51
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Chen Z, Chen D, Zhao C, Kwan MP, Cai J, Zhuang Y, Zhao B, Wang X, Chen B, Yang J, Li R, He B, Gao B, Wang K, Xu B. Influence of meteorological conditions on PM 2.5 concentrations across China: A review of methodology and mechanism. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 139:105558. [PMID: 32278201 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution over China has attracted wide interest from public and academic community. PM2.5 is the primary air pollutant across China. Quantifying interactions between meteorological conditions and PM2.5 concentrations are essential to understand the variability of PM2.5 and seek methods to control PM2.5. Since 2013, the measurement of PM2.5 has been widely made at 1436 stations across the country and more than 300 papers focusing on PM2.5-meteorology interactions have been published. This article is a comprehensive review on the meteorological impact on PM2.5 concentrations. We start with an introduction of general meteorological conditions and PM2.5 concentrations across China, and then seasonal and spatial variations of meteorological influences on PM2.5 concentrations. Next, major methods used to quantify meteorological influences on PM2.5 concentrations are checked and compared. We find that causality analysis methods are more suitable for extracting the influence of individual meteorological factors whilst statistical models are good at quantifying the overall effect of multiple meteorological factors on PM2.5 concentrations. Chemical Transport Models (CTMs) have the potential to provide dynamic estimation of PM2.5 concentrations by considering anthropogenic emissions and the transport and evolution of pollutants. We then comprehensively examine the mechanisms how major meteorological factors may impact the PM2.5 concentrations, including the dispersion, growth, chemical production, photolysis, and deposition of PM2.5. The feedback effects of PM2.5 concentrations on meteorological factors are also carefully examined. Based on this review, suggestions on future research and major meteorological approaches for mitigating PM2.5 pollution are made finally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyue Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, College of Global and Earth System Sciences, Beijing Normal University, 19 Xinjiekou Street, Haidian, Beijing 100875, China; Joint Center for Global Change Studies, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Danlu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, College of Global and Earth System Sciences, Beijing Normal University, 19 Xinjiekou Street, Haidian, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Chuanfeng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, College of Global and Earth System Sciences, Beijing Normal University, 19 Xinjiekou Street, Haidian, Beijing 100875, China; Joint Center for Global Change Studies, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Mei-Po Kwan
- Department of Geography and Resource Management, and Institute of Space and Earth Information Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Human Geography and Spatial Planning, Utrecht University, 3584 CB Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jun Cai
- Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yan Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, College of Global and Earth System Sciences, Beijing Normal University, 19 Xinjiekou Street, Haidian, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Bo Zhao
- Department of Geography, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, College of Global and Earth System Sciences, Beijing Normal University, 19 Xinjiekou Street, Haidian, Beijing 100875, China; Institute of Atmospheric Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Bin Chen
- Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Jing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology (ESPRE), Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, 19 Xinjiekou Street, Haidian, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Ruiyuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, College of Global and Earth System Sciences, Beijing Normal University, 19 Xinjiekou Street, Haidian, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Bin He
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, College of Global and Earth System Sciences, Beijing Normal University, 19 Xinjiekou Street, Haidian, Beijing 100875, China; Joint Center for Global Change Studies, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Bingbo Gao
- China College of Land Science and Technology, China Agriculture University, Tsinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Kaicun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, College of Global and Earth System Sciences, Beijing Normal University, 19 Xinjiekou Street, Haidian, Beijing 100875, China; Joint Center for Global Change Studies, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Bing Xu
- Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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Carlsten C, Salvi S, Wong GWK, Chung KF. Personal strategies to minimise effects of air pollution on respiratory health: advice for providers, patients and the public. Eur Respir J 2020; 55:1902056. [PMID: 32241830 PMCID: PMC7270362 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.02056-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
As global awareness of air pollution rises, so does the imperative to provide evidence-based recommendations for strategies to mitigate its impact. While public policy has a central role in reducing air pollution, exposure can also be reduced by personal choices. Qualified evidence supports limiting physical exertion outdoors on high air pollution days and near air pollution sources, reducing near-roadway exposure while commuting, utilising air quality alert systems to plan activities, and wearing facemasks in prescribed circumstances. Other strategies include avoiding cooking with solid fuels, ventilating and isolating cooking areas, and using portable air cleaners fitted with high-efficiency particulate air filters. We detail recommendations to assist providers and public health officials when advising patients and the public regarding personal-level strategies to mitigate risk imposed by air pollution, while recognising that well-designed prospective studies are urgently needed to better establish and validate interventions that benefit respiratory health in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Carlsten
- Air Pollution Exposure Laboratory, Dept of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Gary W K Wong
- Dept of Pediatrics and School of Public Health, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Kian Fan Chung
- Faculty of Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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53
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Shen F, Zhang L, Jiang L, Tang M, Gai X, Chen M, Ge X. Temporal variations of six ambient criteria air pollutants from 2015 to 2018, their spatial distributions, health risks and relationships with socioeconomic factors during 2018 in China. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 137:105556. [PMID: 32059148 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution events occurred frequently in China, and tremendous efforts were devoted to the reduction of air pollution in recent years. Here, analysis of ambient monitoring data of six criteria air pollutants from 367 Chinese cities during 2015-2018, showed that PM2.5, PM10, SO2 and CO were reduced significantly by 22.1%, 13.5%, 46.4% and 21.5%, respectively, NO2 reduction was less significant (6.3%) while O3 level instead increased over China (13.7%). Spatial distribution, seasonal, monthly and diurnal variations of the air pollutants during 2018, implicated of effective control measures, were discussed in details, especially for the five key densely populated regions of Jing-Jin-Ji (JJJ), Fen Wei Plains (FWP), Yangtze River Delta (YRD), Sichuan Basin (SCB) and Pearl River Delta (PRD). Moreover, excess health risks (ERs) of the six pollutants were estimated for 2018, and such risks was two times higher if the World Health Organization (WHO) air quality guideline rather than Chinese guideline was adopted. PM10 rather than PM2.5 was the dominant contributor to ERs, and the case with both PM2.5 and PM10 exceeding threshold values occupied ~1/3 of total days, yet contributed ~2/3 of total ERs. For 2018, the health-risk based air quality index (HAQI) was further calculated by combining health risks from multiple pollutants, and it was found that high HAQI mostly distributed in North China Plain (NCP). ~15%, ~85% and ~95% people in YRD, FWP and JJJ were exposed to polluted air (HAQI > 100), and population-normalized HAQI further added the inequality, JJJ and a small region of SCB had much higher HAQI (>280). Investigations on HAQI with socioeconomic factors show that total population, population density and built-up area presented an inverted U-shape, suggesting existence of Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC), while a positive relationship was found between HAQI and share of secondary industry. Multiple regression analysis suggested that built-up area was the most prominent factor to HAQI, followed by the gross domestic product (GDP). The findings here demonstrate in great details the current characteristics of air pollution and its associated health risks in China, therefore providing important implications for effective air pollution control strategies in near future for different regions of China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuzhen Shen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Lu Jiang
- Reading Academy, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Mingqi Tang
- Reading Academy, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Xinyu Gai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Mindong Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Xinlei Ge
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
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Bulto TW. Impact of Open Burning Refuse on Air Quality: In the Case of "Hidar Sitaten" at Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH INSIGHTS 2020; 14:1178630220943204. [PMID: 32952400 PMCID: PMC7485165 DOI: 10.1177/1178630220943204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Open burning of refuse is one of the key sources that causes high air pollution in Metropolitan cities. This paper identifies pollutant concentration of particulate matter (PM2.5) emission and air quality index categories with the peak hour interval on Hidar Sitaten day, and present analysis of air quality in Addis Ababa from August 2016 to November 2019. Daily records, with a 1-hour interval, of raw concentration of air pollutant and air quality index data, were obtained from the AirNow website of Addis Ababa central monitoring station. The data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics of the mean air quality index and concentration of PM2.5. Accordingly, the study revealed that the peak hour for high pollutant concentration emission ranges between 8 pm to 11 pm hours, and the mean air quality index was more than a moderate level. Particularly, on Hidar Sitaten in 2019 at 9 pm the maximum concentration of PM2.5 was 8.6 times higher than WHO air quality guideline standard of daily allowance. The highest mean of air quality index and concentration of PM2.5 recorded was 112 and 44.2 µg/m3 on 21 November 2017, respectively, and it was found to be unhealthy for sensitive groups. This implies that the concentration of PM2.5 was harmful to people who are unusually sensitive to particulate pollution and have health problems. Therefore, public participation and strong regulations are needed on air quality management to strike a balance between a cultural practice of Hidar Sitaten and healthy air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadesse Weyuma Bulto
- Tadesse Weyuma Bulto, Department of
Environmental Management, Kotebe Metropolitan University, Addis Ababa 31248,
Ethiopia.
