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Phenotypic and Functional Diversity of Mast Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21113835. [PMID: 32481605 PMCID: PMC7312980 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21113835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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Li C, Zhang Z, Xu Q, Wu T, Shi R. Potential mechanisms and serum biomarkers involved in sex differences in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e19612. [PMID: 32221085 PMCID: PMC7220321 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000019612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a disease associated with high mortality, but notable sex differences have been observed between males and females. For this reason, further research on the mechanisms underlying sex differences in PAH is required to better understand and treat the disease. This study mainly focused on gene expression levels to investigate potential differences in the pathogenesis and progression of PAH between the male and female sexes.Sex-specific differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were analyzed using the Gene Expression Omnibus datasets GSE117261 and GSE38267. Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses were conducted, and a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was established based on the identified DEGs to predict potential mechanisms involved in the observed sex differences in the pathogenesis of PAH.We identified 26 female- and 53 male-specific DEGs from lung tissue and 498 female-specific DEGs in blood samples. No male-specific DEGs were identified from blood samples. GO and KEGG pathway analyses revealed that female-specific DEGs in lung tissue were enriched in inflammatory response and cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, whereas male-specific DEGs were mainly enriched in cellular chemotaxis and the nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cell (NF-kappa B) signaling pathway. Lipocalin 2 (LCN2) was the only gene that was differentially expressed in both the lung tissue and the blood of female patients.In conclusion, inflammation and immunity may play key roles in the pathogenesis of female PAH, and LCN2 may act as a serum biomarker of female PAH, whereas the pathogenesis in males is more complicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine
| | | | - Qian Xu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ting Wu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine
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Giardina SF, Werner DS, Pingle M, Feinberg PB, Foreman KW, Bergstrom DE, Arnold LD, Barany F. Novel, Self-Assembling Dimeric Inhibitors of Human β Tryptase. J Med Chem 2020; 63:3004-3027. [PMID: 32057241 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
β-Tryptase, a homotetrameric serine protease, has four identical active sites facing a central pore, presenting an optimized setting for the rational design of bivalent inhibitors that bridge two adjacent sites. Using diol, hydroxymethyl phenols or benzoyl methyl hydroxamates, and boronic acid chemistries to reversibly join two [3-(1-acylpiperidin-4-yl)phenyl]methanamine core ligands, we have successfully produced a series of self-assembling heterodimeric inhibitors. These heterodimeric tryptase inhibitors demonstrate superior activity compared to monomeric modes of inhibition. X-ray crystallography validated the dimeric mechanism of inhibition, and compounds demonstrated high selectivity against related proteases, good target engagement, and tryptase inhibition in HMC1 xenograft models. Screening 3872 possible combinations from 44 boronic acid and 88 diol derivatives revealed several combinations that produced nanomolar inhibition, and seven unique pairs produced greater than 100-fold improvement in potency over monomeric inhibition. These heterodimeric tryptase inhibitors demonstrate the power of target-driven combinatorial chemistry to deliver bivalent drugs in a small molecule form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah F Giardina
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, Box 62, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Douglas S Werner
- Coferon, Inc., 25 Health Sciences Drive, Mailbox 123, Stony Brook, New York 11790, United States
| | - Maneesh Pingle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, Box 62, New York, New York 10065, United States.,Coferon, Inc., 25 Health Sciences Drive, Mailbox 123, Stony Brook, New York 11790, United States
| | - Philip B Feinberg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, Box 62, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Kenneth W Foreman
- Coferon, Inc., 25 Health Sciences Drive, Mailbox 123, Stony Brook, New York 11790, United States
| | - Donald E Bergstrom
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall, West Lafa-yette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Lee D Arnold
- Coferon, Inc., 25 Health Sciences Drive, Mailbox 123, Stony Brook, New York 11790, United States
| | - Francis Barany
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, Box 62, New York, New York 10065, United States
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Wu S, Tang S, Peng H, Jiang Y, Liu Y, Wu Z, Liu Q, Zhu X. Effects of lentivirus-mediated CCR3 RNA interference on the function of mast cells of allergic rhinitis in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 78:106011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.106011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Kolpakov MA, Sikder K, Sarkar A, Chaki S, Shukla SK, Guo X, Qi Z, Barbery C, Sabri A, Rafiq K. Inflammatory Serine Proteases Play a Critical Role in the Early Pathogenesis of Diabetic Cardiomyopathy. Cell Physiol Biochem 2019; 53:982-998. [PMID: 31829530 PMCID: PMC6956403 DOI: 10.33594/000000190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims: Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is characterized by structural and functional alterations that can lead to heart failure. Several mechanisms are known to be involved in the pathogenesis of DCM, however, the molecular mechanism that links inflammation to DCM is incompletely understood. To learn about this mechanism, we investigated the role of inflammatory serine proteases (ISPs) during the development of DCM. Methods: Eight weeks old mice with deletion of dipeptidyl peptidase I (DPPI), an enzyme involved in the maturation of major ISPs, and wild type (WT) mice controls were injected with streptozotocin (50 mg/kg for 5 days intraperitoneally) and studied after 4, 8, 16, and 20 week after induction of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Induction of diabetes was followed by echocardiographic measurements, glycemic and hemoglobulin A1c profiling, immunoblot, qPCR, enzyme activity assays, and immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis of DPPI, ISPs, and inflammatory markers. Fibrosis was determined from left ventricular heart by Serius Red staining and qPCR. Apoptosis was determined by TUNEL assay and immunoblot analysis. Results: In the diabetic WT mice, DPPI expression increased along with ISP activation, and DPPI accumulated abundantly in the left ventricle mainly from infiltrating neutrophils. In diabetic DPPI-knockout (DPPI-KO) mice, significantly decreased activation of ISPs, myocyte apoptosis, fibrosis, and cardiac function was improved compared to diabetic WT mice. In addition, DPPI-KO mice showed a decrease in overall inflammatory status mediated by diabetes induction which was manifested by decreased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6. Conclusion: This study elucidates a novel role of ISPs in potentiating the immunological responses that lead to the pathogenesis of DCM in T1DM. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to report that DPPI expression and activation promotes the inflammation that enhances myocyte apoptosis and contributes to the adverse cardiac remodeling that subsequently leads to DCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail A Kolpakov
- Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Physiology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kunal Sikder
- Center for Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Amrita Sarkar
- Department of Hematology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Shaswati Chaki
- Center for Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sanket K Shukla
- Center for Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Xinji Guo
- Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Physiology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Zhao Qi
- Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Physiology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Carlos Barbery
- Center for Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Abdelkarim Sabri
- Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Physiology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Khadija Rafiq
- Center for Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA,
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Goettig P, Brandstetter H, Magdolen V. Surface loops of trypsin-like serine proteases as determinants of function. Biochimie 2019; 166:52-76. [PMID: 31505212 PMCID: PMC7615277 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2019.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Trypsin and chymotrypsin-like serine proteases from family S1 (clan PA) constitute the largest protease group in humans and more generally in vertebrates. The prototypes chymotrypsin, trypsin and elastase represent simple digestive proteases in the gut, where they cleave nearly any protein. Multidomain trypsin-like proteases are key players in the tightly controlled blood coagulation and complement systems, as well as related proteases that are secreted from diverse immune cells. Some serine proteases are expressed in nearly all tissues and fluids of the human body, such as the human kallikreins and kallikrein-related peptidases with specialization for often unique substrates and accurate timing of activity. HtrA and membrane-anchored serine proteases fulfill important physiological tasks with emerging roles in cancer. The high diversity of all family members, which share the tandem β-barrel architecture of the chymotrypsin-fold in the catalytic domain, is conferred by the large differences of eight surface loops, surrounding the active site. The length of these loops alters with insertions and deletions, resulting in remarkably different three-dimensional arrangements. In addition, metal binding sites for Na+, Ca2+ and Zn2+ serve as regulatory elements, as do N-glycosylation sites. Depending on the individual tasks of the protease, the surface loops determine substrate specificity, control the turnover and allow regulation of activation, activity and degradation by other proteins, which are often serine proteases themselves. Most intriguingly, in some serine proteases, the surface loops interact as allosteric network, partially tuned by protein co-factors. Knowledge of these subtle and complicated molecular motions may allow nowadays for new and specific pharmaceutical or medical approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Goettig
- Division of Structural Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Billrothstrasse 11, 5020, Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Hans Brandstetter
- Division of Structural Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Billrothstrasse 11, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Viktor Magdolen
- Clinical Research Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Strasse 22, 81675, München, Germany
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Varney VA, Nicholas A, Warner A, Sumar N. IgE-Mediated Systemic Anaphylaxis And Its Association With Gene Polymorphisms Of ACE, Angiotensinogen And Chymase. J Asthma Allergy 2019; 12:343-361. [PMID: 31632094 PMCID: PMC6790349 DOI: 10.2147/jaa.s213016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) protects the circulation against sudden falls in systemic blood pressure via generation of angiotensin II (AII). Previously, we demonstrated that patients with anaphylaxis involving airway angioedema and cardiovascular collapse (AACVS) had significantly increased "I" gene polymorphisms of the angiotensin-converting-enzymes (ACE). This is associated with lower serum ACE and AII levels and was not seen in anaphylaxis without collapse nor atopics and healthy controls. OBJECTIVES To examine the angiotensinogen (AGT-M235T) and chymase gene (CMA-1 A1903G) polymorphisms in these original subjects. METHOD 122 patients with IgE-mediated anaphylaxis, 119 healthy controls and 52 atopics had polymorphisms of the AGT gene and chymase gene examined by polymerase chain reactions and gel electrophoresis. Their previous ACE genotypes were included for the analysis. RESULTS AGT-MM genes (associated with low AGT levels) were significantly increased in anaphylaxis (Terr's classification). When combined with ACE, anaphylaxis showed increased MM/II gene pairing (p<0.0013) consistent with lower RAS activity. For chymase, there was increased pairing of MM/AG (p<0.005) and AG/II and AG/ID (p<0.0073) for anaphylaxis consistent with lower RAS activity. A tri-allelic ensemble of the 6 commonest gene combinations for the healthy controls and anaphylaxis confirmed this difference (p=0.0001); for anaphylaxis, genes were predominately MM/AG/II or ID, while healthy controls were DD/MT/AG or GG patterns. CONCLUSION Our gene polymorphisms show lower RAS activity for anaphylaxis especially AACVS. Animal models of anaphylaxis are focused on endothelial nitric oxide (eNO) which is shown to be the mediator of fatal shock and prevented by eNO-blockade. The interaction of AII and eNO controls the microcirculation in man. High serum AII levels reduce eNO activity, so higher RAS-activity could protect against shock. Our data shows low RAS activity in anaphylaxis especially AACVS, suggesting the influence of these genes on shock are via AII levels and its effects on eNO.
