Mucoadhesive polymeric platforms for controlled drug delivery

Development of early diagnosis of Parkinson's disease on animal models based on the intranasal administration of α-methyl-p-tyrosine methyl ester in a gel system

The fight against neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease (PD), is a global challenge of this century. The effectiveness of current PD therapy is limited, since it is diagnosed many years after the onset, following the death of most nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons regulating motor function. PD treatment could be greatly improved if it was started at an early (preclinical) stage. For this purpose, it is necessary to develop an early diagnosis of PD, which is the goal of our study. We have developed an early diagnosis of PD on animal models using a provocative test by intranasal administration of α-methyl-p-tyrosine methyl ester (αMPTME), a reversible inhibitor of dopamine synthesis. First, we produced the provocative agent, αMPTME in gel, and showed its safety and penetration into the brain bypassing the blood-brain barrier. Then, the optimal dose of αMPTME and time after administration were selected, at which the level of dopamine in the striatum of intact animals decreases, but does not reach the 30% threshold for the appearance of motor disorders in PD patients. Finally, we proved on animal models that intranasal administration of αMPTME can serve as a diagnostic test for preclinical PD. Indeed, intranasal administration of αMPTME to mice in a model of PD at the preclinical stage reversibly reduced the dopamine level in the striatum to the 30% threshold causing short-term motor disorders. Thus, using animal models of PD, we have developed a provocative test for the preclinical diagnosis of PD, a fundamentally new technology in neurology.

Surface Modification of Lipid-Based Nanoparticles

There is a growing interest in the development of lipid-based nanocarriers for multiple purposes, including the recent increase of these nanocarriers as vaccine components during the COVID-19 pandemic. The number of studies that involve the surface modification of nanocarriers to improve their performance (increase the delivery of a therapeutic to its target site with less off-site accumulation) is enormous. The present review aims to provide an overview of various methods associated with lipid nanoparticle grafting, including techniques used to separate grafted nanoparticles from unbound ligands or to characterize grafted nanoparticles. We also provide a critical perspective on the usefulness and true impact of these modifications on overcoming different biological barriers, with our prediction on what to expect in the near future in this field.

Physico-chemical characterization of aspirated human and simulated human gastric fluids to study their influence on the intrinsic dissolution rate of cinnarizine

To elucidate the critical parameters affecting drug dissolution in the human stomach, the intrinsic dissolution rate (IDR) of cinnarizine was determined in aspirated and simulated human gastric fluids (HGF). Fasted aspirated HGF (aspHGF) was collected from 23 healthy volunteers during a gastroscopic examination. Hydrochloric acid (HCl) pH 1.2, fasted state simulated gastric fluid (FaSSGF), and simulated human gastric fluid (simHGF) developed to have rheological, and physico-chemical properties similar to aspHGF, were used as simulated HGFs. The IDR of cinnarizine was significantly higher in HCl pH 1.2 (952±27 µg/(cm²∙min)) than in FaSSGF pH 1.6 (444±7 µg/(cm²∙min)), and simHGF pH 2.5 (49±5 µg/(cm²∙min)) due to the pH dependent drug solubility and viscosity differences of the three simulated HGFs. The shear thinning behavior of aspHGF had a significant impact on the IDR of cinnarizine, indicating that the use of FaSSGF, with viscosity similar to water, to evaluate gastric drug dissolution, might overestimate the IDR by a factor of 100-10.000, compared to the non-Newtonian, more viscous, fluids in the human stomach. The developed simHGF simulated the viscosity of the gastric fluids, as well as the IDR of the model drug, making it very promising medium to study gastric drug dissolution in vitro.

Thermosensitive gel based on cellulose derivative for topical delivery of propolis in acne treatment

Thermosensitive bioadhesive formulations can display increased retention time, skin permeation, and improve the topical therapy of many drugs. Acne is an inflammatory process triggered by several factors like the proliferation of the bacteria Propionibacterium acnes. Aiming a new alternative treatment with a natural source, propolis displays great potential due to its antibiotic, anti-inflammatory and healing properties. This study describes the development of bioadhesive thermoresponsive platform with cellulose derivatives and poloxamer 407 for propolis skin delivery. Propolis ethanolic extract (PES) was added to the formulations with sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and poloxamer 407 (Polox). The formulations were characterized as rheology, bioadhesion and mechanical analysis. The selected formulations were investigated as in vitro propolis release, cytotoxicity, ex vivo skin permeation by Fourier Transform Infrared Photoacoustic Spectroscopy, and the activity against P. acnes. Formulations showed suitable sol-gel transition temperature, shear-thinning behavior and texture profile. CMC presence decreased cohesiveness and adhesiveness of formulations. Polox/HPMC/PES system displayed less cytotoxicity, modified propolis release governed by anomalous transport, skin permeation and activity against P. acnes. These results indicate important advantages in the topical treatment of acne and suggest a potential formulation for clinical evaluation.

Barrier effect and wound healing activity of the medical device REF-FTP78 in the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease

REF-FTP78 is a class IIb medical device present on the market with different trade names and developed for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). This medical device is based on polysaccharides from Aloe Barbadensis and fucoidans from brown seaweeds, such as Undaria pinnatifida and Fucus vesiculosus, and aims to exert a protective effect on the esophageal mucosa against the noxious components of refluxate. The present study reports on the efficacy of REF-FTP78 devoting a particular attention to the barrier effect and wound healing properties, combined with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Film-forming properties and barrier effect were investigated on in vitro reconstructed human esophageal epithelium, through TEER measurement and evaluation of caffeine and Lucifer yellow permeability, and in an ex vivo swine model of esophageal mucosa damage. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties were evaluated in terms of scavenging activity towards DPPH, ABTS and NO radicals and a wound healing assay was carried out to study the influence of the product on cell migration. The obtained results highlighted a significant barrier effect, with a reduction in caffeine penetration equal to 65.3%, the ability to both repair and prevent the damage caused by an acid insult, confirmed by a good transepithelial resistance for the tissue treated with the tested item, and the capacity to promote wound healing. Furthermore, the tested product showed good antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties in the performed radical scavenging assays. These findings support the use of REF-FTP78 in the treatment of GERD.

