51
|
Serotonin 5-HT 6 Receptor Antagonists in Alzheimer's Disease: Therapeutic Rationale and Current Development Status. CNS Drugs 2017; 31:19-32. [PMID: 27914038 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-016-0399-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia in elderly people. Because of the lack of effective treatments for this illness, research focused on identifying compounds that restore cognition and functional impairments in patients with AD is a very active field. Since its discovery in 1993, the serotonin 5-HT6 receptor has received increasing attention, and a growing number of studies supported 5-HT6 receptor antagonism as a target for improving cognitive dysfunction in AD. This article reviews the rationale behind investigations into the targeting of 5-HT6 receptors as a symptomatic treatment for cognitive and/or behavioral symptoms of AD. In addition to describing the available clinical evidence, this article also describes the purported biochemical and neurochemical mechanisms of action by which 5-HT6 receptor antagonists could influence cognition, and the preclinical data supporting this therapeutic approach to AD. A large number of publications describing the development of ligands for this receptor have come to light and preclinical data indicate the procognitive efficacy of 5-HT6 receptor antagonists. Subsequently, the number of patents protecting 5-HT6 chemical entities has continuously grown. Some of these compounds have successfully undergone phase I clinical studies and have been further evaluated in clinical phase II trials with variable success. Phase II studies have also revealed the potential of combining 5-HT6 receptor antagonism and cholinesterase inhibition. Two of these antagonists, idalopirdine and RVT-101, have been further developed into ongoing phase III clinical trials. Overall, 5-HT6 receptor antagonists can reasonably be regarded as potential drug candidates for the treatment of AD.
Collapse
|
52
|
Kuo YC, Lee YJ. Rescuing cholinergic neurons from apoptotic degeneration by targeting of serotonin modulator-and apolipoprotein E-conjugated liposomes to the hippocampus. Int J Nanomedicine 2016; 11:6809-6824. [PMID: 28008255 PMCID: PMC5170675 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s123442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
β-Amyloid (Aβ)-targeting liposomes (LIP) with surface serotonin modulator (SM) and apolipoprotein E (ApoE) were utilized to facilitate the delivery of nerve growth factor (NGF) across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) for neuroprotection in the hippocampus. The therapeutic efficacy of SM- and ApoE-grafted LIP carrying NGF (NGF-SM-ApoE-LIP) was assessed by an in vitro Alzheimer's disease (AD) model of degenerated SK-N-MC cells and an in vivo AD model of Aβ-insulted Wistar rats. The experimental evidences revealed that the modified SM and ApoE on the surface of LIP increased the permeation of NGF across the BBB without serious damage to structural integrity of tight junction. When compared with free NGF, NGF-SM-ApoE-LIP upregulated the expression of phosphorylated neurotrophic tyrosine kinase receptor type 1 on cholinergic neurons and significantly improved their survival. In addition, NGF-SM-ApoE-LIP could reduce the secretion of acetylcholinesterase and malondialdehyde and rescue hippocampal neurons from apoptosis in rat brains. The synergistic effect of SM and ApoE is promising in the induction of NGF to inhibit the neurotoxicity of Aβ and NGF-SM-ApoE-LIP can be a potent antiapoptotic pharmacotherapy for clinical care of patients with AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Chih Kuo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, Chia-Yi, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yin-Jung Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, Chia-Yi, Taiwan, Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Svob Strac D, Pivac N, Smolders IJ, Fogel WA, De Deurwaerdere P, Di Giovanni G. Monoaminergic Mechanisms in Epilepsy May Offer Innovative Therapeutic Opportunity for Monoaminergic Multi-Target Drugs. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:492. [PMID: 27891070 PMCID: PMC5102907 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A large body of experimental and clinical evidence has strongly suggested that monoamines play an important role in regulating epileptogenesis, seizure susceptibility, convulsions, and comorbid psychiatric disorders commonly seen in people with epilepsy (PWE). However, neither the relative significance of individual monoamines nor their interaction has yet been fully clarified due to the complexity of these neurotransmitter systems. In addition, epilepsy is diverse, with many different seizure types and epilepsy syndromes, and the role played by monoamines may vary from one condition to another. In this review, we will focus on the role of serotonin, dopamine, noradrenaline, histamine, and melatonin in epilepsy. Recent experimental, clinical, and genetic evidence will be reviewed in consideration of the mutual relationship of monoamines with the other putative neurotransmitters. The complexity of epileptic pathogenesis may explain why the currently available drugs, developed according to the classic drug discovery paradigm of "one-molecule-one-target," have turned out to be effective only in a percentage of PWE. Although, no antiepileptic drugs currently target specifically monoaminergic systems, multi-target directed ligands acting on different monoaminergic proteins, present on both neurons and glia cells, may represent a new approach in the management of seizures, and their generation as well as comorbid neuropsychiatric disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nela Pivac
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Rudjer Boskovic InstituteZagreb, Croatia
| | - Ilse J. Smolders
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Drug Analysis, Vrije Universiteit BrusselBrussels, Belgium
| | - Wieslawa A. Fogel
- Department of Hormone Biochemistry, Medical University of LodzLodz, Poland
| | | | - Giuseppe Di Giovanni
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of MaltaMsida, Malta
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Nirogi RVS, Bandyala TR, Gangadasari PR, Khagga M. Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel N1-phenylsulphonyl indole derivatives as potent and selective 5-HT6R ligands for the treatment of cognitive disorders. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2016; 31:1-15. [DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2015.1103233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Thrinath Reddy Bandyala
- Discovery Research, Suven Life Sciences Limited, Hyderabad, India and
- Centre for Chemical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Science and Technology, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Mukkanti Khagga
- Centre for Chemical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Science and Technology, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Activation and blockade of serotonin6 receptors in the dorsal hippocampus enhance T maze and hole-board performance in a unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine rat model of Parkinson's disease. Brain Res 2016; 1650:184-195. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2016] [Revised: 08/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
56
|
Millan MJ, Rivet JM, Gobert A. The frontal cortex as a network hub controlling mood and cognition: Probing its neurochemical substrates for improved therapy of psychiatric and neurological disorders. J Psychopharmacol 2016; 30:1099-1128. [PMID: 27756833 DOI: 10.1177/0269881116672342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The highly-interconnected and neurochemically-rich frontal cortex plays a crucial role in the regulation of mood and cognition, domains disrupted in depression and other central nervous system disorders, and it is an important site of action for their therapeutic control. For improving our understanding of the function and dysfunction of the frontal cortex, and for identifying improved treatments, quantification of extracellular pools of neuromodulators by microdialysis in freely-moving rodents has proven indispensable. This approach has revealed a complex mesh of autoreceptor and heteroceptor interactions amongst monoaminergic pathways, and led from selective 5-HT reuptake inhibitors to novel classes of multi-target drugs for treating depression like the mixed α2-adrenoceptor/5-HT reuptake inhibitor, S35966, and the clinically-launched vortioxetine and vilazodone. Moreover, integration of non-monoaminergic actions resulted in the discovery and development of the innovative melatonin receptor agonist/5-HT2C receptor antagonist, Agomelatine. Melatonin levels, like those of corticosterone and the "social hormone", oxytocin, can now be quantified by microdialysis over the full 24 h daily cycle. Further, the introduction of procedures for measuring extracellular histamine and acetylcholine has provided insights into strategies for improving cognition by, for example, blockade of 5-HT6 and/or dopamine D3 receptors. The challenge of concurrently determining extracellular levels of GABA, glutamate, d-serine, glycine, kynurenate and other amino acids, and of clarifying their interactions with monoamines, has also been resolved. This has proven important for characterizing the actions of glycine reuptake inhibitors that indirectly augment transmission at N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors, and of "glutamatergic antidepressants" like ketamine, mGluR5 antagonists and positive modulators of AMPA receptors (including S47445). Most recently, quantification of the neurotoxic proteins Aβ42 and Tau has extended microdialysis studies to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders, and another frontier currently being broached is microRNAs. The present article discusses the above themes, focusses on recent advances, highlights opportunities for clinical "translation", and suggests avenues for further progress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Millan
