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Lian Y, Xia X, Zhao H, Zhu Y. The potential of chrysophanol in protecting against high fat-induced cardiac injury through Nrf2-regulated anti-inflammation, anti-oxidant and anti-fibrosis in Nrf2 knockout mice. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 93:1175-1189. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.05.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
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Nagoor Meeran MF, Javed H, Al Taee H, Azimullah S, Ojha SK. Pharmacological Properties and Molecular Mechanisms of Thymol: Prospects for Its Therapeutic Potential and Pharmaceutical Development. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:380. [PMID: 28694777 PMCID: PMC5483461 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymol, chemically known as 2-isopropyl-5-methylphenol is a colorless crystalline monoterpene phenol. It is one of the most important dietary constituents in thyme species. For centuries, it has been used in traditional medicine and has been shown to possess various pharmacological properties including antioxidant, free radical scavenging, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antispasmodic, antibacterial, antifungal, antiseptic and antitumor activities. The present article presents a detailed review of the scientific literature which reveals the pharmacological properties of thymol and its multiple therapeutic actions against various cardiovascular, neurological, rheumatological, gastrointestinal, metabolic and malignant diseases at both biochemical and molecular levels. The noteworthy effects of thymol are largely attributed to its anti-inflammatory (via inhibiting recruitment of cytokines and chemokines), antioxidant (via scavenging of free radicals, enhancing the endogenous enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants and chelation of metal ions), antihyperlipidemic (via increasing the levels of high density lipoprotein cholesterol and decreasing the levels of low density lipoprotein cholesterol and low density lipoprotein cholesterol in the circulation and membrane stabilization) (via maintaining ionic homeostasis) effects. This review presents an overview of the current in vitro and in vivo data supporting thymol's therapeutic activity and the challenges concerning its use for prevention and its therapeutic value as a dietary supplement or as a pharmacological agent or as an adjuvant along with current therapeutic agents for the treatment of various diseases. It is one of the potential candidates of natural origin that has shown promising therapeutic potential, pharmacological properties and molecular mechanisms as well as pharmacokinetic properties for the pharmaceutical development of thymol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Fizur Nagoor Meeran
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Science, United Arab Emirates UniversityAl Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Hayate Javed
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Science, United Arab Emirates UniversityAl Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Hasan Al Taee
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Science, United Arab Emirates UniversityAl Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sheikh Azimullah
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Science, United Arab Emirates UniversityAl Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Shreesh K. Ojha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Science, United Arab Emirates UniversityAl Ain, United Arab Emirates
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Asadbegi M, Yaghmaei P, Salehi I, Komaki A, Ebrahim-Habibi A. Investigation of thymol effect on learning and memory impairment induced by intrahippocampal injection of amyloid beta peptide in high fat diet- fed rats. Metab Brain Dis 2017; 32:827-839. [PMID: 28255862 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-017-9960-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Obesity and consumption of a high fat diet (HFD) are known to increase the risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In the present study, we have examined the protective and therapeutic effects of thymol (main monoterpene phenol found in thyme essential oil) on a HFD-fed rat model of AD. Fourty adult male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to 5 groups:(n = 8 rats/group): group 1, control, consumed an ordinary diet, group 2 consumed a HFD for 8 weeks, then received phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) via intrahippocampal (IHP) injection, group 3 consumed HFD for 8 weeks, then received beta-amyloid (Aβ)1-42 via IHP injections to induce AD, group 4 consumed HFD for 8 weeks, then received Aβ1-42, and was treated by thymol (30 mg/kg in sunflower oil) daily for 4 weeks, and group 5 consumed HFD for 8 week, then received Aβ1-42 after what sunflower oil was administered by oral gavage daily for 4 weeks. Biochemical tests showed an impaired lipid profile and higher glucose levels upon consumption of HFD, which was ameliorated by thymol treatment. In behavioral results, spatial memory in group 3 was significantly impaired, but groups treated with thymol showed better spatial memory compared to group 3 (p ≤ 0.01). In histological results, formation of Aβ plaque in hippocampus of group 3 increased significantly compared to group 1 and group 2 (p ≤ 0.05), but group 4 showed decreased Aβ plaques compared to group 3 (p ≤ 0.01). In conclusion, thymol decreased the effects of Aβ on memory and could be considered as neuroprotective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoumeh Asadbegi
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parichehreh Yaghmaei
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Iraj Salehi
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Alireza Komaki
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Azadeh Ebrahim-Habibi
- Biosensor Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1411413137, Iran.