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Affiliation(s)
- VA Varney
- Department of Medicine, St Helier Hospital, Carshalton, SurreySM5 1AA, UK
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, St Helier Hospital, Carshalton, SurreySM5 1AA, UK
| | - A Nicholas
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, St Helier Hospital, Carshalton, SurreySM5 1AA, UK
| | - A Warner
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, St Helier Hospital, Carshalton, SurreySM5 1AA, UK
| | - N Sumar
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, St Helier Hospital, Carshalton, SurreySM5 1AA, UK
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Liu C, Ouyang W, Xia J, Sun X, Zhao L, Xu F. Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Is Required for Mast Cell-Mediated Host Immunity Against Cutaneous Staphylococcus aureus Infection. J Infect Dis 2019; 218:64-74. [PMID: 29741644 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mast cells (MCs) play a key role in immune process response to invading pathogens. Methods This study assessed the involvement of MCs in controlling Staphylococcus aureus infection in a cutaneous infection model of MC-deficient (KitW-sh/W-sh) mice. Results KitW-sh/W-sh mice developed significantly larger skin lesions after the cutaneous S. aureus challenge, when compared to wild-type (WT) mice, while MC dysfunction reduced the inflammation response to S. aureus. The levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in skin tissues were significantly decreased in KitW-sh/W-sh mice upon infection. Moreover, the exogenous administration of MCs or recombinant TNF-α effectively restored the immune response against S. aureus in KitW-sh/W-sh mice via the recruitment of neutrophils to the infected site. These results indicate that the effects of MC deficiency are largely attributed to the decrease in production of TNF-α in cutaneous S. aureus infection. In addition, S. aureus-induced MC activation was dependent on the c-kit receptor-activated phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT/P65-nuclear factor (NF-κB) pathway, which was confirmed by treatment with Masitinib (a c-kit receptor inhibitor), Wortmannin (a PI3K inhibitor), and pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (a NF-κB inhibitor), respectively. Conclusions The present study identifies the critical role of MCs in the host defense against S. aureus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Ouyang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jingyan Xia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoru Sun
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liying Zhao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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Li Q, Xiao Y, Lu G, Xie D, Zhai Y, Zhang J, Li J, Gao X. Inhibition of perivascular mast cell activation is involved in the atheroprotective effect of rosiglitazone in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 519:261-266. [PMID: 31493866 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.08.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Activation of perivascular mast cells (MCs) and subsequent release of their abundant inflammatory mediators have been well documented to induce excessive inflammation and subsequent rupture of atherosclerotic plaques. Previous studies have suggested that rosiglitazone affects the stability of plaques, although the precise mechanism of action is not clearly understood. In this study, we evaluated the effects of rosiglitazone on MCs in vivo and in vitro. Apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE-/-) mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD), with or without rosiglitazone supplemented in the drinking water (1.5 mg/kg/day). Compared with the HFD group, rosiglitazone did not affect blood glucose levels, but it attenuated serum levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), ameliorated plaque lipid accumulation and the expression of matrix metalloproteinases-2 and -9, increased the collagen content of plaques, and inhibited perivascular MC degranulation and chymase expression. The in vitro experiments showed that rosiglitazone treatment repressed the expression of TNFα and IL-6 induced by antigen-challenged RBL-2H3 cells in a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ)-independent manner, which was related to the repression of protein kinase C (PKC)-β1 activation. Combined, these results suggest that the plaque-stabilizing effect of rosiglitazone is attributable to its ability to inhibit the activation of perivascular MCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinglang Li
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation (Sun Yat-sen University), Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Ying Xiao
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Guihua Lu
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Dongmei Xie
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation (Sun Yat-sen University), Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Yuansheng Zhai
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation (Sun Yat-sen University), Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Juhong Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation (Sun Yat-sen University), Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation (Sun Yat-sen University), Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Xiuren Gao
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
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Abstract
During degranulation, mast cells secrete a specific set of mediators defined as "secretome" including the preformed mediators that have already been synthesized by a cell and contained in the cytoplasmic granules. This group includes serine proteases, in particular, chymase and tryptase. Biological significance of chymase depends on the mechanisms of degranulation and is characterized by selective effects on the cellular and non-cellular components of the specific tissue microenvironment. Chymase is known to be closely involved in the mechanisms of inflammation and allergy, angiogenesis, and oncogenesis, remodeling of the extracellular matrix of the connective tissue and changes in organ histoarchitectonics. Number of chymase-positive mast cells in the intra-organ population, and the mechanisms of biogenesis and secretome degranulation appear to be the informative criteria for interpreting the state of the internal organs, characterizing not only the diagnostic efficacy but also the properties of targets of pharmacotherapy. In this review, we discussed the current state of knowledge about mast cell chymase as one of the mast cell secretome proteases. Main issues of the reviewed publications are highlighted with our microscopic images of mast cell chymase visualized using immunohistochemical staining.
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Zhou X, Wei T, Cox CW, Walls AF, Jiang Y, Roche WR. Mast cell chymase impairs bronchial epithelium integrity by degrading cell junction molecules of epithelial cells. Allergy 2019; 74:1266-1276. [PMID: 30428129 DOI: 10.1111/all.13666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An increased degree of mast cell (MC) degranulation and damage to the epithelial lining are prominent features of bronchial asthma. In asthmatic airways, it seems likely that epithelial cells will be exposed to increased concentrations of proteases from MC, though their actions on the epithelium are still not very clear. METHODS Bronchial rings from human lung tissue or 16HBE cell monolayer were incubated with MC chymase in different doses or various inhibitors. The sections of paraffin-embedded tissue were haematoxylin-eosin stained and computerized by image analysis for epithelial damage-scale-evaluation; the cell viability, proliferation, adhesion and lactate dehydrogenase activity release were assayed; the expressions of gelatinases, cell junction molecules and structure proteins of 16HBE were examined. RESULTS Mast cell chymase was found to provoke profound changes in the morphology of bronchi epithelial layer. Following incubation with chymase, there was 40% reduction in the length of epithelium that was intact, with detachment of columnar epithelial cells and basal cells. Chymase reduced epithelial cell proliferation and induced cell detachment, which were associated with the changes in secretion and activation of matrix metalloproteinase-2/9. In intact epithelial cell layers, immunocytochemistry study revealed that chymase reduced the expressions of occludin, claudin-4, ZO-1, E-cadherin, focal adhesion kinase and cytokeratin. Overall data of this study indicated that MC chymase can influence tissue remodelling, disrupt epithelial cell junctions, inhibit wound healing and impair the barrier function of epithelium, resulting in dysfunction of airway wall and ECM remodelling in pathogenesis of asthma. CONCLUSION Mast cell chymase plays a key role in inducing the damage to bronchial epithelium in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Zhou
- The School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Science Changzhou University Jiangsu China
- The Faculty of Medicine The University of Southampton Southampton UK
| | - Tao Wei
- The School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Science Changzhou University Jiangsu China
| | | | - Andrew F. Walls
- The Faculty of Medicine The University of Southampton Southampton UK
| | - Yuan Jiang
- The School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Science Changzhou University Jiangsu China
| | - William R. Roche
- The Faculty of Medicine The University of Southampton Southampton UK
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Hiroyasu S, Turner CT, Richardson KC, Granville DJ. Proteases in Pemphigoid Diseases. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1454. [PMID: 31297118 PMCID: PMC6607946 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Pemphigoid diseases are a subgroup of autoimmune skin diseases characterized by widespread tense blisters. Standard of care typically involves immunosuppressive treatments, which may be insufficient and are often associated with significant adverse events. As such, a deeper understanding of the pathomechanism(s) of pemphigoid diseases is necessary in order to identify improved therapeutic approaches. A major initiator of pemphigoid diseases is the accumulation of autoantibodies against proteins at the dermal-epidermal junction (DEJ), followed by protease activation at the lesion. The contribution of proteases to pemphigoid disease pathogenesis has been investigated using a combination of in vitro and in vivo models. These studies suggest proteolytic degradation of anchoring proteins proximal to the DEJ is crucial for dermal-epidermal separation and blister formation. In addition, proteases can also augment inflammation, expose autoantigenic cryptic epitopes, and/or provoke autoantigen spreading, which are all important in pemphigoid disease pathology. The present review summarizes and critically evaluates the current understanding with respect to the role of proteases in pemphigoid diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sho Hiroyasu
- International Collaboration On Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute (VCHRI), Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, BC, Canada
- BC Professional Firefighters' Burn and Wound Healing Group, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute (VCHRI), University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Christopher T. Turner
- International Collaboration On Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute (VCHRI), Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, BC, Canada
- BC Professional Firefighters' Burn and Wound Healing Group, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute (VCHRI), University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Katlyn C. Richardson
- International Collaboration On Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute (VCHRI), Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, BC, Canada
- BC Professional Firefighters' Burn and Wound Healing Group, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute (VCHRI), University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - David J. Granville
- International Collaboration On Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute (VCHRI), Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, BC, Canada
- BC Professional Firefighters' Burn and Wound Healing Group, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute (VCHRI), University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Dell'Italia LJ, Collawn JF, Ferrario CM. Multifunctional Role of Chymase in Acute and Chronic Tissue Injury and Remodeling. Circ Res 2019; 122:319-336. [PMID: 29348253 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.117.310978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chymase is the most efficient Ang II (angiotensin II)-forming enzyme in the human body and has been implicated in a wide variety of human diseases that also implicate its many other protease actions. Largely thought to be the product of mast cells, the identification of other cellular sources including cardiac fibroblasts and vascular endothelial cells demonstrates a more widely dispersed production and distribution system in various tissues. Furthermore, newly emerging evidence for its intracellular presence in cardiomyocytes and smooth muscle cells opens an entirely new compartment of chymase-mediated actions that were previously thought to be limited to the extracellular space. This review illustrates how these multiple chymase-mediated mechanisms of action can explain the residual risk in clinical trials of cardiovascular disease using conventional renin-angiotensin system blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis J Dell'Italia
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Birmingham Veteran Affairs Medical Center (L.J.D.), Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine (L.J.D.), and Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology (J.F.C.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; and Division of Surgical Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (C.M.F.).
| | - James F Collawn
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Birmingham Veteran Affairs Medical Center (L.J.D.), Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine (L.J.D.), and Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology (J.F.C.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; and Division of Surgical Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (C.M.F.)
| | - Carlos M Ferrario
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Birmingham Veteran Affairs Medical Center (L.J.D.), Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine (L.J.D.), and Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology (J.F.C.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; and Division of Surgical Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (C.M.F.)