- Pole for Therapeutic Innovation in CNS disorders, IDR Servier, Croissy-sur-Seine, France
| | - Jean-Michel Rivet
- Pole for Therapeutic Innovation in CNS disorders, IDR Servier, Croissy-sur-Seine, France
| | - Alain Gobert
- Pole for Therapeutic Innovation in CNS disorders, IDR Servier, Croissy-sur-Seine, France
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Herrik KF, Mørk A, Richard N, Bundgaard C, Bastlund JF, de Jong IE. The 5-HT 6 receptor antagonist idalopirdine potentiates the effects of acetylcholinesterase inhibition on neuronal network oscillations and extracellular acetylcholine levels in the rat dorsal hippocampus. Neuropharmacology 2016; 107:351-363. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
|
58
|
Asselot R, Simon-O'Brien E, Lebourgeois S, Nee G, Delaunay V, Duchatelle P, Bouet V, Dauphin F. Time-dependent impact of glutamatergic modulators on the promnesiant effect of 5-HT 6R blockade on mice recognition memory. Pharmacol Res 2016; 118:111-118. [PMID: 27373846 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Selective antagonists at serotonin 5-HT6 receptors (5-HT6R) improve memory performance in rodents and are currently under clinical investigations. If blockade of 5-HT6R is known to increase glutamate release, only two studies have so far demonstrated an interaction between 5-HT6R and glutamate transmission, but both, using the non-competitive NMDA antagonist MK-801, insensitive to variations of glutamate concentrations. In a place recognition task, we investigated here in mice the role of glutamate transmission in the beneficial effects of 5-HT6R blockade (SB-271046). Through the use of increasing intervals (2, 4 and 6h) between acquisition and retrieval, we investigated the time-dependent impact of two different glutamatergic modulators. NMDAR-dependant glutamate transmission (NMDA Receptors) was either blocked by the competitive antagonist at NMDAR, CGS 19755, or potentiated by the glycine transporter type 1 (GlyT1) inhibitor, NFPS. Results showed that neither SB-271046, nor CGS 19755, nor NFPS, alter behavioural performances after short intervals, i.e. when control mice displayed significant memory performances (2h and 4h) (respectively 10, 3, and 0.625mg.kg-1). Conversely, with the 6h-interval, a situation in which spontaneous forgetting is observed in control mice, SB-271046 improved recognition memory performances. This beneficial effect was prevented when co-administered with either CGS 19755 or NFPS, which themselves had no effect. Interestingly, a dose-dependent effect was observed with NFPS, with promnesic effect observed at lower dose (0.156mg.kg-1) when administrated alone, whereas it did no modify promnesic effect of SB-271046. These results demonstrate that promnesiant effect induced by 5-HT6R blockade is sensitive to the competitive blockade of NMDAR and underline the need of a fine adjustment of the inhibition of GlyT1. Overall, our findings support the idea of a complex crosstalk between serotonergic and glutamatergic systems in the promnesic properties of 5-HT6R antagonists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Gérald Nee
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN,GMPc, 14000 Caen, France
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
59
|
Andreetta F, Carboni L, Grafton G, Jeggo R, Whyment AD, van den Top M, Hoyer D, Spanswick D, Barnes NM. Hippocampal 5-HT7 receptors signal phosphorylation of the GluA1 subunit to facilitate AMPA receptor mediated-neurotransmission in vitro and in vivo. Br J Pharmacol 2016; 173:1438-51. [PMID: 26773257 PMCID: PMC4831309 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The 5-HT7 receptor is a GPCR that is the target of a broad range of antidepressant and antipsychotic drugs. Various studies have demonstrated an ability of the 5-HT7 receptor to modulate glutamatergic neurotransmission and cognitive processes although the potential impact upon AMPA receptors has not been investigated directly. The purposes of the present study were to investigate a direct modulation of the GluA1 AMPA receptor subunit and determine how this might influence AMPA receptor function. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The influence of pharmacological manipulation of the 5-HT7 receptor system upon phosphorylation of GluA1 subunits was assessed by Western blotting of fractionated proteins from hippocampal neurones in culture (or proteins resident at the neurone surface) and the functional impact assessed by electrophysiological recordings in rat hippocampus in vitro and in vivo. KEY RESULTS 5-HT7 receptor activation increased cAMP and relative pCREB levels in cultures of rat hippocampal neurones along with an increase in phosphorylation (Ser845) of the GluA1 AMPA receptor subunit evident in whole neurone extracts and within the neurone surface compartment. Electrophysiological recordings in rat hippocampus demonstrated a 5-HT7 receptor-mediated increase in AMPA receptor-mediated neurotransmission in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The 5-HT7 receptor-mediated phosphorylation of the GluA1 AMPA receptor provides a molecular mechanism consistent with the 5-HT7 receptor-mediated increase in AMPA receptor-mediated neurotransmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Andreetta
- Clinical and Experimental Medicine, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
- Neurosciences CEDD, GlaxoSmithKline Medicine Research Centre, Verona, Italy
| | - Lucia Carboni
- Neurosciences CEDD, GlaxoSmithKline Medicine Research Centre, Verona, Italy
| | - Gillian Grafton
- Clinical and Experimental Medicine, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | | | | | | | - Daniel Hoyer
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | - Nicholas M Barnes
- Clinical and Experimental Medicine, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Ihalainen J, Savolainen K, Tanila H, Forsberg MM. Comparison of phencyclidine-induced spatial learning and memory deficits and reversal by sertindole and risperidone between Lister Hooded and Wistar rats. Behav Brain Res 2016; 305:140-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
61
|
Study of a mechanism responsible for potential antidepressant activity of EMD 386088, a 5-HT6 partial agonist in rats. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2016; 389:839-49. [PMID: 27106213 PMCID: PMC4939156 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-016-1245-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
It was shown that 5-HT6 receptor agonists can exert pharmacological activity due to various modifications in monoamines’ level and metabolism activity in rats’ brain structures. This finding was correlated with antidepressant- or anxiolytic-like properties of these compounds. The study was designed to establish a possible mechanism of the antidepressant-like activity of the partial 5-HT6 receptor agonist EMD386088 (5-chloro-2-methyl-3-(1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-4-pyridinyl)-1H-indole hydrochloride) in rats. The concentrations of monoamines (dopamine (DA), noradrenaline (NA), and serotonin (5-HT)) and the rate of their metabolism were measured ex vivo in the brain structures (hippocampus, nucleus accumbens, striatum) using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The rats were killed after the forced swim test (FST); the collected tissue samples were used to ex vivo experiments. The potency of EMD386088 to blockade dopamine transporter (DAT) was tested in a functional in vitro study. FST was used to assess the involvement of D1- and D2-like receptor subfamilies in antidepressant-like properties of EMD386088. Neurochemical data from ex vivo experiments showed that antiimmobility activity of EMD386088 may be connected with the activation of dopaminergic system, while neither noradrenergic nor serotonergic ones are involved in its effect. EMD386088 also possesses a significant affinity for DAT which may be a mechanism in the abovementioned effect. Behavioral data seem to confirm the importance of dopaminergic system activation in antidepressant-like activity of EMD386088, since this effect, observed in the FST, was abolished by the preferential D1- and D2-like receptor subfamily antagonists SCH23390 and sulpiride, respectively. Dopaminergic system is involved in antidepressant-like activity of EMD386088.
