang N, He H, Zhang M, Lu X, Li W, Wang R, Chang J. Investigation of the interactions between three flavonoids and human serum albumin by isothermal titration calorimetry, spectroscopy, and molecular docking. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj00314g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The interactions between three flavonoids (liquiritin, quercitrin, and taxifolin) and human serum albumin (HSA) are investigated by spectroscopic techniques, isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), and molecular docking study. Results show that...
Collapse
|
73
|
Nordin N, Jalil J, Ghani MFA, Abdullah AA, Othman R. Molecular Modelling Simulations and Inhibitory Effects of Naturally Derived Flavonoids Targeting Platelet-Activating Factor Receptor (PAFR). LETT DRUG DES DISCOV 2022. [DOI: 10.2174/1570180818666210614170322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Platelet-activating factor (PAF) is an agonist mediator in the inflammatory
process, which interacts with PAF receptor (PAFR) that eventually causes cancers, respiratory and
neurodegenerative diseases. This interaction activates the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)
pathway, leading to a pro-inflammatory cascade. The pathophysiological conditions due to activation
of inflammatory cascade could be inhibited by PAF antagonists.
Objectives:
In this study, selected naturally derived flavonoids (flavone, biochanin A, and myricetin)
with different functional groups were subjected to molecular modelling and experimental studies to
investigate their potential as PAF antagonists.
Method:
Interactions of flavonoids and PAF were assessed via Autodock Vina for molecular docking
and the AMBER program for molecular dynamic simulations. The experimentally antagonistic effects
of the flavonoids were also conducted via PAF inhibitory assay to determine the IC50 values.
Results:
The findings of docking and dynamic simulations have revealed that all selected flavonoids
interact with PAFR in the binding site with considerably good binding affinity up to - 9.8 kcal mol-1 as
compared to cedrol (- 8.1 kcal mol-1) as a standard natural PAFR antagonist. The PAFR-flavonoid
complexes exhibited four conserved active site residues, which included W73, F97, F174, and L279.
The stability of all complexes was attained in a 30 ns simulation. The findings of in silico analyses
were then compared to the experimental study on PAF inhibitory assay. Inhibitory effects of flavonoids
against PAFR showed moderate activities, ranging from 27.8 – 30.8 μgM-1.
Conclusion:
All studied flavonoids could act as promising PAF antagonists with some enhancement in
their structures to exhibit potent antagonistic activity. However, these naturally derived flavonoids
demand further investigation at cellular and animal models to develop new PAF antagonist drug candidates
for treating PAF-mediated diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noraziah Nordin
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences 1, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia,
71800, Nilai, Negeri Sembilan Malaysia
| | - Juriyati Jalil
- Drug and Herbal Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan
Malaysia, 50300, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Faiz Abd Ghani
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences 1, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia,
71800, Nilai, Negeri Sembilan Malaysia
| | - Adib Afandi Abdullah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy,
University Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Rozana Othman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy,
University Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Centre for Natural Product Research and Drug Discovery
(CENAR), University Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
74
|
Mahalanobish S, Kundu M, Ghosh S, Das J, Sil PC. Fabrication of phenyl boronic acid modified pH-responsive zinc oxide nanoparticles as targeted delivery of chrysin on human A549 cells. Toxicol Rep 2022; 9:961-969. [PMID: 35875254 PMCID: PMC9301599 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2022.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, different natural bioactive compounds have been used as anticancer agents for their various therapeutic benefits and non-toxic nature to other organs. However, they have various restrictions in preclinical and clinical studies due to their non-targeting nature and insufficient bioavailability. As a result, a zinc oxide nanoparticle (ZnO) based drug delivery medium was constructed which has good bio-compatibility and bio-degradability. It also displays cancer cell-specific drug delivery in a targeted and controlled way. In the present study, phenylboronic acid (PBA) tagged ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO-PBA) was fabricated and in the next step, chrysin (a natural bio-active molecule) was loaded to it to form the nanoconjugate (ZnO-PBA-Chry). Different characterization techniques were used to confirm the successful fabrication of ZnO-PBA-Chry. PBA-tagging to the nanoparticle helps in targeted delivery of chrysin in lung cancer cells (A549) as PBA binds with sialic acid receptors which are over-expressed on the surface of A549 cells. As ZnO dissociates in acidic pH, it shows stimuli-responsive release of chrysin in tumor microenvironment. Application of ZnO-PBA-Chry nanohybrid in lung cancer cell line A549 caused oxidative stress mediated intrinsic cell death and cell cycle arrest. ZnO-PBA-Chry downregulated MMP-2 and VE-Cadherin, thereby inhibiting metastasis and the invasive property of A549 cells. pH-responsive PBA functionalized ZnO nanoparticle was fabricated. Chrysin was loaded as a bioactive anticancer agent into ZnO nanoparticle. ZnO-PBA-Chry induced intrinsic cell death and cell cycle arrest in A549 cells. It inhibited metastasis and invasive properties of A549 cells.