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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RETRACTED: Polysaccharide from Angelica sinensis ameliorates high-fat diet and STZ-induced hepatic oxidative stress and inflammation in diabetic mice by activating the Sirt1–AMPK pathway. J Nutr Biochem 2017; 43:88-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Li H, Qin T, Li M, Ma S. Thymol improves high-fat diet-induced cognitive deficits in mice via ameliorating brain insulin resistance and upregulating NRF2/HO-1 pathway. Metab Brain Dis 2017; 32:385-393. [PMID: 27761760 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-016-9921-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The impaired insulin signaling has been recognized as a common pathogenetic mechanism between diabetes and Alzheimer's disease (AD). In the progression of AD, brain is characterized by defective insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) and increased oxidative stress. Thymol, a monoterpene phenol isolated from medicinal herbs, has exhibited robust neuroprotective effects. The present study was designed to investigate the protective effect of thymol on HFD-induced cognitive deficits, and explore the possible mechanisms. C57BL/6 J mice were fed for 12 weeks with either HFD or normal diet. The mice fed with HFD were dosed with metformin (200 mg/kg) or thymol (20, 40 mg/kg) daily. It was observed that thymol treatment significantly reversed the gain of body weight and peripheral insulin resistance induced by HFD. Meanwhile, thymol improved the cognitive impairments in the Morris Water Maze (MWM) test and decreased HFD-induced Aβ deposition and tau hyperphosphorylation in the hippocampus, which may be correlated with the inhibition of hippocampal oxidative stress and inflammation. In addition, thymol down-regulated the level of P-Ser307 IRS-1, and hence enhancing the expression of P-Ser473 AKT and P-Ser9 GSK3β. We further found that the protective effects of thymol on cognitive impairments were associated with the up-regulation of nuclear respiratory factor (Nrf2)/heme oxygenase-1(HO-1) pathway. In conclusion, thymol exhibited beneficial effects on HFD-induced cognitive deficits through improving hippocampal insulin resistance, and activating Nrf2/HO-1 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Li
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, China PharmaceuticalUniversity, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingting Qin
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, China PharmaceuticalUniversity, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Li
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, China PharmaceuticalUniversity, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiping Ma
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, China PharmaceuticalUniversity, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China.
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56
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An insight into anti-diabetic properties of dietary phytochemicals. PHYTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11101-017-9496-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Ying Z, Allen K, Zhong J, Chen M, Williams KM, Wagner JG, Lewandowski R, Sun Q, Rajagopalan S, Harkema JR. Subacute inhalation exposure to ozone induces systemic inflammation but not insulin resistance in a diabetic mouse model. Inhal Toxicol 2016; 28:155-63. [PMID: 26986950 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2016.1146808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies suggest that diabetics may be more susceptible to the adverse health effects from exposure to high ambient concentrations of ozone, the primary oxidant gas in photochemical smog. While increased morbidity and mortality from ozone inhalation has been linked to disruption of normal cardiovascular and airway functions, potential effects on glucose and insulin homeostasis are not understood. We tested the hypothesis that ozone exposure would worsen metabolic homeostasis in KKAy mice, a genetic diabetic animal model. Male KKAy mice were exposed to 0.5 ppm ozone for 13 consecutive weekdays, and then assessed for airway, adipose and systemic inflammation, glucose homeostasis, and insulin signaling. Ozone exposure increased plasma TNFα, as well as expression of VCAM-1, iNOS and IL-6 in both pulmonary and adipose tissues. Pro-inflammatory CD11b(+)Gr-1(lo)7/4(hi) macrophages were increased by 200% in adipose tissue, but unchanged in blood. Interestingly, glucose levels were not significantly different in the insulin tolerance test between air- and ozone-exposed mice, whereas fasting insulin levels and HOMA-IR in ozone-exposed animals were significantly reduced. These changes were accompanied by increased insulin signaling in skeletal muscle and liver, but not adipose tissues. Ozone also caused decrease in body weight and plasma leptin. Our results show that in addition to marked local and systemic inflammation, ozone increases insulin sensitivity that may be related to weight loss/leptin sensitization-dependent mechanisms in KKAy mice, warranting further study on the role of hyperglycemia in mediating cardiometabolic effects of ozone inhalation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhekang Ying
- a Department of Medicine , Cardiology Division, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - Katryn Allen
- b Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation , Michigan State University , East Lansing , MH , USA , and
| | - Jixin Zhong
- a Department of Medicine , Cardiology Division, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - Minjie Chen
