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Beltran AJ, Wu J, Laurent O. Associations of meteorology with adverse pregnancy outcomes: a systematic review of preeclampsia, preterm birth and birth weight. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2013; 11:91-172. [PMID: 24362545 PMCID: PMC3924438 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph110100091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The relationships between meteorology and pregnancy outcomes are not well known. This article reviews available evidence on the relationships between seasonality or meteorology and three major pregnancy outcomes: the hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (including preeclampsia, eclampsia and gestational hypertension), gestational length and birth weight. In total 35, 28 and 27 studies were identified for each of these outcomes. The risks of preeclampsia appear higher for women with conception during the warmest months, and delivery in the coldest months of the year. Delivery in the coldest months is also associated with a higher eclampsia risk. Patterns of decreased gestational lengths have been observed for births in winter, as well as summer months. Most analytical studies also report decreases in gestational lengths associated with heat. Birth weights are lower for deliveries occurring in winter and in summer months. Only a limited number of studies have investigated the effects of barometric pressure on gestational length or the effects of temperature and sunshine exposure on birth weight, but these questions appear worth investigating further. Available results should encourage further etiological research aiming at enhancing our understanding of the relationships between meteorology and adverse pregnancy outcomes, ideally via harmonized multicentric studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jun Wu
- Program in Public Health, Anteater Instruction & Research Bldg (AIRB), 653 East Peltason Drive, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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Schifano P, Lallo A, Asta F, De Sario M, Davoli M, Michelozzi P. Effect of ambient temperature and air pollutants on the risk of preterm birth, Rome 2001-2010. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2013; 61:77-87. [PMID: 24103349 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2013.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Revised: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although the prevalence of preterm births ranges from 5 to 13% and represents the leading cause of perinatal mortality and morbidity in developed countries, the etiology of preterm birth remains uncertain. We aimed to evaluate the effect of short-term exposure to high and low temperatures and air pollution on preterm delivery and to identify socio-demographic and clinical maternal risk factors enhancing individual susceptibility. METHODS We analyzed all singleton live births by natural delivery that occurred in Rome in 2001-2010. A time-series approach was used to estimate the effect of exposure to minimum temperature, maximum apparent temperature, heat waves, particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 10μm or less (PM10), ozone, and nitrogen dioxide in the month preceding delivery; the analysis was conducted separately for cold and warm seasons. Socio-demographic and clinical risk factors were included as interaction terms. RESULTS Preterm births comprised nearly 6% of our cohort. An increase of 1.9% (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.86-2.87) in daily preterm births per 1°C increase in maximum apparent temperature in the 2days preceding delivery was estimated for the warm season. Older women, women with higher education levels, and women with obstetric or chronic pathologies reported during delivery had a lower effect of temperature on the risk of preterm birth, while women with a chronic disease in the two years before delivery and mothers<20years showed a higher effect. A +19% (95% CI 7.91-31.69) increase in preterm births was observed during heat waves. Temperature had no effect during the cold season. We detected a significant effect of PM10 on preterm-birth risk at a lag period of 12-22days during the warm season (+0.69%; 95% CI 0.23-1.15, for 1μg/m(3) increase of pollutant); women with obstetric pathologies and with a higher education level showed a higher risk. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest a possible short-term effect of heat and a more delayed and prolonged effect of PM10 exposure on preterm-birth risk, as well as the existence of more susceptible subgroups of women. Our observations support the few reported investigations, and may help to increase awareness among public-health stakeholders and clinicians regarding the role of these environmental exposures as risk factors for premature birth and health consequences for children later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Schifano
- Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service, Rome, Italy.