Untangling Mucosal Drug Delivery: Engineering, Designing, and Testing Nanoparticles to Overcome the Mucus Barrier

Mucus is a complex viscoelastic gel and acts as a barrier covering much of the soft tissue in the human body. High vascularization and accessibility have motivated drug delivery to various mucosal surfaces; however, these benefits are hindered by the mucus layer. To overcome the mucus barrier, many nanomedicines have been developed, with the goal of improving the efficacy and bioavailability of drug payloads. Two major nanoparticle-based strategies have emerged to facilitate mucosal drug delivery, namely, mucoadhesion and mucopenetration. Generally, mucoadhesive nanoparticles promote interactions with mucus for immobilization and sustained drug release, whereas mucopenetrating nanoparticles diffuse through the mucus and enhance drug uptake. The choice of strategy depends on many factors pertaining to the structural and compositional characteristics of the target mucus and mucosa. While there have been promising results in preclinical studies, mucus-nanoparticle interactions remain poorly understood, thus limiting effective clinical translation. This article reviews nanomedicines designed with mucoadhesive or mucopenetrating properties for mucosal delivery, explores the influence of site-dependent physiological variation among mucosal surfaces on efficacy, transport, and bioavailability, and discusses the techniques and models used to investigate mucus-nanoparticle interactions. The effects of non-homeostatic perturbations on protein corona formation, mucus composition, and nanoparticle performance are discussed in the context of mucosal delivery. The complexity of the mucosal barrier necessitates consideration of the interplay between nanoparticle design, tissue-specific differences in mucus structure and composition, and homeostatic or disease-related changes to the mucus barrier to develop effective nanomedicines for mucosal delivery.

Colloidal dynamics of emulsion droplets in mouth

The interaction of emulsions with the tongue is key to the sensory appeal of food and can potentially be exploited for oral/buccal pharmaceutical delivery. Whilst there is good understanding of the different mucoadhesive forces governing emulsion interaction with the tongue, their relative importance is not well understood. In addition, the physical location of emulsions within the saliva papillae on the tongue is not understood at all. A combination of ex vivo salivary film, and in vivo oral coating experiments were used to determine the importance of different mucoadhesive forces. Mucoadhesion of cationic emulsions was largely driven by electrostatic complexation. SDS-PAGE of the in vivo saliva coating highlighted that mucins were largely responsible for cationic emulsion mucoadhesion. Anionic emulsions were bound via hydrophobic/steric interactions to small salivary proteins typically located away from the mucin anchor points. The physical location and clustering of emulsions relative to the salivary film/papillae was probed via the invention of a fluorescent oral microscope. Cationic emulsions were densely clustered close to the papillae whilst anionic emulsions were suspended in the salivary film above the papillae. Interestingly, non-ionic emulsions were also trapped within the salivary film above the papillae as individual droplets. These findings highlight that whilst electrostatic complexation with saliva is a powerful mucoadhesive force, hydrophobic and steric interactions also act to induce oral retention of emulsions. The differences in physical location and clustering of emulsions within the salivary film hint at the 3D locations of the different salivary proteins driving each mucoadhesive interaction. This novel understanding of emulsion saliva/papillae interactions has potential to aid efficacy of buccal pharmaceutical delivery and the reduction of astringency in plant-based foods.

Synthesis of Nanoparticles Loading Indenopyrazole Derivatives and Evaluation of Biological Features

Objective: In this study, it was aimed to prepare nanoparticle formulations using chitosan, a cationic natural polymer, and tripoly phosphate, and to perform mechanical characterization and in vitro cell culture studies. In addition, the cytotoxic effects of nanoparticles containing indenopyrazol derivatives against human glioma cells (C6) and human cervical cancer cells (HeLa) were investigated. Methods: Within the scope of the study, nanoparticles containing indenopyrazole derivative were prepared and characterization of particle size, zeta potential and morphological properties were performed. XTT cytotoxicity test was applied to evaluate the antiproliferative activities of nanoparticles containing these components. Results: Particle size, zeta potential and morphological properties of nanoparticles were observed to be suitable for application. In vitro cell culture studies showed that nanoparticles containing indenopyrazol derivatives showed better cytotoxic effects in both cell lines. Conclusion: The results showed that the mechanical properties of nanoparticles containing indenopyrazol derivatives are suitable and can be applied in anticancer activity studies.

Ingestion, Immunity, and Infection: Nutrition and Viral Respiratory Tract Infections

Respiratory infections place a heavy burden on the health care system, particularly in the winter months. Individuals with a vulnerable immune system, such as very young children and the elderly, and those with an immune deficiency, are at increased risk of contracting a respiratory infection. Most respiratory infections are relatively mild and affect the upper respiratory tract only, but other infections can be more serious. These can lead to pneumonia and be life-threatening in vulnerable groups. Rather than focus entirely on treating the symptoms of infectious disease, optimizing immune responsiveness to the pathogens causing these infections may help steer towards a more favorable outcome. Nutrition may have a role in such prevention through different immune supporting mechanisms. Nutrition contributes to the normal functioning of the immune system, with various nutrients acting as energy sources and building blocks during the immune response. Many micronutrients (vitamins and minerals) act as regulators of molecular responses of immune cells to infection. It is well described that chronic undernutrition as well as specific micronutrient deficiencies impair many aspects of the immune response and make individuals more susceptible to infectious diseases, especially in the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts. In addition, other dietary components such as proteins, pre-, pro- and synbiotics, and also animal- and plant-derived bioactive components can further support the immune system. Both the innate and adaptive defense systems contribute to active antiviral respiratory tract immunity. The initial response to viral airway infections is through recognition by the innate immune system of viral components leading to activation of adaptive immune cells in the form of cytotoxic T cells, the production of neutralizing antibodies and the induction of memory T and B cell responses. The aim of this review is to describe the effects of a range different dietary components on anti-infective innate as well as adaptive immune responses and to propose mechanisms by which they may interact with the immune system in the respiratory tract.

Management and control of intraocular pressure applying macitentan hydrogel film formulation: improved effect of surfactant and cosurfactant system

BACKGROUND

Macitentan blocks endothelin receptors in order to control the pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Oral administration of macitentan is associated with painful urination and troubled breathing.

OBJECTIVES

Formulated macitentan hydrogel film was used for examining the control of intraocular pressure, and the effect of surfactant and cosurfactant was studied.

METHODS

Macitentan ocular film formulation has been prepared in hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) matrix system using different surfactant/co-surfactant system, and intraocular pressure was monitored on normotensive rabbit eyes after application in the cul-de-sac.