- a Department of Medicine , Cardiology Division, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - Keisha M Williams
- b Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation , Michigan State University , East Lansing , MH , USA , and
| | - James G Wagner
- b Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation , Michigan State University , East Lansing , MH , USA , and
| | - Ryan Lewandowski
- b Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation , Michigan State University , East Lansing , MH , USA , and
| | - Qinghua Sun
- c College of Public Health, Ohio State University , Columbus , OH , USA
| | - Sanjay Rajagopalan
- a Department of Medicine , Cardiology Division, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - Jack R Harkema
- b Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation , Michigan State University , East Lansing , MH , USA , and
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Yang ZW, Ouyang KH, Zhao J, Chen H, Xiong L, Wang WJ. Structural characterization and hypolipidemic effect of Cyclocarya paliurus polysaccharide in rat. Int J Biol Macromol 2016. [DOI: https://doi.org/:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.06.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Yang ZW, Ouyang KH, Zhao J, Chen H, Xiong L, Wang WJ. Structural characterization and hypolipidemic effect of Cyclocarya paliurus polysaccharide in rat. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 91:1073-80. [PMID: 27343704 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.06.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 06/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Polysaccharide is one of the important active ingredients of Cyclocarya paliurus (Batal.) Iljinskaja leaves. The aims of this work were to analyze the structure of the polysaccharide of Cyclocarya paliurus (Batal.) Iljinskaja leaves (CPP), and to investigate the antihyperlipidemic effect of CPP on high-fat emulsion (HFE)-induced hyperlipidaemic rats. CPP, comprised of two polysaccharides with average molecular weight (Mw) of 1.35×10(5)Da and 9.34×10(3)Da, was consisted of rhamnose, arabinose, xylose, mannose, glucose and galactose in the molar ratio of 1.00:2.23:0.64:0.49:0.63:4.16. Oral administration of CPP could significantly decrease levels of serum total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), increase high density lipoprotein (HDL-C) in hyperlipidemic rats. CPP exerts therapeutic effects on hyperlipidaemic rats, by up-regulating expressions of adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα), via down-regulating fatty acid synthase (FAS) and hydroxy methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMG-CoA). This study demonstrates that CPP may be beneficial for the treatment of hyperlipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan-Wei Yang
- Key Lab for Agro-product Processing and Quality Control of Nanchang City, College of Food Science and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Ke-Hui Ouyang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Key Lab for Agro-product Processing and Quality Control of Nanchang City, College of Food Science and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Key Lab for Agro-product Processing and Quality Control of Nanchang City, College of Food Science and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Lei Xiong
- Key Lab for Agro-product Processing and Quality Control of Nanchang City, College of Food Science and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Wen-Jun Wang
- Key Lab for Agro-product Processing and Quality Control of Nanchang City, College of Food Science and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China.
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Monoterpene phenolic compound thymol promotes browning of 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Eur J Nutr 2016; 56:2329-2341. [PMID: 27431894 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-016-1273-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Appearance of brown-like adipocytes within white adipose tissue depots (browning) is associated with improved metabolic phenotypes, and thus a wide variety of dietary agents that contribute to browning of white adipocytes are being studied. The aim of this study was to assess the browning effect of thymol, a dietary monoterpene phenolic compound, in 3T3-L1 white adipocytes. METHODS Thymol-induced fat browning was investigated by determining expression levels of brown fat-specific genes and proteins by real-time RT-PCR and immunoblot analysis, respectively. Moreover, the molecular mechanism underlying the fat-browning effect of thymol was investigated by determining expression levels of key players responsible for browning in the presence of kinase inhibitors. RESULTS Thymol promoted mitochondrial biogenesis and enhanced expression of a core set of brown fat-specific markers as well as increased protein levels of PPARγ, PPARδ, pAMPK, pACC, HSL, PLIN, CPT1, ACO, PGC-1α, and UCP1, suggesting its possible role in browning of white adipocytes, augmentation of lipolysis, fat oxidation, and thermogenesis, and reduction of lipogenesis. Increased expression of UCP1 and other brown fat-specific markers by thymol was tightly coordinated with activation of β3-AR as well as AMPK, PKA, and p38 MAPK. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that 3T3-L1 is a potential cell model for screening browning agents. Thymol plays multiple modulatory roles in the form of inducing the brown-like phenotype as well as enhancing lipid metabolism. Thus, thymol may be explored as a potentially promising food additive for prevention of obesity.