Collapse
|
75
|
Natural green deep eutectic solvents-based eco-friendly and efficient extraction of flavonoids from Selaginella moellendorffii: Process optimization, composition identification and biological activity. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.120203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
|
76
|
Zhang XJ, Wang Z, Zhang H, Gao JJ, Yang KR, Fan WY, Wu RX, Feng ML, Zhu W, Zhu YP. Iodine-Mediated Domino Cyclization for One-Pot Synthesis of Indolizine-Fused Chromones via Metal-Free sp 3 C-H Functionalization. J Org Chem 2021; 87:835-845. [PMID: 34962788 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
An efficient method for the synthesis of new indolizine-fused chromones has been accomplished from ethyl (E)-3-(2-acetylphenoxy)acrylates and pyridines in a "one-pot" manner. Facile operation in open-air, metal-free, and mild conditions renders this protocol particularly practical and attractive. Moreover, this method can simultaneously construct two molecular fragments of chromone and indolizine. Scale-up experiment and the construction of natural products further prove the practicability of this strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Jin Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Shandong, Yantai 264005, PR China
| | - Zhuo Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Shandong, Yantai 264005, PR China
| | - Han Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Shandong, Yantai 264005, PR China
| | - Jing-Jing Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Shandong, Yantai 264005, PR China
| | - Kai-Rui Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Shandong, Yantai 264005, PR China
| | - Wei-Yu Fan
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Shandong, Yantai 264005, PR China
| | - Rui-Xue Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Shandong, Yantai 264005, PR China
| | - Meng-Lin Feng
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Shandong, Yantai 264005, PR China
| | - Wei Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Shandong, Yantai 264005, PR China
| | - Yan-Ping Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Shandong, Yantai 264005, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
77
|
Deng X, Zou Y, Liu R, Peng Y, Ouyang C, Peng J, Lei X, Xie Z, Li C, Tang G. Discovery of a Potential Multi-Target Anti-Tumor Agent via Structural Modification on Flavonoid. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2021.2021251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangping Deng
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang City, P.R. China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hengyang City, P.R. China
| | - Yang Zou
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang City, P.R. China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hengyang City, P.R. China
| | - Renbo Liu
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang City, P.R. China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hengyang City, P.R. China
| | - Yijiao Peng
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang City, P.R. China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hengyang City, P.R. China
| | - Chenglin Ouyang
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang City, P.R. China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hengyang City, P.R. China
| | - Junmei Peng
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang City, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyong Lei
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang City, P.R. China
| | - Zhizhong Xie
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang City, P.R. China
| | - Chong Li
- University of South China Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Hengyang, China
| | - Guotao Tang
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang City, P.R. China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hengyang City, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
78
|
Liu X, Geng S, He C, Sun J, Ma H, Liu B. Preparation and characterization of a dihydromyricetin-sugar beet pectin covalent polymer. Food Chem 2021; 376:131952. [PMID: 34973639 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A dihydromyricetin (DMY)-sugar beet pectin (SBP) covalent polymer was prepared using an alkaline method for the first time, and its structure and physicochemical properties were characterized. The results showed that the molecular weight, total phenol content, and ABTS radical scavenging ability of the polymer were positively correlated with DMY dosage. The polymer inhibited α-glucosidase in a mixed non-competitive and anti-competitive inhibition manner, and its inhibition performance depended on the total phenol content. Its maximum inhibitory activity was much higher than that of DMY, which was attributed to its strong protein binding capacity. The stability and β-carotene protective effects of the nano-emulsions stabilized with the DMY-SBP polymers were also positively correlated to the total phenol content and were superior to those stabilized by SBP. Therefore, the results obtained in this study may improve our functional understanding of natural polyphenol-polysaccharide polymers and promote the development of new nutraceuticals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Liu
- School of Food Science, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Sheng Geng
- School of Food Science, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Chengyun He
- School of Food Science, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Junliang Sun
- School of Food Science, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Hanjun Ma
- School of Food Science, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Benguo Liu
- School of Food Science, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China.
| |
Collapse
|
79
|
Ardalani H, Hejazi Amiri F, Hadipanah A, Kongstad KT. Potential antidiabetic phytochemicals in plant roots: a review of in vivo studies. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2021; 20:1837-1854. [PMID: 34900828 PMCID: PMC8630315 DOI: 10.1007/s40200-021-00853-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background Medicinal plants are used to treat various disorders, including diabetes, globally in a range of formulations. While attention has mainly been on the aerial plant parts, there are only a few review studies to date that are focused on the natural constituents present in the plant roots with health benefits. Thus, the present study was performed to review in vivo studies investigating the antidiabetic potential of the natural compounds in plant roots. Methods We sorted relevant data in 2001-2019 from scientific databases and search engines, including Web of Knowledge, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Medline, Reaxys, and Google Scholar. The class of phytochemicals, plant families, major compounds, active constituents, effective dosages, type of extracts, time of experiments, and type of diabetic induction were described. Results In our literature review, we found 104 plants with determined antidiabetic activity in their root extracts. The biosynthesis pathways and mechanism of actions of the most frequent class of compounds were also proposed. The results of this review indicated that flavonoids, phenolic compounds, alkaloids, and phytosteroids are the most abundant natural compounds in plant roots with antidiabetic activity. Phytochemicals in plant roots possess different mechanisms of action to control diabetes, including inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes, oxidative stress reduction, secretion of insulin, improvement of diabetic retinopathy/nephropathy, slow the starch digestion, and contribution against hyperglycemia. Conclusion This review concludes that plant roots are a promising source of bioactive compounds which can be explored to develop against diabetes and diabetes-related complications. Graphical abstract
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hamidreza Ardalani
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Chemistry, Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Fatemeh Hejazi Amiri