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Méndez-Enríquez E, Hallgren J. Mast Cells and Their Progenitors in Allergic Asthma. Front Immunol 2019; 10:821. [PMID: 31191511 PMCID: PMC6548814 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells and their mediators have been implicated in the pathogenesis of asthma and allergy for decades. Allergic asthma is a complex chronic lung disease in which several different immune cells, genetic factors and environmental exposures influence the pathology. Mast cells are key players in the asthmatic response through secretion of a multitude of mediators with pro-inflammatory and airway-constrictive effects. Well-known mast cell mediators, such as histamine and bioactive lipids are responsible for many of the physiological effects observed in the acute phase of allergic reactions. The accumulation of mast cells at particular sites of the allergic lung is likely relevant to the asthma phenotype, severity and progression. Mast cells located in different compartments in the lung and airways have different characteristics and express different mediators. According to in vivo experiments in mice, lung mast cells develop from mast cell progenitors induced by inflammatory stimuli to migrate to the airways. Human mast cell progenitors have been identified in the blood circulation. A high frequency of circulating human mast cell progenitors may reflect ongoing pathological changes in the allergic lung. In allergic asthma, mast cells become activated mainly via IgE-mediated crosslinking of the high affinity receptor for IgE (FcεRI) with allergens. However, mast cells can also be activated by numerous other stimuli e.g. toll-like receptors and MAS-related G protein-coupled receptor X2. In this review, we summarize research with implications on the role and development of mast cells and their progenitors in allergic asthma and cover selected activation pathways and mast cell mediators that have been implicated in the pathogenesis. The review places an emphasis on describing mechanisms identified using in vivo mouse models and data obtained by analysis of clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Méndez-Enríquez
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jenny Hallgren
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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65
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de Souza Junior DA, Santana C, Vieira GV, Oliver C, Jamur MC. Mast Cell Protease 7 Promotes Angiogenesis by Degradation of Integrin Subunits. Cells 2019; 8:cells8040349. [PMID: 31013764 PMCID: PMC6523500 DOI: 10.3390/cells8040349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies from our laboratory have shown that during angiogenesis in vitro, rmMCP-7 (recombinant mouse mast cell protease-7) stimulates endothelial cell spreading and induces their penetration into the matrix. The ability of rmMCP-7 to induce angiogenesis in vivo was assessed in the present study using a directed in vivo angiogenesis assay (DIVAA™). Vessel invasion of the angioreactor was observed in the presence of rmMCP-7 but was not seen in the control. Since integrins are involved in endothelial cell migration, the relationship between rmMCP-7 and integrins during angiogenesis was investigated. Incubation with rmMCP-7 resulted in a reduction in the levels of integrin subunits αv and β1 on SVEC4-10 endothelial cells during angiogenesis in vitro. Furthermore, the degradation of integrin subunits occurs both through the direct action of rmMCP-7 and indirectly via the ubiquitin/proteasome system. Even in the presence of a proteasome inhibitor, incubation of endothelial cells with rmMCP-7 induced cell migration and tube formation as well as the beginning of loop formation. These data indicate that the direct degradation of the integrin subunits by rmMCP-7 is sufficient to initiate angiogenesis. The results demonstrate, for the first time, that mMCP-7 acts in angiogenesis through integrin degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devandir A de Souza Junior
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14.049-900, Brazil.
| | - Carolina Santana
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14.049-900, Brazil.
| | - Gabriel V Vieira
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14.049-900, Brazil.
| | - Constance Oliver
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14.049-900, Brazil.
| | - Maria Celia Jamur
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14.049-900, Brazil.
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66
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Chan BCL, Lam CWK, Tam LS, Wong CK. IL33: Roles in Allergic Inflammation and Therapeutic Perspectives. Front Immunol 2019; 10:364. [PMID: 30886621 PMCID: PMC6409346 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-33 belongs to IL-1 cytokine family which is constitutively produced from the structural and lining cells including fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and epithelial cells of skin, gastrointestinal tract, and lungs that are exposed to the environment. Different from most cytokines that are actively secreted from cells, nuclear cytokine IL-33 is passively released during cell necrosis or when tissues are damaged, suggesting that it may function as an alarmin that alerts the immune system after endothelial or epithelial cell damage during infection, physical stress, or trauma. IL-33 plays important roles in type-2 innate immunity via activation of allergic inflammation-related eosinophils, basophils, mast cells, macrophages, and group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) through its receptor ST2. In this review, we focus on the recent advances of the underlying intercellular and intracellular mechanisms by which IL-33 can regulate the allergic inflammation in various allergic diseases including allergic asthma and atopic dermatitis. The future pharmacological strategy and application of traditional Chinese medicines targeting the IL-33/ST2 axis for anti-inflammatory therapy of allergic diseases were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben C L Chan
- State Key Laboratory of Research on Bioactivities and Clinical Applications of Medicinal Plants, Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Christopher W K Lam
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau
| | - Lai-Shan Tam
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Chun K Wong
- State Key Laboratory of Research on Bioactivities and Clinical Applications of Medicinal Plants, Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong.,Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
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67
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Activation mechanisms and multifaceted effects of mast cells in ischemia reperfusion injury. Exp Cell Res 2019; 376:227-235. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2019.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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68
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Huber M, Cato ACB, Ainooson GK, Freichel M, Tsvilovskyy V, Jessberger R, Riedlinger E, Sommerhoff CP, Bischoff SC. Regulation of the pleiotropic effects of tissue-resident mast cells. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2019; 144:S31-S45. [PMID: 30772496 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs), which are best known for their detrimental role in patients with allergic diseases, act in a diverse array of physiologic and pathologic functions made possible by the plurality of MC types. Their various developmental avenues and distinct sensitivity to (micro-) environmental conditions convey extensive heterogeneity, resulting in diverse functions. We briefly summarize this heterogeneity, elaborate on molecular determinants that allow MCs to communicate with their environment to fulfill their tasks, discuss the protease repertoire stored in secretory lysosomes, and consider different aspects of MC signaling. Furthermore, we describe key MC governance mechanisms (ie, the high-affinity receptor for IgE [FcεRI]), the stem cell factor receptor KIT, the IL-4 system, and both Ca2+- and phosphatase-dependent mechanisms. Finally, we focus on distinct physiologic functions, such as chemotaxis, phagocytosis, host defense, and the regulation of MC functions at the mucosal barriers of the lung, gastrointestinal tract, and skin. A deeper knowledge of the pleiotropic functions of MC mediators, as well as the molecular processes of MC regulation and communication, should enable us to promote beneficial MC traits in physiology and suppress detrimental MC functions in patients with disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Huber
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Immunology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Andrew C B Cato
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - George K Ainooson
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Marc Freichel
- Institute of Pharmacology, Heidelberg University, Medical Faculty, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Volodymyr Tsvilovskyy
- Institute of Pharmacology, Heidelberg University, Medical Faculty, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rolf Jessberger
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Eva Riedlinger
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Stephan C Bischoff
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany.
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69
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Yamada K, Sato H, Sakamaki K, Kamada M, Okuno Y, Fukuishi N, Furuta K, Tanaka S. Suppression of IgE-Independent Degranulation of Murine Connective Tissue-Type Mast Cells by Dexamethasone. Cells 2019; 8:cells8020112. [PMID: 30717296 PMCID: PMC6406397 DOI: 10.3390/cells8020112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are widely used for the treatment of chronic cutaneous inflammation, such as atopic dermatitis, although it remains unknown how they modulate cutaneous mast cell functions. We investigated the effects of prolonged treatment with a synthetic glucocorticoid, dexamethasone, on murine connective tissue-type mast cells using in vitro and in vivo models. Our connective tissue-type bone marrow-derived cultured mast cell model was found to be sensitive to mast cell secretagogues, such as compound 48/80 and substance P, and higher expression levels of α subunit of a trimeric G protein, Gi1, and several Mas-related G protein-coupled receptor (Mrgpr) subtypes were observed in comparison with immature cultured mast cells. Secretagogue-induced degranulation and up-regulation of these genes was suppressed when cultured in the presence of dexamethasone. The profiles of granule constituents were drastically altered by dexamethasone. Topical application of dexamethasone down-modulated secretagogue-induced degranulation and the expression levels of several Mrgpr subtypes in cutaneous tissue. These results suggest that mast cell-mediated IgE-independent cutaneous inflammation could be suppressed by steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs through the down-regulation of G αi1 and several Mrgpr subtypes in mast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Yamada
- Department of Immunobiology, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsushima-naka 1-1-1, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.
| | - Hitomi Sato
- Department of Immunobiology, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsushima-naka 1-1-1, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.
| | - Kazuma Sakamaki
- Department of Immunobiology, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsushima-naka 1-1-1, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.
| | - Mayumi Kamada
- Department of Biomedical Data Intelligence, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Shogoin-Kawaharacho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
| | - Yasushi Okuno
- Department of Biomedical Data Intelligence, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Shogoin-Kawaharacho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
| | - Nobuyuki Fukuishi
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Kinjo Gakuin University, 2-1723 Omori, Moriyama-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 463-8521, Japan.
| | - Kazuyuki Furuta
- Department of Immunobiology, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsushima-naka 1-1-1, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Tanaka
- Department of Pharmacology, Division of Pathological Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi Nakauchi-cho 5, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan.