RESULTS

The solid state characterization of the film indicated amorphisation of macitentan and no issues regarding major incompatibility was observed. Combination of surfactant, co-surfactant and hydrophilic co-solvent systems in the said films markedly improved the drug release and mucosal tissue permeation. Presence of PEG and Transcutol significantly improved ex vivo corneal permeation of MP and MT respectively compared to other films. Transcutol (MT) exhibited greatest difference among the formulations by improving the vesicular bilayer fluidity and reducing the mucosal tissue barrier facilitating the transcorneal diffusion. A combination of diffusion and erosion control behavior was observed in drug release and corneal permeation of the films due to the balanced liquid penetration and polymeric chain relaxation rate. MP and MT films were used for further in vivo studies to achieve possible effective and prolonged control of intraocular pressure. In vivo study has revealed the reduction in intraocular pressure upto about 23 % when tested on normotensive rabbit model. The films has managed to lower the IOP upto 3 h.

CONCLUSION

Developed macitentan hydrogel film containing Transcutol (MT) could have a high potential for the control and management of ocular hypertension after topical application.

Exploring the potential of polypeptide–polypeptoide hybrid nanogels for mucosal delivery

By chain extension of polysarcosine with phenylalanine and cystine, nanogels are formed. The nanogels facilitate the transport of dyes across an artificial mucus coated membrane and their release by reductive bond cleavage.

Drug Delivery Platforms Containing Thermoresponsive Polymers and Mucoadhesive Cellulose Derivatives: A Review of Patents

Nowadays, the development of mucoadhesive systems for drug delivery has gained keen interest, with enormous potential in applications through different routes. Mucoadhesion characterizes an attractive interaction between the pharmaceutical dosage form and the mucosal surface. Many polymers have shown the ability to interact with mucus, increasing the residence time of local and/or systemic administered preparations, such as tablets, patches, semi-solids, and micro and nanoparticles. Cellulose is the most abundant polymer on the earth. It is widely used in the pharmaceutical industry as an inert pharmaceutical ingredient, mainly in its covalently modified forms: methylcellulose, ethylcellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, and carboxymethylcellulose salts. Aiming to overcome the drawbacks of oral, ocular, nasal, vaginal, and rectal routes and thereby maintaining patient compliance, innovative polymer blends have gained the interest of the pharmaceutical industry. Combining mucoadhesive and thermoresponsive polymers allows for simultaneous in situ gelation and mucoadhesion, thus enhancing the retention of the system at the site of administration and drug availability. Thermoresponsive polymers have the ability to change physicochemical properties triggered by temperature, which is particularly interesting considering the physiological temperature. The present review provides an analysis of the main characteristics and applications of cellulose derivatives as mucoadhesive polymers and their use in blends together with thermoresponsive polymers, aiming at platforms for drug delivery. Patents were reviewed, categorized, and discussed, focusing on the applications and pharmaceutical dosage forms using this innovative strategy. This review manuscript also provides a detailed introduction to the topic and a perspective on further developments.

Carrageenan gel beads for echinochrome inclusion: Influence of structural features of carrageenan

Carrageenan (CRG) and carrageenan/chitosan (CH) gel beads (CRG/CH) were prepared as a release delivery system for echinochrome A (Ech). According to spectral data, the Ech was dispersed in the polymer matrix, interacted with CRG, was not oxidised, and remained stable after encapsulation in CRG beads. Carrageenan beads containing Ech were coated with CH by layering. The influence of the structural features of CRG on the formation of beads and the beads morphology, swelling behaviour, mucoadhesive properties and drug release were evaluated. The polysaccharide matrices with Ech showed different swelling characteristics depending on the pH of the medium and the structure of the CRG used. The slow drug release from polysaccharide matrixes was observed for κ- and κ/β-CRG beads, that contained 3,6-anhydro-α-d-galactopyranose units and had high molecular weight. The obtained results showed the prospects of using polysaccharide beads to include Ech.

Thiolated pectins: In vitro and ex vivo evaluation of three generations of thiomers

In recent decades, three generations of thiomers have been developed with the main purpose of obtaining enhanced interactions with mucosal tissues. Therefore, many different types of thiolated ligands have been generated and attached to polymeric backbones. The aim of this study was to synthesize all three generations of thiomers and to directly compare their properties regarding mucus penetration and mucoadhesion. Starting from pectin, the unprotected thiomer pectin-cysteine (Pec-Cys), the preactivated S-protected thiomer pectin-cysteine-mercaptonicotinic acid (Pec-Cys-MNA) and the less reactive S-protected thiomer pectin-cysteine-glutathione (Pec-Cys-GSH) were synthesized and characterised by FT-IR, NMR, and colorimetric studies. The polymers were evaluated regarding their cytotoxicity, swelling behaviour, viscosity after mixing with mucus, mucus diffusion, penetration into mucosa, and mucoadhesion. The amount of the three ligands (Cys, Cys-MNA and Cys-GSH) bound to the polymer was determined to be in the range of 193-196 µmol/g. All polymers showed no cytotoxicity. Viscosity of the mixture of Pec-Cys-MNA and Pec-Cys-GSH with mucus increased 21.5- and 26.7-fold, respectively, compared to the unmodified polymer within 3 hours. Swelling, mucoadhesion, interpenetration and mucus diffusion were increased in the following rank order: Pec-Cys < Pec-Cys-MNA < Pec-Cys-GSH. Results of mucoadhesion study indicated a 7.4 and 8.1-fold increase of Pec-Cys-MNA and Pec-Cys-GSH, respectively, compared to the unmodified polymer. As the less reactive S-protected thiomer exhibited higher mucoadhesive properties than the other thiomers, this study provides evidence for the superior mucoadhesion of 3^rd generation thiomers. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Three generations of thiolated polymers have been developed bearing different types of thiol ligands with the main purpose of enhancing mucus interactions. In this study, all generations were synthesized on the polymeric backbone of pectin for the first time to directly compare their mucus penetrating and mucoadhesive properties. 1^st generation exhibited covalently bound L-cysteine moieties. For 2^nd generation, thiols of cysteines were S-protected with 2-mercaptonicotinic acid (MNA), resulting in high reactive disulfide bonds. 3^rd generation was synthesized by a thiol/disulfide exchange of glutathione with MNA, producing a less reactive disulfide bond. Mucus penetrating and mucoadhesive properties were found to be increased as follows: 1^st generation < 2^nd generation < 3^rd generation. According to these results, the thiomer of 3^rd generation represents a promising excipient with strong mucoadhesion.