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Amin Hadipanah
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Kenneth T Kongstad
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
80
|
Mayer S, Nagy N, Keglevich P, Szigetvári Á, Dékány M, Szántay Junior C, Hazai L. Synthesis of Novel Vindoline-Chrysin Hybrids. Chem Biodivers 2021; 19:e202100725. [PMID: 34874114 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202100725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Vinca alkaloids are well-known microtubule targeting agents, which are used against some types of cancer. Vindoline is one of the monomeric Vinca alkaloids which does not have anti-tumor effect, although its derivatives have serious impact on the field of these indole alkaloids. Chrysin is a secondary plant metabolite, which has broad-spectrum biological activity, among others anticancer activity. Chrysin had shown synergic effect with several antiproliferative compounds (e. g., doxorubicin, cisplatin and ciglitazone), therefore, we attempted the synthesis of a novel vindoline-chrysin hybrid molecule. However, in the first case a diphenylamine structure was isolated. The mechanism of the unexpected reaction was studied, and then the originally targeted hybrid was synthesized by a reverse route coupling. A further hybrid was produced using a different site of the molecule. The antitumor activities were determined against 60 human tumor cell lines (NCI60), where the aimed hybrid showed low micromolar GI50 values on most of the cell lines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Szabolcs Mayer
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1111, Budapest, Gellért tér 4., Hungary
| | - Nóra Nagy
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1111, Budapest, Gellért tér 4., Hungary
| | - Péter Keglevich
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1111, Budapest, Gellért tér 4., Hungary
| | - Áron Szigetvári
- Spectroscopic Research Department, Gedeon Richter Plc., H-1475, Budapest 10, P.O. Box 27, Hungary
| | - Miklós Dékány
- Spectroscopic Research Department, Gedeon Richter Plc., H-1475, Budapest 10, P.O. Box 27, Hungary
| | - Csaba Szántay Junior
- Spectroscopic Research Department, Gedeon Richter Plc., H-1475, Budapest 10, P.O. Box 27, Hungary
| | - László Hazai
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1111, Budapest, Gellért tér 4., Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
81
|
Xiao J, Ai Z, Li X, Tao S, Zhao B, Wang X, Wang X, Du Y. Synthesis of 3-thiocyanated chromones via TCCA/NH4SCN-mediated cyclization/thiocyanation of alkynyl aryl ketones. GREEN SYNTHESIS AND CATALYSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gresc.2021.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
|
82
|
Bouhlel Chatti I, Krichen Y, Maatouk M, Lahmar A, Ghoul Mazgar S, Kammoun R, Safta Skhiri S, Chekir Ghedira L, Krifa M. Evaluation of Anticancer Potential of Flavones from Rhamnus alaternus against B16F10 Melanoma Cells. Nutr Cancer 2021; 74:2265-2275. [PMID: 34783289 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2021.2004171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma has become an important health problem and new treatment have become an imperative medical need. Therefore, the finding and identification of natural product with less toxic effects, capable of promoting melanoma cell death have become an important goal of research in oncotherapy. In this study, we want to investigate the anticancer activity of an enriched total oligomers flavonoids (TOF) extract of R. alaternus in melanoma cells. First, TOF was exhibited to be rich in flavones. We revealed that this extract reduced proliferation and increased of sub-G1 and S phase cells built-up in B16-F10 cells in a dose-related manner. Moreover, In Vivo, TOF reduced tumor volume and weight with percentages of inhibition of 92.4% and 92.9%, respectively. R. alaternus was also found to be effective in reducing the level of pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6 during metastasis. Level of TH1 cytokine, such as IL-2, was significantly enhanced by TOF treatment. Indeed, the histological examination of the tumor revealed the absence of mitoses and the presence of numerous melanin pigmented macrophage cells in the R. alaternus extract-treated group that could be explained by the induction of macrophage activation and by the arrest of the cell cycle in the Sub-G1 and S phases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ines Bouhlel Chatti
- Unity of Bioactive Natural Substances and Biotechnology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia.,Department of Biology and Geology, Higher Institute of Applied Science and Technology of Gabes, University of Gabes, Gabés, Tunisia
| | - Yosr Krichen
- Unity of Bioactive Natural Substances and Biotechnology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia.,Pharmacognosy Laboratory, Faculty of pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Mouna Maatouk
- Unity of Bioactive Natural Substances and Biotechnology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Aida Lahmar
- Unity of Bioactive Natural Substances and Biotechnology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Sonia Ghoul Mazgar
- ABCDF Laboratory, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Rim Kammoun
- ABCDF Laboratory, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Sihem Safta Skhiri
- ABCDF Laboratory, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Leila Chekir Ghedira
- Unity of Bioactive Natural Substances and Biotechnology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Mounira Krifa
- Unity of Bioactive Natural Substances and Biotechnology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| |
Collapse
|
83
|
Ma X, Tang K, Tang Z, Dong A, Meng Y, Wang P. Organ-specific, integrated omics data-based study on the metabolic pathways of the medicinal plant Bletilla striata (Orchidaceae). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:504. [PMID: 34724893 PMCID: PMC8559373 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03288-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bletilla striata is one of the important species belonging to the Bletilla genus of Orchidaceae. Since its extracts have an astringent effect on human tissues, B. striata is widely used for hemostasis and healing. Recently, some other beneficial effects have also been uncovered, such as antioxidation, antiinflammation, antifibrotic, and immunomodulatory activities. As a key step towards a thorough understanding on the medicinal ingredient production in B. striata, deciphering the regulatory codes of the metabolic pathways becomes a major task. RESULTS In this study, three organs (roots, tubers and leaves) of B. striata were analyzed by integrating transcriptome sequencing and untargeted metabolic profiling data. Five different metabolic pathways, involved in polysaccharide, sterol, flavonoid, terpenoid and alkaloid biosynthesis, were investigated respectively. For each pathway, the expression patterns of the enzyme-coding genes and the accumulation levels of the metabolic intermediates were presented in an organ-specific way. Furthermore, the relationships between enzyme activities and the levels of the related metabolites were partially inferred. Within the biosynthetic pathways of polysaccharides and flavonoids, long-range phytochemical transportation was proposed for certain metabolic intermediates and/or the enzymes. CONCLUSIONS The data presented by this work could strengthen the molecular basis for further studies on breeding and medicinal uses of B. striata.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Ma
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Kehua Tang
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Forest Products and Chemical Industry Engineering, Jishou University, Zhangjiajie, 427000, China.
| | - Zhonghai Tang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Aiwen Dong
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Forest Products and Chemical Industry Engineering, Jishou University, Zhangjiajie, 427000, China
| | - Yijun Meng
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Pu Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China.
