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Knutsen HK, Alexander J, Barregård L, Bignami M, Brüschweiler B, Ceccatelli S, Cottrill B, Dinovi M, Grasl-Kraupp B, Hogstrand C, Hoogenboom LR, Nebbia CS, Oswald IP, Petersen A, Rose M, Roudot AC, Schwerdtle T, Vleminckx C, Vollmer G, Wallace H, De Saeger S, Eriksen GS, Farmer P, Fremy JM, Gong YY, Meyer K, Naegeli H, Parent-Massin D, Rietjens I, van Egmond H, Altieri A, Eskola M, Gergelova P, Ramos Bordajandi L, Benkova B, Dörr B, Gkrillas A, Gustavsson N, van Manen M, Edler L. Risks to human and animal health related to the presence of deoxynivalenol and its acetylated and modified forms in food and feed. EFSA J 2017; 15:e04718. [PMID: 32625635 PMCID: PMC7010102 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a mycotoxin primarily produced by Fusarium fungi, occurring predominantly in cereal grains. Following the request of the European Commission, the CONTAM Panel assessed the risk to animal and human health related to DON, 3-acetyl-DON (3-Ac-DON), 15-acetyl-DON (15-Ac-DON) and DON-3-glucoside in food and feed. A total of 27,537, 13,892, 7,270 and 2,266 analytical data for DON, 3-Ac-DON, 15-Ac-DON and DON-3-glucoside, respectively, in food, feed and unprocessed grains collected from 2007 to 2014 were used. For human exposure, grains and grain-based products were main sources, whereas in farm and companion animals, cereal grains, cereal by-products and forage maize contributed most. DON is rapidly absorbed, distributed, and excreted. Since 3-Ac-DON and 15-Ac-DON are largely deacetylated and DON-3-glucoside cleaved in the intestines the same toxic effects as DON can be expected. The TDI of 1 μg/kg bw per day, that was established for DON based on reduced body weight gain in mice, was therefore used as a group-TDI for the sum of DON, 3-Ac-DON, 15-Ac-DON and DON-3-glucoside. In order to assess acute human health risk, epidemiological data from mycotoxicoses were assessed and a group-ARfD of 8 μg/kg bw per eating occasion was calculated. Estimates of acute dietary exposures were below this dose and did not raise a health concern in humans. The estimated mean chronic dietary exposure was above the group-TDI in infants, toddlers and other children, and at high exposure also in adolescents and adults, indicating a potential health concern. Based on estimated mean dietary concentrations in ruminants, poultry, rabbits, dogs and cats, most farmed fish species and horses, adverse effects are not expected. At the high dietary concentrations, there is a potential risk for chronic adverse effects in pigs and fish and for acute adverse effects in cats and farmed mink.
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Abia WA, Warth B, Ezekiel CN, Sarkanj B, Turner PC, Marko D, Krska R, Sulyok M. Uncommon toxic microbial metabolite patterns in traditionally home-processed maize dish ( fufu ) consumed in rural Cameroon. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 107:10-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Lee HJ, Ryu D. Worldwide Occurrence of Mycotoxins in Cereals and Cereal-Derived Food Products: Public Health Perspectives of Their Co-occurrence. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:7034-7051. [PMID: 27976878 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b04847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 346] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Cereal grains and their processed food products are frequently contaminated with mycotoxins. Among many, five major mycotoxins of aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, deoxynivalenol, and zearalenone are of significant public health concern as they can cause adverse effects in humans. Being airborne or soilborne, the cosmopolitan nature of mycotoxigenic fungi contribute to the worldwide occurrence of mycotoxins. On the basis of the global occurrence data reported during the past 10 years, the incidences and maximum levels in raw cereal grains were 55% and 1642 μg/kg for aflatoxins, 29% and 1164 μg/kg for ochratoxin A, 61% and 71,121 μg/kg for fumonisins, 58% and 41,157 μg/kg, for deoxynivalenol, and 46% and 3049 μg/kg for zearalenone. The concentrations of mycotoxins tend to be lower in processed food products; the incidences varied depending on the individual mycotoxins, possibly due to the varying stability during processing and distribution of mycotoxins. It should be noted that more than one mycotoxin, produced by a single or several fungal species, may occur in various combinations in a given sample or food. Most studies reported additive or synergistic effects, suggesting that these mixtures may pose a significant threat to public health, particularly to infants and young children. Therefore, information on the co-occurrence of mycotoxins and their interactive toxicity is summarized in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jung Lee
- School of Food Science, University of Idaho , 875 Perimeter Drive MS 2312, Moscow, Idaho 83844, United States
| | - Dojin Ryu
- School of Food Science, University of Idaho , 875 Perimeter Drive MS 2312, Moscow, Idaho 83844, United States
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Ayelign A, Woldegiorgis AZ, Adish A, De Boevre M, Heyndrickx E, De Saeger S. Assessment of aflatoxin exposure among young children in Ethiopia using urinary biomarkers. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2017; 34:1606-1616. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2017.1350290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Abebe Ayelign
- Department of Bioanalysis, Laboratory of Food Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Food Science and Nutrition, College of Natural Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Department of Food Science and Postharvest Technology, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Ashagrie Zewdu Woldegiorgis
- Center for Food Science and Nutrition, College of Natural Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Abdulaziz Adish
- Micronutrient Initiative (MI), Deputy Regional Director, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Marthe De Boevre
- Department of Bioanalysis, Laboratory of Food Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ellen Heyndrickx
- Department of Bioanalysis, Laboratory of Food Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sarah De Saeger
- Department of Bioanalysis, Laboratory of Food Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Watson S, Gong YY, Routledge M. Interventions targeting child undernutrition in developing countries may be undermined by dietary exposure to aflatoxin. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 57:1963-1975. [PMID: 26176888 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2015.1040869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Child undernutrition, a form of malnutrition, is a major public health burden in developing countries. Supplementation interventions targeting the major micronutrient deficiencies have only reduced the burden of child undernutrition to a certain extent, indicating that there are other underlying determinants that need to be addressed. Aflatoxin exposure, which is also highly prevalent in developing countries, may be considered an aggravating factor for child undernutrition. Increasing evidence suggests that aflatoxin exposure can occur in any stage of life, including in utero through a trans-placental pathway and in early childhood (through contaminated weaning food and family food). Early life exposure to aflatoxin is associated with adverse effects on low birth weight, stunting, immune suppression, and the liver function damage. The mechanisms underlying impaired growth and aflatoxin exposure are still unclear but intestinal function damage, reduced immune function, and alteration in the insulin-like growth factor axis caused by the liver damage are the suggested hypotheses. Given the fact that both aflatoxin and child undernutrition are common in sub-Saharan Africa, effective interventions aimed at reducing undernutrition cannot be satisfactorily achieved until the interactive relationship between aflatoxin and child undernutrition is clearly understood, and an aflatoxin mitigation strategy takes effect in those vulnerable mothers and children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinead Watson