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Šmejkal K, Malaník M, Zhaparkulova K, Sakipova Z, Ibragimova L, Ibadullaeva G, Žemlička M. Kazakh Ziziphora Species as Sources of Bioactive Substances. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21070826. [PMID: 27347924 PMCID: PMC6274025 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21070826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Ziziphora species represent the prototypical example of the Lamiaceae family. The phytochemicals present in Ziziphora include monoterpenic essential oils, triterpenes and phenolic substances belonging to the flavonoids. In Kazakh traditional medicine, Ziziphora species possess several medicinal uses. In particular, Z. bungeana Lam. and Z. clinopodioides Lam. are used for the treatment of illnesses related to the cardiovascular system or to combat different infections. Unfortunately, the majority of the information about the complex Ziziphora species is only available in Russian and Chinese language, therefore, we decided gather all available information on Kazakhstan Ziziphora, namely its content compounds, medicinal uses and published patents, to draw the attention of scientists to this very interesting plant with high medicinal potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karel Šmejkal
- Department of Natural Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno 61242, Czech Republic.
| | - Milan Malaník
- Department of Natural Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno 61242, Czech Republic.
| | - Karlygash Zhaparkulova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan.
| | - Zuriyadda Sakipova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan.
| | - Liliya Ibragimova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan.
| | - Galya Ibadullaeva
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan.
| | - Milan Žemlička
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Botany, The University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Košice 04181, Slovakia.
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Ferreira JVN, Capello TM, Siqueira LJA, Lago JHG, Caseli L. Mechanism of Action of Thymol on Cell Membranes Investigated through Lipid Langmuir Monolayers at the Air-Water Interface and Molecular Simulation. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:3234-3241. [PMID: 26982820 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b00600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A major challenge in the design of biocidal drugs is to identify compounds with potential action on microorganisms and to understand at the molecular level their mechanism of action. In this study, thymol, a monoterpenoid found in the oil of leaves of Lippia sidoides with possible action in biological surfaces, was incorporated in lipid monolayers at the air-water interface that represented cell membrane models. The interaction of thymol with dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) at the air-water interface was investigated by means of surface pressure-area isotherms, Brewster angle microscopy (BAM), polarization-modulation reflection-absorption spectroscopy (PM-IRRAS), and molecular dynamics simulation. Thymol expands DPPC monolayers, decreases their surface elasticity, and changes the morphology of the lipid monolayer, which evidence the incorporation of this compound in the lipid Langmuir film. Such incorporation could be corroborated by PM-IRRAS since some specific bands for DPPC were changed upon thymol incorporation. Furthermore, potential of mean force obtained by molecular dynamics simulations indicates that the most stable position of the drug along the lipid film is near the hydrophobic regions of DPPC. These results may be useful to understand the interaction between thymol and cell membranes during biochemical phenomena, which may be associated with its pharmaceutical properties at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Victor N Ferreira
- Institute of Environmental, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo , Diadema, SP, Brazil
| | - Tabata M Capello
- Institute of Environmental, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo , Diadema, SP, Brazil
| | - Leonardo J A Siqueira
- Institute of Environmental, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo , Diadema, SP, Brazil
| | - João Henrique G Lago
- Institute of Environmental, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo , Diadema, SP, Brazil
| | - Luciano Caseli
- Institute of Environmental, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo , Diadema, SP, Brazil
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63
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Wang J, Ji J, Song Z, Zhang W, He X, Li F, Zhang C, Guo C, Wang C, Yuan C. Hypocholesterolemic effect of emodin by simultaneous determination of in vitro and in vivo bile salts binding. Fitoterapia 2016; 110:116-22. [PMID: 26964768 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2016.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Emodin is an active anthraquinone derivative from Rheum palmatum and some other Chinese herbs and it is traditionally used for treating a variety of diseases. In this study, we investigated the hypocholesterolemic effects and mechanism of emodin on hypercholesterolemia rats. In vitro, capability of emodin binding to sodium deoxycholate which is one kind of bile salts (BAs) was evaluated by detection of surplus content of sodium deoxycholate. In vivo, hypocholesterolemic effects were assessed by determining total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) level of serum and TC, TG level of the liver. Oil red O staining was employed to determine lipid droplet of the liver. The mechanism was explored by BAs in feces, the liver and small intestine. Furthermore, cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) activity was measured to evaluate cholesterol's transforming to BAs. The results indicated that TC level of emodin group apparently decreased comparing with model group (p<0.05). Emodin could bind to BAs both in vivo (p<0.05) and in vitro. CYP7A1 activity in emodin group apparently increased comparing with model group (p<0.05). Data suggested that emodin had the potential value for treatment of hypercholesterolemia. The underlying mechanism is probably associated with binding capability to BAs and subsequent increasing expression of CYP7A1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaoying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Jun Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Zijing Song