Improved Bioavailability of Poorly Soluble Drugs through Gastrointestinal Muco-Adhesion of Lipid Nanoparticles

Gastrointestinal absorption remains indispensable in the systemic delivery of most drugs, even though it presents several challenges that, paradoxically, may also provide opportunities that can be exploited to achieve maximal bioavailability. Drug delivery systems made from nanoparticle carriers and especially, lipid carriers, have the potential to traverse gastrointestinal barriers and deploy in the lymphatic pathway, which aptly, is free from first pass via the liver. Several poorly soluble drugs have presented improved systemic bioavailability when couriered in lipid nanoparticle carriers. In this review, we propose an additional frontier to enhancing the bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs when encapsulated in lipid nano-carriers by imparting muco-adhesion to the particles through application of appropriate polymeric coating to the lipid carrier. The combined effect of gastrointestinal muco-adhesion followed by lymphatic absorption is a promising approach to improving systemic bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs following oral administration. Evidence to the potential of this approach is backed-up by recent studies within the review.

Mucoadhesive, Thermoreversible Hydrogel, Containing Tetracaine-Loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carriers for Topical, Intranasal Needle-Free Anesthesia

Recent advances have been reported for needle-free local anesthesia in maxillary teeth by administering a nasal spray of tetracaine (TTC) and oxymetazoline, without causing pain, fear, and stress. This work aimed to assess whether a TTC-loaded hybrid system could reduce cytotoxicity, promote sustained permeation, and increase the anesthetic efficacy of TTC for safe, effective, painless, and prolonged analgesia of the maxillary teeth in dental procedures. The hybrid system based on TTC (4%) encapsulated in nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) and incorporated into a thermoreversible hydrogel of poloxamer 407 (TTCNLC-HG4%) displayed desirable rheological, mechanical, and mucoadhesive properties for topical application in the nasal cavity. Compared to control formulations, the use of TTCNLC-HG4% slowed in vitro permeation of the anesthetic across the nasal mucosa, maintained cytotoxicity against neuroblastoma cells, and provided a three-fold increase in analgesia duration, as observed using the tail-flick test in mice. The results obtained here open up perspectives for future clinical evaluation of the thermoreversible hybrid hydrogel, which contains TTC-loaded NLC, with the aim of creating an effective, topical, intranasal, needle-free anesthesia for use in dentistry.

A Study of Compressibility, Compactability and Mucoadhesivity of Tableting Materials for Matrix Systems Based on Chitosan

The objective of the present research is to evaluate directly compressible chitosan-based tableting materials for the formulation of mucoadhesive matrix tablets intended for targeted drug release to distal segments of the GIT. The influence of sodium alginate, hypromellose, and silicified microcrystalline cellulose (P90) on compressibility, compactability and lubricant sensitivity ratio was tested. Furthermore, the rheological properties of the hydrated surface layer of the matrix tablets and the mucoadhesion to a mucin substrate were analysed. Compressibility was evaluated using the energy profile of the compression process, compactability by means of the tensile strength of tablets, and lubricant sensitivity ratio was calculated to assess the sensitivity to lubricant. Addition of P90 to chitosan improved compressibility, which is demonstrated by the increase in the energy of plastic deformation and the higher tensile strength of tablets. P90 also significantly reduced the high lubricant sensitivity of chitosan. Presence of retarding components led to a decrease in Emax. All tested matrix tablets revealed a good mucoadhesion without a negative effect of P90 content. The viscosity of a gel layer on the surface of matrix tablets containing hypromellose was higher compared to those with sodium alginate. This was not reflected in the adhesive strength of the tablets. The formulated tableting materials combining chitosan and P90 are a suitable matrix for incorporation of an active ingredient, whose delayed release in the intestine can be achieved by the functionality of the chitosan-sodium alginate complex.

Advancedoral vaccine delivery strategies for improving the immunity

Infectious diseases continue to inflict a high global disease burden. The consensus is that vaccination is the most effective option against infectious diseases. Oral vaccines have unique advantages in the prevention of global pandemics due to their ease of use, high compliance, low cost, and the ability to induce both systemic and mucosal immune responses. However, challenges of adapting vaccines for oral administration remain significant. Foremost among these are enzymatic and pH-dependent degradation of antigens in the stomach and intestines, the low permeability of mucus barrier, the nonspecific uptake of antigens at the intestinal mucosal site, and the immune suppression result from the elusive immune tolerance mechanisms. Innovative delivery techniques promise great potential for improving the flexibility and efficiency of oral vaccines. A better understanding of the delivery approaches and the immunological mechanisms of oral vaccine delivery systems may provide new scientific insight and tools for developing the next-generation oral vaccine. Here, an overview of the advanced technologies in the field of oral vaccination is proposed, including mucus-penetrating nanoparticle (NP), mucoadhesive delivery vehicles, targeting antigen-presenting cell (APC) nanocarriers and enhanced paracellular delivery strategies and so on. Meanwhile, the mechanisms of delivery vectors interact with mucosal barriers are discussed.

Gastroretentive Technologies in Tandem with Controlled-Release Strategies: A Potent Answer to Oral Drug Bioavailability and Patient Compliance Implications

There have been many efforts to improve oral drug bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy and patient compliance. A variety of controlled-release oral delivery systems have been developed to meet these needs. Gastroretentive drug delivery technologies have the potential to achieve retention of the dosage form in the upper gastrointestinal tract (GIT) that can be sufficient to ensure complete solubilisation of the drugs in the stomach fluids, followed by subsequent absorption in the stomach or proximal small intestine. This can be beneficial for drugs that have an “absorption window” or are absorbed to a different extent in various segments of the GIT. Therefore, gastroretentive technologies in tandem with controlled-release strategies could enhance both the therapeutic efficacy of many drugs and improve patient compliance through a reduction in dosing frequency. The paper reviews different gastroretentive drug delivery technologies and controlled-release strategies that can be combined and summarises examples of formulations currently in clinical development and commercially available gastroretentive controlled-release products. The different parameters that need to be considered and monitored during formulation development for these pharmaceutical applications are highlighted.