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70
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Varricchi G, Raap U, Rivellese F, Marone G, Gibbs BF. Human mast cells and basophils-How are they similar how are they different? Immunol Rev 2019; 282:8-34. [PMID: 29431214 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mast cells and basophils are key contributors to allergies and other inflammatory diseases since they are the most prominent source of histamine as well as numerous additional inflammatory mediators which drive inflammatory responses. However, a closer understanding of their precise roles in allergies and other pathological conditions has been marred by the considerable heterogeneity that these cells display, not only between mast cells and basophils themselves but also across different tissue locations and species. While both cell types share the ability to rapidly degranulate and release histamine following high-affinity IgE receptor cross-linking, they differ markedly in their ability to either react to other stimuli, generate inflammatory eicosanoids or release immunomodulating cytokines and chemokines. Furthermore, these cells display considerable pharmacological heterogeneity which has stifled attempts to develop more effective anti-allergic therapies. Mast cell- and basophil-specific transcriptional profiling, at rest and after activation by innate and adaptive stimuli, may help to unravel the degree to which these cells differ and facilitate a clearer understanding of their biological functions and how these could be targeted by new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilda Varricchi
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,WAO Center of Excellence, Naples, Italy
| | - Ulrike Raap
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Felice Rivellese
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,WAO Center of Excellence, Naples, Italy.,Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Gianni Marone
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,WAO Center of Excellence, Naples, Italy.,Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "Gaetano Salvatore" (IEOS), National Research Council (CNR), Naples, Italy
| | - Bernhard F Gibbs
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
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71
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The Circulating Protease Persephone Is an Immune Sensor for Microbial Proteolytic Activities Upstream of the Drosophila Toll Pathway. Mol Cell 2019; 69:539-550.e6. [PMID: 29452635 PMCID: PMC5823974 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2018.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Microbial or endogenous molecular patterns as well as pathogen functional features can activate innate immune systems. Whereas detection of infection by pattern recognition receptors has been investigated in details, sensing of virulence factors activities remains less characterized. In Drosophila, genetic evidences indicate that the serine protease Persephone belongs to a danger pathway activated by abnormal proteolytic activities to induce Toll signaling. However, neither the activation mechanism of this pathway nor its specificity has been determined. Here, we identify a unique region in the pro-domain of Persephone that functions as bait for exogenous proteases independently of their origin, type, or specificity. Cleavage in this bait region constitutes the first step of a sequential activation and licenses the subsequent maturation of Persephone to the endogenous cysteine cathepsin 26-29-p. Our results establish Persephone itself as an immune receptor able to sense a broad range of microbes through virulence factor activities rather than molecular patterns. All pathogen-secreted proteases activate the danger-sensing arm of the Toll pathway The protease Persephone is the immune sensor for microbial proteolytic activities A sensitive region in Persephone zymogen functions as a bait for exogenous proteases Bait-region hydrolysis primes maturation of Persephone by the host cathepsin 26-29-p
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72
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Lipitsä T, Siiskonen H, Naukkarinen A, Harvima IT. Mast cell chymase degrades fibrinogen and fibrin. Br J Dermatol 2018; 181:296-303. [PMID: 30561017 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.17534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The accumulation of immunoreactants and fibrinoid necrosis of postcapillary vessel walls are common pathological features of cutaneous immune complex vasculitis. In more advanced lesions, these immunoreactants are subject to proteolysis. Mast cell chymase is a powerful enzyme that can degrade several substrates including the extracellular matrix. Heparin can influence the catalytic properties of chymase. OBJECTIVES To study the effects of recombinant human (rh) chymase on fibrinogen, coagulation and fibrinolysis, and to relate these effects to the pathogenesis of vasculitis. METHODS The colocalization of chymase and fibrin in vasculitis specimens was analysed by immunohistochemical double staining. Fibrinogen and fibrin were treated with rh-chymase and the effects were studied in vitro by sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and a variety of clotting and fibrin gel experiments. The effects of rh-chymase on vasculitis cryosections were analysed by direct immunofluorescence. RESULTS Chymase-positive mast cells were associated with fibrin-positive vessels in vasculitis cryosections. Rh-chymase degraded the alpha-, beta- and gamma-chains of fibrinogen, while heparin enhanced the degradation of the beta-chain. Rh-chymase pretreatment of fibrinogen prolonged thrombin-induced clotting time. Fibrinogen degradation products induced by rh-chymase increased the clotting time of human plasma. Rh-chymase degraded fibrin gel prepared from fibrinogen or human plasma. Immunofluorescence staining positivity of fibrin in vasculitis cryosections decreased after pretreatment with rh-chymase for 24 h, and heparin enhanced this effect. CONCLUSIONS Mast cell chymase may constitute a previously unrecognized endogenous anticoagulant and fibrinolytic enzyme, and may be involved in the clearance of fibrin from vessel walls in aged vasculitis lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Lipitsä
- Department of Dermatology, Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - H Siiskonen
- Department of Dermatology, Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Cancer Center of Eastern Finland, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - A Naukkarinen
- Department of Pathology, Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - I T Harvima
- Department of Dermatology, Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Cancer Center of Eastern Finland, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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73
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Horváth Á, Borbély É, Bölcskei K, Szentes N, Kiss T, Belák M, Rauch T, Glant T, Zákány R, Juhász T, Karanyicz E, Boldizsár F, Helyes Z, Botz B. Regulatory role of capsaicin-sensitive peptidergic sensory nerves in the proteoglycan-induced autoimmune arthritis model of the mouse. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:335. [PMID: 30509328 PMCID: PMC6276168 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1364-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The regulatory role of capsaicin-sensitive peptidergic sensory nerves has been shown in acute inflammation, but little is known about their involvement in T/B-cell driven autoimmune arthritis. This study integratively characterized the function of these nerve endings in the proteoglycan-induced chronic arthritis (PGIA), a translational model of rheumatoid arthritis. Methods Peptidergic afferents were defunctionalized by resiniferatoxin (RTX) pretreatment in BALB/c mice, PGIA was induced by repeated antigen challenges. Hind paw volume, arthritis severity, grasping ability and the mechanonociceptive threshold were monitored during the 17-week experiment. Myeloperoxidase activity, vascular leakage and bone turnover were evaluated by in vivo optical imaging. Bone morphology was assessed using micro-CT, the intertarsal small joints were processed for histopathological analysis. Results Following desensitization of the capsaicin-sensitive afferents, ankle edema, arthritis severity and mechanical hyperalgesia were markedly diminished. Myeloperoxidase activity was lower in the early, but increased in the late phase, whilst plasma leakage and bone turnover were not altered. Desensitized mice displayed similar bone spurs and erosions, but increased trabecular thickness of the tibia and bony ankylosis of the spine. Intertarsal cartilage thickness was not altered in the model, but desensitization increased this parameter in both the non-arthritic and arthritic groups. Conclusion This is the first integrative in vivo functional and morphological characterization of the PGIA mouse model, wherein peptidergic afferents have an important regulatory function. Their overall effect is proinflammatory by increasing acute inflammation, immune cell activity and pain. Meanwhile, their activation decreases spinal ankylosis, arthritis-induced altered trabecularity, and cartilage thickness in small joints. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12974-018-1364-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ádám Horváth
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Pécs Medical School, Szigeti u. 12, Pécs, 7624, Hungary.,János Szentágothai Research Centre, Molecular Pharmacology Research Team and Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.,Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, National Brain Research Program 20017-1.2.1-NKP-2017-00002, Chronic Pain Research Group, University of Pécs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Éva Borbély
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Pécs Medical School, Szigeti u. 12, Pécs, 7624, Hungary.,János Szentágothai Research Centre, Molecular Pharmacology Research Team and Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.,Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, National Brain Research Program 20017-1.2.1-NKP-2017-00002, Chronic Pain Research Group, University of Pécs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Kata Bölcskei
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Pécs Medical School, Szigeti u. 12, Pécs, 7624, Hungary.,János Szentágothai Research Centre, Molecular Pharmacology Research Team and Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.,Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, National Brain Research Program 20017-1.2.1-NKP-2017-00002, Chronic Pain Research Group, University of Pécs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Nikolett Szentes
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Pécs Medical School, Szigeti u. 12, Pécs, 7624, Hungary.,János Szentágothai Research Centre, Molecular Pharmacology Research Team and Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.,Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, National Brain Research Program 20017-1.2.1-NKP-2017-00002, Chronic Pain Research Group, University of Pécs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Tamás Kiss
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Pécs Medical School, Szigeti u. 12, Pécs, 7624, Hungary.,János Szentágothai Research Centre, Molecular Pharmacology Research Team and Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.,Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, National Brain Research Program 20017-1.2.1-NKP-2017-00002, Chronic Pain Research Group, University of Pécs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Mátyás Belák
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Pécs Medical School, Szigeti u. 12, Pécs, 7624, Hungary
| | - Tibor Rauch
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Section of Molecular Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, USA
| | - Tibor Glant
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Section of Molecular Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, USA
| | - Róza Zákány
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tamás Juhász
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Edina Karanyicz
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Boldizsár
- Medical School, Department of Immunology, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Helyes
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Pécs Medical School, Szigeti u. 12, Pécs, 7624, Hungary. .,János Szentágothai Research Centre, Molecular Pharmacology Research Team and Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary. .,Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, National Brain Research Program 20017-1.2.1-NKP-2017-00002, Chronic Pain Research Group, University of Pécs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Bálint Botz
- János Szentágothai Research Centre, Molecular Pharmacology Research Team and Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.,Medical School, Department of Radiology, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
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Lefebvre H, Duparc C, Naccache A, Lopez AG, Castanet M, Louiset E. Paracrine Regulation of Aldosterone Secretion in Physiological and Pathophysiological Conditions. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2018; 109:303-339. [PMID: 30678861 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Aldosterone secretion by the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex is controlled by circulating factors including the renin angiotensin system (RAS) and potassium. Mineralocorticoid production is also regulated through an autocrine/paracrine mechanism by a wide variety of bioactive signals released in the vicinity of adrenocortical cells by chromaffin cells, nerve endings, cells of the immune system, endothelial cells and adipocytes. These regulatory factors include conventional neurotransmitters and neuropeptides. Their physiological role in the control of aldosterone secretion is not fully understood, but it is likely that they participate in the RAS-independent regulation of zona glomerulosa cells. Interestingly, recent observations indicate that autocrine/paracrine processes are involved in the pathophysiology of primary aldosteronism. The intraadrenal regulatory systems observed in aldosterone-producing adenomas (APA), although globally similar to those occurring in the normal adrenal gland, harbor alterations at different levels, which tend to strengthen the potency of paracrine signals to activate aldosterone secretion. Enhancement of paracrine stimulatory tone may participate to APA expansion and aldosterone hypersecretion together with somatic mutations of driver genes which activate the calcium signaling pathway and subsequently aldosterone synthase expression. Intraadrenal regulatory mechanisms represent thus promising pharmacological targets for the treatment of primary aldosteronism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hervé Lefebvre
- Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM, Rouen, France; Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France.