| |
Collapse
|
84
|
Constantinescu T, Lungu CN. Anticancer Activity of Natural and Synthetic Chalcones. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11306. [PMID: 34768736 PMCID: PMC8582663 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a condition caused by many mechanisms (genetic, immune, oxidation, and inflammatory). Anticancer therapy aims to destroy or stop the growth of cancer cells. Resistance to treatment is theleading cause of the inefficiency of current standard therapies. Targeted therapies are the most effective due to the low number of side effects and low resistance. Among the small molecule natural compounds, flavonoids are of particular interest for theidentification of new anticancer agents. Chalcones are precursors to all flavonoids and have many biological activities. The anticancer activity of chalcones is due to the ability of these compounds to act on many targets. Natural chalcones, such as licochalcones, xanthohumol (XN), panduretin (PA), and loncocarpine, have been extensively studied and modulated. Modification of the basic structure of chalcones in order to obtain compounds with superior cytotoxic properties has been performed by modulating the aromatic residues, replacing aromatic residues with heterocycles, and obtaining hybrid molecules. A huge number of chalcone derivatives with residues such as diaryl ether, sulfonamide, and amine have been obtained, their presence being favorable for anticancer activity. Modification of the amino group in the structure of aminochalconesis always favorable for antitumor activity. This is why hybrid molecules of chalcones with different nitrogen hetercycles in the molecule have been obtained. From these, azoles (imidazole, oxazoles, tetrazoles, thiazoles, 1,2,3-triazoles, and 1,2,4-triazoles) are of particular importance for the identification of new anticancer agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teodora Constantinescu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Iuliu Hatieganu University, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Claudiu N. Lungu
- Department of Surgery, Country Emergency Hospital Braila, 810249 Braila, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
85
|
Comparative Phytochemical Profile and Biological Activity of Four Major Medicinal Halophytes from Qassim Flora. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10102208. [PMID: 34686017 PMCID: PMC8538075 DOI: 10.3390/plants10102208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Four halophytic plants, Lycium shawii, Anabasis articulata, Rumex vesicarius, and Zilla spinosa, growing in the central Qassim area, Saudi Arabia, were phytochemically and biologically investigated. Their hydroalcoholic extracts’ UPLC-ESIQ-TOF analyses demonstrated the presence of 44 compounds of phenolic acids, flavonoids, saponins, carbohydrates, and fatty acids chemical classes. Among all the plants’ extracts, L. shawii showed the highest quantities of total phenolics, and flavonoids contents (52.72 and 13.01 mg/gm of the gallic acid and quercetin equivalents, respectively), along with the antioxidant activity in the TAA (total antioxidant activity), FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power), and DPPH-SA (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-scavenging activity) assays with 25.6, 56.68, and 19.76 mg/gm, respectively, as Trolox equivalents. The hydroalcoholic extract of the L. shawii also demonstrated the best chelating activity at 21.84 mg/gm EDTA equivalents. Among all the four halophytes, the hydroalcoholic extract of L. shawii exhibited the highest antiproliferative activity against MCF7 and K562 cell lines with IC50 values at 194.5 µg/mL and 464.9 µg/mL, respectively. The hydroalcoholic extract of A. articulata demonstrated better cytotoxic activity amongst all the tested plants’ extracts against the human pancreatic cancer cell lines (PANC1) with an IC50 value of 998.5 µg/mL. The L. shawii induced apoptosis in the MCF7 cell lines, and the percentage of the necrotic cells changed to 28.1% and 36.5% for the IC50 and double-IC50 values at 22.9% compared with the untreated groups. The hydroalcoholic extract of L. shawii showed substantial antibacterial activity against Bacillus cereus ATCC 10876 with a MIC value of 12.5 mg/mL. By contrast, the A. articulata and Z. spinosa exhibited antifungal activities against Aspergillus niger ATCC 6275 with MIC values at 12.5 and 50 mg/mL, respectively. These findings suggested that the L. shawii is a potential halophyte with remarkable biological properties, attributed to its contents of phenolics and flavonoid classes of compounds in its extract.
Collapse
|
86
|
Adami BS, Diz FM, Oliveira Gonçalves GP, Reghelin CK, Scherer M, Dutra AP, Papaléo RM, de Oliveira JR, Morrone FB, Wieck A, Xavier LL. Morphological and mechanical changes induced by quercetin in human T24 bladder cancer cells. Micron 2021; 151:103152. [PMID: 34607251 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2021.103152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Quercetin is a flavonoid found in a great variety of foods such as vegetables and fruits. This compound has been shown to inhibit the proliferation of various types of cancer cells, as well as the growth of tumors in animal models. In the present study, we analyze morphological and mechanical changes produced by quercetin in T24 bladder cancer cells. Decreased cell viability and cell number were observed following quercetin treatment at 40 μM and 60 μM, respectively, as observed by the MTT assay and trypan blue exclusion test, supporting the hypothesis of quercetin anticancer effect. These assays also allowed us to determine the 40, 60, and 80 μM quercetin concentrations for the following analyses, Lactate Dehydrogenase assay (LDH); Nuclear Morphometric Analysis (NMA); and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The LDH assay showed no cytotoxic effect of quercetin on T24 cancer cells. The AFM showed morphological changes following quercetin treatment, namely decreased cell body, cytoplasmic retraction, and membrane condensation. Following quercetin treatment, the NMA evidenced an increased percentage of nuclei characteristic to the apoptotic and senescence processes. Cells also presented biophysical alterations consistent with cell death by apoptosis, as increased roughness and aggregation of membrane proteins, in a dose-dependent manner. Cellular elasticity, obtained through force curves, showed increased stiffness after quercetin treatment. Data presented herein demonstrate, for the first time, in a quantitative and qualitative form, the morphological and mechanical alterations induced by quercetin on bladder cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Silveira Adami
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, PUCRS, Avenida Ipiranga, 6681, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP: 90619-900, Brazil
| | - Fernando Mendonça Diz
- Pós-Graduação em Engenharia e Tecnologia de Materiais, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, PUCRS, Avenida Ipiranga, 6681, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP: 90619-900, Brazil; Laboratório de Farmacologia Aplicada, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, PUCRS, Avenida Ipiranga, 6681, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP: 90619-900, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Petry Oliveira Gonçalves
- Laboratório Central de Microscopia e Microanálise (LabCeMM), Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, PUCRS, Avenida Ipiranga, 6681, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP: 90619-900, Brazil
| | - Camille Kirinus Reghelin
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Biofísica Celular e Inflamação, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, PUCRS, Avenida Ipiranga, 6681, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP: 90619-900, Brazil
| | - Matheus Scherer
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Biofísica Celular e Inflamação, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, PUCRS, Avenida Ipiranga, 6681, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP: 90619-900, Brazil
| | - Artur Pereira Dutra
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Aplicada, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, PUCRS, Avenida Ipiranga, 6681, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP: 90619-900, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Meurer Papaléo
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Nanociências e Micro-Nanotecnologia - NanoPUCRS, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, PUCRS, Avenida Ipiranga, 6681, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP: 90619-900, Brazil
| | - Jarbas Rodrigues de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Biofísica Celular e Inflamação, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, PUCRS, Avenida Ipiranga, 6681, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP: 90619-900, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Bueno Morrone
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Aplicada, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, PUCRS, Avenida Ipiranga, 6681, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP: 90619-900, Brazil
| | - Andrea Wieck
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, PUCRS, Avenida Ipiranga, 6681, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP: 90619-900, Brazil.