Collapse
|
62
|
Chen C, Meng SQ, Xue YX, Han Y, Sun CY, Deng JH, Chen N, Bao YP, Zhang FL, Cao LL, Zhu WG, Shi J, Song WH, Lu L. Epigenetic modification of PKMζ rescues aging-related cognitive impairment. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22096. [PMID: 26926225 PMCID: PMC4772003 DOI: 10.1038/srep22096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognition is impacted by aging. However, the mechanisms that underlie aging-associated cognitive impairment are unclear. Here we showed that cognitive decline in aged rats was associated with changes in DNA methylation of protein kinase Mζ (PKMζ) in the prelimbic cortex (PrL). PKMζ is a crucial molecule involved in the maintenance of long-term memory. Using different behavioral models, we confirmed that aged rats exhibited cognitive impairment in memory retention test 24 h after training, and overexpression of PKMζ in the PrL rescued cognitive impairment in aged rats. After fear conditioning, the protein levels of PKMζ and the membrane expression of GluR2 increased in the PrL in young and adult rats but not in aged rats, and the levels of methylated PKMζ DNA in the PrL decreased in all age groups, whereas the levels of unmethylated PKMζ DNA increased only in young and adult rats. We also found that environmentally enriched housing reversed the hypermethylation of PKMζ and restored cognitive performance in aged rats. Inactivation of PKMζ prevented the potentiating effects of environmental enrichment on memory retention in aged rats. These results indicated that PKMζ might be a potential target for the treatment of aging-related cognitive impairment, suggesting a potential therapeutic avenue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- Institute of Mental Health, Peking University Sixth Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Beijing 100191, China.,National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence Research, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Shi-Qiu Meng
- Institute of Mental Health, Peking University Sixth Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Beijing 100191, China.,National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence Research, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yan-Xue Xue
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence Research, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ying Han
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence Research, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Cheng-Yu Sun
- Institute of Mental Health, Peking University Sixth Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Beijing 100191, China.,National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence Research, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jia-Hui Deng
- Institute of Mental Health, Peking University Sixth Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Beijing 100191, China.,National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence Research, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Na Chen
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence Research, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yan-Ping Bao
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence Research, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Fei-Long Zhang
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence Research, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Lin-Lin Cao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Wei-Guo Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jie Shi
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence Research, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Wei-Hong Song
- Brain Research Centre, Departments of Medicine and Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Lin Lu
- Institute of Mental Health, Peking University Sixth Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Beijing 100191, China.,National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence Research, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.,Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Wicke K, Haupt A, Bespalov A. Investigational drugs targeting 5-HT6 receptors for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2015; 24:1515-28. [DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2015.1102884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
64
|
Ohno Y, Shimizu S, Tokudome K, Kunisawa N, Sasa M. New insight into the therapeutic role of the serotonergic system in Parkinson's disease. Prog Neurobiol 2015; 134:104-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
65
|
Pereira M, Martynhak BJ, Andreatini R, Svenningsson P. 5-HT6 receptor agonism facilitates emotional learning. Front Pharmacol 2015; 6:200. [PMID: 26441657 PMCID: PMC4584947 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Serotonin (5-HT) and its receptors play crucial roles in various aspects of mood and cognitive functions. However, the role of specific 5-HT receptors in these processes remains to be better understood. Here, we examined the effects of the selective and potent 5-HT6 agonist (WAY208466) on mood, anxiety and emotional learning in mice. Male C57Bl/6J mice were therefore tested in the forced swim test (FST), elevated plus-maze (EPM), and passive avoidance tests (PA), respectively. In a dose-response experiment, mice were treated intraperitoneally with WAY208466 at 3, 9, or 27 mg/kg and examined in an open field arena open field test (OFT) followed by the FST. 9 mg/kg of WAY208466 reduced immobility in the FST, without impairing the locomotion. Thus, the dose of 9 mg/kg was subsequently used for tests of anxiety and emotional learning. There was no significant effect of WAY208466 in the EPM. In the PA, mice were trained 30 min before the treatment with saline or WAY208466. Two separate sets of animals were used for short term memory (tested 1 h post-training) or long term memory (tested 24 h post-training). WAY208466 improved both short and long term memories, evaluated by the latency to enter the dark compartment, in the PA. The WAY208466-treated animals also showed more grooming and rearing in the light compartment. To better understand the molecular mechanisms and brain regions involved in the facilitation of emotional learning by WAY208466, we studied its effects on signal transduction and immediate early gene expression. WAY208466 increased the levels of phospho-Ser845-GluA1 and phospho-Ser217/221-MEK in the caudate-putamen. Levels of phospho-Thr202/204-Erk1/2 and the ratio mature BDNF/proBDNF were increased in the hippocampus. Moreover, WAY208466 increased c-fos in the hippocampus and Arc expression in both hippocampus and prefrontal cortex (PFC). The results indicate antidepressant efficacy and facilitation of emotional learning by 5-HT6 receptor agonism via mechanisms that promote neuronal plasticity in caudate putamen, hippocampus, and PFC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Pereira
- Section of Translational Neuropharmacology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center of Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bruno J Martynhak
- Section of Translational Neuropharmacology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center of Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Roberto Andreatini
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Paraná Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Per Svenningsson
- Section of Translational Neuropharmacology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center of Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
66
|
Leiser SC, Li Y, Pehrson AL, Dale E, Smagin G, Sanchez C. Serotonergic Regulation of Prefrontal Cortical Circuitries Involved in Cognitive Processing: A Review of Individual 5-HT Receptor Mechanisms and Concerted Effects of 5-HT Receptors Exemplified by the Multimodal Antidepressant Vortioxetine. ACS Chem Neurosci 2015; 6:970-86. [PMID: 25746856 DOI: 10.1021/cn500340j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been known for several decades that serotonergic neurotransmission is a key regulator of cognitive function, mood, and sleep. Yet with the relatively recent discoveries of novel serotonin (5-HT) receptor subtypes, as well as an expanding knowledge of their expression level in certain brain regions and localization on certain cell types, their involvement in cognitive processes is still emerging. Of particular interest are cognitive processes impacted in neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders. The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is critical to normal cognitive processes, including attention, impulsivity, planning, decision-making, working memory, and learning or recall of learned memories. Furthermore, serotonergic dysregulation within the PFC is implicated in many neuropsychiatric disorders associated with prominent symptoms of cognitive dysfunction. Thus, it is important to better understand the overall makeup of serotonergic receptors in the PFC and on which cell types these receptors mediate their actions. In this Review, we focus on 5-HT receptor expression patterns within the PFC and how they influence cognitive behavior and neurotransmission. We further discuss the net effects of vortioxetine, an antidepressant acting through multiple serotonergic targets given the recent findings that vortioxetine improves cognition by modulating multiple neurotransmitter systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yan Li
- Lundbeck Research USA, Paramus, New Jersey 07650, United States
| | - Alan L. Pehrson
- Lundbeck Research USA, Paramus, New Jersey 07650, United States
| | - Elena Dale
- Lundbeck Research USA, Paramus, New Jersey 07650, United States
| | - Gennady Smagin
- Lundbeck Research USA, Paramus, New Jersey 07650, United States
| | - Connie Sanchez
- Lundbeck Research USA, Paramus, New Jersey 07650, United States
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
Brouard JT, Schweimer JV, Houlton R, Burnham KE, Quérée P, Sharp T. Pharmacological Evidence for 5-HT6 Receptor Modulation of 5-HT Neuron Firing in Vivo. ACS Chem Neurosci 2015; 6:1241-7. [PMID: 25837696 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.5b00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) neurons in the midbrain dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) are implicated in the drug treatment and pathophysiology of a wide variety of neuropsychiatric disorders. Accumulating evidence suggests that 5-HT6 receptors may be located and functional in the DRN; therefore, 5-HT6 receptor ligands may have potential as novel modulators of 5-HT neurotransmission. The current study investigated the effect of intravenous (i.v.) administration of the selective 5-HT6 receptor agonist, WAY-181187, and antagonist, SB-399885, on the firing of 5-HT neurons in the DRN in vivo. Extracellular recordings were made in the DRN of anesthetized rats, and single 5-HT neurons were identified on the basis of electrophysiological properties combined with juxtacellular labeling and postmortem immunohistochemical analysis. WAY-181187 (1-4 mg/kg i.v.) caused a dose-dependent increase in 5-HT neuron firing rate. In comparison, SB-399885 (0.125-1 mg/kg i.v.) caused a dose-dependent decrease in 5-HT neuron firing rate, an effect reversed by WAY-181187 (3 mg/kg i.v.). These effects of WAY-181187 and SB-399885 were observed in two separate sets of experiments. In summary, the current data show the modulation of 5-HT neuronal firing by the 5-HT6 ligands WAY-181187 and SB-399885 and are consistent with the presence of 5-HT6 receptor-mediated positive feedback control of 5-HT neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia T. Brouard
- Department
of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, United Kingdom
| | - Judith V. Schweimer
- Department
of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Houlton
- Department
of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine E. Burnham
- Department
of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, United Kingdom
| | - Philip Quérée
- Department
of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, United Kingdom
| | - Trevor Sharp
- Department
of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
68
|
Quiedeville A, Boulouard M, Hamidouche K, Da Silva Costa-Aze V, Nee G, Rochais C, Dallemagne P, Fabis F, Freret T, Bouet V. Chronic activation of 5-HT4 receptors or blockade of 5-HT6 receptors improve memory performances. Behav Brain Res 2015; 293:10-7. [PMID: 26187692 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
5-HT4 and 5-HT6 serotonergic receptors are located in brain structures involved in memory processes. Neurochemical and behavioural studies have demonstrated that acute activation of 5-HT4 receptors (5-HT4R) or blockade of 5-HT6 receptors (5-HT6R) improves memory. To evaluate the potential of these two receptors as targets in the treatment of memory disorders encountered in several situations (ageing, Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia, etc.), it is necessary to assess whether their beneficial effects occur after chronic administration, and if such treatment induces adverse effects. The goal of this study was to assess the effects of chronic 5-HT4R or 5-HT6R modulation on recognition memory, and to observe the possible manifestation of side effects (modification of weight gain, locomotor activity or exploratory behaviour, etc.). Mice were treated for 14 days with a 5-HT4R partial agonist (RS-67333) or a 5-HT6R antagonist (SB-271046) at increasing doses. Memory performances, locomotor activity, and exploration were assessed. Both chronic 5-HT4R activation and 5-HT6R blockade extended memory traces in an object recognition test, and were not associated with any adverse effects in the parameters assessed. Chronic modulation of one or both of these receptors thus seems promising as a potential strategy for the treatment memory deficits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Quiedeville
- Groupe Mémoire et Plasticité comportementale (GMPc), Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, EA 4259, F-14032 Caen, France.