| | - Céline Duparc
- Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM, Rouen, France
| | - Alexandre Naccache
- Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM, Rouen, France; Unit of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
| | - Antoine-Guy Lopez
- Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM, Rouen, France; Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
| | - Mireille Castanet
- Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM, Rouen, France; Unit of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
| | - Estelle Louiset
- Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM, Rouen, France
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75
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Magnúsdóttir EI, Grujic M, Roers A, Hartmann K, Pejler G, Lagerström MC. Mouse mast cells and mast cell proteases do not play a significant role in acute tissue injury pain induced by formalin. Mol Pain 2018; 14:1744806918808161. [PMID: 30280636 PMCID: PMC6247485 DOI: 10.1177/1744806918808161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Subcutaneous formalin injections are used as a model for tissue injury-induced pain where formalin induces pain and inflammation indirectly by crosslinking proteins and directly through activation of the transient receptor potential A1 receptor on primary afferents. Activation of primary afferents leads to both central and peripheral release of neurotransmitters. Mast cells are found in close proximity to peripheral sensory nerve endings and express receptors for neurotransmitters released by the primary afferents, contributing to the neuro/immune interface. Mast cell proteases are found in large quantities within mast cell granules and are released continuously in small amounts and upon mast cell activation. They have a wide repertoire of proposed substrates, including Substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide, but knowledge of their in vivo function is limited. We evaluated the role of mouse mast cell proteases (mMCPs) in tissue injury pain responses induced by formalin, using transgenic mice lacking either mMCP4, mMCP6, or carboxypeptidase A3 (CPA3), or mast cells in their entirety. Further, we investigated the role of mast cells in heat hypersensitivity following a nerve growth factor injection. No statistical difference was observed between the respective mast cell protease knockout lines and wild-type controls in the formalin test. Mast cell deficiency did not have an effect on formalin-induced nociceptive responses nor nerve growth factor-induced heat hypersensitivity. Our data thus show that mMCP4, mMCP6, and CPA3 as well as mast cells as a whole, do not play a significant role in the pain responses associated with acute tissue injury and inflammation in the formalin test. Our data also indicate that mast cells are not essential to heat hypersensitivity induced by nerve growth factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elín I Magnúsdóttir
- 1 Department of Neuroscience, Developmental Genetics Unit, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mirjana Grujic
- 2 Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Axel Roers
- 3 Institute for Immunology, University of Technology Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Karin Hartmann
- 4 Department of Dermatology, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Gunnar Pejler
- 2 Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,5 Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Malin C Lagerström
- 1 Department of Neuroscience, Developmental Genetics Unit, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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76
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Korkmaz B, Caughey GH, Chapple I, Gauthier F, Hirschfeld J, Jenne DE, Kettritz R, Lalmanach G, Lamort AS, Lauritzen C, Łȩgowska M, Lesner A, Marchand-Adam S, McKaig SJ, Moss C, Pedersen J, Roberts H, Schreiber A, Seren S, Thakker NS. Therapeutic targeting of cathepsin C: from pathophysiology to treatment. Pharmacol Ther 2018; 190:202-236. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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77
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Tomasiak-Łozowska MM, Klimek M, Lis A, Moniuszko M, Bodzenta-Łukaszyk A. Markers of anaphylaxis - a systematic review. Adv Med Sci 2018; 63:265-277. [PMID: 29486376 DOI: 10.1016/j.advms.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Anaphylaxis is defined as severe, life-threatening, systemic or general, immediate reaction of hypersensitivity, with repeatable symptoms caused by the dose of stimulus which is well tolerated by healthy persons. The proper diagnosis, immediate treatment and differential diagnosis are crucial for saving patient's life. However, anaphylaxis is relatively frequently misdiagnosed or confused with other clinical entities. Thus, there is a continuous need for identifying detectable markers improving the proper diagnosis of anaphylaxis. Here we presented currently known markers of anaphylaxis and discussed in more detail the most clinically valuable ones: tryptase, platelet activacting factor (PAF), PAF-acethylhydrolase, histamine and its metabolites.
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78
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Houde M, Schwertani A, Touil H, Desbiens L, Sarrhini O, Lecomte R, Lepage M, Gagnon H, Takai S, Pejler G, Jacques D, Gobeil F, Day R, D'Orléans-Juste P. Mouse Mast Cell Protease 4 Deletion Protects Heart Function and Survival After Permanent Myocardial Infarction. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:868. [PMID: 30233357 PMCID: PMC6127244 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Chymase, a mast cell serine protease involved in the generation of multiple cardiovascular factors, such as angiotensin II and endothelin-1 (ET-1), is elevated and participates in tissue degeneration after permanent myocardial infarction (PMI). Anesthetized 4-month old male wild-type (WT) C57BL/6J mice and mouse mast cell protease-4 knockout (mMCP-4 KO) congeners were subjected to ligation of the left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery. A group of mice was then subjected to Kaplan-Meier 28-day survival analysis. In another group of mice, 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (PET) was performed to evaluate heart function and the infarcted zone 3 days post-PMI surgery. Cardiac morphology following PMI was evaluated on formalin-fixed heart slices and glycoproteomic analysis was performed using mass spectrometry. Finally, cardiac and lung tissue content of immunoreactive ET-1 was determined. PMI caused 60% mortality in WT mice, due to left ventricular wall rupture, and 7% in mMCP-4 KO mice. Cardiac PET analysis revealed a significant reduction in left ventricular volume (systolic and diastolic) and preserved the ejection fraction in mMCP-4 KO compared to WT animals. The infarcted area, apoptotic signaling and wall remodeling were significantly decreased in mMCP-4 KO mice compared to their WT congeners, while collagen deposition was increased. Glycoproteomic analysis showed an increase in apolipoprotein A1, an established chymase substrate in mMCP-4 KO mice compared to WT mice post-PMI. ET-1 levels were increased in the lungs of WT, but not mMCP-4 KO mice, 24 h post-PMI. Thus, the genetic deletion of mMCP-4 improved survival and heart function post-PMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Houde
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.,Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Universiteit Leiden, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Adel Schwertani
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Hanène Touil
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Louisane Desbiens
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Otman Sarrhini
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Sherbrooke Molecular Imaging Center, CRCHUS, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Roger Lecomte
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Sherbrooke Molecular Imaging Center, CRCHUS, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Martin Lepage
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Sherbrooke Molecular Imaging Center, CRCHUS, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Hugo Gagnon
- PhenoSwitch Bioscience Inc., Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Shinji Takai
- Department of Innovative Medicine, Osaka Medical College, Osaka, Japan
| | - Gunnar Pejler
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Danielle Jacques
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Fernand Gobeil
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Robert Day
- Department of Surgery, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Pedro D'Orléans-Juste
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
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79
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Giardina SF, Werner DS, Pingle M, Bergstrom DE, Arnold LD, Barany F. A Novel, Nonpeptidic, Orally Active Bivalent Inhibitor of Human β-Tryptase. Pharmacology 2018; 102:233-243. [PMID: 30134249 PMCID: PMC6242772 DOI: 10.1159/000492078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
β-Tryptase is released from mast cells upon degranulation in response to allergic and inflammatory stimuli. Human tryptase is a homotetrameric serine protease with 4 identical active sites directed toward a central pore. These active sites present an optimized scenario for the rational design of bivalent inhibitors, which bridge 2 adjacent active sites. Using (3-[1-acylpiperidin-4-yl]phenyl)methanamine as the pharmacophoric core and a disiloxane linker to span 2 active sites we have successfully produced a novel bivalent tryptase inhibitor, compound 1a, with a comparable profile to previously described inhibitors. Pharmacological properties of compound 1a were studied in a range of in vitro enzymic and cellular screening assays, and in vivo xenograft models. This non-peptide inhibitor of tryptase demonstrated superior activity (IC50 at 100 pmol/L tryptase = 1.82 nmol/L) compared to monomeric modes of inhibition. X-ray crystallography validated the dimeric mechanism of inhibition, and 1a demonstrated good oral bioavailability and efficacy in HMC-1 xenograft models. Furthermore, compound 1a demonstrated extremely slow off rates and high selectivity against-related proteases. This highly potent, orally bioavailable and selective inhibitor of human tryptase will be an invaluable tool in future studies to explore the therapeutic potential of attenuating the activity of this elusive target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah F Giardina