| | - Léder Leal Xavier
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, PUCRS, Avenida Ipiranga, 6681, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP: 90619-900, Brazil; Laboratório Central de Microscopia e Microanálise (LabCeMM), Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, PUCRS, Avenida Ipiranga, 6681, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP: 90619-900, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
87
|
Krawczyk-Łebek A, Dymarska M, Janeczko T, Kostrzewa-Susłow E. Fungal Biotransformation of 2'-Methylflavanone and 2'-Methylflavone as a Method to Obtain Glycosylated Derivatives. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9617. [PMID: 34502526 PMCID: PMC8431774 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Methylated flavonoids are promising pharmaceutical agents due to their improved metabolic stability and increased activity compared to unmethylated forms. The biotransformation in cultures of entomopathogenic filamentous fungi is a valuable method to obtain glycosylated flavones and flavanones with increased aqueous solubility and bioavailability. In the present study, we combined chemical synthesis and biotransformation to obtain methylated and glycosylated flavonoid derivatives. In the first step, we synthesized 2'-methylflavanone and 2'-methylflavone. Afterwards, both compounds were biotransformed in the cultures of two strains of entomopathogenic filamentous fungi Beauveria bassiana KCH J1.5 and Isaria fumosorosea KCH J2. We determined the structures of biotransformation products based on NMR spectroscopy. Biotransformations of 2'-methyflavanone in the culture of B. bassiana KCH J1.5 resulted in three glycosylated flavanones: 2'-methylflavanone 6-O-β-d-(4″-O-methyl)-glucopyranoside, 3'-hydroxy-2'-methylflavanone 6-O-β-d-(4″-O-methyl)-glucopyranoside, and 2-(2'-methylphenyl)-chromane 4-O-β-d-(4″-O-methyl)-glucopyranoside, whereas in the culture of I. fumosorosea KCH J2, two other products were obtained: 2'-methylflavanone 3'-O-β-d-(4″-O-methyl)-glucopyranoside and 2-methylbenzoic acid 4-O-β-d-(4'-O-methyl)-glucopyranoside. 2'-Methylflavone was effectively biotransformed only by I. fumosorosea KCH J2 into three derivatives: 2'-methylflavone 3'-O-β-d-(4″-O-methyl)-glucopyranoside, 2'-methylflavone 4'-O-β-d-(4″-O-methyl)-glucopyranoside, and 2'-methylflavone 5'-O-β-d-(4″-O-methyl)-glucopyranoside. All obtained glycosylated flavonoids have not been described in the literature until now and need further research on their biological activity and pharmacological efficacy as potential drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Krawczyk-Łebek
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland; (M.D.); (T.J.)
| | | | | | - Edyta Kostrzewa-Susłow
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland; (M.D.); (T.J.)
| |
Collapse
|
88
|
Wu Y, Zhang C, Huang Z, Lyu L, Li J, Li W, Wu W. The color difference of rubus fruits is closely related to the composition of flavonoids including anthocyanins. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.111825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
89
|
Zhang T, Yao W, Wan J, Liu Y. Transition‐Metal‐Free C(
sp
2
)‐H Dithiocarbamation and Chromone Annulation Cascade for 3‐Dithiocarbamyl Chromone Synthesis. Adv Synth Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202100617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Jiangxi Normal University Nanchang 330022 People's Republic of China
| | - Weijun Yao
- Department of Chemistry Zhejiang Sci-Tech University Hangzhou 310018 People's Republic of China
| | - Jie‐Ping Wan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Jiangxi Normal University Nanchang 330022 People's Republic of China
| | - Yunyun Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Jiangxi Normal University Nanchang 330022 People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
90
|
Theofylaktou D, Takan I, Karakülah G, Biz GM, Zanni V, Pavlopoulou A, Georgakilas AG. Mining Natural Products with Anticancer Biological Activity through a Systems Biology Approach. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:9993518. [PMID: 34422220 PMCID: PMC8376429 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9993518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Natural products, like turmeric, are considered powerful antioxidants which exhibit tumor-inhibiting activity and chemoradioprotective properties. Nowadays, there is a great demand for developing novel, affordable, efficacious, and effective anticancer drugs from natural resources. In the present study, we have employed a stringent in silico methodology to mine and finally propose a number of natural products, retrieved from the biomedical literature. Our main target was the systematic search of anticancer products as anticancer agents compatible to the human organism for future use. In this case and due to the great plethora of such products, we have followed stringent bioinformatics methodologies. Our results taken together suggest that natural products of a great diverse may exert cytotoxic effects in a maximum of the studied cancer cell lines. These natural compounds and active ingredients could possibly be combined to exert potential chemopreventive effects. Furthermore, in order to substantiate our findings and their application potency at a systems biology level, we have developed a representative, user-friendly, publicly accessible biodatabase, NaturaProDB, containing the retrieved natural resources, their active ingredients/fractional mixtures, the types of cancers that they affect, and the corresponding experimentally verified target genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dionysia Theofylaktou
- DNA Damage Laboratory, Physics Department, School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Zografou Campus, National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), 15780 Athens, Greece
| | - Işıl Takan
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center (IBG), 35340 Balcova, Izmir, Turkey
- Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylül University, 35340 Balcova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Gökhan Karakülah
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center (IBG), 35340 Balcova, Izmir, Turkey
- Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylül University, 35340 Balcova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Gökay Mehmet Biz
- Department of Technical Programs, Izmir Vocational School, Dokuz Eylül University, Buca, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Vaso Zanni
- DNA Damage Laboratory, Physics Department, School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Zografou Campus, National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), 15780 Athens, Greece
| | - Athanasia Pavlopoulou
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center (IBG), 35340 Balcova, Izmir, Turkey
- Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylül University, 35340 Balcova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Alexandros G. Georgakilas
- DNA Damage Laboratory, Physics Department, School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Zografou Campus, National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), 15780 Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
91
|