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Wang J, Williams G, Guo Y, Pan X, Tong S. Maternal exposure to heatwave and preterm birth in Brisbane, Australia. BJOG 2013; 120:1631-41. [DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.12397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J Wang
- School of Public Health and Social Work; Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI); Queensland University of Technology; Brisbane Australia
| | - G Williams
- School of Population Health; University of Queensland; Brisbane Australia
| | - Y Guo
- School of Population Health; University of Queensland; Brisbane Australia
| | - X Pan
- School of Public Health; Peking University; Beijing China
| | - S Tong
- School of Public Health and Social Work; Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI); Queensland University of Technology; Brisbane Australia
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Carolan-Olah M, Frankowska D. High environmental temperature and preterm birth: a review of the evidence. Midwifery 2013; 30:50-9. [PMID: 23473912 DOI: 10.1016/j.midw.2013.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2012] [Revised: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE to examine the evidence in relation to preterm birth and high environmental temperature. BACKGROUND this review was conducted against a background of global warming and an escalation in the frequency and severity of hot weather together with a rising preterm birth rate. METHODS electronic health databases such as: SCOPUS, MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE and Maternity and Infant Care were searched for research articles, that examined preterm birth and high environmental temperature. Further searches were based on the reference lists of located articles. Keywords included a search term for preterm birth (preterm birth, preterm, premature, <37 weeks, gestation) and a search term for hot weather (heatwaves, heat-waves, global warming, climate change, extreme heat, hot weather, high temperature, ambient temperature). A total of 159 papers were retrieved in this way. Of these publications, eight met inclusion criteria. DATA EXTRACTION data were extracted and organised under the following headings: study design; dataset and sample; gestational age and effect of environmental heat on preterm birth. Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) guidelines were used to appraise study quality. FINDINGS in this review, the weight of evidence supported an association between high environmental temperature and preterm birth. However, the degree of association varied considerably, and it is not clear what factors influence this relationship. Differing definitions of preterm birth may also add to lack of clarity. KEY CONCLUSIONS preterm birth is an increasingly common and debilitating condition that affects a substantial portion of infants. Rates appear to be linked to high environmental temperature, and more especially heat stress, which may be experienced during extreme heat or following a sudden rise in temperature. When this happens, the body may be unable to adapt quickly to the change. As global warming continues, the incidence of high environmental temperature and dramatic temperature changes are also increasing. This situation makes it important that research effort is directed to understanding the degree of association and the mechanism by which high temperature and temperature increases impact on preterm birth. Research is also warranted into the development of more effective cooling practices to ameliorate the effects of heat stress. In the meantime, it is important that pregnant women are advised to take special precautions to avoid heat stress and to keep cool when there are sudden increases in temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Carolan-Olah
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, St. Alban's Campus, Victoria University, PO Box 14228, Melbourne 8001, Australia.
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Olsson D, Mogren I, Forsberg B. Air pollution exposure in early pregnancy and adverse pregnancy outcomes: a register-based cohort study. BMJ Open 2013; 3:bmjopen-2012-001955. [PMID: 23386578 PMCID: PMC3585966 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2012-001955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Our aim was to study the possible associations between exposure to elevated levels of air pollution, ozone (O(3)) and vehicle exhaust (NO(x)), during early gestation, and adverse pregnancy outcomes such as pre-eclampsia, preterm birth and small for gestational age. DESIGN Prospective register-based cohort study. SETTING The Swedish Medical Birth Register includes data on all deliveries during 1998 to 2006 in Greater Stockholm, Sweden. The national Patient Register and the Prescribed Drug Register were used to collect information on maternal asthma. PARTICIPANTS All singleton pregnancies, conceived at the earliest in August 1997 and at the latest in February 2006, were included, n=120 755. OUTCOME MEASURES We studied preterm birth, small for gestational age and pre-eclampsia. RESULTS 4.4% of pregnancies resulted in a preterm birth. The prevalence of pre-eclampsia was 2.7%. We observed an association between first trimester O(3) and preterm birth (OR 1.04, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.08) as well as an association with pre-eclampsia (OR 1.04, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.08), per 10 µg/m(3) increase in O(3). We observed no association between first trimester NO(x) and adverse pregnancy outcomes. No associations were observed between any of the air pollutants and small for gestational age. CONCLUSIONS Increased levels of O(3) during the first trimester increased the risk of pre-eclampsia and preterm birth. Air pollutants did not exhibit any effects on fetal growth restriction. We estimated 1 in every 20 cases of pre-eclampsia to be associated with O(3) exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Olsson
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Mogren
- Department of Clinical Science, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Bertil Forsberg