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, USA,
| | - Douglas S Werner
- Coferon, Inc., 25 Health Sciences Drive, Stony Brook, New York, USA
- BlinkBio, Inc., The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, USA
| | - Maneesh Pingle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, USA
- Coferon, Inc., 25 Health Sciences Drive, Stony Brook, New York, USA
- BlinkBio, Inc., The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, USA
| | - Donald E Bergstrom
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Lee D Arnold
- Coferon, Inc., 25 Health Sciences Drive, Stony Brook, New York, USA
- Fount Therapeutics, LLC, Wilmington, Delaware, USA
| | - Francis Barany
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, USA
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80
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Mast cells signal their importance in health and disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 142:381-393. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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81
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Shukla SK, Sikder K, Sarkar A, Addya S, Rafiq K. Molecular network, pathway, and functional analysis of time-dependent gene changes related to cathepsin G exposure in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. Gene 2018; 671:58-66. [PMID: 29859287 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.05.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The molecular pathways activated in response to acute cathepsin G (CG) exposure, as well as the mechanisms involved in activation of signaling pathways that culminate in myocyte detachment and apoptosis remain unclear. This study aimed to determine the changes in gene expression patterns associated with time dependent CG exposure to neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (NRCMs). Microarray analysis revealed a total of 451, 572 and 1127 differentially expressed genes after CG exposure at 1, 4 and 8 h respectively. A total of 54 overlapped genes at each time point were mapped by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA). The top up-regulated genes included Hamp, SMAD6, NR4A1, FOSL2, ID3 and SLAMF7, and down-regulated genes included CYR61, GDF6, Olr640, Vom2r36, DUSP6 and MMP20. Our data suggest that there are multiple deregulated pathways associated with cardiomyocyte death after CG exposure, including JAK/Stat signaling, IL-9 signaling and Nur77 signaling. In addition, we also generated the molecular network of expressed gene and found most of the molecules were connected to ERK1/2, caspase, BCR (complex) and Cyclins. Our study reveals the ability to assess time-dependent changes in gene expression patterns in NRCMs associated with CG exposure. The global gene expression profiles may provide insight into the cellular mechanism that regulates CG dependent myocyte apoptosis. In future, the pathways important in CG response, as well as the genes found to be differentially expressed might represent the therapeutic targets for myocyte survival in heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanket Kumar Shukla
- Department of Medicine, Center of Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia PA-19107, USA
| | - Kunal Sikder
- Department of Medicine, Center of Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia PA-19107, USA
| | - Amrita Sarkar
- Department of Medicine, Center of Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia PA-19107, USA
| | - Sankar Addya
- Kimmel Cancer Centre, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia PA-19107, USA
| | - Khadija Rafiq
- Department of Medicine, Center of Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia PA-19107, USA.
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82
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Houde M, Van Eck M. Escaping the atherogenic trap: Preventing LDL fusion and binding in the intima. Atherosclerosis 2018; 275:376-378. [PMID: 29843914 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2018.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Houde
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Universiteit Leiden, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC, Leiden, Zuid-Holland, The Netherlands.
| | - Miranda Van Eck
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Universiteit Leiden, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC, Leiden, Zuid-Holland, The Netherlands
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83
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Maun HR, Liu PS, Franke Y, Eigenbrot C, Forrest WF, Schwartz LB, Lazarus RA. Dual functionality of β-tryptase protomers as both proteases and cofactors in the active tetramer. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:9614-9628. [PMID: 29661938 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.812016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human β-tryptase, a tetrameric trypsin-like serine protease, is an important mediator of the allergic inflammatory responses in asthma. During acute hypersensitivity reactions, mast cells degranulate, releasing active tetramer as a complex with proteoglycans. Extensive efforts have focused on developing therapeutic β-tryptase inhibitors, but its unique activation mechanism is less well-explored. Tryptase is active only after proteolytic removal of the pro-domain followed by tetramer formation via two distinct symmetry-related interfaces. We show that the cleaved I16G mutant cannot tetramerize, likely due to impaired insertion of its N terminus into its "activation pocket," indicating allosteric linkage at multiple sites on each protomer. We engineered cysteines into each of the two distinct interfaces (Y75C for small or I99C for large) to assess the activity of each tetramer and disulfide-locked dimer. Using size-exclusion chromatography and enzymatic assays, we demonstrate that the two large tetramer interfaces regulate enzymatic activity, elucidating the importance of this protein-protein interaction for allosteric regulation. Notably, the I99C large interface dimer is active, even in the absence of heparin. We show that a monomeric β-tryptase mutant (I99C*/Y75A/Y37bA, where C* is cysteinylated Cys-99) cannot form a dimer or tetramer, yet it is active but only in the presence of heparin. Thus heparin both stabilizes the tetramer and allosterically conditions the active site. We hypothesize that each β-tryptase protomer in the tetramer has two distinct roles, acting both as a protease and as a cofactor for its neighboring protomer, to allosterically regulate enzymatic activity, providing a rationale for direct correlation of tetramer stability with proteolytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry R Maun
- From the Departments of Early Discovery Biochemistry
| | | | | | | | - William F Forrest
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080 and
| | - Lawrence B Schwartz
- the Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298
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84
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Maaninka K, Nguyen SD, Mäyränpää MI, Plihtari R, Rajamäki K, Lindsberg PJ, Kovanen PT, Öörni K. Human mast cell neutral proteases generate modified LDL particles with increased proteoglycan binding. Atherosclerosis 2018; 275:390-399. [PMID: 29703634 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2018.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Subendothelial interaction of LDL with extracellular matrix drives atherogenesis. This interaction can be strengthened by proteolytic modification of LDL. Mast cells (MCs) are present in atherosclerotic lesions, and upon activation, they degranulate and release a variety of neutral proteases. Here we studied the ability of MC proteases to cleave apoB-100 of LDL and affect the binding of LDL to proteoglycans. METHODS Mature human MCs were differentiated from human peripheral blood-derived CD34+ progenitors in vitro and activated with calcium ionophore to generate MC-conditioned medium. LDL was incubated in the MC-conditioned medium or with individual MC proteases, and the binding of native and modified LDL to isolated human aortic proteoglycans or to human atherosclerotic plaques ex vivo was determined. MC proteases in atherosclerotic human coronary artery lesions were detected by immunofluorescence and qPCR. RESULTS Activated human MCs released the neutral proteases tryptase, chymase, carboxypeptidase A3, cathepsin G, and granzyme B. Of these, cathepsin G degraded most efficiently apoB-100, induced LDL fusion, and enhanced binding of LDL to isolated human aortic proteoglycans and human atherosclerotic lesions ex vivo. Double immunofluoresence staining of human atherosclerotic coronary arteries for tryptase and cathepsin G indicated that lesional MCs contain cathepsin G. In the lesions, expression of cathepsin G correlated with the expression of tryptase and chymase, but not with that of neutrophil proteinase 3. CONCLUSIONS The present study suggests that cathepsin G in human atherosclerotic lesions is largely derived from MCs and that activated MCs may contribute to atherogenesis by enhancing LDL retention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katariina Maaninka
- Wihuri Research Institute, Biomedicum 1, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Su Duy Nguyen
- Wihuri Research Institute, Biomedicum 1, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikko I Mäyränpää
- Wihuri Research Institute, Biomedicum 1, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; Pathology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland
| | - Riia Plihtari
- Wihuri Research Institute, Biomedicum 1, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kristiina Rajamäki
- Wihuri Research Institute, Biomedicum 1, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; Clinicum Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Perttu J Lindsberg
- Molecular Neurology, Research Programs Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Clinical Neurosciences, Neurology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland
| | - Petri T Kovanen
- Wihuri Research Institute, Biomedicum 1, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Katariina Öörni
- Wihuri Research Institute, Biomedicum 1, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00290 Helsinki, Finland.