- a Institute for Global Food Safety, Queen's University Belfast , Belfast , United Kingdom
| | - Yun Yun Gong
- a Institute for Global Food Safety, Queen's University Belfast , Belfast , United Kingdom
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56
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Determination of aflatoxin M1 in urine samples indicates frequent dietary exposure to aflatoxin B1 in the Bangladeshi population. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2017; 220:271-281. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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57
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Zhang W, Guo Z, Chen Y, Cao Y. Nanomaterial Based Biosensors for Detection of Biomarkers of Exposure to OP Pesticides and Nerve Agents: A Review. ELECTROANAL 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201600748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Weiying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, Institute for Interdisciplinary Research; Jianghan University; Wuhan 430056 PR China
| | - Zhenzhong Guo
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Medical college; Wuhan University of Science and Technology; Wuhan 430065 P.R.China
| | - Yong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, Institute for Interdisciplinary Research; Jianghan University; Wuhan 430056 PR China
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS-ENS-UPMC UMR 8640; 24 Rue Lhomond Paris 75005 France
| | - Yiping Cao
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, Institute for Interdisciplinary Research; Jianghan University; Wuhan 430056 PR China
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Cirlini M, Mazzeo T, Roncoroni L, Lombardo V, Elli L, Bardella MT, Agostoni C, Doneda L, Brighenti F, Dall'Asta C, Pellegrini N. Are Treated Celiac Patients at Risk for Mycotoxins? An Italian Case-Study. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 9:toxins9010011. [PMID: 28036017 PMCID: PMC5308244 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Urinary biomarkers of mycotoxin exposure were evaluated in a group of celiac patients (n = 55) and in a control group of healthy subjects (n = 50) following their habitual diet. Deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEN), and fumonisin B1 (FB1) were monitored in 105 urinary samples collected from the two groups. Dietary habits were also recorded through compilation of a seven-day weighed dietary diary. Biomarkers of mycotoxin exposure were detected in 21 celiac patients and in 15 control subjects, corresponding to about 34% of total participants. In particular, ZEN was the most detected mycotoxin among all the studied subjects with a total of 19 positive cases. Results did not show a statistically significant difference in mycotoxin exposure between the two groups, and the presence of specific mycotoxins was not related to the intake of any particular food category. Our findings suggest little urgency of specific regulation for gluten free products, although the prevalence of exposure observed in free-living diets of both celiac and healthy subjects underlines the need of a constant surveillance on mycotoxins occurrence at large.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Cirlini
- Department of Food Science, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 49/A, Parma 43124, Italy.
| | - Teresa Mazzeo
- Department of Food Science, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 49/A, Parma 43124, Italy.
| | - Leda Roncoroni
- Center for Prevention and Diagnosis of Celiac Disease, Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan 20122, Italy.
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan 20122, Italy.
| | - Vincenza Lombardo
- Center for Prevention and Diagnosis of Celiac Disease, Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan 20122, Italy.
| | - Luca Elli
- Center for Prevention and Diagnosis of Celiac Disease, Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan 20122, Italy.
| | - Maria T Bardella
- Center for Prevention and Diagnosis of Celiac Disease, Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan 20122, Italy.
| | - Carlo Agostoni
- Intermediate Pediatric Care Unit, IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan 20122, Italy.
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan 20122, Italy.
| | - Luisa Doneda
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan 20122, Italy.
| | - Furio Brighenti
- Department of Food Science, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 49/A, Parma 43124, Italy.
| | - Chiara Dall'Asta
- Department of Food Science, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 49/A, Parma 43124, Italy.
| | - Nicoletta Pellegrini
- Department of Food Science, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 49/A, Parma 43124, Italy.
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59
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Co-exposure to low doses of the food contaminants deoxynivalenol and nivalenol has a synergistic inflammatory effect on intestinal explants. Arch Toxicol 2016; 91:2677-2687. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1902-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Assunção R, Silva M, Alvito P. Challenges in risk assessment of multiple mycotoxins in food. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2016. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2016.2039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Most fungi are able to produce several mycotoxins simultaneously and, consequently, to contaminate a wide variety of foodstuffs. Therefore, the risk of human co-exposure to multiple mycotoxins is real, raising a growing concern about their potential impact on human health. Besides, government and industry regulations are usually based on individual toxicities, and do not take into account the complex dynamics associated with interactions between co-occurring groups of mycotoxins. The present work assembles, for the first time, the challenges posed by the likelihood of human co-exposure to these toxins and the possibility of interactive effects occurring after absorption, towards knowledge generation to support a more accurate human risk assessment. Regarding hazard assessment, a physiologically-based framework is proposed in order to infer the health effects from exposure to multiple mycotoxins in food, including knowledge on the bioaccessibility, toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics of single and combined toxins. The prioritisation of the most relevant mixtures to be tested under experimental conditions that attempt to mimic human exposure and the use of adequate mathematical approaches to evaluate interactions, particularly concerning the combined genotoxicity, were identified as the main challenges for hazard assessment. Regarding exposure assessment, the need of harmonised food consumption data, availability of multianalyte methods for mycotoxin quantification, management of left-censored data, use of probabilistic models and multibiomarker approaches are highlighted, in order to develop a more precise and realistic exposure assessment. To conclude, further studies on hazard and exposure assessment of multiple mycotoxins, using harmonised methodologies, are crucial towards an improvement of data quality and a more reliable and robust risk characterisation, which is central for risk management and, consequently, to prevent mycotoxins-associated adverse effects. A deep understanding of the nature of interactions between multiple mycotoxins will contribute to draw real conclusions on the health impact of human exposure to mycotoxin mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Assunção