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Wenjun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Xin He
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210000, China
| | - Fei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Chunfeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China; Tang Center of Herbal Medicine Research and Department of Anesthesia & Critical Care, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
| | - Changrun Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Chongzhi Wang
- Tang Center of Herbal Medicine Research and Department of Anesthesia & Critical Care, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Chunsu Yuan
- Tang Center of Herbal Medicine Research and Department of Anesthesia & Critical Care, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Aragonès G, Ardid-Ruiz A, Ibars M, Suárez M, Bladé C. Modulation of leptin resistance by food compounds. Mol Nutr Food Res 2016; 60:1789-803. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201500964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Aragonès
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology; Nutrigenomics Research Group; Universitat Rovira i Virgili; Tarragona Spain
| | - Andrea Ardid-Ruiz
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology; Nutrigenomics Research Group; Universitat Rovira i Virgili; Tarragona Spain
| | - Maria Ibars
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology; Nutrigenomics Research Group; Universitat Rovira i Virgili; Tarragona Spain
| | - Manuel Suárez
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology; Nutrigenomics Research Group; Universitat Rovira i Virgili; Tarragona Spain
| | - Cinta Bladé
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology; Nutrigenomics Research Group; Universitat Rovira i Virgili; Tarragona Spain
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Antidiabetic effect of polysaccharides from Pleurotus ostreatus in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 83:126-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.11.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Ribeiro ARS, Diniz PBF, Pinheiro MS, Albuquerque-Júnior RLC, Thomazzi SM. Gastroprotective effects of thymol on acute and chronic ulcers in rats: The role of prostaglandins, ATP-sensitive K(+) channels, and gastric mucus secretion. Chem Biol Interact 2015; 244:121-8. [PMID: 26689173 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Thymol, a monoterpene phenol derivative of cymene, is found in abundance in the essential oils of Thymus, Origanum, and Lippia species. The present study investigated the gastroprotective actions of thymol (10, 30, and 100 mg/kg, p.o.) in the acute (ethanol- and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced ulcers) and chronic (acetic acid-induced ulcers) ulcer models in rats. Some of the mechanisms underlying to the gastroprotective effect of thymol were investigated in the ethanol-induced ulcer model. Gastric secretion parameters (volume, pH, and total acidity) were also evaluated by the pylorus ligature model, and the mucus in the gastric content was determined. The anti-Helicobacter pylori activity of thymol was performed using the agar-well diffusion method. Thymol (10, 30, and 100 mg/kg) produced dose dependent reduction (P < 0.01) on the total lesion area in the ethanol-induced ulcer model. The gastroprotective response caused by thymol (30 mg/kg) was significantly attenuated (P < 0.001) by intraperitoneal treatment of rats with indomethacin (a non-selective inhibitor of cyclo-oxygenase, 10 mg/kg) and glibenclamide (ATP-sensitive K(+) channel blocker, 10 mg/kg), but not by DL-Propargylglycine (PAG, a cystathionine-γ-lyase inhibitor, 25 mg/kg) and Nw-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride (L-NAME, a non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase, 70 mg/kg). Thymol (30 and 100 mg/kg) also reduced the ulcer index (P < 0.05) and the total lesion area (P < 0.001) in the indomethacin- and acetic-acid-induced ulcer models, respectively. In the model pylorus ligature, the treatment with thymol failed to significantly change the gastric secretion parameters. However, after treatment with thymol (30 and 100 mg/kg), there was a significant increase (P < 0.01) in mucus production. Thymol no showed anti-H. pylori activity in vitro. Collectively, the present results provide convincing evidence that thymol displays gastroprotective actions on the acute and chronic ulcer models through mechanisms that involve increased in the amount of mucus, prostaglandins, and ATP-sensitive K(+) channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Roseli S Ribeiro
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Av. Marechal Rondon, Cidade Universitária, CEP 49100-000 São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Polyana B F Diniz
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Av. Marechal Rondon, Cidade Universitária, CEP 49100-000 São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Malone S Pinheiro
- Unit Lab - Laboratório Central de Biomedicina, Universidade Tiradentes, Rua Laranjeiras, 710, CEP 49010-000 Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Ricardo L C Albuquerque-Júnior
- Instituto de Tecnologia e Pesquisa-ITP, Universidade Tiradentes, Av. Murilo Dantas, 300, CEP 49032-490 Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Sara M Thomazzi
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Av. Marechal Rondon, Cidade Universitária, CEP 49100-000 São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil.