Su L, Li W, Liu K, Wang Q. Synthesis and anti-proliferative activities of 5,6,7-trimethoxyflavones and their derivatives. Nat Prod Res 2021; 36:4070-4075. [PMID: 34353180 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2021.1961136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A series of 5,6,7-trimethoxyflavones 1a-1g and their derivatives 2a-2g, 3a-3d, 4 and 5, including the natural products 5,6,7-trimethoxy-4'-hydroxyflavone (1a), 5,6,7,3',4' -pentamethoxyflavone (sinensetin, 1 b), 5,6,7-trimethoxy-3',4'-methyl enedioxy flavone (1c), 5,6,7,3'-tetramethoxy-4,5'-methylenedioxyflavone (1e), 5,6,7, 3',4',5'-hextamethoxyflavone (1 g), 5-hydroxy-3,4,2',3',4'-pentamethoxy chal-cone (2 b), 5,4'-dihydroxy-6,7-dimethoxy flavone (cirsimaritin, 3a) and 5-hydroxy-6,7,3', 4'-tetramethoxyflavone (5-demethylsinensetin, 3 b), 3,5,6,7,3',4'-hexamethoxyflavone (3-methoxysinensetin, 4) and 5'-hydroxy-3,6,7,3',4'-pentamethoxyflavone (5) were synthesized. Their anti-proliferative activity in vitro was evaluated against a panel of four human cancer cell lines (Aspc-1, HCT-116, HepG-2 and SUN-5) by the CTG assay. The results showed that most of the synthetic compounds exhibited moderate to high anti-proliferative activities. In particular, compound 3c possess IC50 (5.30 μM) values below 10 μM against Aspc-1 cells and are worthy of further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Su
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Wei Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Kexiong Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Qiuan Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| |
Collapse
|
92
|
Balakrishnan B, Liang Q, Fenix K, Tamang B, Hauben E, Ma L, Zhang W. Combining the Anticancer and Immunomodulatory Effects of Astragalus and Shiitake as an Integrated Therapeutic Approach. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13082564. [PMID: 34444724 PMCID: PMC8401741 DOI: 10.3390/nu13082564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Astragalus root (Huang Qi) and Shiitake mushrooms (Lentinus edodes) are both considered medicinal foods and are frequently used in traditional Chinese medicine due to their anticancer and immunomodulating properties. Here, the scientific literatures describing evidence for the anticancer and immunogenic properties of Shiitake and Astragalus were reviewed. Based on our experimental data, the potential to develop medicinal food with combined bioactivities was assessed using Shiitake mushrooms grown over Astragalus beds in a proprietary manufacturing process, as a novel cancer prevention approach. Notably, our data suggest that this new manufacturing process can result in transfer and increased bioavailability of Astragalus polysaccharides with therapeutic potential into edible Shiitake. Further research efforts are required to validate the therapeutic potential of this new Hengshan Astragalus Shiitake medicinal food.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Biju Balakrishnan
- Centre for Marine Bioproducts Development, College of Medicine & Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia; (B.B.); (Q.L.); (B.T.)
- The Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, Adelaide, SA 5011, Australia;
| | - Qi Liang
- Centre for Marine Bioproducts Development, College of Medicine & Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia; (B.B.); (Q.L.); (B.T.)
- Shanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan 030600, China
| | - Kevin Fenix
- The Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, Adelaide, SA 5011, Australia;
- Discipline of Surgery, Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Bunu Tamang
- Centre for Marine Bioproducts Development, College of Medicine & Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia; (B.B.); (Q.L.); (B.T.)
| | - Ehud Hauben
- The Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, Adelaide, SA 5011, Australia;
- Discipline of Surgery, Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
- AusHealth Corporate Pty Ltd., Adelaide, SA 5032, Australia
- Correspondence: (E.H.); (L.M.); (W.Z.); Tel.: +61-88132-7450 (E.H.); +61-7-3735-4175 (L.M.); +61-8-7221-8557 (W.Z.)
| | - Linlin Ma
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia
- Correspondence: (E.H.); (L.M.); (W.Z.); Tel.: +61-88132-7450 (E.H.); +61-7-3735-4175 (L.M.); +61-8-7221-8557 (W.Z.)
| | - Wei Zhang
- Centre for Marine Bioproducts Development, College of Medicine & Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia; (B.B.); (Q.L.); (B.T.)
- Correspondence: (E.H.); (L.M.); (W.Z.); Tel.: +61-88132-7450 (E.H.); +61-7-3735-4175 (L.M.); +61-8-7221-8557 (W.Z.)
| |
Collapse
|
93
|
Shatokhin SS, Tuskaev VA, Gagieva SC, Oganesyan ÉT. Synthesis of heterocyclic analogs of isoflavone and homoisoflavone based on 3-formylchromone. Russ Chem Bull 2021; 70:1011-1045. [PMID: 34305378 PMCID: PMC8279107 DOI: 10.1007/s11172-021-3183-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The review is focused on recent developments of chemistry of synthetic analogs of natural compounds, isoflavone and homoisoflavone. The possible synthetic strategies to access heterocyclic analogs of these compounds starting from readily available 3-formylchromone and its derivatives (3-cyanochromone, 2-amino-3-formylchromone) and products of its condensation with simplest C- and N-nucleophiles are discussed. The structural features of the reaction products that depend on the nature of the reaction medium, structure of the starting compounds, and reagent ratio are considered. Particular attention is given to the application of the modern strategies of organic synthesis, namely green chemistry approaches, click reactions, domino reactions, etc. Examples of compounds of this group most promising for clinical application due to wide and pronounced pharmacological effects are given.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S. S. Shatokhin
- Pyatigorsk Medical and Pharmaceutical Institute, branch of the Volgograd State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 11 prosp. Kalinina, 357532 Pyatigorsk, Russian Federation
| | - V. A. Tuskaev
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1 Buld. 3, Leninskie Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 28 ul. Vavilova, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - S. Ch. Gagieva
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1 Buld. 3, Leninskie Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - É. T. Oganesyan
- Pyatigorsk Medical and Pharmaceutical Institute, branch of the Volgograd State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 11 prosp. Kalinina, 357532 Pyatigorsk, Russian Federation
| |
Collapse
|
94
|
Altin G, Bildik F, Kasapoğlu KN, Genç S, Genç M, Özçelik B. Identification of the functional food potency of çalkama: A traditional recipe with edible Mediterranean wild greens from Turkish cuisine. MEDITERRANEAN JOURNAL OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2021. [DOI: 10.3233/mnm-200525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The phytochemical contents of traditional foods are necessary to further elucidate the impacts of the Mediterranean diet on health. Çalkama is traditional food prepared by using wild green plants including chard (Beta vulgaris var.cicl), wild fennel (Foeniculum vulgare spp), common mellow (Malva sylvestris L), common poppy (Papaver rhoeas L), dock (Rumex spp), common nettle (Urtica dioica L), sow-thistle (Sonchus asper (L) Hill), common stork’s bill (Erodium circutarium (L)L Hér) and wild leek (Allium ampeloprasum L). OBJECTIVE: In this research, the antioxidant activity and the flavonoid and phenolic acid composition were separately analyzed for each plant and çalkama. METHODS: Total phenolic content, total flavonoid content and total antioxidant capacity of each plant and çalkama were measured spectrophotometric assays. Ultra-fast liquid chromatography (UFLC) was performed to detect specific flavonoid groups. RESULTS: It was detected that one portion of çalkama (100 g) contained approximately 250 mg of flavonoids. Particularly, quercetin and apigenin contributed to the main flavonoid source and chlorogenic acid was the major phenolic acid in çalkama. CONCLUSIONS: According to our findings, this food can be considered as a good phenolic and flavonoid source which protects its high antioxidant capacity through preparation and cooking processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gokce Altin