Mucoadhesive and mucopenetrating chitosan nanoparticles for glycopeptide antibiotic administration

The use of nanoparticles (NPs) represents a useful strategy for peptide antibiotic delivery to mucosal membranes by either prolonging drug residence time at the target site (mucoadhesive NPs) or by enhancing diffusion across mucus layer to reach the underlying epithelium (mucopenetrating NPs). The purpose of this study was to design chitosan (CH) NPs and to evaluate their employment as mucoadhesive and/or mucopenetrating systems for vancomycin (VM) delivery. NPs were prepared by ionic gelation of CH with sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), sodium alginate (ALG), sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) or phytic acid (PA) and characterized in terms of size, zeta-potential, morphology, drug encapsulation efficiency, mucoadhesion and mucopenetrating ability. Moreover, in vitro tests were conducted to evaluate VM release and the antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis. NPs showed sizes ranged from 150 nm to 350 nm with good polydispersity index and positive zeta-potential. The selection of the suitable crosslinker allowed to modulate the mucoadhesive/mucopenetrating properties: CH/TPP NPs showed the best mucoadhesive ability, while CH/PA and CH/CMC NPs were characterized by an improved diffusion across the mucus layer. Further, NPs allowed a fast and complete release of VM, maintaining the antibacterial activity against the tested bacteria species.

Mucosal drug delivery and 3D printing technologies: A focus on special patient populations

In the last decade, additive manufacturing (AM) technologies have revolutionized how healthcare provision is envisioned. The rapid evolution of these technologies has already created a momentum in the effort to address unmet personalized needs in large patient groups, especially those belonging to sensitive subgroup populations (e.g., paediatric, geriatric, visually impaired). At the same time, AM technologies have become a salient ally to overcome defined health challenges in drug formulation development by addressing not only the requirement of personalized therapy, but also problems related to lowering non-specific drug distribution and the risk of adverse reactions, enhancing drug absorption and bioavailability, as well as ease of administration and patient compliance. To this end, mucoadhesive drug delivery systems fabricated with the support of AM technologies provide competitive advantages over conventional dosage forms, aiming to entice innovation in drug formulation with special focus on sensitive patient populations.

Emulgels Containing Propolis and Curcumin: The Effect of Type of Vegetable Oil, Poly(Acrylic Acid) and Bioactive Agent on Physicochemical Stability, Mechanical and Rheological Properties

Emulgels are obtained by the entrapment of an organic phase within a three-dimensional network built by hydrophilic molecules. Polymers based on cross-linked poly(acrylic acid) have been utilized as gel matrices, improving adhesiveness, rheological and mechanical performance. Propolis (PRP) produced by Apis mellifera L. bees displays a wide range of biological activities. Together with curcumin (CUR), they may show synergic anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antimicrobial action on skin disorders. This work investigated the effect of vegetable oils (sweet almond, andiroba, and passion fruit) with regard to the physicochemical properties of emulgels composed of Carbopol 934P^®, Carbopol 974P^®, or polycarbophil aiming the CUR and PRP delivery. Physicochemical stability enabled the selection of systems containing passion fruit or andiroba oil. Mechanical and rheological characteristics provided rational comprehension of how vegetable oils and bioactive agents affect the structure of emulsion gels. All formulations exhibited high physiochemical stability and properties dependent on the polymer type, oil, and bioactive agent. Formulations displayed pseudoplastic, thixotropic and viscoelastic properties. Emulgels containing andiroba oil were the most stable systems. Carbopol 934P^® or polycarbophil presence resulted in formulations with improved smoothness and mechanical properties. Systems containing andiroba oil and one of these two polymers are promising for further investigations as topical delivery systems of CUR and/or PRP on the skin and mucous membranes.

An Updated Overview of the Emerging Role of Patch and Film-Based Buccal Delivery Systems

Buccal mucosal membrane offers an attractive drug-delivery route to enhance both systemic and local therapy. This review discusses the benefits and drawbacks of buccal drug delivery, anatomical and physiological aspects of oral mucosa, and various in vitro techniques frequently used for examining buccal drug-delivery systems. The role of mucoadhesive polymers, penetration enhancers, and enzyme inhibitors to circumvent the formulation challenges particularly due to salivary renovation cycle, masticatory effect, and limited absorption area are summarized. Biocompatible mucoadhesive films and patches are favored dosage forms for buccal administration because of flexibility, comfort, lightness, acceptability, capacity to withstand mechanical stress, and customized size. Preparation methods, scale-up process and manufacturing of buccal films are briefed. Ongoing and completed clinical trials of buccal film formulations designed for systemic delivery are tabulated. Polymeric or lipid nanocarriers incorporated in buccal film to resolve potential formulation and drug-delivery issues are reviewed. Vaccine-enabled buccal films have the potential ability to produce both antibodies mediated and cell mediated immunity. Advent of novel 3D printing technologies with built-in flexibility would allow multiple drug combinations as well as compartmentalization to separate incompatible drugs. Exploring new functional excipients with potential capacity for permeation enhancement of particularly large-molecular-weight hydrophilic drugs and unstable proteins, oligonucleotides are the need of the hour for rapid advancement in the exciting field of buccal drug delivery.

Recent Advances in Polymer-Based Vaginal Drug Delivery Systems

The vagina has been considered a potential drug administration route for centuries. Most of the currently marketed and investigated vaginal formulations are composed with the use of natural or synthetic polymers having different functions in the product. The vaginal route is usually investigated as an administration site for topically acting active ingredients; however, the anatomical and physiological features of the vagina make it suitable also for drug systemic absorption. In this review, the most important natural and synthetic polymers used in vaginal products are summarized and described, with special attention paid to the properties important in terms of vaginal application. Moreover, the current knowledge on the commonly applied and innovative dosage forms designed for vaginal administration was presented. The aim of this work was to highlight the most recent research directions and indicate challenges related to vaginal drug administrations. As revealed in the literature overview, intravaginal products still gain enormous scientific attention, and novel polymers and formulations are still explored. However, there are research areas that require more extensive studies in order to provide the safety of novel vaginal products.

Development of purified cashew gum mucoadhesive buccal tablets containing nystatin for treatment of oral candidiasis

OBJECTIVE

The objective of this work was to prepare mucoadhesive buccal tablets containing nystatin and purified cashew gum for the treatment of oral candidiasis.