| | - Michel Boulouard
- Groupe Mémoire et Plasticité comportementale (GMPc), Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, EA 4259, F-14032 Caen, France
| | - Katia Hamidouche
- Groupe Mémoire et Plasticité comportementale (GMPc), Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, EA 4259, F-14032 Caen, France
| | - Virginie Da Silva Costa-Aze
- Groupe Mémoire et Plasticité comportementale (GMPc), Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, EA 4259, F-14032 Caen, France
| | - Gerald Nee
- Groupe Mémoire et Plasticité comportementale (GMPc), Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, EA 4259, F-14032 Caen, France
| | - Christophe Rochais
- UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, EA 4258 CERMN, FR CNRS 3038 INC3 M, SF-4206 ICORE, Boulevard Becquerel, F-14032 Caen, France
| | - Patrick Dallemagne
- UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, EA 4258 CERMN, FR CNRS 3038 INC3 M, SF-4206 ICORE, Boulevard Becquerel, F-14032 Caen, France
| | - Frédéric Fabis
- UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, EA 4258 CERMN, FR CNRS 3038 INC3 M, SF-4206 ICORE, Boulevard Becquerel, F-14032 Caen, France
| | - Thomas Freret
- Groupe Mémoire et Plasticité comportementale (GMPc), Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, EA 4259, F-14032 Caen, France
| | - Valentine Bouet
- Groupe Mémoire et Plasticité comportementale (GMPc), Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, EA 4259, F-14032 Caen, France
| |
Collapse
|
69
|
Maher-Edwards G, Watson C, Ascher J, Barnett C, Boswell D, Davies J, Fernandez M, Kurz A, Zanetti O, Safirstein B, Schronen JP, Zvartau-Hind M, Gold M. Two randomized controlled trials of SB742457 in mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease. ALZHEIMERS & DEMENTIA-TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH & CLINICAL INTERVENTIONS 2015; 1:23-36. [PMID: 29854923 PMCID: PMC5974972 DOI: 10.1016/j.trci.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Two previous studies of SB742457, a 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT6) receptor antagonist, suggested the efficacy of improvements in cognition and global outcome in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Methods Two randomized, placebo-controlled trials investigated SB742457 15 and 35 mg daily in subjects with mild-to-moderate AD (Mini-Mental Health State Examination [MMSE] 10–26). Study 1 (n = 576) investigated SB742457 and donepezil (5–10 mg daily) as monotherapy for 6 months. Study 2 (n = 684) investigated SB742457 in subjects who were maintained on donepezil. Coprimary endpoints at 24 weeks assessed cognition (AD Assessment Scale-Cognitive Subscale [ADAS-Cog]) and global outcome (Study 1: Clinician Interview-Based Impression of Change Plus Caregiver Input [CIBIC+]; Study 2: Clinical Dementia Rating-Sum of Boxes [CDR-SB]). Safety was assessed throughout. Results Both studies failed to achieve formal statistical significance for their primary objectives. Study 1: SB742457 monotherapy was not statistically significantly different from placebo on any endpoint. Donepezil improved CIBIC+ but not ADAS-Cog. Study 2: SB742457 35 mg showed statistically significant differences relative to placebo for ADAS-cog (weeks 12, 24, and 48, but not week 36), ADCS-ADL (weeks 12–36, but not week 48), and CDR-SB (week 12 only). Conclusion Neither study met the overall criteria for success, but as an adjunct to donepezil, SB742457 was associated with sustained improvements for up to 48 weeks in cognition and ADL, compared with donepezil alone. Clinical Trial Registration: Clinicaltrials.gov: Study 1 NCT00708552; Study 2 NCT00710684.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Carolyn Watson
- Neurosciences, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - John Ascher
- Neurosciences, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Carly Barnett
- Neurosciences, GlaxoSmithKline, Uxbridge, Middlesex, UK
| | - Diane Boswell
- Neurosciences, GlaxoSmithKline, Uxbridge, Middlesex, UK
| | - John Davies
- Neurosciences, GlaxoSmithKline, Uxbridge, Middlesex, UK
| | - Manuel Fernandez
- Neurology Department, Hospital Universitario Cruces, BioCruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo-Vizcaya, Spain
| | - Alexander Kurz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Michael Gold
- Neurosciences, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.,Currently Global Therapeutic Area CNS, UCB Pharmaceuticals, Raleigh, NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
70
|
Gross M, Sheinin A, Nesher E, Tikhonov T, Baranes D, Pinhasov A, Michaelevski I. Early onset of cognitive impairment is associated with altered synaptic plasticity and enhanced hippocampal GluA1 expression in a mouse model of depression. Neurobiol Aging 2015; 36:1938-52. [PMID: 25796132 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2015.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Memory deficit is a common manifestation of age-related cognitive impairment, of which depression is a frequently occurring comorbidity. Previously, we developed a submissive (Sub) mouse line, validated as a model of depressive-like behavior. Using learning paradigms testing hippocampus-dependent spatial and nonspatial memory, we demonstrate here that Sub mice developed cognitive impairments at earlier age (3 months), compared with wild-type mice. Furthermore, acute hippocampal slices from Sub animals failed to display paired-pulse facilitation, whereas primed burst stimulation elicited significantly enhanced long-term potentiation in region CA1, relative to control mice. Changes in synaptic plasticity were accompanied by markedly reduced hippocampal messenger RNA expression of insulin-like growth factor and brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Finally, we identified markedly elevated protein levels of the α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor subunit GluA1 in the hippocampi of Sub mice, which was exacerbated with age. Taken together, the results point to a linkage between depressive-like behavior and the susceptibility to develop age-related cognitive impairment, potentially by hippocampal α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor-mediated glutamatergic signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Moshe Gross
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Anton Sheinin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Elimelech Nesher
- Department of Molecular Biology, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Tatiana Tikhonov
- Department of Molecular Biology, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Danny Baranes
- Department of Molecular Biology, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Albert Pinhasov
- Department of Molecular Biology, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Izhak Michaelevski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
Jastrzębska-Więsek M, Siwek A, Partyka A, Kubacka M, Mogilski S, Wasik A, Kołaczkowski M, Wesołowska A. Pharmacological evaluation of the anxiolytic-like effects of EMD 386088, a partial 5-HT6 receptor agonist, in the rat elevated plus-maze and Vogel conflict tests. Neuropharmacology 2014; 85:253-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
72
|
Kim HJ, Kang S, Kim HJ, Choi SH, Shin S, Lee HH, Rhim H, Shin KH. Effect of acute and chronic electroconvulsive shock on 5-hydroxytrypamine 6 receptor immunoreactivity in rat hippocampus. Exp Neurobiol 2014; 23:231-7. [PMID: 25258570 PMCID: PMC4174614 DOI: 10.5607/en.2014.23.3.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Revised: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Electroconvulsive shock (ECS) induces not only an antidepressant effect but also adverse effects such as amnesia. One potential mechanism underlying both the antidepressant and amnesia effect of ECS may involve the regulation of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) 6 (5-HT6) receptor, but less is known about the effects of acute ECS on the changes in 5-HT6 receptor expression in the hippocampus. In addition, as regulation of 5-HT receptor expression is influenced by the number of ECS treatment and by interval between ECS treatment and sacrifice, it is probable that magnitude and time-dependent changes in 5-HT6 receptor expression could be influenced by repeated ECS exposure. To explore this possibility, we observed and compared the changes of 5-HT6 receptor immunoreactivity (5-HT6 IR) in rat hippocampus at 1, 8, 24, or 72 h after the treatment with either a single ECS (acute ECS) or daily ECS for 10 days (chronic ECS). We found that acute ECS increased 5-HT6 IR in the CA1, CA3, and granule cell layer of hippocampus, reaching peak levels at 8 h and returning to basal levels 72 h later. The magnitude and time-dependent changes in 5-HT6 IR observed after acute ECS were not affected by chronic ECS. These results demonstrate that both acute and chronic ECS transiently increase the 5-HT6 IR in rat hippocampus, and suggest that the magnitude and time-dependent changes in 5-HT6 IR in the hippocampus appear not to be influenced by repeated ECS treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jung Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 136-705, Korea
| | - Seungwoo Kang
- Department of Pharmacology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 136-705, Korea
| | - Hyun Ju Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 136-705, Korea
| | - Sun-Hye Choi
- Department of Pharmacology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 136-705, Korea
| | - Seungkeun Shin
- Department of Pharmacology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 136-705, Korea
| | - Hyung Ha Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 136-705, Korea
| | - Hyewhon Rhim
- Center for Neuroscience, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 136-791, Korea
| | - Kyung Ho Shin
- Department of Pharmacology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 136-705, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
73
|
Wang L, Lv Y, Deng W, Peng X, Xiao Z, Xi Z, Chen G, Wang X. 5-HT6 Receptor Recruitment of mTOR Modulates Seizure Activity in Epilepsy. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 51:1292-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8806-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
74
|