- Food and Nutrition Department, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge, I.P. (INSA), Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- IIFA, Universidade de Évora, Palácio do Vimioso, Largo Marquês de Marialva, Apartado 94, 7002-554 Évora, Portugal
| | - M.J. Silva
- Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge, I.P. (INSA), Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal
- Center for Toxicogenomics and Human Health (ToxOmics), Nova Medical School, FCM-UNL, Campo Mártires da Pátria 130, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - P. Alvito
- Food and Nutrition Department, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge, I.P. (INSA), Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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61
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Warth B, Del Favero G, Wiesenberger G, Puntscher H, Woelflingseder L, Fruhmann P, Sarkanj B, Krska R, Schuhmacher R, Adam G, Marko D. Identification of a novel human deoxynivalenol metabolite enhancing proliferation of intestinal and urinary bladder cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33854. [PMID: 27659167 PMCID: PMC5034337 DOI: 10.1038/srep33854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) is an abundant contaminant of cereal based food and a severe issue for global food safety. We report the discovery of DON-3-sulfate as a novel human metabolite and potential new biomarker of DON exposure. The conjugate was detectable in 70% of urine samples obtained from pregnant women in Croatia. For the measurement of urinary metabolites, a highly sensitive and selective LC-MS/MS method was developed and validated. The method was also used to investigate samples from a duplicate diet survey for studying the toxicokinetics of DON-3-sulfate. To get a preliminary insight into the biological relevance of the newly discovered DON-sulfates, in vitroexperiments were performed. In contrast to DON, sulfate conjugates lacked potency to suppress protein translation. However, surprisingly we found that DON-sulfates enhanced proliferation of human HT-29 colon carcinoma cells, primary human colon epithelial cells (HCEC-1CT) and, to some extent, also T24 bladder cancer cells. A proliferative stimulus, especially in tumorigenic cells raises concern on the potential impact of DON-sulfates on consumer health. Thus, a further characterization of their toxicological relevance should be of high priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Warth
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Währingerstr. 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria.,University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Department IFA-Tulln, Konrad-Lorenz-Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Giorgia Del Favero
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Währingerstr. 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerlinde Wiesenberger
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Konrad-Lorenz-Str. 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Hannes Puntscher
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Währingerstr. 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Lydia Woelflingseder
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Währingerstr. 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Philipp Fruhmann
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Konrad-Lorenz-Str. 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria.,Vienna University of Technology, Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Bojan Sarkanj
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Department IFA-Tulln, Konrad-Lorenz-Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria.,Josip Juraj Strossmayer University, Department of Applied Chemistry and Ecology, Faculty of Food Technology, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Rudolf Krska
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Department IFA-Tulln, Konrad-Lorenz-Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Rainer Schuhmacher
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Department IFA-Tulln, Konrad-Lorenz-Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Gerhard Adam
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Konrad-Lorenz-Str. 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Doris Marko
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Währingerstr. 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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62
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Ali N, Blaszkewicz M, Degen GH. Assessment of deoxynivalenol exposure among Bangladeshi and German adults by a biomarker-based approach. Toxicol Lett 2016; 258:20-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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63
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Ezekiel CN, Sulyok M, Somorin Y, Odutayo FI, Nwabekee SU, Balogun AT, Krska R. Mould and mycotoxin exposure assessment of melon and bush mango seeds, two common soup thickeners consumed in Nigeria. Int J Food Microbiol 2016; 237:83-91. [PMID: 27543818 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2016.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
An examination of the mould and fungal metabolite pattern in melon and bush mango seeds locally produced in Nigeria was undertaken in order to understand the mycotoxicological risk posed to consumers of both of these important and commonly consumed soup thickeners. The variation in mycotoxin levels in graded categories of both foodstuffs were also determined. Aspergillus, Fusarium, Penicillium, Mucorales and Trichoderma were the recovered fungi from the foodstuffs with Aspergillus species dominating (melon=97.8%; bush mango=89.9%). Among the Aspergillus species identified Aspergillus section Flavi dominated (melon: 72%; bush mango: 57%) and A. flavus, A. parasiticus, A. parvisclerotigenus and A. tamarii were the recovered species. About 56% and 73% of the A. flavus isolates from melon and bush mango seed samples, respectively were aflatoxigenic. Thirty-four and 59 metabolites including notable mycotoxins were found in the melon and bush mango seeds respectively. Mean aflatoxin levels (μg/kg) in melon (aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)=37.5 and total aflatoxins=142) and bush mango seeds (AFB1=68.1 and total aflatoxins=61.7) were higher than other mycotoxins, suggesting potential higher exposure for consumer populations. Significantly (p<0.05) higher levels of mycotoxins were found in hand-peeled melon and discoloured bush mango seeds than in machine-peeled melon and non-discoloured seeds except for HT-2 and T-2 toxins which occurred conversely. All melon and bush mango seeds exceeded the 2μg/kg AFB1 limit whereas all melon and 55% of bush mango seeds exceeded the 4μg/kg total aflatoxin EU limit adopted in Nigeria. This is the first report of (1) mycotoxin co-occurrence in bush mango seeds, (2) cyclopiazonic acid, HT-2 toxin, moniliformin, mycophenolic acid, T-2 toxin and tenuazonic acid occurrence, and (3) mycotoxin exposure assessment of both foodstuffs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chibundu N Ezekiel
- Mycology/Mycotoxicology Research Unit, Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria.