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fatih Bildik
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Kadriye Nur Kasapoğlu
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Seda Genç
- Department of Culinary Science and Gastronomy, School of Applied Science, Yaşar University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Mahmut Genç
- Genc ve Naturel Gıda Sanayi Ticaret Anonim Şirketi, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Beraat Özçelik
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
- BIOACTIVE Research & Innovation Food Manufac. Indust. Trade Ltd., Sarıyer, Istanbul, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
95
|
Prathiba S, Sabareesh V, Anbalagan M, Jayaraman G. Metabolites from halophilic bacterial isolates Bacillus VITPS16 are cytotoxic against HeLa cells. 3 Biotech 2021; 11:276. [PMID: 34040925 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-02724-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was aimed at evaluating the cytotoxic potential of selected halophilic bacterial metabolites. The use of the metabolomics approach in identifying the unexplored bioactive metabolites from halophilic bacterial isolate reduces time and complex experiments. In our study, we used UV/Visible spectroscopy, LC-MS/MS, and NMR to identify the metabolites present in the methanolic extract of the halophilic bacterium Bacillus VITPS16. MTT assay revealed that metabolite fractions (S1-79.61% and S2-85.74%) possess cytotoxic activity. Colonogenic assay confirmed the cytotoxic potential of the fractions and apoptosis assays showed that 83.37% of the cells undergo apoptosis at 10 mg/mL concentration (MF-S2). The DNA binding studies revealed the metabolite fraction interacts with DNA resulting in cytotoxicity. The study states that MF- S2 induced an antiproliferative effect that led to apoptosis through DNA binding as one of the possible pathways. The toxicity analysis using zebrafish indicated that the metabolite fractions are non-toxic even at 10 mg/mL concentration. Fraction MF-S2 is found to contain phosphoethanolamines, glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, apocarotenoid, enigmol and its analogue, ankaflavin and flavonoid type of metabolites, which have been previously reported to have anti-cancer activity. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-021-02724-9.
Collapse
|
96
|
To KKW, Cho WCS. Flavonoids Overcome Drug Resistance to Cancer Chemotherapy by Epigenetically Modulating Multiple Mechanisms. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2021; 21:289-305. [PMID: 33535954 DOI: 10.2174/1568009621666210203111220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Drug resistance is the major reason accounting for the treatment failure in cancer chemotherapy. Dysregulation of the epigenetic machineries is known to induce chemoresistance. It was reported that numerous genes encoding the key mediators in cancer proliferation, apoptosis, DNA repair, and drug efflux are dysregulated in resistant cancer cells by aberrant DNA methylation. The imbalance of various enzymes catalyzing histone post-translational modifications is also known to alter chromatin configuration and regulate multiple drug resistance genes. Alteration in miRNA signature in cancer cells also gives rise to chemoresistance. Flavonoids are a large group of naturally occurring polyphenolic compounds ubiquitously found in plants, fruits, vegetables and traditional herbs. There has been increasing research interest in the health-promoting effects of flavonoids. Flavonoids were shown to directly kill or re-sensitize resistant cancer cells to conventional anticancer drugs by epigenetic mechanisms. In this review, we summarize the current findings of the circumvention of drug resistance by flavonoids through correcting the aberrant epigenetic regulation of multiple resistance mechanisms. More investigations including the evaluation of synergistic anticancer activity, dosing sequence effect, toxicity in normal cells, and animal studies, are warranted to establish the full potential of the combination of flavonoids with conventional chemotherapeutic drugs in the treatment of cancer with drug resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth K W To
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - William C S Cho
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
| |
Collapse
|
97
|
Krakowska-Sieprawska A, Rafińska K, Walczak-Skierska J, Kiełbasa A, Buszewski B. Promising Green Technology in Obtaining Functional Plant Preparations: Combined Enzyme-Assisted Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Flavonoids Isolation from Medicago Sativa Leaves. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:2724. [PMID: 34064166 PMCID: PMC8196795 DOI: 10.3390/ma14112724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
To elaborate a complete extraction protocol for the enhanced release of biologically active compounds from plant cells, this study aimed to optimize together the parameters of the supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) process (temperature, pressure, and percentage of cosolvent) and enzymatic treatment of plant material (pH, enzyme concentration, time, and temperature) by response surface methodology (RSM). Medicago sativa L. was selected as a plant material due to its richness in phenolics and flavonoids. HPLC-MS/MS analysis allowed evaluating the content of individual bioactive compounds in obtained extracts. The total content of polyphenolic compounds in the extract obtained after two-step optimization was much higher (546 ± 21 µg/g) than in the extract obtained from non-hydrolyzed material (275 ± 23 µg/g) and in the extract obtained by maceration (162 ± 20 µg/g). Furthermore, it was evidenced that extract with the highest content of polyphenolic compounds can support the cellular antioxidant system both as a free radical scavenger and by stimulating the antioxidant enzyme system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Krakowska-Sieprawska
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Gagarina 7 St., PL-87100 Torun, Poland; (A.K.-S.); (K.R.); (A.K.)
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Modern Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Wilenska 4 St., PL-87100 Torun, Poland;
| | - Katarzyna Rafińska
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Gagarina 7 St., PL-87100 Torun, Poland; (A.K.-S.); (K.R.); (A.K.)
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Modern Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Wilenska 4 St., PL-87100 Torun, Poland;
| | - Justyna Walczak-Skierska
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Modern Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Wilenska 4 St., PL-87100 Torun, Poland;
| | - Anna Kiełbasa
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Gagarina 7 St., PL-87100 Torun, Poland; (A.K.-S.); (K.R.); (A.K.)
| | - Bogusław Buszewski
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Gagarina 7 St., PL-87100 Torun, Poland; (A.K.-S.); (K.R.); (A.K.)