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55
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The Impacts of Different Air Pollutants on Domestic and Inbound Tourism in China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16245127. [PMID: 31847502 PMCID: PMC6950462 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16245127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have reported that air pollution negatively affects the tourism industry. This paper attempted to answer the following question: among different air pollutants, which one acts as the most adverse factor? The study was based on a sample of panel data covering 337 Chinese cities for the period between 2007 and 2016. Four pollutant indicators were inspected: PM 2 . 5 (particulate matter 2.5 micrometers or less in size), PM 10 (particulate matter 10 micrometers or less in size), SO 2 (sulfur dioxide), and NO 2 (nitrogen dioxide). It was found that PM 2 . 5 had a significantly negative impact on both domestic and inbound tourist arrivals. Regarding the other three pollutant indicators, except for the negative influence of NO 2 on inbound tourist arrivals, no statistically significant impact was found. This study suggests that tourism policy makers should primarily focus on PM 2 . 5 , when considering the nexus between air quality and tourism development. According to our estimates, the negative impact of PM 2 . 5 on tourism is substantial. If the PM 2 . 5 concentration in the ambient air increases by 1 μ g/m 3 (=0.001 mg/m 3 ), domestic and inbound tourist arrivals will decline by 0.482% and 1.227%, respectively. These numbers imply an average reduction of 81,855 person-times in annual domestic tourist arrivals and 12,269 in inbound tourist arrivals in each city.
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56
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Zhang N, Wang L, Zhang M, Nazroo J. Air quality and obesity at older ages in China: The role of duration, severity and pollutants. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0226279. [PMID: 31826013 PMCID: PMC6905559 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Population ageing and air pollution have emerged as two of the most pressing challenges in China. However, little evidence has explored the impact of air pollution on obesity among older adults in China. METHODS The China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study-a nationally representative sample of middle-aged and older Chinese was linked to the air pollution data at the city level. Multilevel logistic models were fitted on obesity status among older people in relation to different air quality measures such as chronic exposures to severities of air pollution and pollutants. RESULTS Air pollution was positively associated with increased risks of general obesity and abdominal obesity among older adults (N = 4,364) especially for those with disability. The marginal effects of average air quality index (AQI) on obesity suggest that one standard deviation increase in AQI is associated with increased risks of central obesity by 2.8% (95%CI 1.7% 3.9%) and abdominal obesity by 6.2% (95%CI 4.4% 8.0%). The risk of chronic exposures to light (and moderate), heavy and severe pollution on obesity elevated in a graded fashion in line with the level of pollution. Durations of exposure to PM2.5 and PM10 were significantly associated with increased risk of obesity among older people in China. CONCLUSIONS Chronic exposures to severe air pollution and certain pollutants such as PM2.5 and PM10 raise the risk of obesity among older people in China and the relationships were stronger for those with disability. Future policies that target these factors might provide a promising way of enhancing the physical health of older people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zhang
- Social Statistics, Cathie Marsh Institute for Social Research (CMI), School of Social Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Manchester Institute for Collaborative Research on Ageing (MICRA), School of Social Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Lei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Watershed Geographic Sciences, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
- Manchester Urban Institute, Urban Planning, School of Environment, Education and Development, The University of Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Min Zhang
- Faculty of Education, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - James Nazroo
- Manchester Institute for Collaborative Research on Ageing (MICRA), School of Social Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Sociology, School of Social Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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57
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Shih DH, Wu TW, Liu WX, Shih PY. An Azure ACES Early Warning System for Air Quality Index Deteriorating. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E4679. [PMID: 31771273 PMCID: PMC6926579 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16234679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Revised: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
With the development of industrialization and urbanization, air pollution in many countries has become more serious and has affected people's health. The air quality has been continuously concerned by environmental managers and the public. Therefore, accurate air quality deterioration warning system can avoid health hazards. In this study, an air quality index (AQI) warning system based on Azure cloud computing platform is proposed. The prediction model is based on DFR (Decision Forest Regression), NNR (Neural Network Regression), and LR (Linear Regression) machine learning algorithms. The best algorithm was selected to calculate the 6 pollutants required for the AQI calculation of the air quality monitoring in real time. The experimental results show that the LR algorithm has the best performance, and the method of this study has a good prediction on the AQI index warning for the next one to three hours. Based on the ACES system proposed, it is hoped that it can prevent personal health hazards and help to reduce medical costs in public.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Her Shih
- Department of Information Management, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, 123, Section 3, University Road, Douliu 640, Taiwan; (T.-W.W.); (W.-X.L.)
| | - Ting-Wei Wu
- Department of Information Management, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, 123, Section 3, University Road, Douliu 640, Taiwan; (T.-W.W.); (W.-X.L.)
| | - Wen-Xuan Liu
- Department of Information Management, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, 123, Section 3, University Road, Douliu 640, Taiwan; (T.-W.W.); (W.-X.L.)
| | - Po-Yuan Shih
- Department of Finance, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, 123, Section 3, University Road, Douliu 640, Taiwan;
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58
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Spatial and temporal variations of air quality and six air pollutants in China during 2015-2017. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15201. [PMID: 31645580 PMCID: PMC6811589 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50655-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Air pollution has aroused significant public concern in China, therefore, long-term air-quality data with high temporal and spatial resolution are needed to understand the variations of air pollution in China. However, the yearly variations with high spatial resolution of air quality and six air pollutants are still unknown for China until now. Therefore, in this paper, we analyze the spatial and temporal variations of air quality and six air pollutants in 366 cities across mainland China during 2015–2017 for the first time to the best of our knowledge. The results indicate that the annual mean mass concentrations of PM2.5, PM10, SO2, and CO all decreased year by year during 2015–2017. However, the annual mean NO2 concentrations were almost unchanged, while the annual mean O3 concentrations increased year by year. Anthropogenic factors were mainly responsible for the variations of air quality. Further analysis suggested that PM2.5 and PM10 were the main factors influencing air quality, while NO2 played an important role in the formation of PM2.5 and O3. These findings can provide a theoretical basis for the formulation of future air-pollution control policy in China.
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59
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Guo H, Sahu SK, Kota SH, Zhang H. Characterization and health risks of criteria air pollutants in Delhi, 2017. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 225:27-34. [PMID: 30856472 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.02.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Severe air pollution events were observed frequently in north India in recent years especially at its capital, Delhi. Criteria air pollutants data at 10 sites for 2017 in Delhi were analyzed. The results show annual fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentrations exceeded the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) of 60 μg/m3 at all sites from 105.51 (site 10) to 143.23 μg/m3 (site 7). Sub-urban sites (site 8, 9 and 10) had lower PM2.5 concentrations than urban sites. Coarse PM (PM10) and ozone (O3) were also important with annual averages of 399.56 μg/m3 and 75.69 ppb, respectively. Peak PM2.5 occurred at the Diwali in early November and Christmas. Only PM10 showed a significant weekly difference with a weekdays/weekends ratio of ∼1.5. PM2.5/PM10 ratio in episode days with PM2.5 of >60 μg/m3 was higher than non-episode days. Pearson correlation coefficients show O3 was negatively related with CO, SO2, and NO2, while PM2.5 was positively related to these pollutants. Analysis of two extreme events from Nov. 6th to Nov. 14th and Dec. 18th to Dec. 26th shows that meteorological conditions with low wind speed and warm temperature kept PM2.5 concentrations at a high level during these events. Backward trajectory and cluster analysis show the wind coming from northwest of Delhi, where massive anthropogenic emissions were generated, led to high concentrations of air pollutants to Delhi. Health risk analysis reveals that PM2.5 and PM10 were the two major pollutants threatening public health among the six criteria pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Guo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA.
| | - Shovan Kumar Sahu
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, 781039, India
| | - Sri Harsha Kota
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Hongliang Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA.