Partial agonist efficacy of EMD386088, a 5-HT6 receptor ligand, in functional in vitro assays. Pharmacol Rep 2014; 65:998-1005. [PMID: 24145094 DOI: 10.1016/s1734-1140(13)71081-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Revised: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over recent years, the 5-hydroxytryptamine6 (5-HT6) receptor has emerged as a promising molecular target which interacts with several central nervous system acting drugs. In animal models, both agonists and antagonists of this receptor exhibit equivalent potency and efficacy as potential antidepressants, anxiolytics and anti-obesity or anti-dementia drugs. EMD386088 (5-chloro-2-methyl-3-(1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-4-pyridinyl)-1H-indole hydrochloride) has been described as a high affinity 5-HT6 receptor ligand with a full agonist activity and with moderate affinity for 5-HT3 sites. METHODS We have extended these data by broadening its profile for other, not yet tested, monoaminergic, GABA(A), opioid μ receptors and serotonin transporter (SERT) and we have conducted functional in vitro assays; i.e., measurement of cAMP by homogeneous TR-FRET immunoassay and HTRF method made by CEREP as well as aequorin-based calcium flux assay. RESULTS In two in vitro models based on cAMP formation, maximal efficacy values for EMD386088 were 65 and 31%, for in house and CEREP experiments, respectively. In a model based on calcium response, the studied compound showed 46% of maximal serotonin (5-HT) signal. EMD386088 antagonizes 5-HT response in increasing concentrations from 10(-9) to 10(-6) M. CONCLUSIONS The present in vitro findings confirm that EMD386088 is a selective 5-HT6 receptor ligand with moderate affinity for 5-HT3 sites only and it behaves as a potent partial agonist of 5-HT6 receptor with varying levels of agonist intrinsic activity, depending on a method employed. In view of these results, caution is recommended in the interpretation of pharmacological in vivo studies with EMD386088.
Collapse
|
75
|
Benhamú B, Martín-Fontecha M, Vázquez-Villa H, Pardo L, López-Rodríguez ML. Serotonin 5-HT6 Receptor Antagonists for the Treatment of Cognitive Deficiency in Alzheimer’s Disease. J Med Chem 2014; 57:7160-81. [DOI: 10.1021/jm5003952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bellinda Benhamú
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mar Martín-Fontecha
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Henar Vázquez-Villa
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Leonardo Pardo
- Laboratori
de Medicina Computacional, Unitat de Bioestadística, Facultat
de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María L. López-Rodríguez
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
76
|
Abraham R, Nirogi R, Shinde A. Role of glutamate and advantages of combining memantine with a 5HT6 ligand in a model of depression. Pharmacol Rep 2014; 66:394-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2013.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Revised: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
77
|
Serotonergic Therapies for Cognitive Symptoms in Alzheimer’s Disease: Rationale and Current Status. Drugs 2014; 74:729-36. [DOI: 10.1007/s40265-014-0217-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
78
|
Geldenhuys WJ, Van der Schyf CJ. The serotonin 5-HT6receptor: a viable drug target for treating cognitive deficits in Alzheimer’s disease. Expert Rev Neurother 2014; 9:1073-85. [DOI: 10.1586/ern.09.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
|
79
|
Fijał K, Popik P, Nikiforuk A. Co-administration of 5-HT6 receptor antagonists with clozapine, risperidone, and a 5-HT2A receptor antagonist: effects on prepulse inhibition in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2014; 231:269-81. [PMID: 23954911 PMCID: PMC3889519 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-013-3234-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Some novel antipsychotics manifest antagonistic activity at serotonin-6 receptors; however, little is known about the role of 5-HT6 receptors in ameliorating sensory gating deficits. OBJECTIVE We evaluated the effects of the combined administration of the 5-HT6 receptor antagonist SB 271046 with clozapine and haloperidol, as well as the co-administration of SB 271046 or SB 399885 with risperidone and the 5-HT2A antagonist M100907, to overcome the deficits induced by MK-801 in the prepulse inhibition (PPI) test. RESULTS MK-801 (0.1 mg/kg) produced reliable PPI deficits. Administration of SB 271046 (6 and 9 mg/kg), SB 399885 (3 and 6 mg/kg), clozapine (2.5 mg/kg), haloperidol (0.1 and 0.2 mg/kg), risperidone (0.25-1 mg/kg), and M100907 (0.5 and 1 mg/kg) did not affect the MK-801-induced deficits, but the administration of clozapine (5 mg/kg) did reverse the effects of MK-801. In MK-801-treated rats, the co-administration of inactive doses of clozapine (2.5 mg/kg) and SB 271046 (6 mg/kg) reversed the PPI impairments compared to animals that were administered inactive doses of either clozapine or SB 271046 alone. Co-administration of risperidone (1 mg/kg) or M100907 (0.5 mg/kg) with SB 271046 (6 mg/kg) or SB 399885 (3 mg/kg) also attenuated the MK-801-induced PPI deficits. In contrast, joint administration of haloperidol and SB 271046 had no effect on the PPI deficit. CONCLUSION The present results suggest that the 5-HT6 receptors may play adjunctive roles in antipsychotic drug action, and that the combination of 5-HT2A and 5-HT6 antagonism may represent an important element in the pharmacological profile of antipsychotic drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Fijał
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience and Drug Development, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna Street, 31-343 Kraków, Poland
| | - Piotr Popik
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience and Drug Development, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna Street, 31-343 Kraków, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Nikiforuk
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience and Drug Development, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna Street, 31-343 Kraków, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
80
|
Alexander SPH, Benson HE, Faccenda E, Pawson AJ, Sharman JL, Spedding M, Peters JA, Harmar AJ. The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2013/14: G protein-coupled receptors. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 170:1459-581. [PMID: 24517644 PMCID: PMC3892287 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 505] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2013/14 provides concise overviews of the key properties of over 2000 human drug targets with their pharmacology, plus links to an open access knowledgebase of drug targets and their ligands (www.guidetopharmacology.org), which provides more detailed views of target and ligand properties. The full contents can be found at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.12444/full. G protein-coupled receptors are one of the seven major pharmacological targets into which the Guide is divided, with the others being G protein-coupled receptors, ligand-gated ion channels, ion channels, catalytic receptors, nuclear hormone receptors, transporters and enzymes. These are presented with nomenclature guidance and summary information on the best available pharmacological tools, alongside key references and suggestions for further reading. A new landscape format has easy to use tables comparing related targets. It is a condensed version of material contemporary to late 2013, which is presented in greater detail and constantly updated on the website www.guidetopharmacology.org, superseding data presented in previous Guides to Receptors and Channels. It is produced in conjunction with NC-IUPHAR and provides the official IUPHAR classification and nomenclature for human drug targets, where appropriate. It consolidates information previously curated and displayed separately in IUPHAR-DB and the Guide to Receptors and Channels, providing a permanent, citable, point-in-time record that will survive database updates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen PH Alexander
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical SchoolNottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Helen E Benson
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Elena Faccenda
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Adam J Pawson
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Joanna L Sharman
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | | | - John A Peters
- Neuroscience Division, Medical Education Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of DundeeDundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Anthony J Harmar
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
81
|
Latrepirdine: molecular mechanisms underlying potential therapeutic roles in Alzheimer's and other neurodegenerative diseases. Transl Psychiatry 2013; 3:e332. [PMID: 24301650 PMCID: PMC4030329 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2013.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Revised: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Latrepirdine (Dimebon(TM)) was originally marketed as a non-selective antihistamine in Russia. It was repurposed as an effective treatment for patients suffering from Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Huntington's disease (HD) following preliminary reports showing its neuroprotective functions and ability to enhance cognition in AD and HD models. However, latrepirdine failed to show efficacy in phase III trials in AD and HD patients following encouraging phase II trials. The failure of latrepirdine in the clinical trials has highlighted the importance of understanding the precise mechanism underlying its cognitive benefits in neurodegenerative diseases before clinical evaluation. Latrepirdine has shown to affect a number of cellular functions including multireceptor activity, mitochondrial function, calcium influx and intracellular catabolic pathways; however, it is unclear how these properties contribute to its clinical benefits. Here, we review the studies investigating latrepirdine in cellular and animal models to provide a complete evaluation of its mechanisms of action in the central nervous system. In addition, we review recent studies that demonstrate neuroprotective functions for latrepirdine-related class of molecules including the β-carbolines and aminopropyl carbazoles in AD, Parkinson's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis models. Assessment of their neuroprotective effects and underlying biological functions presents obvious value for developing structural analogues of latrepirdine for dementia treatment.