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Saravanan S, Pari L. Protective effect of thymol on high fat diet induced diabetic nephropathy in C57BL/6J mice. Chem Biol Interact 2015; 245:1-11. [PMID: 26680107 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2015.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is one of several factors implicated in chronic kidney disease (CKD). Thymol, a monoterpene phenolic compound found in the oils of thyme with multiple biological properties especially antidiabetic activity. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the thymol against diabetic nephropathy by high fat diet (HFD)-induced diabetic C57BL/6J mice. After 10 weeks of continuous dietary intervention, HFD (fat- 35.2%) to mice presented characteristic features of progressive nephropathy by significant increased in kidney weight, blood, and urinary parameters, glomerulosclerosis, oxidative stress, hyperlipidemia and subsequent renal injuries. After intragastric administration of thymol (40 mg/kg BW) daily for the subsequent 5 weeks significantly decreased the blood, urinary parameters and kidney weight. Thymol inhibited the activation of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Also, significantly increased the antioxidants and suppresses the lipid peroxidation markers in erythrocytes and kidney tissue compared to the diabetic mice. Thymol downregulated the expression level of sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c) and reduced the lipid accumulation in renal. Histopathological study of kidney tissues showed that extracellular mesangial matrix expansion, glomerulosclerosis in diabetic mice were suppressed by thymol. Further, our results indicate that administration of thymol afforded remarkable protection against HFD-induced diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Settu Saravanan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, 608 002, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Leelevinothan Pari
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, 608 002, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Ceylan R, Zengin G, Uysal S, Ilhan V, Aktumsek A, Kandemir A, Anwar F. GC-MS analysis and in vitro antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activities of essential oil from aerial parts of endemic Thymus spathulifolius Hausskn. et Velen. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2015; 31:983-90. [PMID: 26327330 DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2015.1077822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activities and chemical composition of the hydro-distilled essential oil (0.35% yield) from aerial parts of Thymus spathulifolius. Antioxidant capacity of the oil was assessed by different methods including free radical scavenging (DPPH and ABTS), reducing power (FRAP and CUPRAC) and phosphomolybdenum assay. Inhibitory activities were analyzed against acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and tyrosinase. Twenty-one constituents were identified representing 97.2% of the total oil with thymol (50.5%), borneol (16.7%) and carvacrol (7.7%) as the major components. The essential oil exhibited good antioxidant activity with IC50 values of 3.82 and 0.22 mg/mL determined by free radical scavenging DPPH and ABTS, respectively. EC50 values of FRAP and CUPRAC were found to be 0.12 and 0.34 mg/mL, respectively. The results of the present study support the uses of T. spathulifolius essential oil as a source of natural antioxidants and bioactivities for functional foods and phytomedicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramazan Ceylan
- a Department of Biology, Science Faculty , Selcuk University , Konya , Turkey
| | - Gokhan Zengin
- a Department of Biology, Science Faculty , Selcuk University , Konya , Turkey
| | - Sengul Uysal
- a Department of Biology, Science Faculty , Selcuk University , Konya , Turkey
| | - Veli Ilhan
- b Department of Biology, Science and Arts Faculty , Erzincan University , Erzincan , Turkey
| | | | - Ali Kandemir
- b Department of Biology, Science and Arts Faculty , Erzincan University , Erzincan , Turkey
| | - Farooq Anwar
- c Department of Chemistry , University of Sargodha , Sargodha , Pakistan , and.,d Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , College of Pharmacy, Salman bin Abdulaziz University , Al-Kharj , Saudi Arabia
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