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60
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Wang P, Guo H, Hu J, Kota SH, Ying Q, Zhang H. Responses of PM 2.5 and O 3 concentrations to changes of meteorology and emissions in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 662:297-306. [PMID: 30690364 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Tremendous efforts have been made to reduce the severe air pollution in China since 2013. However, the annual and peak fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentrations during severe events in winter did not always reduce as expected. This is partially due to the inter-annual variation of meteorology, which affects the emission, transport, transformation, and deposition processes of air pollutants. In this study, the responses of PM2.5 and ozone (O3) concentrations to changes in emission and meteorology from 2013 to 2015 were investigated based on ambient measurements and the Community Multi-Scale Air Quality (CMAQ) model simulations with anthropogenic emissions. It is found that emission reductions in 2014 and 2015 effectively reduced PM2.5 concentrations by 23.9 and 43.5 μg/m3, respectively, but was partially counteracted by unfavorable meteorology. The negative effects from unfavorable meteorology were significant in extreme pollution events. For example, in December 2015, unfavorable meteorology caused a great increase (90 μg/m3) of PM2.5 in Beijing. Reduction of primary PM and gaseous precursors led to 13.4 and 16.5 ppb increase of O3-8 h daily concentrations in the summertime in 2014 and 2015 in comparison of 2013, which was likely caused by the increase of solar actinic flux due to PM reduction. In addition, reduction of nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions in areas with negative NOx-O3 sensitivity could lead to an increase of O3 formation when the reduction of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) was not sufficient. This unintended enhanced O3 formation could also lead to higher O3 in downwind areas. This study emphasizes the role of meteorology in pollution control, validates the effectiveness of PM2.5 control measures in China, and highlights the importance of appropriate joint reduction of NOx and VOCs to simultaneously decrease O3 and PM2.5 for higher air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Hao Guo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Jianlin Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China.
| | - Sri Harsha Kota
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, 781039, India
| | - Qi Ying
- Zachry Department of Civil Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Hongliang Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
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61
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Sun J, Liang M, Shi Z, Shen F, Li J, Huang L, Ge X, Chen Q, Sun Y, Zhang Y, Chang Y, Ji D, Ying Q, Zhang H, Kota SH, Hu J. Investigating the PM 2.5 mass concentration growth processes during 2013-2016 in Beijing and Shanghai. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 221:452-463. [PMID: 30654259 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.12.200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The North China Plain and the Yangtze River Delta are the two of the most heavily polluted regions in China. Observational studies revealed that 'explosive' PM2.5 mass concentration growths frequently occurred in the two regions. This study analyzed all the PM2.5 mass concentration growth processes from clean condition (i.e., <35 μg m-3) to heavy pollution condition (i.e., >150 μg m-3) in Beijing (BJ) and Shanghai (SH), two representative cities of the two regions, using hourly monitored PM2.5 concentrations during 2013-2016. 173 and 76 growth processes were identified in BJ and SH, respectively. PM2.5 rising rates (PMRR) and dynamic growth durations were calculated to illustrate the characteristics of the growth processes. Hourly particulate chemical composition data and meteorological data in BJ and SH were further analyzed. The 4-year averaged PMRR of PM2.5 total mass were similarly of 7.11 ± 9.82 μg m-3 h-1 in BJ and 6.71 ± 6.89 μg m-3 h-1 in SH. A decreasing trend was found for the PM2.5 growth processes in two cities from 2013 to 2016, reflecting the effectiveness of emission controls implemented in the past years. The contributions of particulate components to the PM2.5 total mass growth were different in BJ and SH. Average PMRR value of PM1 organic aerosols (OA), SO42-, NO3-, and NH4+ in BJ was 1.90, 0.95, 0.82, and 0.53 μg m-3 h-1, respectively. Average PMRR of PM2.5 OA, SO42-, NO3-, and NH4+ in SH was 1.70, 1.18, 1.99 and 1.14 μg m-3 h-1, respectively. Based on the contributions of different components, the PM2.5 mass concentration growth processes in BJ and SH were proposed to be classified into 'other components-dominant growth processes', 'all components-contributing growth processes', 'one or more explosive secondary components-dominant growth processes', and 'mixed-factor growth processes'. Potential source contribution function analysis and the meteorological condition analysis showed that source origins and prevailing wind for the two cities during different categories of growth processes had substantial difference. The important source areas included Hebei and Shandong for BJ, and Jiangsu and Anhui for SH. The dominant wind directions during growth processes were northeast, south and southwest in BJ, and were west to north in SH. The results suggested the contributing components, the prevailing wind conditions, and the formation processes were substantially different in the two cities, despite the similar PMRR of PM2.5 total mass during the growth processes between BJ and SH. Future research is needed to study the detailed formation mechanisms of the different PM2.5 mass concentration growth processes in the two cities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjin Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Mingjie Liang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Zhihao Shi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Fuzhen Shen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Jingyi Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Lin Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Xinlei Ge
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Qi Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yele Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yanlin Zhang
- Yale-NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Yunhua Chang
- Yale-NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Dongsheng Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Qi Ying
- Zachry Department of Civil Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3136, USA
| | - Hongliang Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environment Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 77803, USA
| | - Sri Harsha Kota
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Jianlin Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
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Kim JM, Lee N, Xiao X. Directional dependence between major cities in China based on copula regression on air pollution measurements. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213148. [PMID: 30870434 PMCID: PMC6417661 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Air pollution is well-known as a major risk to public health, causing various diseases including pulmonary and cardiovascular diseases. As social concern increases, the amount of air pollution data is increasing rapidly. The purpose of this study is to statistically characterize dependence between major cities in China based on a measure of directional dependence estimated from PM2.5 measurements. As a measure of the directional dependence, we propose the so-called copula directional dependence (CDD) using beta regression models. An advantage of the CDD is that it does not rely on strict assumptions of specific probability distributions or linearity. We used hourly PM2.5 measurement data collected at four major cities in China: Beijing, Chengdu, Guangzhou, and Shanghai, from 2013 to 2017. After accounting for autocorrelation in the PM2.5 time series via nonlinear autoregressive models, CDDs between the four cities were estimated to produce directed network structures of statistical dependence. In addition, a statistical method was proposed to test the directionality of dependence between each pair of cities. From the PM2.5 data, we could discover that Chengdu and Guangzhou are the most closely related cities and that the directionality between them has changed once during 2013 to 2017, which implies a major economic or environmental change in these Chinese regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Min Kim
- Statistics Discipline, Division of Sciences and Mathematics, University of Minnesota-Morris, Morris, MN, United States of America
| | - Namgil Lee
- Department of Information Statistics, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon, South Korea
| | - Xingyao Xiao
- Applied Statistics and Psychometrics, Lynch School of Education, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, United States of America
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Zang H, Cheng H, Song W, Yang M, Han P, Chen C, Ding R. Ambient air pollution and the risk of stillbirth: a population-based prospective birth cohort study in the coastal area of China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:6717-6724. [PMID: 30632045 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04157-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence has shown that prenatal ambient air pollution exposure is associated with elevated stillbirth risk; however, the results are inconsistent. This population-based prospective cohort study aimed to explore the association between prenatal air pollution exposure and stillbirth rate in the coastal area in China. Data of air pollution and birth outcomes between January 1, 2015, and December 31, 2017, were collected. Among the 59,868 eligible births, there were 587 stillbirths and 59,281 live births. Although the air quality in this study was relatively better than most of the major cities in China, a positive association was still found between prenatal air pollution exposure and stillbirth rate. Every 10 μg/m3 increase of fine particulate matters (PM2.5) in each trimester, as well as in the entire pregnancy, was associated with increased stillbirth rate (RR = 1.14, 1.11, 1.15, and 1.14 for the first, second, third trimester, and entire pregnancy, respectively). In addition, every 10 μg/m3 increase of PM10 in the first trimester (RR = 1.09, 95% CI: 1.04-1.14), and 10 μg/m3 increase of O3 in the first (RR = 1.05, 95% CI: 1.01-1.09) and third (RR = 1.04, 95% CI: 1.00-1.08) trimesters was also associated with increased stillbirth rate. The effects of PM2.5 on stillbirth rate were found to be robust in the two-pollutant models. The findings of this study especially underscored the adverse effects of prenatal exposure of high levels of PM2.5 on stillbirth. More studies are needed to verify our findings and further investigate the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Zang
- Women's Health Department, Yancheng Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Yancheng, Jiangsu, China
| | - Han Cheng
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Meishan Road 81, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Wenya Song
- Women's Health Department, Yancheng Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Yancheng, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mei Yang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Meishan Road 81, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Ping Han
- The Personnel Department, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Chunxiao Chen
- Women's Health Department, Yancheng Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Yancheng, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rui Ding
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Meishan Road 81, Hefei, Anhui, China.