| | - Michael Sulyok
- Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenzstr. 20, A-3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Yinka Somorin
- Microbiology, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Foluke I Odutayo
- Mycology/Mycotoxicology Research Unit, Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria; Department of Basic Sciences, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Stella U Nwabekee
- Mycology/Mycotoxicology Research Unit, Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Afeez T Balogun
- Mycology/Mycotoxicology Research Unit, Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Rudolf Krska
- Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenzstr. 20, A-3430 Tulln, Austria
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64
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Chen L, Yu M, Wu Q, Peng Z, Wang D, Kuča K, Yao P, Yan H, Nüssler AK, Liu L, Yang W. Gender and geographical variability in the exposure pattern and metabolism of deoxynivalenol in humans: a review. J Appl Toxicol 2016; 37:60-70. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Revised: 05/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liangkai Chen
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety; Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene and MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health; Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
| | - Miao Yu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety; Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene and MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health; Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
| | - Qinghua Wu
- College of Life Science; Yangtze University; Jingzhou Hubei China
- Center for Basic and Applied Research, Faculty of Informatics and Management; University of Hradec Kralove; Czech Republic
| | - Zhao Peng
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety; Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene and MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health; Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
| | - Di Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety; Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene and MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health; Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
| | - Kamil Kuča
- Center for Basic and Applied Research, Faculty of Informatics and Management; University of Hradec Kralove; Czech Republic
- Biomedical Research Center; University Hospital Hradec Kralove; Czech Republic
| | - Ping Yao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety; Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene and MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health; Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
| | - Hong Yan
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene and MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health; Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
| | - Andreas K. Nüssler
- Department of Traumatology; BG Trauma Center, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen; Tübingen Germany
| | - Liegang Liu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety; Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene and MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health; Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety; Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene and MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health; Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
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Duringer J, Fombonne E, Craig M. No Association between Mycotoxin Exposure and Autism: A Pilot Case-Control Study in School-Aged Children. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:toxins8070224. [PMID: 27447670 PMCID: PMC4963856 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8070224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Evaluation of environmental risk factors in the development of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is needed for a more complete understanding of disease etiology and best approaches for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. A pilot experiment in 54 children (n = 25 ASD, n = 29 controls; aged 12.4 ± 3.9 years) screened for 87 urinary mycotoxins via liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to assess current exposure. Zearalenone, zearalenone-4-glucoside, 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol, and altenuene were detected in 9/54 (20%) samples, most near the limit of detection. No mycotoxin/group of mycotoxins was associated with ASD-diagnosed children. To identify potential correlates of mycotoxin presence in urine, we further compared the nine subjects where a urinary mycotoxin was confirmed to the remaining 45 participants and found no difference based on the presence or absence of mycotoxin for age (t-test; p = 0.322), gender (Fisher’s exact test; p = 0.456), exposure or not to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (Fisher’s exact test; p = 0.367), or to other medications (Fisher’s exact test; p = 1.00). While no positive association was found, more sophisticated sample preparation techniques and instrumentation, coupled with selectivity for a smaller group of mycotoxins, could improve sensitivity and detection. Further, broadening sampling to in utero (mothers) and newborn-toddler years would cover additional exposure windows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Duringer
- Department of Environmental & Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, 139 Oak Creek Building, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
| | - Eric Fombonne
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute for Development & Disability, Oregon Health & Science University, 840 SW Gaines St., Portland, OR 97239, USA.
| | - Morrie Craig
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, 105 Magruder Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
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Malir F, Ostry V, Pfohl-Leszkowicz A, Malir J, Toman J. Ochratoxin A: 50 Years of Research. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:E191. [PMID: 27384585 PMCID: PMC4963825 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8070191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 05/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Since ochratoxin A (OTA) was discovered, it has been ubiquitous as a natural contaminant of moldy food and feed. The multiple toxic effects of OTA are a real threat for human beings and animal health. For example, OTA can cause porcine nephropathy but can also damage poultries. Humans exposed to OTA can develop (notably by inhalation in the development of acute renal failure within 24 h) a range of chronic disorders such as upper urothelial carcinoma. OTA plays the main role in the pathogenesis of some renal diseases including Balkan endemic nephropathy, kidney tumors occurring in certain endemic regions of the Balkan Peninsula, and chronic interstitial nephropathy occurring in Northern African countries and likely in other parts of the world. OTA leads to DNA adduct formation, which is known for its genotoxicity and carcinogenicity. The present article discusses how renal carcinogenicity and nephrotoxicity cause both oxidative stress and direct genotoxicity. Careful analyses of the data show that OTA carcinogenic effects are due to combined direct and indirect mechanisms (e.g., genotoxicity, oxidative stress, epigenetic factors). Altogether this provides strong evidence that OTA carcinogenicity can also occur in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frantisek Malir
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove 50003, Czech Republic.
| | - Vladimir Ostry
- National Reference Center for Microfungi and Mycotoxins in Food Chains, Center of Health, Nutrition and Food in Brno, National Institute of Public Health in Prague, Brno 61242, Czech Republic.
| | - Annie Pfohl-Leszkowicz
- Department Bioprocess & Microbial Systems, Laboratory Chemical Engineering, INP/ENSA Toulouse, University of Toulouse, UMR 5503 CNRS/INPT/UPS, Auzeville-Tolosane 31320, France.
| | - Jan Malir
- Institute of State and Law, Czech Academy of Sciences, Narodni 18, Prague 11600, Czech Republic.
| | - Jakub Toman
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove 50003, Czech Republic.
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Warth B, Braun D, Ezekiel CN, Turner PC, Degen GH, Marko D. Biomonitoring of Mycotoxins in Human Breast Milk: Current State and Future Perspectives. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 29:1087-97. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Warth
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Chemistry, Department
of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Waehringerstraße 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Department IFA-Tulln, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Dominik Braun
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Chemistry, Department
of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Waehringerstraße 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Chibundu N. Ezekiel
- Department
of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo, Nigeria
- Partnership
for Aflatoxin Control in Africa, Department of Rural Economy and Agriculture, African Union Commission, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Paul C. Turner
- Maryland
Institute for Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Gisela H. Degen