SIGNIFICANCE

Mucoadhesive buccal tablets containing the drug nystatin are an alternative to oral suspensions, which cause low therapeutic adherence to the treatment of oral candidiasis. Purified cashew gum has been studied as a diluent and mucoadhesive agent in tablets.

METHODS

Two batches of mucoadhesive tablets were produced, MT1 and MT 2, containing purified cashew gum, nystatin (500,000 IU), flavoring agent and with or without the presence of lubricant agent. The average weight, mechanical properties, dose uniformity, drug release profile, mucoadhesive properties and antimicrobial activity against Candida albicans were evaluated.

RESULTS

Tablets presented average weight of 329.1 ± 3.1 mg (MT1) and 334.6 ± 1.5 mg (MT2), hardness of 9.8 ± 0.8 KgF (MT1) and 8.3 ± 0.4 KgF (MT2), friability of 0.2% (MT1 and MT2), and dose uniformity of 102.20 ± 1.17% (MT1) and 99.06 ± 7.40% (MT2). MT1 and MT2 were able to swell, erode, release the drug and remain adhered to the pig's cheek up to 3 h for batch MT1 and 4 h for batch MT2, and the amount of nystatin released since the beginning of the test in both batches was sufficient to inhibit the growth of the fungus.

CONCLUSIONS

Therefore, the proposed formulation proved to be very promising and met all the studied criteria, showing to be ideal for the treatment of oral candidiasis.

Effect of Silk Fibroin Biomaterial Coating on Cell Viability and Intestinal Adhesion of Probiotic Bacteria

Probiotics can be processed into a powder, tablet, or capsule form for easy intake. They are exposed to frequent stresses not only during complex processing steps, but also in the human body after intake. For this reason, various coating agents that promote probiotic bacterial stability in the intestinal environment have been developed. Silk fibroin (SF) is a material used in a variety of fields from drug delivery systems to enzyme immobilization and has potential as a coating agent for probiotics. In this study, we investigated this potential by coating probiotic strains with 0.1% or 1% water-soluble calcium (WSC), 1% SF, and 10% trehalose. Under simulated gastrointestinal conditions, cell viability, cell surface hydrophobicity, and cell adhesion to intestinal epithelial cells were then measured. The survival ratio after freeze-drying was highest upon addition of 0.1% WSC. The probiotic bacteria coated with SF showed improved survival by more than 10.0% under simulated gastric conditions and 4.8% under simulated intestinal conditions. Moreover, the cell adhesion to intestinal epithelial cells was elevated by 1.0-36.0%. Our results indicate that SF has positive effects on enhancing the survival and adhesion capacity of bacterial strains under environmental stresses, thus demonstrating its potential as a suitable coating agent to stabilize probiotics throughout processing, packaging, storage and consumption.

Thermosensitive and mucoadhesive in situ ocular gel for effective local delivery and antifungal activity of itraconazole nanocrystal in the treatment of fungal keratitis

Itraconazole is a lipophilic drug, which limits its absorption for ocular administration. This study focused on the incorporation of itraconazole into nanocrystalline carrier system with stabilizer Pluronic® F127 and was further formulated into thermosensitive in situ ocular gel. Itraconazole nanocrystals (ITZ-NCs) were fabricated using media milling method with ultra-small-scale device. The obtained nanocrystals were observed to have a better in vitro activity against C. albicans (CA) compared to free itraconazole suspension in water. Furthermore, the optimization of the thermosensitive ocular gel formula was carried out with a central composite design, using three types of polymers, namely Pluronic® F127, Pluronic® F68, and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC). After being dispersed into the optimized thermosensitive gel base, ITZ-NCs did not alter in terms of physical characteristics. Ex vivo ocularkinetic studies on infected porcine eye models showed a better profile of the optimized formula of thermosensitive in situ ocular gel when compared to standard gel base. Importantly, the ex vivo antifungal activity of these preparations was also increased, with a 93% decrease in the CA population observed after 48 h in infected porcine eye model. Altogether, this work has provided evidence of a novel approach in developing more advanced treatments for fungal keratitis.

The liquid crystalline phase behaviour of a nasal formulation modifies the brain disposition of donepezil in rats in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease

Although nanoparticles, polymeric micelles, liposomes, nanoemulsions, and microemulsions were extensively evaluated as formulations for nasal administration of drugs, lyotropic liquid crystal (LLC) mesophases have been few studied. The phase transition from a low-viscosity microemulsion to a more viscous LLC may improve the mucoadhesion of the formulation. Donepezil is a drug administered orally in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, and with gastrointestinal side effects that are typical of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. Based on this, donepezil administration by nasal pathway using a mucoadhesive LLC may be a feasible alternative. A colloidal formulation was selected from a ternary diagram, combining CETETH-10, oleic acid, and water (40:45:15, w/w). Donepezil was incorporated into the formulation, and the characterisation included in vitro studies, such as mucoadhesion and drug release. Pharmacokinetics in Wistar rats included evaluations by the nasal pathway with donepezil incorporated into microemulsion. A phase transition from an isotropic to an anisotropic system was observed after the swelling of the microemulsion with artificial nasal fluid (12-20 %). The release of donepezil in vitro occurred in a sustained manner. Significant levels of donepezil were achieved in the brain after nasal administration of the microemulsion, as a promising strategy for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.

Highlighting the use of micro and nanoparticles based-drug delivery systems for the treatment of Helicobacter pylori infections

Due to the high adaptability of Helicobacter pylori and the low targeting specificity of the drugs normally used in pharmacological therapy, the strains are becoming increasingly resistant to these drugs, making it difficult to eradicate the infection. Thus, the search for new therapeutic approaches has been considered urgent. The incorporation of drugs in advanced drug delivery systems, such as nano and microparticles, would allow the improvement of the retention time in the stomach and the prolongation of drug release rates at the target site. Because of this, the present review article aims to highlight the use of micro and nanoparticles as important technological tools for the treatment of H. pylori infections, focussing on the main nanotechnological systems, including nanostructured lipid carriers, liposomes, nanoemulsion, metallic nanoparticles, and polymeric nanoparticles, as well as microtechnological systems such as gastroretentive dosage forms, among them mucoadhesive, magnetic and floating systems were highlighted.