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64
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Spatiotemporal Features and Socioeconomic Drivers of PM2.5 Concentrations in China. SUSTAINABILITY 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/su11041201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has been an important environmental issue because it can seriously harm human health and can adversely affect the economy. It poses a problem worldwide and especially in China. Based on data of PM2.5 concentration and night light data, both collected from satellite remote sensing during 1998–2013 in China, we identify the socio-economic determinants of PM2.5 pollution by taking into account the spatial flow and diffusion of regional pollutants. Our results show PM2.5 pollution displays the remarkable feature of spatial agglomeration. High concentrations of PM2.5 are mainly found in Eastern China (including Shandong, Jiangsu, and Anhui provinces) and the Jing-Jin-Ji Area region in the north of China (including Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei provinces) as well as in the Henan provinces in central China. There is a significant positive spatial spillover effect of PM2.5 pollution, so that an increase in PM2.5 concentration in one region contributes to an increase in neighboring regions. Whether using per capita GDP or nighttime lighting indicators, there is a significant N-shaped curve that relates PM2.5 concentration and economic growth. Population density, industrial structure, and energy consumption have distinct impacts on PM2.5 pollution, while urbanization is negative correlated with PM2.5 emissions. As a result, policies to strengthen regional joint prevention and control, implement cleaner manufacturing techniques, and reduce dependence on fossil fuels should be considered by policy makers for mitigating PM2.5 pollution.
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65
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Wang F, Sun Y, Tao Y, Guo Y, Li Z, Zhao X, Zhou S. Pollution characteristics in a dusty season based on highly time-resolved online measurements in northwest China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 650:2545-2558. [PMID: 30293007 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the pollution characteristics and potential sources in a dusty season, an online analyzer was used to measure trace gases and major water-soluble ions in PM10 from April 1st to May 29th, 2011 in Lanzhou. The average concentrations of HONO, HNO3, HCl, SO2 and NH3 were 0.93, 1.16, 0.48, 9.29 and 5.54 μg/m3, respectively, and 2.8, 2.76, 8.28 and 2.48 μg/m3 for Cl-, NO3-, SO42- and NH4+. In the non-dust period, diurnal variations of SO42-, NO3- and their gaseous precursors showed similar change trend. NH4+ showed unimodal pattern whereas NH3 illustrated a bimodal pattern. HCl and Cl- showed an opposite diurnal pattern. In the dust event, temporal profiles of HCl and Cl-, SO2 and SO42- all presented similar change trend, and SO42- and Cl- preceded dust ions (Ca2+ and Mg2+) 13 h. The ratios of NO3- to SO42- were 0.65 in the non-dust period and 0.31 in the dust event. In the dust event, the sulfur oxidation ratio (SOR) was a factor of 1.33 greater than that in the non-dust period, and [SO42-]/[SO2] was 2.31 times of that in the non-dust period. The source apportionment using Probabilistic Matrix Factorization (PMF) suggested that fugitive dust (58.09%), secondary aerosols (33.98%), and biomass burning (7.93%) were the major sources in the non-dust period whereas dust (67.01%), salt lake (29.68%), biomass burning (0.8%), and motor vehicle (2.51%) were the primary sources in the dust event. Concentration weighted trajectory (CWT) model indicated that NO3-, Cl- and K+ could be regarded as local source species, the potential sources of Na+, Mg2+ and Ca2+ concentrated in the two large areas with the one covered in the junction areas of Xinjiang, Qinghai and Gansu and another one covered the places around in Lanzhou, the potential sources of SO42- were mainly localized in the areas adjacent to Lanzhou.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanglin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yunlong Sun
- Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yan Tao
- Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Yongtao Guo
- College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Zhongqin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science/Tien Shan Glaciological Station, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xiuge Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Sheng Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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Wang Y, Zu Y, Huang L, Zhang H, Wang C, Hu J. Associations between daily outpatient visits for respiratory diseases and ambient fine particulate matter and ozone levels in Shanghai, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 240:754-763. [PMID: 29778811 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution in China has been very serious during the recent decades. However, few studies have investigated the effects of short-term exposure to PM2.5 and O3 on daily outpatient visits for respiratory diseases. We examined the effects of PM2.5 and O3 on the daily outpatient visits for respiratory diseases, explored the sensitivities of different population subgroups and analyzed the relative risk (RR) of PM2.5 and O3 in different seasons in Shanghai during 2013-2016. The generalized linear model (GLM) was applied to analyze the exposure-response relationship between air pollutants (daily average PM2.5 and daily maximum 8-h average O3), and daily outpatient visits due to respiratory diseases. The sensitivities of males and females at the ages of 15-60 yr-old and 60+ yr-old to the pollutants were also studied for the whole year and for the cold and warm months, respectively. Finally, the results of the single-day lagged model were compared with that of the moving average lag model. At lag 0 day, the RR of respiratory outpatients increased by 0.37% with a 10 μg/m3 increase in PM2.5. Exposure to PM2.5 (RR, 1.0047, 95% CI, 1.0032-1.0062) was more sensitive for females than for males (RR, 1.0025, 95% CI, 1.0008-1.0041), and was more sensitive for the 15-60 yr-old (RR, 1.0041, 95% CI, 1.0027-1.0055) than the 60+ yr-old age group (RR, 1.0031, 95% CI, 1.0014-1.0049). O3 was not significantly associated with respiratory outpatient visits during the warm periods, but was negatively associated during the cold periods. PM2.5 was more significantly in the cold periods than that in the warm periods. The results indicated that control of PM2.5, compared to O3, in the cold periods would be more beneficial to the respiratory health in Shanghai. In addition, the single-day lagged model underestimated the relationship between PM2.5 and O3 and outpatient visits for respiratory diseases compared to the moving average lag model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyi Wang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Yaqun Zu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Lin Huang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Hongliang Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, 77803, LA, USA.
| | - Changhui Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Jianlin Hu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing, 210044, China.
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Lu P, Yue H, Xing Y, Wei J, Zeng Z, Li R, Wu W. Low-temperature co-purification of NO x and Hg 0 from simulated flue gas by Ce xZr yMn zO 2/r-Al 2O 3: the performance and its mechanism. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:20575-20590. [PMID: 29748813 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2199-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study, series of CexZryMnzO2/r-Al2O3 catalysts were prepared by impregnation method and explored to co-purification of NOx and Hg0 at low temperature. The physical and chemical properties of the catalysts were investigated by XRD, BET, FTIR, NH3-TPD, H2-TPR, and XPS. The experimental results showed that 10% Ce0.2Zr0.3Mn0.5O2/r-Al2O3 yielded higher conversion on co-purification of NOx and Hg0 than the other prepared catalysts at low temperature, especially at 200-300 °C. 91% and 97% convert rate of NOx and Hg0 were obtained, respectively, when 10% Ce0.2Zr0.3Mn0.5O2/r-Al2O3 catalyst was used at 250 °C. Moreover, the presence of H2O slightly decreased the removal of NOx and Hg0 owing to the competitive adsorption of H2O and Hg0. When SO2 was added, the removal of Hg0 first increased slightly and then presented a decrease due to the generation of SO3 and (NH4)2SO4. The results of NH3-TPD indicated that the strong acid of 10% Ce0.2Zr0.3Mn0.5O2/r-Al2O3 improved its high-temperature activity. XPS and H2-TPR results showed there were high-valence Mn and Ce species in 10% Ce0.2Zr0.3Mn0.5O2/r-Al2O3, which could effectively promote the removal of NOx and Hg0. Therefore, the mechanisms of Hg0 and NOx removal were proposed as Hg (ad) + [O] → HgO (ad), and 2NH3/NH4+ (ad) + NO2 (ad) + NO (g) → 2 N2 + 3H2O/2H+, respectively. Graphical abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Lu
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Huifang Yue
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yi Xing
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Jianjun Wei
- Department of Nanoscience, Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina, 27401, USA.