- Leibniz-Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Ardeystraße 67, D-44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Doris Marko
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Chemistry, Department
of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Waehringerstraße 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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68
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Mally A, Solfrizzo M, Degen GH. Biomonitoring of the mycotoxin Zearalenone: current state-of-the art and application to human exposure assessment. Arch Toxicol 2016; 90:1281-92. [PMID: 27034246 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1704-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN), a mycotoxin with high estrogenic activity in vitro and in vivo, is a widespread food contaminant that is commonly detected in maize, wheat, barley, sorghum, rye and other grains. Human exposure estimates based on analytical data on ZEN occurrence in various food categories and food consumption data suggest that human exposure to ZEN and modified forms of ZEN may be close to or even exceed the tolerable daily intake (TDI) derived by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) for some consumer groups. Considering the inherent uncertainties in estimating dietary intake of ZEN that may lead to an under- or overestimation of ZEN exposure and consequently human risk and current lack of data on vulnerable consumer groups, there is a clear need for more comprehensive and reliable exposure data to refine ZEN risk assessment. Human biomonitoring (HBM) is increasingly being recognized as an efficient and cost-effective way of assessing human exposure to food contaminants, including mycotoxins. Based on animal and (limited) human data on the toxicokinetics of ZEN, it appears that excretion of ZEN and its major metabolites may present suitable biomarkers of ZEN exposure. In view of the limitations of available dietary exposure data on ZEN and its modified forms, the purpose of this review is to provide an overview of recent studies utilizing HBM to monitor and assess human exposure to ZEN. Considerations are given to animal and human toxicokinetic data relevant to HBM, analytical methods, and available HBM data on urinary biomarkers of ZEN exposure in different cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Mally
- Department of Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Versbacher Str. 9, 97078, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Michele Solfrizzo
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), National Research Council (CNR), Bari, Italy
| | - Gisela H Degen
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Dortmund, Germany
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69
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Gong YY, Watson S, Routledge MN. Aflatoxin Exposure and Associated Human Health Effects, a Review of Epidemiological Studies. Food Saf (Tokyo) 2016; 4:14-27. [PMID: 32231900 PMCID: PMC6989156 DOI: 10.14252/foodsafetyfscj.2015026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins are fungal toxins that possess acute life threatening toxicity, carcinogenic properties and other potential chronic adverse effects. Dietary exposure to aflatoxins is considered a major public health concern, especially for subsistence farming communities in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, where dietary staple food crops such as groundnuts and maize are often highly contaminated with aflatoxin due to hot and humid climates and poor storage, together with low awareness of risk and lack of enforcement of regulatory limits. Biomarkers have been developed and applied in many epidemiological studies assessing aflatoxin exposure and the associated health effects in these high-risk population groups. This review discusses the recent epidemiological evidence for aflatoxin exposure, co-exposure with other mycotoxins and associated health effects in order to provide evidence on risk assessment, and highlight areas where further research is necessary. Aflatoxin exposure can occur at any stage of life and is a major risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma, especially when hepatitis B infection is present. Recent evidence suggests that aflatoxin may be an underlying determinant of stunted child growth, and may lower cell-mediated immunity, thereby increasing disease susceptibility. However, a causal relationship between aflatoxin exposure and these latter adverse health outcomes has not been established, and the biological mechanisms for these have not been elucidated, prompting further research. Furthermore, there is a dearth of information regarding the health effects of co-exposure to aflatoxin with other mycotoxins. Recent developments of biomarkers provide opportunities for important future research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Yun Gong
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, UK
| | - Sinead Watson
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, UK
| | - Michael N Routledge
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, UK
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Fromme H, Gareis M, Völkel W, Gottschalk C. Overall internal exposure to mycotoxins and their occurrence in occupational and residential settings – An overview. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2016; 219:143-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2015.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Soto JB, Ruiz MJ, Manyes L, Juan-García A. Blood, breast milk and urine: potential biomarkers of exposure and estimated daily intake of ochratoxin A: a review. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2015; 33:313-28. [PMID: 26565760 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2015.1118160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The purposes of this review are to study potential biomarkers of exposure for ochratoxin A (OTA) in biological fluids (blood, urine and breast milk) for the period 2005-14, calculate the estimated daily intake (EDI) of OTA by using database consumption for the Spanish population, and, finally, to correlate OTA levels detected in blood and EDI values calculated from food products. The values of OTA detected in potential biomarkers of exposure for blood, breast milk and urine ranged from 0.15 to 18.0, from 0.002 to 13.1, and from 0.013 to 0.2 ng ml(-1), respectively. The calculated EDI for OTA in plasma ranged from 0.15 to 26 ng kg(-1) bw day(-1), higher than that obtained in urine (0.017-0.4 ng kg(-1) bw day(-1)). All these values are correlated with the range of EDI for OTA calculated from food products: 0.0001-25.2 ng kg(-1) bw day(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - María-José Ruiz
- b Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Valencia , Valencia , Spain
| | - Lara Manyes
- b Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Valencia , Valencia , Spain
| | - Ana Juan-García
- b Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Valencia , Valencia , Spain
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Okeke CA, Ezekiel CN, Nwangburuka CC, Sulyok M, Ezeamagu CO, Adeleke RA, Dike SK, Krska R. Bacterial Diversity and Mycotoxin Reduction During Maize Fermentation (Steeping) for Ogi Production. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:1402. [PMID: 26697001 PMCID: PMC4678208 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial diversity and community structure of two maize varieties (white and yellow) during fermentation/steeping for ogi production, and the influence of spontaneous fermentation on mycotoxin reduction in the gruel were studied. A total of 142 bacterial isolates obtained at 24-96 h intervals were preliminarily identified by conventional microbiological methods while 60 selected isolates were clustered into 39 OTUs consisting of 15 species, 10 genera, and 3 phyla by 16S rRNA sequence analysis. Lactic acid bacteria constituted about 63% of all isolated bacteria and the genus Pediococcus dominated (white maize = 84.8%; yellow maize = 74.4%). Pediococcus acidilactici and Lactobacillus paraplantarum were found at all steeping intervals of white and yellow maize, respectively, while P. claussenii was present only at the climax stage of steeping white maize. In both maize varieties, P. pentosaceus was found at 24-72 h. Mycotoxin concentrations (μg/kg) in the unsteeped grains were: white maize (aflatoxin B1 = 0.60; citrinin = 85.8; cyclopiazonic acid = 23.5; fumonisins (B1/B2/B3) = 68.4-483; zearalenone = 3.3) and yellow maize (aflatoxins (B1/B2/M1) = 22.7-513; citrinin = 16,800; cyclopiazonic acid = 247; fumonisins (B1/B2/B3) = 252-1,586; zearalenone = 205). Mycotoxins in both maize varieties were significantly (p < 0.05) reduced across steeping periods. This study reports for the first time: (a) the association of L. paraplantarum, P. acidilactici, and P. claussenii with ogi production from maize, (b) citrinin occurrence in Nigerian maize and ogi, and
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiamaka A. Okeke
- Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Babcock UniversityIlishan Remo, Nigeria
| | - Chibundu N. Ezekiel
- Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Babcock UniversityIlishan Remo, Nigeria
| | - Cyril C. Nwangburuka
- Microbiology and Environmental Biotechnology Research Group, Agricultural Research Council–Institute for Soil, Climate and WaterPretoria, South Africa
- Department of Agriculture, Babcock UniversityIlishan Remo, Nigeria
| | - Michael Sulyok
- Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences ViennaTulln, Austria
| | - Cajethan O. Ezeamagu
- Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Babcock UniversityIlishan Remo, Nigeria
| | - Rasheed A. Adeleke
- Microbiology and Environmental Biotechnology Research Group, Agricultural Research Council–Institute for Soil, Climate and WaterPretoria, South Africa
- Unit for Environmental Science and Management, North-West University at PotchefstroomPotchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Stanley K. Dike
- Department of Microbiology, Imo State UniversityOwerri, Nigeria
| | - Rudolf Krska
- Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences ViennaTulln, Austria
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Non-synergistic cytotoxic effects of Fusarium and Alternaria toxin combinations in Caco-2 cells. Toxicol Lett 2015; 241:1-8. [PMID: 26529482 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2015.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Exposure of humans and animals to mycotoxins via food and feed generally involves a conglomeration of compounds contaminating the consumed products. Investigations on combinatory effects of mycotoxins are therefore of great importance. In this study, cytotoxic effects of binary mixtures of the Fusarium toxins enniatin B, aurofusarin, deoxynivalenol, nivalenol and zearalenone, and tenuazonic acid produced by Alternaria spp., were evaluated by the WST-1 assay in the colorectal carcinoma cell-line Caco-2 after 24h of incubation. The selection of these mycotoxins was based on typically occurring natural contamination patterns in grains. Aurofusarin, which can be found abundantly in contaminated foodstuff and has not been toxicologically characterized properly so far, showed pronounced cytotoxicity, decreasing the mitochondrial activity at 10μM to 51% compared to a solvent control. Combinations of other mycotoxins with aurofusarin showed additive effects. In contrast, binary mixtures of enniatin B, deoxynivalenol, nivalenol and zearalenone at cytotoxic concentrations, predominantly resulted in antagonistic effects. Binary combinations of these four Fusarium toxins with tenuazonic acid also revealed interacting effects leading to a decrease in cytotoxicity, compared to expected combinatory effects. Especially in combination with deoxynivalenol, tenuazonic acid was found to significantly reduce the cytotoxicity of this mycotoxin in Caco-2 cells. Synergistic effects were not observed for any toxin combination under the chosen conditions.
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75
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De Ruyck K, De Boevre M, Huybrechts I, De Saeger S. Dietary mycotoxins, co-exposure, and carcinogenesis in humans: Short review. MUTATION RESEARCH. REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2015; 766:32-41. [PMID: 26596546 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Revised: 07/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxins, toxic secondary metabolites of fungi, affect global agriculture so prolifically that they are virtually ubiquitous at some concentration in the average human diet. Studies of in vitro and in vivo toxicity are discussed, leading to investigations of co-exposed mycotoxins, as well as carcinogenic effects. Some of the most common and toxicologically significant mycotoxins, such as the aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, deoxynivalenol, T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, patulin, zearalenone, and some ergot alkaloids are outlined. The wide variety of pathogenic mechanisms these compounds employ are shown capable of inducing a complex set of interactions. Of particular note are potential synergisms between mycotoxins with regard to carcinogenic attributable risk, indicating an important field for future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl De Ruyck
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Marthe De Boevre
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Inge Huybrechts
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Dietary Exposure Assessment Group, 150 Cours Albert Thomas, 69008 Lyon, France.
| | - Sarah De Saeger
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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Wallin S, Gambacorta L, Kotova N, Warensjö Lemming E, Nälsén C, Solfrizzo M, Olsen M. Biomonitoring of concurrent mycotoxin exposure among adults in Sweden through urinary multi-biomarker analysis. Food Chem Toxicol 2015; 83:133-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2015.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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77
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Redzwan SM, Jamaluddin R, Sokhini AM, Aqilah AN, Zuraini A, Karimi G, Parvaneh K. Ultra-high performance liquid chromatographic determination of aflatoxin M1 in urine. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2015. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2014.1761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The development of analytical methods to detect aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in foodstuffs and its metabolites in human biological samples is useful for risk assessment. The latter methodology, i.e. the measurement of AFB1 biomarkers, has become important to assess human aflatoxin exposure. AFB1-lysine adduct, AFB1-DNA adduct and urinary aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) are some of the AFB1 biomarkers that can be measured by several analytical methods, such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, radioimmunoassay, and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). HPLC coupled to a fluorescence detector is useful and preferable due to its high degree of sensitivity, but the analysis may take time and consume large amount of solvents. Therefore, the present study extrapolated the HPLC method to ultra-HPLC for the determination of urinary AFM1. After the extraction procedure with an immunoaffinity column, chromatographic separation was done using a high performance 1.8 μm microparticulate C18 column. The mean recovery from urine samples spiked with 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 ng/ml AFM1 was 84.4±4.0%, with acceptable recovery values, interday (6.0±5.3%) and intraday (2.6±0.6%) coefficients of variation. The retention time was 5.7 min. This method was used to measure urinary AFM1 in 71 subjects, of which 13 had AFM1 levels above the limit of detection (0.018 ng/ml). The mean urinary AFM1 level of the positive samples was 18.8±28.6 pg/ml, ranging from 2.4 to 100.4 pg/ml. As this is one of the few studies investigating the occurrence of aflatoxin biomarkers in human biological samples in Malaysia, a study with a larger sample size is necessary to investigate the magnitude of aflatoxin exposure among the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Mohd Redzwan
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - R. Jamaluddin
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - A.M. Mohd Sokhini
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - A.R. Nurul Aqilah
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - A. Zuraini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - G. Karimi
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - K. Parvaneh
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Recent developments in stable isotope dilution assays in mycotoxin analysis with special regard to Alternaria toxins. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:7563-77. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8904-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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A comparative study of the human urinary mycotoxin excretion patterns in Bangladesh, Germany, and Haiti using a rapid and sensitive LC-MS/MS approach. Mycotoxin Res 2015; 31:127-36. [PMID: 25957672 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-015-0223-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Revised: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
An improved "dilute and shoot" LC-MS/MS multibiomarker approach was used to monitor urinary excretion of 23 mycotoxins and their metabolites in human populations from Asia (Bangladesh), Europe (Germany), and the Caribbean region (Haiti). Deoxynivalenol (DON), deoxynivalenol-3-glucuronide (DON-3-GlcA), T-2-toxin (T-2), HT-2-toxin (HT-2), HT-2-toxin-4-glucuronide (HT-2-4-GlcA), fumonisin B1 (FB1), aflatoxins (AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1), zearalenone (ZEA), zearalanone (ZAN), their urinary metabolites α-zearalanol (α-ZEL) and β-zearalanol (β-ZEL), and corresponding 14-O-glucuronic acid conjugates (ZEA-14-GlcA, ZAN-14-GlcA, β-ZEL, α/β-ZEL-14-GlcA), ochratoxin A (OTA), and ochratoxin alpha (OTα) as well as enniatin B (EnB) and dihydrocitrinone (DH-CIT) were among these compounds. Eight urinary mycotoxin biomarkers were detected (AFM1, DH-CIT, DON, DON-GLcA, EnB, FB1, OTA, and α-ZEL). DON and DON-GlcA were exclusively detected in urines from Germany and Haiti whereas urinary OTA and DH-CIT concentrations were significantly higher in Bangladeshi samples. AFM1 was present in samples from Bangladesh and Haiti only. Exposure was estimated by the calculation of probable daily intakes (PDI), and estimates suggested occasional instances of toxin intakes that exceed established tolerable daily intakes (TDI). The detection of individual mycotoxin exposure by biomarker-based approaches is a meaningful addition to the classical monitoring of the mycotoxin content of the food supply.