Whey Protein Derived Mouthdrying Found to Relate Directly to Retention Post Consumption but Not to Induced Differences in Salivary Flow Rate

Whey protein is fortified into beverages to provide functional benefits, however, these beverages are considered mouthdrying. To date whey protein derived mouthdrying has not been quantified using a 'physical measure' in parallel with rated perception. Saliva flow could also relate to whey protein derived mouthdrying, however this has not been previously tested as an intervention. Accordingly, volunteers (n = 40) tested mouthdrying in different whey beverages and the sensory profile was evaluated by a trained sensory panel (n = 10). Volunteers also rated mouthdrying combined with collection of saliva samples post beverage consumption to measure retention to the oral cavity. To modulate saliva flow rate, volunteers both chewed on parafilm (to increase saliva flow) and used cotton wool (to remove saliva) before tasting beverages and rating mouthdrying. Both the volunteers and sensory panel rated whey protein beverages (WPB) as significantly more mouthdrying than the control beverage (whey permeate). The significantly higher rating of mouthdrying from the volunteers coincided with significantly higher protein concentration in saliva samples post WPB consumption, supporting mucoadhesion as the mechanism. Modulating saliva flow did not lead to any difference in rated mouthdrying and future work would be beneficial to evaluate further the influence of natural variation in salivary flow rate.

Mucoadhesive Gelatin Buccal Films with Propranolol Hydrochloride: Evaluation of Mechanical, Mucoadhesive, and Biopharmaceutical Properties

This study processes and characterizes propranolol hydrochloride/gelatin mucoadhesive buccal films. Two types of gelatin are used: Gelatin from porcine skin, type A (GA), and gelatin from bovine skin (GB). The influence of gelatin type on mechanical, mucoadhesive, and biopharmaceutical characteristics of buccal films is evaluated. Fourier-Transfer infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis show that GA with propranolol hydrochloride (PRH) in the film (GAP) formed a physical mixture, whereas GB with PRH (GBP) form a compound-complex. Results of mechanical testing (tensile test, hardness) revealed that GAP films exhibit higher elastic modulus, tensile strength, and hardness. A mucoahesion test shows that GBP has higher adhesion strength, while GAP shows higher work of adhesion. Both in vitro release study and in silico simulation indicated that processed films can provide effective drug transport through the buccal mucosa. In silico simulation shows improved bioavailability from buccal films, in comparison to the immediate-release tablets-indicating that the therapeutic drug dose can be markedly reduced.

Influence of Age and Individual Differences on Mouthfeel Perception of Whey Protein-Fortified Products: A Review

Protein needs are considered to increase with age, with protein consumption being associated with many positive outcomes. Protein-fortified products are often used to improve nutritional status and prevent age-related muscle mass loss in older adults. Accordingly, older adults are commonly provided with products fortified with whey protein; however, such products can cause mouthdrying, limiting consumption and product enjoyment. Currently, the extent to which age and individual differences (e.g., saliva, oral health, food oral processing) influence the perception of whey protein-derived mouthdrying is relatively unclear. Previous research in this area has mainly focused on investigating mouthdrying, without taking into account individual differences that could influence this perception within the target population. Therefore, the main focus of this review is to provide an overview of the relevant individual differences likely to influence mouthfeel perception (specifically mouthdrying) from whey protein-fortified products, thereby enabling the future design of such products to incorporate better the needs of older adults and improve their nutritional status. This review concludes that age and individual differences are likely to influence mouthdrying sensations from whey protein-fortified products. Future research should focus more on the target population and individual differences to maximise the benefits from whey protein fortification.

New Approach in Ocular Drug Delivery: In vitro and ex vivo Investigation of Cyclodextrin-Containing, Mucoadhesive Eye Drop Formulations

Background

Optimal transcorneal penetration is necessary for ocular therapy; meanwhile, it is limited by the complex structure and defensive mechanisms of the eye. Antimicrobial stability of topical ophthalmic formulations is especially important. According to previous studies, the mostly used preservative, benzalkonium-chloride is irritative and toxic on corneal epithelial cells; therefore, novel non-toxic, antimicrobial agents are required. In this study, prednisolone-containing ophthalmic formulations were developed with expected optimal permeation without toxic or irritative effects.

Methods

The toxicity and permeability of prednisolone-containing eye drops were studied on a human corneal epithelial cell line (HCE-T) and ex vivo cornea model. The lipophilic drug is dissolved by the formation of cyclodextrin inclusion complex. Zinc-containing mucoadhesive biopolymer was applied as an alternative preservative agent, whose toxicity was compared with benzalkonium-chloride.

Results

As the results show, benzalkonium-chloride-containing samples were toxic on HCE-T cells. The biopolymer caused no cell damage after the treatment. This was confirmed by immunohistochemistry assay. The in vitro permeability was significantly higher in formulations with prednisolone-cyclodextrin complex compared with suspension formulation. According to the ex vivo permeability study, the biopolymer-containing samples had significantly lower permeability.

Conclusion

Considering the mucoadhesive attribute of target formulations, prolonged absorption is expected after application with less frequent administration. It can be stated that the compositions are innovative approaches as novel non-toxic ophthalmic formulations with optimal drug permeability.

N-(2-hydroxy)-propyl-3-trimethylammonium, O-palmitoyl chitosan: Synthesis, physicochemical and biological properties

Two samples of N-(2-hydroxy)-propyl-3-trimethylammonium, O-palmitoyl chitosan (DPCat) with different average degrees of quaternization named as DPCat35 (DQ¯ = 35%) and DPCat80 (DQ¯ = 80%), were successfully synthesized by reacting glycidyltrimethylammonium chloride (GTMAC) with O-palmitoyl chitosan (DPCh) derivative (DS¯ = 12%). Such amphiphilic derivatives of chitosan were fully water-soluble at 1.0 < pH < 12.0 and showed significant electrostatic stability enhancement of a self-assembly micellar nanostructure (100-320 nm) due to its positively-charged out-layer. In vitro mucoadhesive and cytotoxicity essays toward healthy fibroblast cells (Balb/C 3T3 clone A31 cell), human prostate cancer (DU145) and liver cancer (HepG2/C3A) cell lines revealed that the biological properties of DPCat derivatives were strongly dependent on DQ¯. Additionally, DPCat35 had better interactions with the biological tissue and with mucin glycoproteins at pH 7.4 as well as exhibited potential to be used on the development of drug delivery systems for prostate and liver cancer treatment.