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Modern Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Wilenska 4 St., PL-87100 Torun, Poland;
| |
Collapse
|
98
|
Lv Q, Xing Y, Liu Y, Chen Q, Xu J, Hu L, Zhang Y. Didymin switches M1-like toward M2-like macrophage to ameliorate ulcerative colitis via fatty acid oxidation. Pharmacol Res 2021; 169:105613. [PMID: 33915297 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory response by different polarized macrophages has a critical role in a variety of immunological pathophysiology, such as ulcerative colitis (UC). Herein, targeting the paradigm of macrophage phenotypes by small molecular modulators may influence the disease status. In the present study, we firstly demonstrated that didymin, one of the most abundant flavonoid constituents present in the citrus fruits such as oranges and lemons, remarkably attenuated the clinical symptoms of acute and chronic colitis in mice. Mechanistic studies showed that didymin converted pro-inflammatory M1-like to anti-inflammatory M2-like macrophage phenotype, but did not alter the polarization of M2-like macrophages. Metabolic tracing studies revealed that didymin strengthened fatty acid oxidation rather than glycolysis by inducing Hadhb expression. More importantly, in vivo studies verified that promotion of Hadhb expression resulted in the conversion of M1- toward M2-like macrophages and eventually alleviated colitis. Our data highlights the potential of macrophage paradigm in UC inflammation and put forth the stage for considering didymin as a metabolism regulator in reprogramming macrophage polarization, which may serve as a promising therapeutic approach for treatment of inflammation-associated disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Lv
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Functional Substance of Chinese Medicine, Stake Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for TCM Quality and Efficacy, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Yao Xing
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Functional Substance of Chinese Medicine, Stake Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for TCM Quality and Efficacy, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Yijun Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Functional Substance of Chinese Medicine, Stake Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for TCM Quality and Efficacy, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Qingzhu Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Functional Substance of Chinese Medicine, Stake Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for TCM Quality and Efficacy, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Jingyi Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Functional Substance of Chinese Medicine, Stake Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for TCM Quality and Efficacy, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Lihong Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Functional Substance of Chinese Medicine, Stake Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for TCM Quality and Efficacy, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
| | - Yinan Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Functional Substance of Chinese Medicine, Stake Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for TCM Quality and Efficacy, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
99
|
Xu L, Zaky MY, Yousuf W, Ullah A, Abdelbaset GR, Zhang Y, Ahmed OM, Liu S, Liu H. The Anticancer Potential of Apigenin Via Immunoregulation. Curr Pharm Des 2021; 27:479-489. [PMID: 32660399 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200713171137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Apigenin is an edible flavonoid widely distributed in natural plants, including most vegetables and fruits. Previous studies have revealed that apigenin possesses multiple biological functions by demonstrating antiinflammatory, anti-oxidative, anti-bacterial, anti-viral, anti-tumor and cardiovascular protective effects. Furthermore, recent progressions have disclosed a novel perspective of the anti-cancer roles of apigenin through its immunoregulatory functions. With the rapid progression of the groundbreaking strategies being developed for cancer immunotherapy, its immunoregulatory roles are being recognized as intriguing features of the multifaceted apigenin. However, the current understanding of this emerging role of apigenin still remains limited. Therefore, in the present review, recent advances on the immunoregulatory properties of apigenin in various diseases with a special focus on neoplasm, are summarized. Clinical strategies of cancer immunotherapy are briefly introduced and findings on apigenin linked to immunoregulatory roles in immunotherapy-associated aspects are brought together. The bioactivity, bioavailability, toxicity and potential of apigenin, to be considered as a therapeutic agent in anti-tumor immunotherapy, is discussed. Disclosed molecular mechanisms underlying the immunoregulatory roles of apigenin in cancer immunotherapy are also summarized. Based on findings from the literature, apigenin has the potential to serve as a prospective adjuvant for anti-cancer immunotherapy and warrants further investigations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Xu
- Second Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Mohamed Y Zaky
- Second Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Waleed Yousuf
- Second Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Anwar Ullah
- Second Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Gehad R Abdelbaset
- Molecular Physiology Division, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Egypt
| | - Yingqiu Zhang
- Second Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Osama M Ahmed
- Molecular Physiology Division, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Egypt
| | - Shuyan Liu
- Second Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Han Liu
- Second Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| |
Collapse
|
100
|
Nageen B, Rasul A, Hussain G, Shah MA, Anwar H, Hussain SM, Uddin MS, Sarfraz I, Riaz A, Selamoglu Z. Jaceosidin: A Natural Flavone with Versatile Pharmacological and Biological Activities. Curr Pharm Des 2021; 27:456-466. [PMID: 32348212 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200429095101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Nature always remains an inexhaustible source of treasures for mankind. It remains a mystery for every challenge until the completion of the challenge. While we talk about the complicated health issues, nature offers us a great variety of chemical scaffolds and their various moieties packed in the form of natural products e.g., plants, microorganisms (fungi, algae, protozoa), and terrestrial vertebrates and invertebrates. This review article is an update about jaceosidin, a bioactive flavone, from genus Artemisia. This potentially active compound exhibits a variety of pharmacological activities including anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-bacterial, antiallergic and anti-cancer activities. The bioactivities and the therapeutic action of jaceosidin, especially the modulation of different cell signaling pathways (ERK1/2, NF-κB, PI3K/Akt and ATM-Chk1/2) which become deregulated in various pathological disorders, have been focused here. The reported data suggest that the bioavailability of this anti-cancer compound should be enhanced by utilizing various chemical, biological and computational techniques. Moreover, it is recommended that researchers and scientists should work on exploring the mode of action of this particular flavone to precede it further as a potent anti-cancer compound.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bushra Nageen
- Cell and Molecular Biology Lab, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Azhar Rasul
- Cell and Molecular Biology Lab, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Ghulam Hussain
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad A Shah
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Haseeb Anwar
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Syed M Hussain
- Cell and Molecular Biology Lab, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Md Sahab Uddin
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Iqra Sarfraz
- Cell and Molecular Biology Lab, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Ammara Riaz
- Cell and Molecular Biology Lab, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Zeliha Selamoglu
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Nigde Ömer Halisdemir University, Campus 51240, Nigde, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|