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Kouadio JH, Lattanzio VMT, Ouattara D, Kouakou B, Visconti A. Assessment of Mycotoxin Exposure in Côte d'ivoire (Ivory Coast) Through Multi-Biomarker Analysis and Possible Correlation with Food Consumption Patterns. Toxicol Int 2015; 21:248-57. [PMID: 25948962 PMCID: PMC4413406 DOI: 10.4103/0971-6580.155336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Scope: The aim of the presented study was to investigate the mycotoxin exposure of Ivorian population related to the consumption patterns of maize, peanuts, millet, and cassava product (attiéké). Materials and Methods: Maize flour samples (n = 51) were purchased from all Abidjan local markets, in the south of Ivory Coast, and urine (n = 99) was collected during the same reference period (July–September 2011) from volunteers living in Abidjan and Daloa cities. Reversed-phase liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) was used to analyze aflatoxins (AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2), ochratoxin A (OTA), fumonisins (FB1, FB2), deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEA), and T-2 and HT-2 toxins in maize flour samples, and their relevant biomarkers (AFM1, DON, DON + de-epoxydeoxynivalenol (DOM-1), FB1, α-zearalenol (ZOL), β-ZOL, and OTA) in urine samples. Results: Critical maize contamination was observed by AFs occurrence (total AFs 4.5 – 330.0 μg/kg) while OTA was found in 13% of samples analyzed. AFM1 was detected in 40% of urines samples (0.06 – 14.11 ng/ml), OTA in 37% (0.01 – 0.42 ng/ml), FB1 in 27% (0.07 to 15.31 ng/ml) and, DON was found in 21% of samples at levels up to 10.0 ng/ml. The correlation coefficients (R2) obtained by plotting the percentage of biomarker occurrence (positive samples) versus the frequency of food consumption revealed maize, peanuts, millet and attiéké were strongly linked to AFB1 and OTA exposure with values of R2 ranged from 0.462 to 0.956. Conclusion: The present study provided data on mycotoxin risk in Ivory Coast, revealing a frequent co-exposure to the major mycotoxins such as AFs, OTA, and fumonisins, which appeared to be related to the frequency of peanuts, maize, millet and attiéké consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Halbin Kouadio
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Jean Lorougnon Guédé University, Daloa, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Veronica M T Lattanzio
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), National Research Council of Italy, Bari, Italy
| | - Djeneba Ouattara
- Department of Epidemiology, Pasteur Institute of Côte d'Ivoire, Paris, France
| | - Brou Kouakou
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, Nangui Abrogoua University, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Angelo Visconti
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), National Research Council of Italy, Bari, Italy
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81
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Berthiller F, Brera C, Crews C, Iha M, Krsha R, Lattanzio V, MacDonald S, Malone R, Maragos C, Solfrizzo M, Stroka J, Whitaker T. Developments in mycotoxin analysis: an update for 2013-2014. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2015. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2014.1840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights developments in the determination of mycotoxins over a period between mid-2013 and mid-2014. It continues in the format of the previous articles of this series, emphasising on analytical methods to determine aflatoxins, Alternaria toxins, ergot alkaloids, fumonisins, ochratoxins, patulin, trichothecenes and zearalenone. The importance of proper sampling and sample preparation is briefly addressed in a dedicated section, while another chapter summarises new methods used to analyse botanicals and spices. As LC-MS/MS instruments are becoming more and more widespread in the determination of multiple classes of mycotoxins, another section is focusing on such newly developed multi-mycotoxin methods. While the wealth of published methods during the 12 month time span makes it impossible to cover every single one, this exhaustive review nevertheless aims to address and briefly discuss the most important developments and trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Berthiller
- Department for Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mycotoxin Metabolism and Center for Analytical Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - C. Brera
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety — GMO and Mycotoxins Unit, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - C. Crews
- The Food and Environment Research Agency, Sand Hutton, York YO41 1LZ, United Kingdom
| | - M.H. Iha
- Laboratório I de Ribeiro Preto, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, CEP 14085-410, Ribeiro Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - R. Krsha
- Department for Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mycotoxin Metabolism and Center for Analytical Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - V.M.T. Lattanzio
- National Research Council, Institute of Sciences of Food Production, Via Amendola, 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - S. MacDonald
- The Food and Environment Research Agency, Sand Hutton, York YO41 1LZ, United Kingdom
| | - R.J. Malone
- Trilogy Analytical Laboratory, 870 Vossbrink Dr, Washington, MO 63090, USA
| | - C. Maragos
- USDA, ARS National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, 1815 N University St, Peoria, IL 61604, USA
| | - M. Solfrizzo
- National Research Council, Institute of Sciences of Food Production, Via Amendola, 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - J. Stroka
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements (IRMM), Retieseweg 111, 2440 Geel, Belgium
| | - T.B. Whitaker
- Biological and Agricultural Engineering Department, N.C. State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7625, USA
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82
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Warth B, Petchkongkaew A, Sulyok M, Krska R. Utilising an LC-MS/MS-based multi-biomarker approach to assess mycotoxin exposure in the Bangkok metropolitan area and surrounding provinces. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2014; 31:2040-6. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2014.969329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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83
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Gerding J, Cramer B, Humpf H. Determination of mycotoxin exposure in Germany using an LC‐MS/MS multibiomarker approach. Mol Nutr Food Res 2014; 58:2358-68. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201400406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Gerding
- Institute of Food Chemistry Westfälische Wilhelms‐Universität Münster Münster Germany
- NRW Graduate School of Chemistry Münster Germany
| | - Benedikt Cramer
- Institute of Food Chemistry Westfälische Wilhelms‐Universität Münster Münster Germany
| | - Hans‐Ulrich Humpf
- Institute of Food Chemistry Westfälische Wilhelms‐Universität Münster Münster Germany
- NRW Graduate School of Chemistry Münster Germany
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84