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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Polichetti G, Capone D, Grigoropoulos K, Tarantino G, Nunziata A, Gentile A. Effects of Ambient Air Pollution on Birth Outcomes: An Overview. CRITICAL REVIEWS IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/10643389.2011.644214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Wolf J, Armstrong B. The association of season and temperature with adverse pregnancy outcome in two German states, a time-series analysis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40228. [PMID: 22792247 PMCID: PMC3391296 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 06/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A seasonality of low birth weight (LBW) and preterm birth (PTB) has been described for most regions and there is evidence that this pattern is caused by ambient outdoor temperature. However, the association as such, the direction of effect and the critical time of exposure remain controversial. Methods Logistic, time-series regression was performed on nearly 300,000 births from two German states to study the association between season and daily mean temperature and changes in daily proportions of term LBW (tLBW) or PTB. Analyses were adjusted for time-varying factors. Temperature exposures were examined during different periods of pregnancy. Results Weak evidence for an association between season of conception, season of birth or ambient outdoor temperature and tLBW or PTB was found. Results of analyses of temperature were not consistent between the two states. Different sources of bias which would have artificially led to stronger findings were detected and are described. Conclusions No clear evidence for an association between season of conception, season of birth or temperature and tLBW or PTB was found. In the study of pregnancy outcome different sources of bias can be identified which can potentially explain heterogeneous findings of the past.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennyfer Wolf
- Department of Social and Environmental Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
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Chang HH, Reich BJ, Miranda ML. Time-to-event analysis of fine particle air pollution and preterm birth: results from North Carolina, 2001-2005. Am J Epidemiol 2012; 175:91-8. [PMID: 22167746 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwr403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to air pollution during pregnancy has been suggested to be a risk factor for preterm birth; however, epidemiologic evidence remains mixed and limited. The authors examined the association between ambient levels of particulate matter <2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM(2.5)) and the risk of preterm birth in North Carolina during the period 2001-2005. They estimated the risks of cumulative and lagged average exposures to PM(2.5) during pregnancy via a 2-stage discrete-time survival model. The authors also considered exposure metrics derived from 1) ambient concentrations measured by the Air Quality System (AQS) monitoring network and 2) concentrations predicted by statistically fusing AQS data with process-based numerical model output (the Statistically Fused Air and Deposition Surfaces (FSD) database). Using the AQS measurements, an interquartile-range (1.73 μg/m(3)) increase in cumulative PM(2.5) exposure was associated with a 6.8% (95% posterior interval: 0.5, 13.6) increase in the risk of preterm birth. Using the FSD-predicted levels and accounting for prediction error, the authors also found significant adverse associations between trimester 1, trimester 2, and cumulative PM(2.5) exposure and preterm birth. These findings suggest that exposure to ambient PM(2.5) during pregnancy is associated with increased risk of preterm birth, even in a region characterized by relatively good air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard H Chang
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health,Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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Strand LB, Barnett AG, Tong S. Maternal exposure to ambient temperature and the risks of preterm birth and stillbirth in Brisbane, Australia. Am J Epidemiol 2012; 175:99-107. [PMID: 22167749 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwr404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Almost 10% of all births are preterm, and 2.2% are stillbirths. Recent research has suggested that environmental factors may be a contributory cause of these adverse birth outcomes. The authors examined the relation between ambient temperature and preterm birth and stillbirth in Brisbane, Australia, between 2005 and 2009 (n = 101,870). They used a Cox proportional hazards model with livebirth and stillbirth as competing risks. They also examined whether there were periods in pregnancy where exposure to high temperatures had a greater effect. Higher ambient temperatures in the last 4 weeks of the pregnancy increased the risk of stillbirth. The hazard ratio for stillbirth was 0.3 at 12°C relative to the reference temperature of 21°C. The temperature effect was greatest at less than 36 weeks of gestation. There was an association between higher temperature and shorter gestation, as the hazard ratio for livebirth was 0.96 at 15°C and 1.02 at 25°C. This effect was greatest at later gestational ages. These results provide strong evidence of an association between increased temperature and increased risk of stillbirth and shorter gestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linn B Strand
- Department of Public Health and General Practice, Norwegian University of Science andTechnology, Håkon Jarls gate 11, Trondheim, Norway.
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61
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Rückerl R, Schneider A, Breitner S, Cyrys J, Peters A. Health effects of particulate air pollution: A review of epidemiological evidence. Inhal Toxicol 2012; 23:555-92. [PMID: 21864219 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2011.593587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 311] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Regina Rückerl
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Epidemiology II, Neuherberg, Germany.