Collapse
|
82
|
The role of different serotonin receptor subtypes in seizure susceptibility. Exp Brain Res 2013; 232:347-67. [PMID: 24232860 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-013-3757-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/27/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) has the most diverse set of receptors in comparison with any other neurotransmitter or hormone in the body. To date, seven families of 5-HT receptors have been characterized. A great number of studies have been published regarding the role of 5-HT and its receptors in seizures. However, with a few exceptions, the net effect of activating or inhibiting each 5-HT receptor subtype on the development or severity of seizures remains controversial. Additionally, the results of studies, which have used knockout animals to investigate the role of 5-HT receptors in seizures, have sometimes been contradictory to those which have used pharmacological tools. The present study aims to review the available data regarding the influence of each receptor subtype on seizure development and, when possible, reconcile between the apparently different results obtained in these studies.
Collapse
|
83
|
Anand R, Gill KD, Mahdi AA. Therapeutics of Alzheimer's disease: Past, present and future. Neuropharmacology 2013; 76 Pt A:27-50. [PMID: 23891641 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 500] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2012] [Revised: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia worldwide. The etiology is multifactorial, and pathophysiology of the disease is complex. Data indicate an exponential rise in the number of cases of AD, emphasizing the need for developing an effective treatment. AD also imposes tremendous emotional and financial burden to the patient's family and community. The disease has been studied over a century, but acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and memantine are the only drugs currently approved for its management. These drugs provide symptomatic improvement alone but do less to modify the disease process. The extensive insight into the molecular and cellular pathomechanism in AD over the past few decades has provided us significant progress in the understanding of the disease. A number of novel strategies that seek to modify the disease process have been developed. The major developments in this direction are the amyloid and tau based therapeutics, which could hold the key to treatment of AD in the near future. Several putative drugs have been thoroughly investigated in preclinical studies, but many of them have failed to produce results in the clinical scenario; therefore it is only prudent that lessons be learnt from the past mistakes. The current rationales and targets evaluated for therapeutic benefit in AD are reviewed in this article. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'The Synaptic Basis of Neurodegenerative Disorders'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Anand
- Department of Biochemistry, Christian Medical College, Vellore 632002, Tamilnadu, India.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
84
|
de Bruin N, van Drimmelen M, Kops M, van Elk J, Wetering MMVD, Schwienbacher I. Effects of risperidone, clozapine and the 5-HT6 antagonist GSK-742457 on PCP-induced deficits in reversal learning in the two-lever operant task in male Sprague Dawley rats. Behav Brain Res 2013; 244:15-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2012] [Revised: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
85
|
Abstract
During the past 20 years, the 5-HT6 receptor has received increasing attention and become a promising target for improving cognition. Several studies with structurally different compounds have shown that not only antagonists but also 5-HT6 receptor agonists improve learning and memory in animal models. A large number of publications describing the development of ligands for this receptor have come to light, and it is now quite evident that 5-HT6 receptors have great pharmaceutical potential in terms of related patents. However, 5-HT6 receptor functionality is much more complex than initially defined. According to the existing data, different cellular pathways may be activated, depending on the drug being used. This article reviews preclinical and clinical evidence of the effects that 5-HT6 receptor compounds have on cognition. In addition, the biochemical and neurochemical mechanisms of action through which 5-HT6 receptor compounds can influence cognition will be described. Overall, several 5-HT6-targeted compounds can reasonably be regarded as powerful drug candidates for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María Javier Ramírez
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Cellular and Molecular Neuropharmacology, Division of Neurosciences, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, 31080 Pamplona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
86
|
Meffre J, Chaumont-Dubel S, Mannoury la Cour C, Loiseau F, Watson DJG, Dekeyne A, Séveno M, Rivet JM, Gaven F, Déléris P, Hervé D, Fone KCF, Bockaert J, Millan MJ, Marin P. 5-HT(6) receptor recruitment of mTOR as a mechanism for perturbed cognition in schizophrenia. EMBO Mol Med 2013; 4:1043-56. [PMID: 23027611 PMCID: PMC3491835 DOI: 10.1002/emmm.201201410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive deficits in schizophrenia severely compromise quality of life and are poorly controlled by current antipsychotics. While 5-HT6 receptor blockade holds special promise, molecular substrates underlying their control of cognition remain unclear. Using a proteomic strategy, we show that 5-HT6 receptors physically interact with several proteins of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, including mTOR. Further, 5-HT6 receptor activation increased mTOR signalling in rodent prefrontal cortex (PFC). Linking this signalling event to cognitive impairment, the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin prevented deficits in social cognition and novel object discrimination induced by 5-HT6 agonists. In two developmental models of schizophrenia, specifically neonatal phencyclidine treatment and post-weaning isolation rearing, the activity of mTOR was enhanced in the PFC, and rapamycin, like 5-HT6 antagonists, reversed these cognitive deficits. These observations suggest that recruitment of mTOR by prefrontal 5-HT6 receptors contributes to the perturbed cognition in schizophrenia, offering new vistas for its therapeutic control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Meffre
- CNRS, UMR-5203, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
87
|
Hayat F, Yoo E, Rhim H, ParkChoo HY. Synthesis and Inhibition Effects on 5-HT6Receptor of Benzothiazole Derivatives. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2013. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2013.34.2.495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
88
|
Miyamoto S, Miyake N, Jarskog LF, Fleischhacker WW, Lieberman JA. Pharmacological treatment of schizophrenia: a critical review of the pharmacology and clinical effects of current and future therapeutic agents. Mol Psychiatry 2012; 17:1206-27. [PMID: 22584864 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2012.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 371] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Since the introduction of chlorpromazine and throughout the development of the new-generation antipsychotic drugs (APDs) beginning with clozapine, the D(2) receptor has been the target for the development of APDs. Pharmacologic actions to reduce neurotransmission through the D(2) receptor have been the only proven therapeutic mechanism for psychoses. A number of novel non-D(2) mechanisms of action of APDs have been explored over the past 40 years but none has definitively been proven effective. At the same time, the effectiveness of treatments and range of outcomes for patients are far from satisfactory. The relative success of antipsychotics in treating positive symptoms is limited by the fact that a substantial number of patients are refractory to current medications and by their lack of efficacy for negative and cognitive symptoms, which often determine the level of functional impairment. In addition, while the newer antipsychotics produce fewer motor side effects, safety and tolerability concerns about weight gain and endocrinopathies have emerged. Consequently, there is an urgent need for more effective and better-tolerated antipsychotic agents, and to identify new molecular targets and develop mechanistically novel compounds that can address the various symptom dimensions of schizophrenia. In recent years, a variety of new experimental pharmacological approaches have emerged, including compounds acting on targets other than the dopamine D(2) receptor. However, there is still an ongoing debate as to whether drugs selective for singe molecular targets (that is, 'magic bullets') or drugs selectively non-selective for several molecular targets (that is, 'magic shotguns', 'multifunctional drugs' or 'intramolecular polypharmacy') will lead to more effective new medications for schizophrenia. In this context, current and future drug development strategies can be seen to fall into three categories: (1) refinement of precedented mechanisms of action to provide drugs of comparable or superior efficacy and side-effect profiles to existing APDs; (2) development of novel (and presumably non-D(2)) mechanism APDs; (3) development of compounds to be used as adjuncts to APDs to augment efficacy by targeting specific symptom dimensions of schizophrenia and particularly those not responsive to traditional APD treatment. In addition, efforts are being made to determine if the products of susceptibility genes in schizophrenia, identified by genetic linkage and association studies, may be viable targets for drug development. Finally, a focus on early detection and early intervention aimed at halting or reversing progressive pathophysiological processes in schizophrenia has gained great influence. This has encouraged future drug development and therapeutic strategies that are neuroprotective. This article provides an update and critical review of the pharmacology and clinical profiles of current APDs and drugs acting on novel targets with potential to be therapeutic agents in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Miyamoto