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In vitro glucuronidation kinetics of deoxynivalenol by human and animal microsomes and recombinant human UGT enzymes. Arch Toxicol 2014; 89:949-60. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-014-1286-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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85
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Ezekiel CN, Warth B, Ogara IM, Abia WA, Ezekiel VC, Atehnkeng J, Sulyok M, Turner PC, Tayo GO, Krska R, Bandyopadhyay R. Mycotoxin exposure in rural residents in northern Nigeria: a pilot study using multi-urinary biomarkers. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2014; 66:138-145. [PMID: 24583186 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2014.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Revised: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A pilot, cross-sectional, correlational study was conducted in eight rural communities in northern Nigeria to investigate mycotoxin exposures in 120 volunteers (19 children, 20 adolescents and 81 adults) using a modern LC-MS/MS based multi-biomarker approach. First morning urine samples were analyzed and urinary biomarker levels correlated with mycotoxin levels in foods consumed the day before urine collection. A total of eight analytes were detected in 61/120 (50.8%) of studied urine samples, with ochratoxin A, aflatoxin M1 and fumonisin B1 being the most frequently occurring biomarkers of exposure. These mycotoxin biomarkers were present in samples from all age categories, suggestive of chronic (lifetime) exposures. Rough estimates of mycotoxin intake suggested some exposures were higher than the tolerable daily intake. Overall, rural consumer populations from Nasarawa were more exposed to several mixtures of mycotoxins in their diets relative to those from Kaduna as shown by food and urine biomarker data. This study has shown that mycotoxin co-exposure may be a major public health challenge in rural Nigeria; this calls for urgent intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chibundu N Ezekiel
- Mycotoxicology Research Unit, Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo, Nigeria; Pathology/Mycotoxin Laboratory, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, P.M.B. 5320, Ibadan, Nigeria.
| | - Benedikt Warth
- Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenzstr. 20, A-3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Isaac M Ogara
- Faculty of Agriculture, Nasarawa State University Keffi, Lafia Campus, Nasarawa State, Nigeria
| | - Wilfred A Abia
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon; Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | - Joseph Atehnkeng
- Pathology/Mycotoxin Laboratory, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, P.M.B. 5320, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Michael Sulyok
- Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenzstr. 20, A-3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Paul C Turner
- MIAEH, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Grace O Tayo
- Department of Agriculture and Industrial Technology, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo, Nigeria
| | - Rudolf Krska
- Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenzstr. 20, A-3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Ranajit Bandyopadhyay
- Pathology/Mycotoxin Laboratory, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, P.M.B. 5320, Ibadan, Nigeria
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86
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Solfrizzo M, Gambacorta L, Visconti A. Assessment of multi-mycotoxin exposure in southern Italy by urinary multi-biomarker determination. Toxins (Basel) 2014; 6:523-38. [PMID: 24476712 PMCID: PMC3942749 DOI: 10.3390/toxins6020523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human exposure assessment to deoxynivalenol (DON), aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), fumonisin B1 (FB1), zearalenone (ZEA) and ochratoxin A (OTA) can be performed by measuring their urinary biomarkers. Suitable biomarkers of exposure for these mycotoxins are DON + de-epoxydeoxynivalenol (DOM-1), aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), FB1, ZEA + α-zearalenol (α-ZOL) + β-zearalenol (β-ZOL) and OTA, respectively. An UPLC-MS/MS multi-biomarker method was used to detect and measure incidence and levels of these biomarkers in urine samples of 52 volunteers resident in Apulia region in Southern Italy. The presence of ZEA + ZOLs, OTA, DON, FB1 and AFM1 were detected in 100%, 100%, 96%, 56% and 6%, of samples, respectively. All samples contained biomarkers of two or more mycotoxins. The mean concentrations of biomarkers ranged from 0.055 ng/mL (FB1) to 11.89 ng/mL (DON). Urinary biomarker concentrations were used to estimate human exposure to multiple mycotoxin. For OTA and DON, 94% and 40% of volunteers, respectively exceeded the tolerable daily intake (TDI) for these mycotoxins. The estimated human exposure to FB1 and ZEA was largely below the TDI for these mycotoxins for all volunteers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Solfrizzo
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), National Research Council (CNR), Bari 70126, Italy.
| | - Lucia Gambacorta
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), National Research Council (CNR), Bari 70126, Italy.
| | - Angelo Visconti
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), National Research Council (CNR), Bari 70126, Italy.
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87
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Turner PC. The molecular epidemiology of chronic aflatoxin driven impaired child growth. SCIENTIFICA 2013; 2013:152879. [PMID: 24455429 PMCID: PMC3881689 DOI: 10.1155/2013/152879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/27/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxins are toxic secondary fungal metabolites that contaminate dietary staples in tropical regions; chronic high levels of exposure are common for many of the poorest populations. Observations in animals indicate that growth and/or food utilization are adversely affected by aflatoxins. This review highlights the development of validated exposure biomarkers and their use here to assess the role of aflatoxins in early life growth retardation. Aflatoxin exposure occurs in utero and continues in early infancy as weaning foods are introduced. Using aflatoxin-albumin exposure biomarkers, five major studies clearly demonstrate strong dose response relationships between exposure in utero and/or early infancy and growth retardation, identified by reduced birth weight and/or low HAZ and WAZ scores. The epidemiological studies include cross-sectional and longitudinal surveys, though aflatoxin reduction intervention studies are now required to further support these data and guide sustainable options to reduce the burden of exposure. The use of aflatoxin exposure biomarkers was essential in understanding the observational data reviewed and will likely be a critical monitor of the effectiveness of interventions to restrict aflatoxin exposure. Given that an estimated 4.5 billion individuals live in regions at risk of dietary contamination the public health concern cannot be over stated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Craig Turner
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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