Superparamagnetic nanoparticles for biomedical applications

In this review, we summarized recent advances in the development and biological applications of polymeric nanoparticles embedded with superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs). Superparamagnetic polymeric nanoparticles include core-shell nanoparticles, superparamagnetic polymeric micelles and superparamagnetic polymersomes. They have potential for various biomedical applications, including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents, drug delivery, detection of bacteria, viruses and proteins, etc. Finally, the challenges in the design and preparation of superparamagnetic nanoparticles towards clinical applications are explored and the prospects in this field are proposed.

Preclinical approaches in vulvovaginal candidiasis treatment with mucoadhesive thermoresponsive systems containing propolis

Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is a common vaginitis that affects women, especially in childbearing age, caused by Candida albicans in almost 80% of cases. Considering the limited drug arsenal available and the increasing fungal resistance profile, the search for new therapeutic sources with low toxicity and easy administration should be supported. Propolis has been used as a traditional medicine for multiple diseases, considering its particular composition and pharmaceutical properties that permits its wide applicability; it has also emerged as a potential antifungal agent. Thus, this study performed an in vitro and in vivo investigation into the efficacy of a new mucoadhesive thermoresponsive platform for propolis delivery (MTS-PRPe) in a preclinical murine model of VVC treatment caused by C. albicans. The methodologies involved chemical analysis, an assessment of the rheological and mucoadhesive properties of propolis formulations, in vitro and in vivo antifungal evaluations, histological evaluations and electron microscopy of the vaginal mucosa. The results demonstrated the antifungal activity of propolis extract and MTS-PRP against the standard strain and a fluconazole-resistant clinical isolate of C. albicans, in both in vitro and in vivo assays. These results were similar and even better, depending on the propolis concentration, when compared to nystatin. Thus, the formulation containing propolis exhibited good performance against C. albicans in a vulvovaginal candidiasis experimental model, representing a promising opportunity for the treatment of this infection.

The relationship between mucoadhesive polymers and surface coating in tablets for the controlled colonic delivery of a poorly water-soluble drug

BACKGROUND

The mucoadhesive polymers play an important role in targeted and controlled drug delivery.

OBJECTIVES

This study aimed to investigate the drug release behaviour and interpret the role of mucoadhesive polymers involved in the coating layer of mucoadhesive tablets for the sustained release of a poorly water-soluble drug.

METHODS

A solid dispersion of prednisolone and zein was used in the core tablets created with two mucoadhesive polymers, which included Carbopol 940 and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose K4M. In addition, the properties of a single-layer coating, created from the combination of zein and Kollicoat MAE 100P to delay release through the upper parts of the gastrointestinal tract, were investigated in the presence of the above mucoadhesive polymers; these properties included drug dissolution, mucoadhesion, surface morphology, swelling and erosion.

RESULTS

The mucoadhesive polymer concentrations and types were integrated not only into the core tablets through a swelling/erosion mechanism but also into the surface polymer coatings for controlled drug release. HPMC was preferred in the formulations due to the ability to form pores on the surface coating, allowing water uptake so that the coating could control drug release for a later stage via a swelling/erosion mechanism.

CONCLUSION

The proposed mechanism determined in this project could be beneficial in the selection of polymers for applications targeting the colon with coated mucoadhesive tablets. Graphical abstract.

Optimization, physicochemical characterization, and antimicrobial activity of a novel simvastatin nano-niosomal gel against E. coli and S. aureus

Niosomes, as a kind of drug delivery system, is widely used for the topical delivery of lipophilic drugs. Optimization of niosomes plays an essential role in enhancing their therapeutic efficiencies. This study aims to prepare an optimized niosomal formulation of simvastatin (nSIM), a lipophilic member of statins, through the experiment (Response Surface methodology). Optimized niosomes were characterized in size, polydispersity index (PDI), entrapment efficiency (EE), stability, releasing pattern, and antimicrobial activity. The different molar ratio of surfactant and cholesterol were applied to prepare various formulation of simvastatin loaded niosome. Mean particle size and size distribution were analyzed by dynamic light scattering. Antibacterial activity was determined by MIC and MBC tests against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The release rate of simvastatin from noisome nanoparticles was studied by the Franz diffusion cell method. The release pattern was studied through zero order, first order, Higuchi, Korsmeyer-Peppas, and Hixson-Crowell kinetics models. Optimized niosomes were obtained by span 80, drug to cholesterol ratio of 0.4 with 7 min sonication time. Mean particle size, PDI, zeta potential, and entrapment efficiency (EE%) of optimized nSIM were obtained about 168 nm, 0.34, -32.40, and 96 %, respectively. The niosomes significantly decreased the drug's releasing rate and enhanced antibacterial activity against S. aureus and E. Coli. It was found that the release pattern of drug followed the Higuchi kinetic model which means drug release is by diffusion. Overall, our findings indicated that the prepared simvastatin loaded niosomes showed good stability and biological properties than free drug. Our study suggests that niosomal formulation could be considered as a promising strategy for the delivery of poor water-soluble drugs that enhance antibacterial activity.

Interaction between mucoadhesive cellulose derivatives and Pluronic F127: Investigation on the micelle structure and mucoadhesive performance

Systems composed of bioadhesive and thermoresponsive polymers can combine in situ gelation with bio/mucoadhesion, enhancing retention of topically applied drugs. The effect of bioadhesive sodium carboxymethylcellulose (NaCMC) and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose cellulose (HPMC) on the properties of thermoresponsive Pluronic® F127 (F127) was explored, including micellization and the mucoadhesion. A computational analysis between these polymers and their molecular interactions were also studied, rationalising the design of improved binary polymeric systems for pharmaceutical and biomedical applications. The morphological characterization of polymeric systems was conducted by SEM. DSC analysis was used to investigate the crystallization and micellization enthalpy of F127 and the mixed systems. Micelle size measurements and TEM micrographs allowed for investigation into the interference of cellulose derivatives on F127 micellization. Both cellulose derivatives reduced the critical micellar concentration and enthalpy of micellization of F127, altering hydrodynamic diameters of the aggregates. Mucoadhesion performance was useful to select the best systems for mucosal application. The systems composed of 17.5% (w/w) F127 and 3% (w/w) HPMC or 1% (w/w) NaCMC are promising as topical drug delivery systems, mainly on mucosal surfaces. They were biocompatible when tested against Artemia salina, and also able to release a model of hydrophilic drug in a controlled manner.