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, St Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
89
|
Ivachtchenko AV, Ivanenkov YA. 5HT(6) receptor antagonists: a patent update. Part 1. Sulfonyl derivatives. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2012; 22:917-64. [PMID: 22816965 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2012.709236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Among a variety of proteins included in a relatively wide GPCR family, serotonin 5HT receptors (5HT(6)Rs) are highly attractive as important biological targets with enormous clinical importance. Among this subclass, 5HT(6)R is the most recently discovered group. Available biological data clearly indicate that 5HT(6)R antagonists can be used as effective regulators in a variety of contexts, including memory formation, age-related cognitive impairments and memory deficits associated with conditions such as schizophrenia, Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. Therefore, this receptor has already attracted a considerable attention within the scientific community, due to its versatile therapeutic potential. AREAS COVERED The current paper is an update to the comprehensive review article published previously in Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents (see issue 20(7), 2010). Here, the main focus is on small-molecule compounds - 5HT(6) antagonists - which have been described in recent patent literature, since the end of 2009. To obtain a clear understanding of the situation and dynamic within the field of 5HT(6) ligands, having an obvious pharmaceutical potential in terms of related patents, a comprehensive search through several key patent collections have been provided. The authors describe the reported chemical classes and scaffolds in sufficient detail to provide a valuable insight in the 5HT(6)R chemistry and pharmacology. The review consists of two core parts with separate sections arranged in accordance with the main structural features of 5HT(6)R ligands. EXPERT OPINION Recent progress in the understanding of the 5HT(6) receptor function and structure includes a suggested constitutive activity for the receptor, development of a number of multimodal small molecule ligands and re-classification of many selective antagonists as pseudo-selective agents. Heterocycles with sulfonyl group and without any basic center provide sufficient supramolecular interactions and show high antagonistic activity against 5HT(6)R.
Collapse
|
90
|
Serotonin: from top to bottom. Biogerontology 2012; 14:21-45. [PMID: 23100172 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-012-9406-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Serotonin is a monoamine neurotransmitter, which is phylogenetically conserved in a wide range of species from nematodes to humans. In mammals, age-related changes in serotonin systems are known risk factors of age-related diseases, such as diabetes, faecal incontinence and cardiovascular diseases. A decline in serotonin function with aging would be consistent with observations of age-related changes in behaviours, such as sleep, sexual behaviour and mood all of which are linked to serotonergic function. Despite this little is known about serotonin in relation to aging. This review aims to give a comprehensive analysis of the distribution, function and interactions of serotonin in the brain; gastrointestinal tract; skeletal; vascular and immune systems. It also aims to demonstrate how the function of serotonin is linked to aging and disease pathology in these systems. The regulation of serotonin via microRNAs is also discussed, as are possible applications of serotonergic drugs in aging research and age-related diseases. Furthermore, this review demonstrates that serotonin is potentially involved in whole organism aging through its links with multiple organs, the immune system and microRNA regulation. Methods to investigate these links are discussed.
Collapse
|
91
|
Rodríguez JJ, Noristani HN, Verkhratsky A. The serotonergic system in ageing and Alzheimer's disease. Prog Neurobiol 2012; 99:15-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2012.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2011] [Revised: 05/24/2012] [Accepted: 06/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|
92
|
Callaghan CK, Hok V, Della-Chiesa A, Virley DJ, Upton N, O'Mara SM. Age-related declines in delayed non-match-to-sample performance (DNMS) are reversed by the novel 5HT6 receptor antagonist SB742457. Neuropharmacology 2012; 63:890-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Revised: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
93
|
Woods S, Clarke NN, Layfield R, Fone KCF. 5-HT(6) receptor agonists and antagonists enhance learning and memory in a conditioned emotion response paradigm by modulation of cholinergic and glutamatergic mechanisms. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 167:436-49. [PMID: 22568655 PMCID: PMC3481049 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.02022.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Revised: 04/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE 5-HT(6) receptors are abundant in the hippocampus, nucleus accumbens and striatum, supporting their role in learning and memory. Selective 5-HT(6) receptor antagonists produce pro-cognitive effects in several learning and memory paradigms while 5-HT(6) receptor agonists have been found to enhance and impair memory. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The conditioned emotion response (CER) paradigm was validated in rats. Then we examined the effect of the 5-HT(6) receptor antagonist, EMD 386088 (10 mg·kg(-1) , i.p.), and agonists, E-6801 (2.5 mg·kg(-1) , i.p.) and EMD 386088 (5 mg·kg(-1) , i.p.) on CER-induced behaviour either alone or after induction of memory impairment by the muscarinic receptor antagonist, scopolamine (0.3 mg·kg(-1) , i.p) or the NMDA receptor antagonist, MK-801 (0.1 mg·kg(-1) , i.p). KEY RESULTS Pairing unavoidable foot shocks with a light and tone cue during CER training induced a robust freezing response, providing a quantitative index of contextual memory when the rat was returned to the shock chamber 24 h later. Pretreatment (-20 min pre-training) with scopolamine or MK-801 reduced contextual freezing 24 h after CER training, showing production of memory impairment. Immediate post-training administration of 5-HT(6) receptor antagonist, SB-270146, and agonists, EMD 386088 and E-6801, had little effect on CER freezing when given alone, but all significantly reversed scopolamine- and MK-801-induced reduction in freezing. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Both the 5-HT(6) receptor agonists and antagonist reversed cholinergic- and glutamatergic-induced deficits in associative learning. These findings support the therapeutic potential of 5-HT(6) receptor compounds in the treatment of cognitive dysfunction, such as seen in Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Woods
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
94
|
5-HT6 receptor blockade differentially affects scopolamine-induced deficits of working memory, recognition memory and aversive learning in mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2012; 222:99-115. [PMID: 22367167 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-011-2627-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Accepted: 12/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Blockade of 5-HT6 receptors (5-HT6R) is known to improve cognitive performances in the rodent. This improvement has been hypothesized to be the result, at least in part, of a modulation of the cholinergic neurotransmission. OBJECTIVE We assessed the effects of 5-HT6R blockade on selected types of memory relevant to functional deficits of ageing and neurodegenerative diseases, in mice that present a scopolamine-induced cholinergic disruption of memory. METHOD Following the selection of an adequate dose of scopolamine to induce cognitive deficits, we have studied the effects of the selective 5-HT6R antagonist SB-271046, alone or in combination with scopolamine, on working memory (spontaneous alternation task in the T-maze), recognition memory (place recognition) and aversive learning (passive avoidance). RESULTS SB-271046 alone failed to affect working memory, recognition memory and aversive learning performances. In contrast, SB-271046 was able to reverse the scopolamine-induced deficits in working memory (only at 30 mg kg⁻¹) and those of acquisition and retrieval of aversive learning (dose-dependent effect); scopolamine-induced deficits in episodic-like memory (acquisition and retrieval) were partially counteracted by 5-HT6R blockade. CONCLUSION The modulation between 5-HT6R and the cholinergic system appears to be predominant for working memory and aversive learning, but not for other types of memory (i.e. episodic-like memory). Interactions between 5-HT6R and alternative neurotransmission systems (i.e. glutamatergic system) should be further studied. The respective involvement of these interactions in the memory disorders related to ageing and neurodegenerative diseases is of pivotal importance regarding the possible use of 5-HT6R antagonists in the treatment of memory disorders in humans.