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85
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Wilkinson DJ, Arques MDC, Huesa C, Rowan AD. Serine proteinases in the turnover of the cartilage extracellular matrix in the joint: implications for therapeutics. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 176:38-51. [PMID: 29473950 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cartilage destruction is a key characteristic of arthritic disease, a process now widely established to be mediated by metzincins such as MMPs. Despite showing promise in preclinical trials during the 1990s, MMP inhibitors for the blockade of extracellular matrix turnover in the treatment of cancer and arthritis failed clinically, primarily due to poor selectivity for target MMPs. In recent years, roles for serine proteinases in the proteolytic cascades leading to cartilage destruction have become increasingly apparent, renewing interest in the potential for new therapeutic strategies that utilize pharmacological inhibitors against this class of proteinases. Herein, we describe key serine proteinases with likely importance in arthritic disease and highlight recent advances in this field. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed section on Translating the Matrix. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.1/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Wilkinson
- Skeletal Research Group, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Maria Del Carmen Arques
- Skeletal Research Group, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Carmen Huesa
- Institute of Biomedical and Environmental Health Research, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, UK
| | - Andrew D Rowan
- Skeletal Research Group, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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86
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Atiakshin D, Buchwalow I, Samoilova V, Tiemann M. Tryptase as a polyfunctional component of mast cells. Histochem Cell Biol 2018. [PMID: 29532158 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-018-1659-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells are haematopoietic cells that arise from pluripotent precursors of the bone marrow. They play immunomodulatory roles in both health and disease. When appropriately activated, mast cells undergo degranulation, and preformed granule compounds are rapidly released into the surroundings. In many cases, the effects that mast cells have on various inflammatory settings are closely associated with the enzymatic characteristics of tryptase, the main granule compound of mast cells. Tryptase degranulation is often linked with the development of an immune response, allergy, inflammation, and remodelling of tissue architecture. Tryptase also represents an informative diagnostic marker of certain diseases and a prospective target for pharmacotherapy. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge about mast cell tryptase as one of the mast cell secretome proteases. The main points of the reviewed publications are highlighted with our microscopic images of mast cell tryptases visualized using immunohistochemical staining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitri Atiakshin
- Research Institute of Experimental Biology and Medicine, Voronezh N. N. Burdenko State Medical University, Voronezh, Russia
| | - Igor Buchwalow
- Institute for Hematopathology, Fangdieckstr. 75a, 22547, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Vera Samoilova
- Institute for Hematopathology, Fangdieckstr. 75a, 22547, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Markus Tiemann
- Institute for Hematopathology, Fangdieckstr. 75a, 22547, Hamburg, Germany
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87
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Mast Cells as Drivers of Disease and Therapeutic Targets. Trends Immunol 2018; 39:151-162. [DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2017.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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88
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Bais S, Kumari R, Prashar Y, Gill NS. Review of various molecular targets on mast cells and its relation to obesity: A future perspective. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2017; 11 Suppl 2:S1001-S1007. [PMID: 28778429 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2017.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Mast cells are stimulatory factors in prognosis of various immunogenic and allergic diseases in human body. These cells play an important role in various immunological and metabolic diseases. The aim of present article is to explore the molecular targets to suppress the over expression of mast cells in obesity. The last 20 years literature were searched by various bibliographic data bases like Pubmed, google Scholar, Scopus and web of Science. The data were collected by keywords like "Mast Cell" "obesity" and "role of mast cell or role in obesity". Articles and their abstract were reviewed with a counting of 827 publications, in which 87 publications were considered for study and remaining was excluded because of its specificity to the subject. This review explains the characteristics, molecular targets and role of mast cells in obesity and existing research with mast cells to the area of metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souravh Bais
- Department of Pharmacology, Rayat Institute of Pharmacy, Railmajra, SBS Nagar District, Punjab 144506, India.
| | - Reena Kumari
- Department of Pharmacology, Rayat Institute of Pharmacy, Railmajra, SBS Nagar District, Punjab 144506, India
| | - Yash Prashar
- Department of Pharmacology, Rayat Institute of Pharmacy, Railmajra, SBS Nagar District, Punjab 144506, India
| | - N S Gill
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Rayat Institute of Pharmacy, Railmajra, SBS Nagar District, Punjab 144506, India
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Boyer HG, Wils J, Renouf S, Arabo A, Duparc C, Boutelet I, Lefebvre H, Louiset E. Dysregulation of Aldosterone Secretion in Mast Cell–Deficient Mice. Hypertension 2017; 70:1256-1263. [DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.117.09746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hadrien-Gaël Boyer
- From the Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, INSERM U1239, Rouen, France (H.-G.B., J.W., S.R., C.D., I.B., H.L., E.L.); Department of Pharmacology, Institute for Biomedical Research, Rouen University Hospital, France (J.W.); Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, Rouen, France (A.A.); and Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, University Hospital of Rouen, France (H.L.)
| | - Julien Wils
- From the Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, INSERM U1239, Rouen, France (H.-G.B., J.W., S.R., C.D., I.B., H.L., E.L.); Department of Pharmacology, Institute for Biomedical Research, Rouen University Hospital, France (J.W.); Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, Rouen, France (A.A.); and Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, University Hospital of Rouen, France (H.L.)
| | - Sylvie Renouf
- From the Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, INSERM U1239, Rouen, France (H.-G.B., J.W., S.R., C.D., I.B., H.L., E.L.); Department of Pharmacology, Institute for Biomedical Research, Rouen University Hospital, France (J.W.); Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, Rouen, France (A.A.); and Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, University Hospital of Rouen, France (H.L.)
| | - Arnaud Arabo
- From the Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, INSERM U1239, Rouen, France (H.-G.B., J.W., S.R., C.D., I.B., H.L., E.L.); Department of Pharmacology, Institute for Biomedical Research, Rouen University Hospital, France (J.W.); Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, Rouen, France (A.A.); and Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, University Hospital of Rouen, France (H.L.)
| | - Céline Duparc
- From the Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, INSERM U1239, Rouen, France (H.-G.B., J.W., S.R., C.D., I.B., H.L., E.L.); Department of Pharmacology, Institute for Biomedical Research, Rouen University Hospital, France (J.W.); Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, Rouen, France (A.A.); and Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, University Hospital of Rouen, France (H.L.)
| | - Isabelle Boutelet
- From the Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, INSERM U1239, Rouen, France (H.-G.B., J.W., S.R., C.D., I.B., H.L., E.L.); Department of Pharmacology, Institute for Biomedical Research, Rouen University Hospital, France (J.W.); Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, Rouen, France (A.A.); and Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, University Hospital of Rouen, France (H.L.)
| | - Hervé Lefebvre
- From the Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, INSERM U1239, Rouen, France (H.-G.B., J.W., S.R., C.D., I.B., H.L., E.L.); Department of Pharmacology, Institute for Biomedical Research, Rouen University Hospital, France (J.W.); Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, Rouen, France (A.A.); and Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, University Hospital of Rouen, France (H.L.)
| | - Estelle Louiset
- From the Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, INSERM U1239, Rouen, France (H.-G.B., J.W., S.R., C.D., I.B., H.L., E.L.); Department of Pharmacology, Institute for Biomedical Research, Rouen University Hospital, France (J.W.); Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, Rouen, France (A.A.); and Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, University Hospital of Rouen, France (H.L.)
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90
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Kovanen PT, Bot I. Mast cells in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease – Activators and actions. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 816:37-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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91
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Li C, Liu P, Song R, Zhang Y, Lei S, Wu S. Immune cells and autoantibodies in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2017; 49:1047-1057. [PMID: 29036539 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmx095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Analyses of immunity in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) support the notion that maladaptation of the immune response exists. Altered immunity is an increasingly recognized feature of PAH. Indeed, a delicate balance between immunity and tolerance exists and any disturbance may result in chronic inflammation or autoimmunity. This is suggested by infiltration of various immune cells (e.g. macrophages, T and B lymphocytes) in remodeled pulmonary vessels. In addition, several types of autoantibodies directed against antinuclear antigens, endothelial cells (ECs) and fibroblasts have been found in idiopathic and systemic sclerosis-associated PAH. These autoantibodies may play an important role in EC apoptosis and in the expression of cell adhesion molecules. This review article provides an overview of immunity pathways highlighting their potential roles in pulmonary vascular remodeling in PAH and the possibility of future targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Pingping Liu
- Department of Emergency, Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Rong Song
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yiqing Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Si Lei
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shangjie Wu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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92
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McLeod DS, Bhutto I, Edwards MM, Gedam M, Baldeosingh R, Lutty GA. Mast Cell-Derived Tryptase in Geographic Atrophy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2017; 58:5887-5896. [PMID: 29164232 PMCID: PMC5699534 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.17-22989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Our previous study demonstrated significantly more degranulating mast cells (MCs) in choroids from subjects with age-related macular degeneration compared to aged controls. This study examined the immunolocalization of tryptase, the most abundant MC secretory granule-derived serine protease, in aged control eyes and eyes with geographic atrophy (GA). Methods Postmortem human eyes with and without GA were obtained from the National Disease Research Interchange. Tissue was fixed, cryopreserved, sectioned, and immunostained with a monoclonal antibody against tryptase. Sections were imaged on a Zeiss 710 Confocal Microscope. Results In the posterior pole of all aged control eyes, tryptase was confined to choroidal MCs, which were located primarily in Sattler's layer. In eyes with GA, many MCs were located in the inner choroid near choriocapillaris and Bruch's membrane (BM). Tryptase was found not only in MCs but also diffusely around them in stroma, suggesting they had degranulated. In contrast with aged control eyes, eyes with GA also had strong tryptase staining in BM. Tryptase was observed within BM in regions of RPE atrophy, at the border of atrophy, and extending well into the nonatrophic region. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that tryptase, released during choroidal MC degranulation, binds to BM in GA in advance of RPE atrophy. Tryptase activates MMPs that can degrade extracellular matrix (ECM) and basement membrane components found in BM. ECM modifications are likely to have a profound effect on the function and health of RPE and choroidal thinning in GA.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Scott McLeod
- Wilmer Ophthalmological Institute, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Imran Bhutto
- Wilmer Ophthalmological Institute, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Malia M. Edwards
- Wilmer Ophthalmological Institute, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Manasee Gedam
- Wilmer Ophthalmological Institute, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Rajkumar Baldeosingh
- Wilmer Ophthalmological Institute, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Gerard A. Lutty
- Wilmer Ophthalmological Institute, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
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93
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Dual inhibition of cathepsin G and chymase reduces myocyte death and improves cardiac remodeling after myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury. Basic Res Cardiol 2017; 112:62. [PMID: 28913553 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-017-0652-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Early reperfusion of ischemic cardiac tissue increases inflammatory cell infiltration which contributes to cardiomyocyte death and loss of cardiac function, referred to as ischemia/reperfusion (IR) injury. Neutrophil- and mast cell-derived proteases, cathepsin G (Cat.G) and chymase, are released early after IR, but their function is complicated by potentially redundant actions and targets. This study investigated whether a dual inhibition of Cat.G and chymase influences cardiomyocyte injury and wound healing after experimental IR in mice. Treatment with a dual Cat.G and chymase inhibitor (DCCI) immediately after reperfusion blocked cardiac Cat.G and chymase activity induced after IR, which resulted in decreased immune response in the infarcted heart. Mice treated with DCCI had less myocardial collagen deposition and showed preserved ventricular function at 1 and 7 days post-IR compared with vehicle-treated mice. DCCI treatment also significantly attenuated focal adhesion (FA) complex disruption and myocyte degeneration after IR. Treatment of isolated cardiomyocytes with Cat.G or chymase significantly promoted FA signaling downregulation, myofibril degeneration and myocyte apoptosis. Conversely, treatment of cardiac fibroblasts with Cat.G or chymase induced FA signaling activation and increased their migration and differentiation to myofibroblasts. These opposite responses in cardiomyocytes and fibroblasts were blocked by treatment with DCCI. These findings show that Cat.G and chymase are key mediators of myocyte apoptosis and fibroblast migration and differentiation that play a role in adverse cardiac remodeling and function post-IR. Thus, dual targeting of neutrophil- and mast cell-derived proteases could be used as a novel therapeutic strategy to reduce post-IR inflammation and improve cardiac remodeling.