| | - Zheng Zeng
- Department of Nanoscience, Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina, 27401, USA
| | - Rui Li
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Wanrong Wu
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
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Ji D, Cui Y, Li L, He J, Wang L, Zhang H, Wang W, Zhou L, Maenhaut W, Wen T, Wang Y. Characterization and source identification of fine particulate matter in urban Beijing during the 2015 Spring Festival. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 628-629:430-440. [PMID: 29448026 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.01.304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The Spring Festival (SF) is the most important holiday in China for family reunion and tourism. During the 2015 SF an intensive observation campaign of air quality was conducted to study the impact of the anthropogenic activities and the dynamic characteristics of the sources. During the study period, pollution episodes frequently occurred with 12days exceeding the Chinese Ambient Air Quality Standards for 24-h average PM2.5 (75μg/m3), even 8days with exceeding 150μg/m3. The daily maximum PM2.5 concentration reached 350μg/m3 while the hourly minimum visibility was <0.8km. Three pollution episodes were selected for detailed analysis including chemical characterization and diurnal variation of the PM2.5 and its chemical composition, and sources were identified using the Positive Matrix Factorization model. The first episode occurring before the SF was characterized by more formation of SO42- and NO3- and high crustal enrichment factors for Ag, As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb, Se and Zn and seven categories of pollution sources were identified, whereby vehicle emission contributed 38% to the PM2.5. The second episode occurring during the SF was affected heavily by large-scale firework emissions, which led to a significant increase in SO42-, Cl-, OC, K and Ba; these emissions were the largest contributor to the PM2.5 accounting for 36%. During the third episode occurring after the SF, SO42-, NO3-, NH4+ and OC were the major constituents of the PM2.5 and the secondary source was the dominant source with a contribution of 46%. The results provide a detailed understanding on the variation in occurrence, chemical composition and sources of the PM2.5 as well as of the gaseous pollutants affected by the change in anthropogenic activities in Beijing throughout the SF. They highlight the need for limiting the firework emissions during China's most important traditional festival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongsheng Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Yang Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liang Li
- China National Environmental Monitoring Center, Beijing, China
| | - Jun He
- Research Group of Natural Resources and Environment, International Doctoral Innovation Centre, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo, China
| | - Lili Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongliang Zhang
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Louisiana State University, USA
| | - Wan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Luxi Zhou
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Willy Maenhaut
- Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Tianxue Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuesi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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69
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Zhang L, Zhang Z, Ye T, Zhou M, Wang C, Yin P, Hou B. Mortality effects of heat waves vary by age and area: a multi-area study in China. Environ Health 2018; 17:54. [PMID: 29890973 PMCID: PMC5996527 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-018-0398-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many studies have reported an increased mortality risk from heat waves comparing with non-heat wave days. However, how much the mortality rate change with the heat intensity-vulnerability curve-is still unknown. Such unknown information makes the related managers impossible to assess scientifically life losses from heat waves, consequently fail in conducting suitable integrated risk management measures. METHODS We used the heat wave intensity index (HWII) to characterize quantitatively the heat waves, then applied a distributed lag non-linear model to explore the area-specific definition of heat wave, and developed the vulnerability models on the relationships between HWII and mortality by age and by area. Finally, Monte Carlo method was run to assess and compare the event-based probabilistic heat wave risk during the periods of 1971-2015 and 2051-2095. RESULTS We found a localized definition of heat wave for each corresponding area based on the minimum AIC (Akaike information criterion). Under the local heat wave events, the expected life loss during 1971-2015 does distinguish across areas, and decreases consistently in the order of WZ Chongqing, PK Nanjing and YX Guangzhou for each age group. More specifically, for the elders (≥65), the average annual loss (AAL) (and 95% confidence interval) would be 61.3 (30.6-91.9), 38 (3.8-72.2) and 18.7 (7.3-30) deaths per million people. With two stresses from warming and aging in future China, the predicted average AAL of the elders under four Representative Carbon Pathways (2.6, 4.5, 6.0, and 8.5) during 2051-2095 would be 2460, 1675, 465 deaths per million for PK Nanjing, YX Guangzhou and WZ Chongqing, respectively, approximately becoming 8~ 90 times of the AAL during 1971-2015. CONCLUSION This study found that the non-linear HWII-mortality relationships vary by age and area. The heat wave mortality losses are closely associated with the social-economic level. With the increasing extreme climatic events and a rapid aging trend in China, our findings can provide guidance for policy-makers to take appropriate regional adaptive measures to reduce health risks in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resources Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875 China
| | - Zhao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resources Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875 China
| | - Tao Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resources Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875 China
| | - Maigeng Zhou
- National Center for Chronic and Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100050 China
| | - Chenzhi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resources Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875 China
| | - Peng Yin
- National Center for Chronic and Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100050 China
| | - Bin Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resources Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875 China
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Zhu Y, Huang L, Li J, Ying Q, Zhang H, Liu X, Liao H, Li N, Liu Z, Mao Y, Fang H, Hu J. Sources of particulate matter in China: Insights from source apportionment studies published in 1987-2017. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 115:343-357. [PMID: 29653391 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) in the atmosphere has adverse effects on human health, ecosystems, and visibility. It also plays an important role in meteorology and climate change. A good understanding of its sources is essential for effective emission controls to reduce PM and to protect public health. In this study, a total of 239 PM source apportionment studies in China published during 1987-2017 were reviewed. The documents studied include peer-reviewed papers in international and Chinese journals, as well as degree dissertations. The methods applied in these studies were summarized and the main sources in various regions of China were identified. The trends of source contributions at two major cities with abundant studies over long-time periods were analyzed. The most frequently used methods for PM source apportionment in China are receptor models, including chemical mass balance (CMB), positive matrix factorization (PMF), and principle component analysis (PCA). Dust, fossil fuel combustion, transportation, biomass burning, industrial emission, secondary inorganic aerosol (SIA) and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) are the main source categories of fine PM identified in China. Even though the sources of PM vary among seven different geographical areas of China, SIA, industrial, and dust emissions are generally found to be the top three source categories in 2007-2016. A number of studies investigated the sources of SIA and SOA in China using air quality models and indicated that fossil fuel combustion and industrial emissions were the most important sources of SIA (total contributing 63.5%-88.1% of SO42-, and 47.3%-70% NO3-), and agriculture emissions were the dominant source of NH4+ (contributing 53.9%-90%). Biogenic emissions were the most important source of SOA in China in summer, while residential and industrial emissions were important in winter. Long-term changes of PM sources at two megacities of Beijing and Nanjing indicated that the contributions of fossil fuel and industrial sources have been declining after stricter emission controls in recent years. In general, dust and industrial contributions decreased and transportation contributions increased after 2000. PM2.5 emissions are predicted to decline in most regions during 2005-2030, even though the energy consumptions except biomass burning are predicted to continue to increase. Industrial, residential, and biomass burning sources will become more important in the future in the businuess-as-usual senarios. This review provides valuable information about main sources of PM and their trends in China. A few recommendations are suggested to further improve our understanding the sources and to develop effective PM control strategies in various regions of China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Lin Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Jingyi Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Qi Ying
- Zachry Department of Civil Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3136, USA; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Hongliang Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 77803, USA
| | - Xingang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Hong Liao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Nan Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Zhenxin Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Yuhao Mao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Hao Fang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Jianlin Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China.
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Krug JD, Lewandowski M, Offenberg JH, Turlington JM, Lonneman WA, Modak N, Krantz QT, King C, Gavett SH, Gilmour MI, DeMarini DM, Kleindienst TE. Photochemical Conversion of Surrogate Emissions for Use in Toxicological Studies: Role of Particulate- and Gas-Phase Products. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:3037-3044. [PMID: 29381868 PMCID: PMC6145069 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b04879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The production of photochemical atmospheres under controlled conditions in an irradiation chamber permits the manipulation of parameters that influence the resulting air-pollutant chemistry and potential biological effects. To date, no studies have examined how contrasting atmospheres with a similar Air Quality Health Index (AQHI), but with differing ratios of criteria air pollutants, might differentially affect health end points. Here, we produced two atmospheres with similar AQHIs based on the final concentrations of ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and particulate matter (PM2.5). One simulated atmosphere (SA-PM) generated from irradiation of ∼23 ppmC gasoline, 5 ppmC α-pinene, 529 ppb NO, and 3 μg m-3 (NH4)2SO4 as a seed resulted in an average of 976 μg m-3 PM2.5, 326 ppb NO2, and 141 ppb O3 (AQHI 97.7). The other atmosphere (SA-O3) generated from 8 ppmC gasoline, 5 ppmC isoprene, 874 ppb NO, and 2 μg m-3 (NH4)2SO4 resulted in an average of 55 μg m-3 PM2.5, 643 ppb NO2, and 430 ppb O3 (AQHI of 99.8). Chemical speciation by gas chromatography showed that photo-oxidation degraded the organic precursors and promoted the de novo formation of secondary reaction products such as formaldehyde and acrolein. Further work in accompanying papers describe toxicological outcomes from the two distinct photochemical atmospheres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D. Krug
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Michael Lewandowski
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - John H. Offenberg
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - John M. Turlington
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - William A. Lonneman
- Senior Environmental Employment (SEE) Program/NCBA, Washington, D.C. 20005, United States
| | - Nabanita Modak
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Q. Todd Krantz
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Charly King
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Stephen H. Gavett
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - M. Ian Gilmour
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - David M. DeMarini
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Tadeusz E. Kleindienst
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
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72
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Wang C, Zhang Z, Zhou M, Wang P, Yin P, Ye W, Zhang L. Different response of human mortality to extreme temperatures (MoET) between rural and urban areas: A multi-scale study across China. Health Place 2018; 50:119-129. [PMID: 29432981 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2018.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The environmental variation in mortality due to extreme temperatures has been well-documented by many studies. Mortality to extreme temperatures (MoET) was recognized to vary geographically, either by countries within a region or by areas within a country. However, so far, little attention has been paid to rural residents, with even lesser attention on the potential rural-urban differences. The aim of our study was to offer a quite comprehensive analysis on the differences in temperature-mortality relationship between rural and urban areas across China. METHOD A distributed lag nonlinear model was built to describe the temperature-mortality relationship, based on the mortality data and meteorological variable of 75 communities in China from 2007 to 2012. Subsequently, a meta-analysis was applied to compare the differences in the temperature-mortality relationship between rural and urban areas at various levels. RESULTS Distinct responses regarding MoET between rural and urban areas were observed at different spatial scales. At regional level, more U-shaped curves were observed for temperature-mortality relationships in urban areas, while more J-shaped curves were observed in rural areas. At national scale, we found that the cold effect was stronger in rural areas (RR: rural 1.69 vs. urban 1.51), while heat effect was stronger in urban areas (RR: rural 1.01 vs. urban 1.12). Moreover, the modifying influence of air pollution on temperature-mortality relationship was found to be very limited. CONCLUSION The difference in response of MoET between rural and urban areas was noticeable, cold effect is more significant in China both in rural and urban areas. Additionally, urban areas in southern China and rural areas in northern China suffered more from extreme temperature events. Our findings suggest that differences in rural-urban responses to MoET should be taken seriously when intervention measures for reducing the risks to residents' health were adopted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenzhi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Zhao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Maigeng Zhou
- The National Center for Chronic and Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Pin Wang
- Institute of Remote Sensing and Earth Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, No.1378, Wenyi West Street, Hangzhou 311121, China.