Collapse
|
95
|
Mohler EG, Baker PM, Gannon KS, Jones SS, Shacham S, Sweeney JA, Ragozzino ME. The effects of PRX-07034, a novel 5-HT6 antagonist, on cognitive flexibility and working memory in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2012; 220:687-96. [PMID: 21989804 PMCID: PMC3636983 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-011-2518-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2011] [Accepted: 09/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Accumulating evidence indicates that schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorder patients are marked by cognitive deficits in working memory and strategy switching. There is accumulating evidence that 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)(6) receptors may serve as a useful target to improve cognitive functioning. OBJECTIVES In the present experiments, the novel 5-HT(6) antagonist, PRX-07034, was examined for its selectivity of the 5-HT(6) receptor, as well as its effect on delayed spontaneous alternation and strategy switching. METHODS The binding affinity of PRX-07034 to the 5-HT(6) receptor, other 5-HT receptors, as well as other G-protein coupled receptors, ion channels, and transporters was evaluated. Cyclic AMP production was measured from transfected HEK-293 cells. In separate behavioral experiments, rats received different doses of PRX-07034 (0.1, 1, or 3 mg/kg, i.p.) 30 min prior to delayed spontaneous alternation testing or prior to the acquisition and switch phases in a place-response switch test. RESULTS The results indicated that PRX-07034 is both a potent (Ki = 4-8 nM) and highly selective 5-HT(6) receptor antagonist (≥100-fold selectivity for the 5-HT(6) receptor compared to 68 other GPCRs, ion channels, and transporters, except D(3) (Ki = 71 nM) and 5-HT(1B) (Ki = 260 nM) receptors. For cyclic AMP quantification, PRX-07034 demonstrated antagonist activity (IC(50) = 19 nM) without an effect on basal levels and did not show any agonist activity up to 10 μM. PRX-07034 at 1 and 3 mg/kg (but not 0.1 mg/kg) significantly enhanced delayed spontaneous alternation. The drug at 1 and 3 mg/kg also enhanced switching between a place and response strategy, but did not affect initial learning of either a place or response discrimination. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that PRX-07034 is a selective 5-HT(6) receptor antagonist that may represent a novel treatment for enhancing working memory and cognitive flexibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric G. Mohler
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1007 West Harrison Street, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Phillip M. Baker
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1007 West Harrison Street, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
- Laboratory of Integrative Neuroscience, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | | | | | | | - John A. Sweeney
- Center for Cognitive Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Michael E. Ragozzino
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1007 West Harrison Street, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
- Laboratory of Integrative Neuroscience, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| |
Collapse
|
96
|
Lyon L, Saksida LM, Bussey TJ. Spontaneous object recognition and its relevance to schizophrenia: a review of findings from pharmacological, genetic, lesion and developmental rodent models. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2012; 220:647-72. [PMID: 22068459 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-011-2536-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Spontaneous (novel) object recognition (SOR) is one of the most widely used rodent behavioural tests. The opportunity for rapid data collection has made SOR a popular choice in studies that explore cognitive impairment in rodent models of schizophrenia, and that test the efficacy of drugs intended to reverse these deficits. OBJECTIVES We provide an overview of the many recent studies that have used SOR to explore the mnemonic effects of manipulation of the key transmitter systems relevant to schizophrenia-the dopamine, glutamate, GABA, acetylcholine, serotonin and cannabinoid systems-alone or in combination. We also review the use of SOR in studying memory in genetically modified mouse models of schizophrenia, as well as in neurodevelopmental and lesion models. We end by discussing the construct and predictive validity, and translational relevance, of SOR with respect to cognitive impairment in schizophrenia. RESULTS Perturbation of the dopamine or glutamate systems can generate robust and reliable impairment in SOR. Impaired performance is also seen following antagonism of the muscarinic acetylcholine system, or exposure to cannabinoid agonists. Cognitive enhancement has been reported using alpha7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonists and 5-HT(6) antagonists. Among non-pharmacological models, neonatal ventral hippocampal lesions and maternal immune activation can impair SOR, while mixed results have been obtained with mice carrying mutations in schizophrenia risk-associated genes, including neuregulin and COMT. CONCLUSIONS While SOR is not without its limitations, the task represents a useful method for studying manipulations with relevance to cognitive impairment in schizophrenia, as well as the interactions between them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Lyon
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge, Downing St, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
97
|
Waters KA, Stean TO, Hammond B, Virley DJ, Upton N, Kew JN, Hussain I. Effects of the selective 5-HT7 receptor antagonist SB-269970 in animal models of psychosis and cognition. Behav Brain Res 2012; 228:211-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2011.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Revised: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
98
|
Xu Y, Yan J, Zhou P, Li J, Gao H, Xia Y, Wang Q. Neurotransmitter receptors and cognitive dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Prog Neurobiol 2012; 97:1-13. [PMID: 22387368 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2012.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2011] [Revised: 01/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive dysfunction is one of the most typical characteristics in various neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease (advanced stage). Although several mechanisms like neuronal apoptosis and inflammatory responses have been recognized to be involved in the pathogenesis of cognitive dysfunction in these diseases, recent studies on neurodegeneration and cognitive dysfunction have demonstrated a significant impact of receptor modulation on cognitive changes. The pathological alterations in various receptors appear to contribute to cognitive impairment and/or deterioration with correlation to diversified mechanisms. This article recapitulates the present understandings and concepts underlying the modulation of different receptors in human beings and various experimental models of Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease as well as a conceptual update on the underlying mechanisms. Specific roles of serotonin, adrenaline, acetylcholine, dopamine receptors, and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors in Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease will be interactively discussed. Complex mechanisms involved in their signaling pathways in the cognitive dysfunction associated with the neurodegenerative diseases will also be addressed. Substantial evidence has suggested that those receptors are crucial neuroregulators contributing to cognitive pathology and complicated correlations exist between those receptors and the expression of cognitive capacities. The pathological alterations in the receptors would, therefore, contribute to cognitive impairments and/or deterioration in Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Future research may shed light on new clues for the treatment of cognitive dysfunction in neurodegenerative diseases by targeting specific alterations in these receptors and their signal transduction pathways in the frontal-striatal, fronto-striato-thalamic, and mesolimbic circuitries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunqi Xu
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
99
|
Witten L, Bang-Andersen B, Nielsen SM, Miller S, Christoffersen CT, Stensbøl TB, Brennum LT, Arnt J. Characterization of [3H]Lu AE60157 ([3H]8-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-3-phenylsulfonylquinoline) binding to 5-hydroxytryptamine6 (5-HT6) receptors in vivo. Eur J Pharmacol 2012; 676:6-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2011] [Revised: 11/06/2011] [Accepted: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
|
100
|
Sundar BG, Bailey TR, Dunn DD, Bacon ER, Salvino JM, Morton GC, Aimone LD, Zeqi H, Mathiasen JR, Dicamillo A, Huffman MJ, McKenna BA, Kopec K, Lu LD, Brown R, Qian J, Angeles T, Connors T, Spais C, Holskin B, Galinis D, Duzic E, Schaffhauser H, Rosse GC. Novel brain penetrant benzofuropiperidine 5-HT6 receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:120-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.11.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|