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Baroutis G, Mousiolis A, Hoffman D, Antsaklis A. Preterm birth seasonality in Greece: an epidemiological study. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2011; 25:1406-12. [PMID: 22070139 DOI: 10.3109/14767058.2011.636103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Seasonality of preterm birth has been noted, although not conclusively studied. Weather is also thought to play a role. We sought preterm birth seasonality and additionally studied the effect of weather parameters in the preterm birth pattern. METHODS Vital statistics from the Hellenic Statistical Authority were retrieved, covering the years from 1980 to 2008. Additionally, weather data were retrieved for the years of the study. Time series analysis was used to create various statistical models that would be compared to each other for their accuracy to predict preterm birth. Factors used in the modeling included month of birth, gender and weather factors. RESULTS Preterm birth seasonality was exhibited. Two peaks of higher risk of preterm birth were noted: One during summer and one during winter. Males were more influenced by seasonality and exhibited slightly different seasonal patterns than females, although no higher risk for preterm birth was noted. The best model that described seasonal pattern of preterm birth was the one that included meteorological factors. Notably, extreme (hotter or colder) weather was accompanied by an increase in preterm birth. CONCLUSIONS Evidence for seasonality of preterm birth was shown and extreme weather was associated with a higher incidence of it.
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Strand LB, Barnett AG, Tong S. The influence of season and ambient temperature on birth outcomes: a review of the epidemiological literature. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2011; 111:451-62. [PMID: 21333980 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2011.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2010] [Revised: 01/17/2011] [Accepted: 01/28/2011] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Seasonal patterns of birth outcomes, such as low birth weight, preterm birth and stillbirth, have been found around the world. As a result, there has been an increasing interest in evaluating short-term exposure to ambient temperature as a determinant of adverse birth outcomes. This paper reviews the epidemiological evidence on seasonality of birth outcomes and the impact of prenatal exposure to ambient temperature on birth outcomes. We identified 20 studies that investigated seasonality of birth outcomes, and reported statistically significant seasonal patterns. Most of the studies found peaks of preterm birth, stillbirth and low birth weight in winter, summer or both, which indicates the extremes of temperature may be an important determinant of poor birth outcomes. We identified 13 studies that investigated the influence of exposure to ambient temperature on birth weight and preterm birth (none examined stillbirth). The evidence for an adverse effect of high temperatures was stronger for birth weight than for preterm birth. More research is needed to clarify whether high temperatures have a causal effect on fetal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linn B Strand
- School of Public Health and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Victoria Park Rd, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia.
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Basu R, Malig B, Ostro B. High ambient temperature and the risk of preterm delivery. Am J Epidemiol 2010; 172:1108-17. [PMID: 20889619 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwq170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
With temperatures expected to increase because of climate change, it is essential to study the health outcomes of elevated temperature in vulnerable populations, such as expectant mothers. In this study, the authors estimated the association between heat and humidity, as measured by apparent temperature, and preterm delivery. They conducted a case-crossover analysis of almost 60,000 births spanning 16 counties in California that occurred from 1999 to 2006 between May and September. The authors identified cases of preterm birth from a state registry of births, which were combined with meteorologic and air pollution monitoring data based on residential zip code. High ambient temperature was significantly associated with preterm birth for all mothers, regardless of maternal racial/ethnic group, maternal age, maternal education, or sex of the infant. Results indicated that an 8.6% increase (95% confidence interval: 6.0, 11.3) in preterm delivery was associated with a 10°F (5.6°C) increase in weekly average (lag06) apparent temperature. Greater associations were observed for younger mothers, blacks, and Asians. These associations were independent of air pollutants. Given the significant associations for apparent temperature and preterm delivery found in this study, more large-scale studies of temperature and preterm delivery are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupa Basu
- California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, Air Pollution Epidemiology Section, Oakland, California 94612, USA.