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94
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Cellular and molecular mechanisms of asthma and COPD. Clin Sci (Lond) 2017; 131:1541-1558. [PMID: 28659395 DOI: 10.1042/cs20160487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) both cause airway obstruction and are associated with chronic inflammation of the airways. However, the nature and sites of the inflammation differ between these diseases, resulting in different pathology, clinical manifestations and response to therapy. In this review, the inflammatory and cellular mechanisms of asthma and COPD are compared and the differences in inflammatory cells and profile of inflammatory mediators are highlighted. These differences account for the differences in clinical manifestations of asthma and COPD and their response to therapy. Although asthma and COPD are usually distinct, there are some patients who show an overlap of features, which may be explained by the coincidence of two common diseases or distinct phenotypes of each disease. It is important to better understand the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms of asthma and COPD in order to develop new treatments in areas of unmet need, such as severe asthma, curative therapy for asthma and effective anti-inflammatory treatments for COPD.
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95
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Medicinal leech therapy-an overall perspective. Integr Med Res 2017; 6:337-343. [PMID: 29296560 PMCID: PMC5741396 DOI: 10.1016/j.imr.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Complementary medicine methods have a long history, but modern medicine has just recently focused on their possible modes of action. Medicinal leech therapy (MLT) or hirudotherapy, an old technique, has been studied by many researchers for possible effects on various diseases such as inflammatory diseases, osteoarthritis, and after different surgeries. Hirudo medicinalis has widest therapeutic usage among the leeches, but worldwide, many different species were tested and studied. Leeches secrete more than 20 identified bioactive substances such as antistasin, eglins, guamerin, hirudin, saratin, bdellins, complement, and carboxypeptidase inhibitors. They have analgesic, anti-inflammatory, platelet inhibitory, anticoagulant, and thrombin regulatory functions, as well as extracellular matrix degradative and antimicrobial effects, but with further studies, the spectrum of effects may widen. The technique is cheap, effective, easy to apply, and its modes of action have been elucidated for certain diseases. In conclusion, for treatment of some diseases, MLT is not an alternative, but is a complementary and/or integrative choice. MLT is a part of multidisciplinary treatments, and secretes various bioactive substances. These substances vary among species and different species should be evaluated for both treatment capability and their particular secreted molecules. There is huge potential for novel substances and these could be future therapeutics.
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96
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Guilarte M, Sala-Cunill A, Luengo O, Labrador-Horrillo M, Cardona V. The Mast Cell, Contact, and Coagulation System Connection in Anaphylaxis. Front Immunol 2017; 8:846. [PMID: 28798744 PMCID: PMC5526842 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaphylaxis is the most severe form of allergic reaction, resulting from the effect of mediators and chemotactic substances released by activated cells. Mast cells and basophils are considered key players in IgE-mediated human anaphylaxis. Beyond IgE-mediated activation of mast cells/basophils, further mechanisms are involved in the occurrence of anaphylaxis. New insights into the potential relevance of pathways other than mast cell and basophil degranulation have been unraveled, such as the activation of the contact and the coagulation systems. Mast cell heparin released upon activation provides negatively charged surfaces for factor XII (FXII) binding and auto-activation. Activated FXII, the initiating serine protease in both the contact and the intrinsic coagulation system, activates factor XI and prekallikrein, respectively. FXII-mediated bradykinin (BK) formation has been proven in the human plasma of anaphylactic patients as well as in experimental models of anaphylaxis. Moreover, the severity of anaphylaxis is correlated with the increase in plasma heparin, BK formation and the intensity of contact system activation. FXII also activates plasminogen in the fibrinolysis system. Mast cell tryptase has been shown to participate in fibrinolysis through plasmin activation and by facilitating the degradation of fibrinogen. Some usual clinical manifestations in anaphylaxis, such as angioedema or hypotension, or other less common, such as metrorrhagia, may be explained by the direct effect of the activation of the coagulation and contact system driven by mast cell mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mar Guilarte
- Allergy Section, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain.,VHIR Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Sala-Cunill
- Allergy Section, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain.,VHIR Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Olga Luengo
- Allergy Section, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain.,VHIR Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Moisés Labrador-Horrillo
- Allergy Section, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain.,VHIR Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Victoria Cardona
- Allergy Section, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain.,VHIR Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
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97
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Hoebaus C, Yussuf SM, Valent P, Schernthaner GH. Peripheral arterial disease outcomes and association with suPAR: A bridge to myeloid precursors or mast cells or both? Atherosclerosis 2017; 264:77-78. [PMID: 28724499 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2017.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Hoebaus
- Medical University of Vienna, Department of Medicine II, Division of Angiology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sarah Mohammed Yussuf
- Medical University of Vienna, Department of Medicine II, Division of Angiology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Valent
- Medical University of Vienna, Department of Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Vienna, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Chmelař J, Kotál J, Langhansová H, Kotsyfakis M. Protease Inhibitors in Tick Saliva: The Role of Serpins and Cystatins in Tick-host-Pathogen Interaction. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:216. [PMID: 28611951 PMCID: PMC5447049 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The publication of the first tick sialome (salivary gland transcriptome) heralded a new era of research of tick protease inhibitors, which represent important constituents of the proteins secreted via tick saliva into the host. Three major groups of protease inhibitors are secreted into saliva: Kunitz inhibitors, serpins, and cystatins. Kunitz inhibitors are anti-hemostatic agents and tens of proteins with one or more Kunitz domains are known to block host coagulation and/or platelet aggregation. Serpins and cystatins are also anti-hemostatic effectors, but intriguingly, from the translational perspective, also act as pluripotent modulators of the host immune system. Here we focus especially on this latter aspect of protease inhibition by ticks and describe the current knowledge and data on secreted salivary serpins and cystatins and their role in tick-host-pathogen interaction triad. We also discuss the potential therapeutic use of tick protease inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jindřich Chmelař
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in České BudějoviceČeské Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Jan Kotál
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in České BudějoviceČeské Budějovice, Czechia.,Institute of Parasitology, Biology Center, Czech Academy of SciencesČeské Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Helena Langhansová
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in České BudějoviceČeské Budějovice, Czechia.,Institute of Parasitology, Biology Center, Czech Academy of SciencesČeské Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Michail Kotsyfakis
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Center, Czech Academy of SciencesČeské Budějovice, Czechia
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99
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tryptase is one of the main serine-proteinases located in the secretory granules of mast cells, and is released through degranulation, which is involved in the pathogenesis of allergic inflammatory disease, cardiovascular diseases, lung fibrosis and tumor. Therefore, inhibitors targeting tryptase may represent a new direction for the treatment of allergic inflammatory disease and other diseases. Areas covered: In this article, we discussed the history and development of tryptase inhibitors and described a variety of tryptase inhibitors via their structures and biological importance in clinical studies and drug development for tryptase-related diseases. Expert opinion: Initial tryptase inhibitors based on indole structure as the hydrophobic substituent on a benzylamine-piperidine template have low specificity and poor bioavailability. Therefore, designing new and specific inhibitors targeting tryptase should be involved in future clinical studies. Modifications toward indoles with varying N-substitution, introducing an amide bond, and growing the chain length contribute to an increase in the specific selectivity and potency of tryptase inhibitors. Tryptase has become the research hotspot to explore many related diseases. Therefore, there has been growing appreciation for the potential importance of the tryptase inhibitors as a target for treating these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Wei Ni
- a Research Division of Clinical Pharmacology , the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , Jiangsu , China
| | - Meng-Da Cao
- a Research Division of Clinical Pharmacology , the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , Jiangsu , China
| | - Wen Huang
- a Research Division of Clinical Pharmacology , the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , Jiangsu , China
| | - Ling Meng
- a Research Division of Clinical Pharmacology , the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , Jiangsu , China
| | - Ji-Fu Wei
- a Research Division of Clinical Pharmacology , the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , Jiangsu , China
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100
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Atiakshin D, Samoilova V, Buchwalow I, Boecker W, Tiemann M. Characterization of mast cell populations using different methods for their identification. Histochem Cell Biol 2017; 147:683-694. [PMID: 28243739 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-017-1547-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells are ubiquitous throughout the human tissues and play an essential role in physiology and pathology. For evaluation of patients with pathological conditions, mast cells were primarily detected using metachromatic staining with toluidine blue. In the last decades, the staining arsenal of pathologists was enriched with enzyme histochemical and immunohistochemical methods, and it was established that depending on species and tissue localization mast cells are not similar both in appearance and function. The aim of this study was to characterize different mast cell populations using the up-to-date methods of their identification. We compared standard metachromatic method for mast cells with enzyme histochemical detection of chloroacetyl esterase and with immunohistochemical detection of tryptase and chymase in human and rodent tissues. Combination of these methods allowed us to assay quantitatively mast cell populations in different organs of humans and rodents. Furthermore, we assessed the appropriate implementation of each of these methods for mast cell identification in diagnostic labs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitri Atiakshin
- Research Institute of Experimental Biology and Medicine, Burdenko Voronezh State Medical University, Voronezh, Russia
| | - Vera Samoilova
- Institute for Hematopathology, Fangdieckstreet 75a, 22547, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Igor Buchwalow
- Institute for Hematopathology, Fangdieckstreet 75a, 22547, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Werner Boecker
- Institute for Hematopathology, Fangdieckstreet 75a, 22547, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Markus Tiemann
- Institute for Hematopathology, Fangdieckstreet 75a, 22547, Hamburg, Germany
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