| | - Peng Yin
- The National Center for Chronic and Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Wan Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Lingyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
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73
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Zeng W, Lang L, Li Y, Guo L, Lin H, Zhang Y, Liu T, Xiao J, Li X, Xu Y, Xu X, Arnold LD, Nelson EJ, Qian Z, Ma W. Estimating the Excess Mortality Risk during Two Red Alert Periods in Beijing, China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 15:E50. [PMID: 29286335 PMCID: PMC5800149 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15010050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Revised: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The magnitude of excess mortality risk due to exposures to heavy air pollution during the red alert periods in Beijing remains unknown. A health impact assessment tool combined with the PM2.5-mortality relationship was applied to estimate the number of excess deaths due to high air pollution exposure during two red alert periods in Beijing, China in December 2015. Daily PM2.5 concentration increased from 80.2 µg/m³ to 159.8 µg/m³ during the first red alert period and from 61.9 µg/m³ to 226 µg/m³ during the second period in 2015 when compared to daily PM2.5 concentrations during the same calendar date of 2013 and 2014. It was estimated that 26 to 42 excessive deaths (including 14 to 34 cardiovascular deaths, and four to 16 respiratory deaths) occurred during the first period, and 40 to 65 excessive deaths (22 to 53 cardiovascular deaths, and six to 13 respiratory deaths) occurred during the second period. The results show that heavy smog may have substantially increased the mortality risk in Beijing, suggesting more stringent air pollution controlling measures should be implemented to protect the public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weilin Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China.
| | - Lingling Lang
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China.
| | - Yue Li
- Jiangxi Medical School of Nanchang University, No. 461, Nanchang 330006, China.
| | - Lingchuan Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China.
| | - Hualiang Lin
- Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
| | - Yonghui Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China.
| | - Tao Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China.
| | - Jianpeng Xiao
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China.
| | - Xing Li
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China.
| | - Yanjun Xu
- Institute of Chronic Non-Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China.
| | - Xiaojun Xu
- Institute of Chronic Non-Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China.
| | - Lauren D Arnold
- College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, Salus Center/Room 473, 3545 Lafayette Avenue, Saint Louis, MO 63104, USA.
| | - Erik J Nelson
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Public Health-Bloomington, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
| | - Zhengmin Qian
- College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, Salus Center/Room 473, 3545 Lafayette Avenue, Saint Louis, MO 63104, USA.
| | - Wenjun Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China.
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74
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Study on Environment Performance Evaluation and Regional Differences of Strictly-Environmental-Monitored Cities in China. SUSTAINABILITY 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/su9122094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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75
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Shi Z, Li J, Huang L, Wang P, Wu L, Ying Q, Zhang H, Lu L, Liu X, Liao H, Hu J. Source apportionment of fine particulate matter in China in 2013 using a source-oriented chemical transport model. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 601-602:1476-1487. [PMID: 28605865 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
China has been suffering high levels of fine particulate matter (PM2.5). Designing effective PM2.5 control strategies requires information about the contributions of different sources. In this study, a source-oriented Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model was applied to quantitatively estimate the contributions of different source sectors to PM2.5 in China. Emissions of primary PM2.5 and gas pollutants of SO2, NOx, and NH3, which are precursors of particulate sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium (SNA, major PM2.5 components in China), from eight source categories (power plants, residential sources, industries, transportation, open burning, sea salt, windblown dust and agriculture) were separately tracked to determine their contributions to PM2.5 in 2013. Industrial sector is the largest source of SNA in Beijing, Xi'an and Chongqing, followed by agriculture and power plants. Residential emissions are also important sources of SNA, especially in winter when severe pollution events often occur. Nationally, the contributions of different source sectors to annual total PM2.5 from high to low are industries, residential sources, agriculture, power plants, transportation, windblown dust, open burning and sea salt. Provincially, residential sources and industries are the major anthropogenic sources of primary PM2.5, while industries, agriculture, power plants and transportation are important for SNA in most provinces. For total PM2.5, residential and industrial emissions are the top two sources, with a combined contribution of 40-50% in most provinces. The contributions of power plants and agriculture to total PM2.5 are about 10%, respectively. Secondary organic aerosol accounts for about 10% of annual PM2.5 in most provinces, with higher contributions in southern provinces such as Yunnan (26%), Hainan (25%) and Taiwan (21%). Windblown dust is an important source in western provinces such as Xizang (55% of total PM2.5), Qinghai (74%), Xinjiang (59%). The large variation in sources of PM2.5 across China suggests that PM2.5 mitigation programs should be designed separately for different regions/provinces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihao Shi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Cleaning Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Jingyi Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Cleaning Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Lin Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Cleaning Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Zachry Department of Civil Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Li Wu
- Zachry Department of Civil Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Qi Ying
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Cleaning Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China; Zachry Department of Civil Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| | - Hongliang Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Cleaning Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
| | - Li Lu
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xuejun Liu
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hong Liao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Cleaning Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Jianlin Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Cleaning Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China.
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76
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Zezhou G, Xiaoping Z. Assessment of Urban Air Pollution and Spatial Spillover Effects in China: Cases of 113 Key Environmental Protection Cities. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.5814/j.issn.1674-764x.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gong Zezhou
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhang Xiaoping
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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77
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Yao L. Causative impact of air pollution on evapotranspiration in the North China Plain. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2017; 158:436-442. [PMID: 28689035 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric dispersion conditions strongly impact air pollution under identical surface emissions. The degree of air pollution in the Jing-Jin-Ji region is so severe that it may impose feedback on local climate. Reference evapotranspiration (ET0) plays a significant role in the estimation of crop water requirements, as well as in studies on climate variation and change. Since the traditional correlation analysis cannot capture the causality, we apply the convergent cross mapping method (CCM) in this study to observationally investigate whether the air pollution impacts ET0. The results indicate that southwest regions of Jing-Jin-Ji always suffer higher PM2.5 concentration than north regions through the whole year, and correlation analysis suggests that PM2.5 concentration has a significant negative effect on ET0 in most cities. The causality detection with CCM quantitatively demonstrates the significantly causative influence of PM2.5 concentration on ET0, higher PM2.5 concentration decreasing ET0. However, CCM analysis suggests that PM2.5 concentration has a relatively weak causal influence on ET0 while the correlation analysis gives the near zero correlation coefficient in Zhangjiakou city, indicating that the causative influence of PM2.5 concentration on ET0 is better revealed with CCM method than the correlation analysis. Considering that ET0 is strongly associated with crop water requirement, the amount of water for agricultural irrigation could be reduced at high PM2.5 concentrations. These findings can be utilized to improve the efficiency of water resources utilization, and reduce the exploiting amount of groundwater in the Jing-Jin-Ji region, although PM2.5 is detrimental to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China.