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66
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Ambient particulate matter and preterm birth or birth weight: a review of the literature. Arch Toxicol 2010; 84:447-60. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-010-0514-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2009] [Accepted: 01/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Yi O, Kim H, Ha E. Does area level socioeconomic status modify the effects of PM(10) on preterm delivery? ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2010; 110:55-61. [PMID: 19878932 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2009.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2008] [Revised: 09/24/2009] [Accepted: 10/02/2009] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Air pollution has been one of the focal points for investigations of maternal health and birth, and an association has been found between air pollution and birth outcomes. Some individual-level risk factors of mothers have been identified as strong predictors of preterm delivery (PTD). Recent literature has shown that the neighborhood environment of the mother and child has an independent influence on birth outcomes that was not explained by individual-level risk factors. OBJECTIVE This study explored the effects of maternal exposure to particulate air pollution (PM(10)) and its relationship to the probability of preterm delivery (PTD) in Seoul, Korea. Our hypothesis was that PM(10) increased the probability of PTD, and that the area level socioeconomic status (SES), measured by monthly average household income, modified the PM(10) effects on PTD after controlling for individual-level risk factors such as individual-level SES. DATA AND METHOD Birth data from the Korean National Statistics Office consisted of records on 433,173 singleton births in the years 2000-2003, and included individual characteristics. Area-level characteristics were also controlled for in 25 administrative regions in Seoul. Maternal exposure to PM(10) was calculated at an individual level for each trimester using information from monitoring sites in residential areas. Hourly data on PM(10) for 1999-2003 were acquired from the National Institute of Environment Research. Birth outcome was dichotomously coded: term birth (gestation > or =37 weeks) or PTD (gestation <37 weeks). For multilevel analysis, we conducted a hierarchical logistic regression with a random intercept for each administrative area to account for the hierarchical nature of the data. RESULTS We found that area-level SES modified the PM(10) effects on PTD, specifically among those who were in low SES areas. Results of multilevel analyses showed that an increase in PM(10) by 10 microg/m(3) led to a statistically significant increase in the probability of PTD [3.12% (95% CI, 0.17-6.15)] during the 2nd trimester in the low-income group. Analyses using the stratified population found a 3.4% increase (95% CI, 0.31-6.58) in the probability of PTD during the 2nd trimester in areas with low income. CONCLUSION Mothers exposed to higher PM(10) in Seoul, Korea, had a higher probability of PTD. Individual-level characteristics had different effects on the probability of PTD depending on the area-level SES. Area-level SES modified the effect of PM(10) concentration on PTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Okhee Yi
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health and the Institute of Environment and Health, Seoul National University, 28 Yeongeun-Dong, Jongro-Gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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68
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Darrow LA, Strickland MJ, Klein M, Waller LA, Flanders WD, Correa A, Marcus M, Tolbert PE. Seasonality of birth and implications for temporal studies of preterm birth. Epidemiology 2009; 20:699-706. [PMID: 19535987 DOI: 10.1097/ede.0b013e3181a66e96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A strength of time-series analyses is the inherent control of individual-level risk factors that do not vary temporally. However, in studies of adverse pregnancy outcomes, risk factors considered time-invariant at the individual level may vary seasonally when aggregated into a pregnancy risk set. To illustrate, we describe the seasonal patterns of birth in Atlanta and demonstrate how these patterns could lead to confounding in time-series studies of seasonally-varying exposures and preterm birth. METHODS The study cohort included all births in 20-county metropolitan Atlanta delivered during the period 1994-2004 (n = 715,875). We assessed the seasonal patterns of estimated conception and birth for the full cohort and for subgroups stratified by sociodemographic factors. Based on the observed patterns, we quantified the degree of potential confounding created by (1) differences in the gestational age distribution in the risk set across calendar months and (2) differences in the sociodemographic composition of the risk set across calendar months. RESULTS The overall seasonal pattern of birth was characterized by a peak in August-September and troughs in April-May and November-January. Seasonal patterns differed among racial and ethnic groups, maternal education levels, and marital status. As a consequence of these seasonal patterns, systematic seasonal differences in the gestational age distribution and the sociodemographic composition of the risk set led to differences in expected rates of preterm birth across calendar months. CONCLUSIONS Time-series investigations of seasonally-varying exposures and adverse pregnancy outcomes should consider the potential for bias due to seasonal heterogeneity in the risk set.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyndsey A Darrow
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
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Currie J, Neidell M, Schmieder JF. Air pollution and infant health: Lessons from New Jersey. JOURNAL OF HEALTH ECONOMICS 2009; 28:688-703. [PMID: 19328569 PMCID: PMC2727943 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhealeco.2009.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2008] [Revised: 01/25/2009] [Accepted: 02/11/2009] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
We examine the impact of three "criteria" air pollutants on infant health in New Jersey in the 1990s by combining information about mother's residential location from birth certificates with information from air quality monitors. Our work offers three important innovations. First, we use the exact addresses of mothers to select those closest to air monitors to improve the accuracy of air quality exposure. Second, we include maternal fixed effects to control for unobserved characteristics of mothers. Third, we examine interactions of air pollution with smoking and other risk factors for poor infant health outcomes. We find consistently negative effects of exposure to carbon monoxide (CO), both during and after birth, with effects considerably larger for smokers and older mothers. Since automobiles are the main source of carbon monoxide emissions, our results have important implications for regulation of automobile emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Currie
- Columbia University, Department of Economics, International Affairs Building, New York, NY 10027, United States.
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