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78
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Ye Z, Li Q, Liu J, Luo S, Zhou Q, Bi C, Ma S, Chen Y, Chen H, Li L, Ge X. Investigation of submicron aerosol characteristics in Changzhou, China: Composition, source, and comparison with co-collected PM 2.5. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 183:176-185. [PMID: 28549323 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.05.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2017] [Revised: 05/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Mass concentrations and chemical compositions of submicron particles (PM1) collected during July 2015 to April 2016 in Changzhou, a city in the Yangtze River Delta region, were systematically investigated for the first time. Specifically, an Aerodyne soot particle aerosol mass spectrometer (SP-AMS) was employed to characterize the water-soluble organic matter (WSOM). The average concentration of PM1 was 63.6 μg m-3, occupying ∼60% of co-collected PM2.5 mass. Water soluble inorganic ions (WSIIs) was the most abundant component with secondary ions (SO42-, NO3- and NH4+) as the dominant species. Organic matter (OM) accounted for 21.6% of PM1, with approximately 80% was water-soluble. Trace metals could constitute up to 3.0% of PM1 mass, and Fe, Al and Zn were the three most abundant ones. PAHs were predominated by ones with 5-6 rings, occupying over half of the PAHs mass; further analyses showed that fuel and coal combustion had significant contributions to PAHs. Positive matrix factorization of the WSOM data separated four factors: a traffic-related hydrocarbon-like OA (HOA), a local OA (LOA) likely associated with cooking and coal combustion emissions, etc., a secondary nitrogen-enriched OA (NOA) and an oxygenated OA (OOA). PCA analyses showed that crustal source was likely important for PM1 too. Back trajectory results implied that both PM1 and PM2.5 were mainly derived from local/regional emissions. Our findings present results regarding the PM1 chemistry and its relationship with the PM2.5 in Changzhou, which are valuable for the government to make effective policies to reduce the aerosol pollution in and near the city.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaolian Ye
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou 213001, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Qing Li
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou 213001, China
| | - Jiashu Liu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou 213001, China
| | - Shipeng Luo
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou 213001, China
| | - Quanfa Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou 213001, China
| | - Chenglu Bi
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou 213001, China
| | - Shuaishuai Ma
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou 213001, China
| | - Yanfang Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Ling Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Xinlei Ge
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
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79
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Shen F, Ge X, Hu J, Nie D, Tian L, Chen M. Air pollution characteristics and health risks in Henan Province, China. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2017; 156:625-634. [PMID: 28454015 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Events of severe air pollution occurred frequently in China recently, thus understanding of the air pollution characteristics and its health risks is very important. In this work, we analyzed a two-year dataset (March 2014 - February 2016) including daily concentrations of six criteria pollutants (PM2.5, PM10, CO, SO2, NO2, and O3) from 18 cities in Henan province. Results reveal the serious air pollution status in Henan province, especially the northern part, and Zhengzhou is the city with the worst air quality. Annual average PM2.5 concentrations exceed the second grade of Chinese Ambient Air Quality Standard (75μg/m3) at both 2014 and 2015. PM2.5 is typically the major pollutant, but ozone pollution can be significant during summer. Furthermore, as the commonly used air quality index (AQI) neglects the mutual health effects from multiple pollutants, we introduced the aggregate air quality index (AAQI) and health-risk based air quality index (HAQI) to evaluate the health risks. Results show that based on HAQI, the current AQI system likely significantly underestimate the health risks of air pollution, highlighting that the general public may need stricter health protection measures. The population-weighted two-year average HAQI data further demonstrates that all population in the studied cities in Henan province live with polluted air - 72% of the population is exposed to air that is unhealthy for sensitive people, while 28% of people is exposed to air that can be harmful to healthy people; and the health risks are much greater during winter than during other seasons. Future works should further improve the HAQI algorithm, and validate the links between the clinical/epidemiologic data and the HAQI values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuzhen Shen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control (AEMPC), Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CIC-AEET), School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Xinlei Ge
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control (AEMPC), Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CIC-AEET), School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
| | - Jianlin Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control (AEMPC), Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CIC-AEET), School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Dongyang Nie
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control (AEMPC), Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CIC-AEET), School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Li Tian
- Henan Institute of Meteorological Sciences, Zhengzhou 450003, China
| | - Mindong Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control (AEMPC), Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CIC-AEET), School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
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80
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Air Quality and Control Measures Evaluation during the 2014 Youth Olympic Games in Nanjing and its Surrounding Cities. ATMOSPHERE 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos8060100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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81
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Lai LW, Cheng WL. Difference of performance in response to disease admissions between daily time air quality indices and those derived from average and entropy functions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:14924-14933. [PMID: 28484979 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9133-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Daily time air quality indices, which can reflect air quality in 1 day, are suitable for identifying daily exposure during conditions of poor air quality. The aim of this study is to compare the main effectiveness of four daily time indices in representing variation in the number of disease admissions. These indices include pollution standard index (PSI), air quality index (AQI) and their respective indices derived from mean and entropy functions: MEPSI and MEAQI. The hourly concentrations of fine particulate matter less than 10 μm in diameter (PM10), PM2.5, O3, CO, NO2 and SO2 from 1 January 2006 to 31 December 2010 were obtained from 14 air quality monitoring stations owned by the Environmental Protection Administration (EPA) in the Kaoping region, Taiwan.Instead of circulatory system disease admissions, the indices were correlative with the number of respiratory disease admissions with correlative coefficients of 0.49 to 0.56 (P < 0.05). The daily time air quality indices derived from mean and entropy functions improved their performance of reactive range and air pollution identification. The reactive range of MEPSI and MEAQI was 1.4-3 times that of the original indices. The MEPSI and MEAQI increased identification from 40 to 180 in index scale and revealed one to two additional categories of public health effect information. In comparison with other indices, MEAQI is more effective for application to pollution events with multiple air pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Wei Lai
- Centre for General Education, National Taipei University of Business, No. 321, Sec 1, Chi-Nan Rd., Taipei, 10051, Taiwan, Republic of China.
| | - Wan-Li Cheng
- Department of Environmental Management, Taiwan Institute of Development Strategy, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
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82
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Source apportionment of carbonaceous particulate matter during haze days in Shanghai based on the radiocarbon. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-017-5267-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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83
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Guo H, Wang Y, Zhang H. Characterization of criteria air pollutants in Beijing during 2014-2015. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2017; 154:334-344. [PMID: 28160730 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
One year-long criteria air pollutants data collected in Beijing were analyzed in this paper, which can support the research on formation, transport and human health effects of air pollutants. This is the first time to study the spatial and temporal variations of criteria pollutants in Beijing using hourly observational data from 12 sites between June 2014 and May 2015 released by the Ministry of Environmental Protection (MEP) of China. Beijing is facing tremendous air pollution as the daily averaged PM2.5 (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5µm) concentrations in all sites exceeding the Chinese Ambient Air Quality Standards (CAAQS) Grade I & II standards (15 and 35µg/m3). Slightly differences in PM2.5 and ozone (O3) were observed between sites at the urban and rural areas. Pearson correlation coefficients show that most pollutants are temporally correlated in Beijing except for O3. The coefficients of divergence (COD) indicate that PM2.5 is associated at most sites with only one rural site (Dingling) having observable difference and one site may be insufficient for monitoring surrounding area. The 8h peak O3 (O3-8h) also correlates at different sites but with one urban site (Haidianquwanliu) different from others. In addition, an extreme PM2.5 event (hourly average concentration exceeding 300μg/m3 for ~40h) was examined with the consideration of meteorological conditions. Southerly wind with low speed and high relative humidity allow the accumulation of pollutants while northerly wind with high speed and low relative humidity result in good air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Guo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | | | - Hongliang Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
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84
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Characteristics and Formation Mechanisms of Fine Particulate Nitrate in Typical Urban Areas in China. ATMOSPHERE 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos8030062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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85
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Detecting the causality influence of individual meteorological factors on local PM 2.5 concentration in the Jing-Jin-Ji region. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40735. [PMID: 28128221 PMCID: PMC5269577 DOI: 10.1038/srep40735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to complicated interactions in the atmospheric environment, quantifying the influence of individual meteorological factors on local PM2.5 concentration remains challenging. The Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (short for Jing-Jin-Ji) region is infamous for its serious air pollution. To improve regional air quality, characteristics and meteorological driving forces for PM2.5 concentration should be better understood. This research examined seasonal variations of PM2.5 concentration within the Jing-Jin-Ji region and extracted meteorological factors strongly correlated with local PM2.5 concentration. Following this, a convergent cross mapping (CCM) method was employed to quantify the causality influence of individual meteorological factors on PM2.5 concentration. The results proved that the CCM method was more likely to detect mirage correlations and reveal quantitative influences of individual meteorological factors on PM2.5 concentration. For the Jing-Jin-Ji region, the higher PM2.5 concentration, the stronger influences meteorological factors exert on PM2.5 concentration. Furthermore, this research suggests that individual meteorological factors can influence local PM2.5 concentration indirectly by interacting with other meteorological factors. Due to the significant influence of local meteorology on PM2.5 concentration, more emphasis should be given on employing meteorological means for improving local air quality.
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86
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A Fuzzy Expression Way for Air Quality Index with More Comprehensive Information. SUSTAINABILITY 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/su9010083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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87
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Maga M, Janik MK, Wachsmann A, Chrząstek-Janik O, Koziej M, Bajkowski M, Maga P, Tyrak K, Wójcik K, Gregorczyk-Maga I, Niżankowski R. Influence of air pollution on exhaled carbon monoxide levels in smokers and non-smokers. A prospective cross-sectional study. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2017; 152:496-502. [PMID: 27712837 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The poor air quality and cigarette smoking are the most important reasons for increased carbon monoxide (CO) level in exhaled air. However, the influence of high air pollution concentration in big cities on the exhaled CO level has not been well studied yet. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the impact of smoking habit and air pollution in the place of living on the level of CO in exhaled air. METHODS Citizens from two large cities and one small town in Poland were asked to complete a survey disclosing their place of residence, education level, work status and smoking habits. Subsequently, the CO level in their exhaled air was measured. Air quality data, obtained from the Regional Inspectorates of Environmental Protection, revealed the differences in atmospheric CO concentration between locations. RESULTS 1226 subjects were divided into 4 groups based on their declared smoking status and place of living. The average CO level in exhaled air was significantly higher in smokers than in non-smokers (p<0.0001) as well as in non-smokers from big cities than non-smokers from small ones (p<0.0001). Created model showed that non-smokers from big cities have odds ratio of 125.3 for exceeding CO cutoff level of 4ppm compared to non-smokers from small towns. CONCLUSIONS The average CO level in exhaled air is significantly higher in smokers than non-smokers. Among non-smokers, the average exhaled CO level is significantly higher in big city than small town citizens. These results suggest that permanent exposure to an increased concentration of air pollution and cigarette smoking affect the level of exhaled CO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikołaj Maga
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, 8 Skawinska Street, Krakow, Poland
| | - Maciej K Janik
- Medical University of Warsaw, 2a Trojdena Street, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Wachsmann
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, 8 Skawinska Street, Krakow, Poland.
| | | | - Mateusz Koziej
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, 8 Skawinska Street, Krakow, Poland
| | | | - Paweł Maga
- Angiology Department, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 8 Skawinska Street, Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Tyrak
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, 8 Skawinska Street, Krakow, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Wójcik
- Immunology and Allergology Department, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 8 Skawinska Street, Krakow, Poland
| | | | - Rafał Niżankowski
- Angiology Department, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 8 Skawinska Street, Krakow, Poland
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88
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Dimitriou K, Kassomenos P. The covariance of air quality conditions in six cities in Southern Germany - The role of meteorology. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 574:1611-1621. [PMID: 27596930 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.08.200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This paper analyzed air quality in six cities in Southern Germany (Ulm, Augsburg, Konstanz, Freiburg, Stuttgart and Munich), in conjunction with the prevailing synoptic conditions. Air quality was estimated through the calculation of a daily Air Stress Index (ASI) constituted by five independent components, each one expressing the contribution of one of the five main pollutants (PM10, O3, SO2, NO2 and CO) to the total air stress. As it was deduced from ASI components, PM10 from combustion sources and photochemically produced tropospheric O3 are the most hazardous pollutants at the studied sites, throughout cold and warm periods respectively, yet PM10 contribute substantially to the overall air stress during both seasons. The influence of anticyclonic high pressure systems, leading to atmospheric stagnation, was associated with increased ASI values, mainly due to the entrapment of PM10. Moderate air stress was generally estimated in all cities however a cleaner atmosphere was detected principally in Freiburg when North Europe was dominated by low pressure systems. Daily events of notably escalated ASI values were further analyzed with backward air mass trajectories. Throughout cold period, ASI episodes were commonly related to eastern airflows carrying exogenous PM10 originated from eastern continental Europe. During warm period, ASI episodes were connected to the arrival of regionally circulated air parcels reflecting lack of dispersion and accumulation of pollutants in accordance with the synoptic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pavlos Kassomenos
- Laboratory of Meteorology, Department of Physics, University of Ioannina, Greece
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89
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Tambo E, Duo-Quan W, Zhou XN. Tackling air pollution and extreme climate changes in China: Implementing the Paris climate change agreement. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2016; 95:152-6. [PMID: 27107974 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
China still depends on coal for more than 60% of its power despite big investments in the process of shifting to nuclear, solar and wind power renewable energy resources alignment with Paris climate change agreement (Paris CCA). Chinese government through the Communist Party Central Committee (CPCC) ascribes great importance and commitment to Paris CCA legacy and history landmark implementation at all levels. As the world's biggest carbon dioxide emitter, China has embarked on "SMART" pollution and climate changes programs and measures to reduce coal-fired power plants to less than 50% in the next five years include: new China model of energy policies commitment on CO2 and greenhouse gas emissions reductions to less than 20% non-fossil energy use by 2030 without undermining their economic growth, newly introduced electric vehicles transportation benefits, interactive and sustained air quality index (AQI) monitoring systems, decreasing reliance on fossil fuel economic activities, revision of energy price reforms and renewable energy to less energy efficient technologies development. Furthermore, ongoing CPCC improved environmental initiatives, implemented strict regulations and penalties on local companies and firms' pollution production management, massive infrastructures such as highways to reduce CO2 expansion of seven regional emissions trading markets and programs for CO2 emissions and other pollutants are being documented. Maximizing on the centralized nature of the China's government, implemented Chinese pollution, climate changes mitigation and adaptation initiatives, "SMART" strategies and credible measures are promising. A good and practical example is the interactive and dynamic website and database covering 367 Chinese cities and providing real time information on environmental and pollution emissions AQI. Also, water quality index (WQI), radiation and nuclear safety monitoring and management systems over time and space. These are ongoing Chinese valuable and exemplary leadership in Paris CCA implementation to the global community. Especially to pragmatic and responsible efforts to support pollution and climate changes capacity development, technology transfer and empowerment in emissions surveillance and monitoring systems and "SMART" integrated climate changes mitigation packages in global Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) context, citizenry health and wellbeing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest Tambo
- Higher Institute of Health Sciences, Université des Montagnes, Bangangté, Cameroon; Africa Disease Intelligence and Surveillance, Communication and Response (Africa DISCoR) Foundation, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| | - Wang Duo-Quan
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200025, PR China; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Shanghai 200025, PR China; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai 200025, PR China
| | - Xiao-Nong Zhou
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200025, PR China; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Shanghai 200025, PR China; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai 200025, PR China.
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90
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Hu J, Wu L, Zheng B, Zhang Q, He K, Chang Q, Li X, Yang F, Ying Q, Zhang H. Source contributions and regional transport of primary particulate matter in China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2015; 207:31-42. [PMID: 26340297 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A source-oriented CMAQ was applied to determine source sector/region contributions to primary particulate matter (PPM) in China. Four months were simulated with emissions grouped to eight regions and six sectors. Predicted elemental carbon (EC), primary organic carbon (POC), and PPM concentrations and source contributions agree with measurements and have significant spatiotemporal variations. Residential is a major contributor to spring/winter EC (50-80%), POC (60%-90%), and PPM (30-70%). For summer/fall, industrial contributes 30-50% for EC/POC and 40-60% for PPM. Transportation is more important for EC (20-30%) than POC/PPM (<5%). Open burning is important in summer/fall of Guangzhou and Chongqing. Dust contributes to 1/3-1/2 in spring/fall of Beijing, Xi'an and Chongqing. Based on sector-region combination, local residential/transportation and residential/industrial from Heibei are major contributors to spring PPM in Beijing. In summer/fall, local industrial is the largest. In winter, residential/industrial from local and Hebei account for >90% in Beijing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlin Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Cleaning Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Li Wu
- Zachry Department of Civil Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-3136, USA
| | - Bo Zheng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Center for Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Kebin He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Qing Chang
- School of Chemistry & Environment, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xinghua Li
- School of Chemistry & Environment, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Fumo Yang
- Key Laboratory of Reservoir Aquatic Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China
| | - Qi Ying
- Zachry Department of Civil Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-3136, USA
| | - Hongliang Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA.
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