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Wang Y, Xie G, Li M, Du J, Wang M. COPB2 gene silencing inhibits colorectal cancer cell proliferation and induces apoptosis via the JNK/c-Jun signaling pathway. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0240106. [PMID: 33211699 PMCID: PMC7676692 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common malignant human tumors. It is associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. In recent years, tumor gene therapy has emerged as a promising new approach for colorectal cancer therapy. Herein, we identify and analyze the role of COPB2 (coatomer protein complex, subunit beta 2) in proliferation and apoptosis of CRC cells. Methods To investigate the role of COPB2 in the proliferation and apoptosis of CRC cells, a shCOPB2 vector and a shCtrl vector were constructed for transfection into RKO and HCT116 cells. Cells proliferation was subsequently measured via cell counting kit-8 (CCK8) assay and Celigo cell counting assay. Apoptosis was measured via flow cytometry. The activity level of Caspase 3/7 was measured. Finally, the level of several JNK/c-Jun apoptosis pathway-related proteins were measured to characterize the mechanism of apoptosis. Results Our results showed that the proliferation rate was decreased and the apoptosis rate was increased in shCOPB2-treated RKO and HCT116 cells compared to those in controls. After the silencing of COPB2, JNK/c-Jun signal pathway activation was increased, the expression levels of apoptosis pathway-related proteins, such as Bad, p53 and Caspase 3, were also increased. Conclusion COPB2 gene silencing can inhibit RKO and HCT116 cells proliferation and induce apoptosis via the JNK/c-Jun signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- Institute of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Guangmei Xie
- Gansu Provincial Maternity and Child-care Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Min Li
- Institute of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Juan Du
- Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Min Wang
- Institute of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
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SMN protein promotes membrane compartmentalization of ribosomal protein S6 transcript in human fibroblasts. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19000. [PMID: 33149163 PMCID: PMC7643083 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76174-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations of RNA homeostasis can lead to severe pathological conditions. The Survival of Motor Neuron (SMN) protein, which is reduced in Spinal Muscular Atrophy, impacts critical aspects of the RNA life cycle, such as splicing, trafficking, and translation. Increasing evidence points to a potential role of SMN in ribosome biogenesis. Our previous study revealed that SMN promotes membrane-bound ribosomal proteins (RPs), sustaining activity-dependent local translation. Here, we suggest that plasma membrane domains could be a docking site not only for RPs but also for their encoding transcripts. We have shown that SMN knockdown perturbs subcellular localization as well as translation efficiency of RPS6 mRNA. We have also shown that plasma membrane-enriched fractions from human fibroblasts retain RPS6 transcripts in an SMN-dependent manner. Furthermore, we revealed that SMN traffics with RPS6 mRNA promoting its association with caveolin-1, a key component of membrane dynamics. Overall, these findings further support the SMN-mediated crosstalk between plasma membrane dynamics and translation machinery. Importantly, our study points to a potential role of SMN in the ribosome assembly pathway by selective RPs synthesis/localization in both space and time.
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Abstract
Two studies published in this issue of JEM, by Lepelley et al. (https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20200600) and Deng et al. (https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20201045), and two additional manuscripts by Mukai et al. (https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.20.107664 Preprint v1) and Steiner et al. (https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.09.194399 Preprint v1) demonstrate that COPA syndrome-associated high interferon titers are linked to mutations in COPA preventing STING's retrieval from the Golgi back to the ER and thereby causing chronic immune activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Rivara
- Global Health Institute, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Ablasser
- Global Health Institute, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Mei L, Qiu X, Jiang C, Yang A. Host Delipidation Mediated by Bacterial Effectors. Trends Microbiol 2020; 29:238-250. [PMID: 33092951 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2020.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Protein lipidation, the covalent attachment of a lipid moiety to a target protein, plays a critical role in many cellular processes in eukaryotic cells. Bacterial pathogens secrete various effectors to subvert the host signaling pathway as a mechanism of microbial pathogenesis. An increasing number of effectors from diverse bacterial pathogens function as cysteine proteases to cause irreversible delipidation of host lipidated proteins. This in turn results in disruption of crucial lipidation-mediated host signal transduction, thereby enabling pathogen survival and replication. In this review, we discuss the role of the bacterial effectors in interactions with the host and highlight our knowledge of irreversible host delipidation, with a focus on the common concerted biochemical mechanisms of the bacterial effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ligang Mei
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Xiaofeng Qiu
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Chen Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Aimin Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China; Ultrafast Transient Materials Science Center, Institute of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China.
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Zeledon C, Sun X, Plutoni C, Emery G. The ArfGAP Drongo Promotes Actomyosin Contractility during Collective Cell Migration by Releasing Myosin Phosphatase from the Trailing Edge. Cell Rep 2020; 28:3238-3248.e3. [PMID: 31533044 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.08.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Collective cell migration is involved in various developmental and pathological processes, including the dissemination of various cancer cells. During Drosophila melanogaster oogenesis, a group of cells called border cells migrate collectively toward the oocyte. Herein, we show that members of the Arf family of small GTPases and some of their regulators are required for normal border cell migration. Notably, we found that the ArfGAP Drongo and its GTPase-activating function are essential for the initial detachment of the border cell cluster from the basal lamina. We demonstrate through protein localization and genetic interactions that Drongo controls the localization of the myosin phosphatase in order to regulate myosin II activity at the back of the cluster. Moreover, we show that toward the class III Arf, Drongo acts antagonistically to the guanine exchange factor Steppke. Overall, our work describes a mechanistic pathway that promotes the local actomyosin contractility necessary for border cell detachment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Zeledon
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Xiaojuan Sun
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Cédric Plutoni
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Gregory Emery
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.
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Beckett L, Xie S, Thimmapuram J, Tucker HA, Donkin SS, Casey T. Mammary transcriptome reveals cell maintenance and protein turnover support milk synthesis in early-lactation cows. Physiol Genomics 2020; 52:435-450. [PMID: 32744883 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00046.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A more complete understanding of the molecular mechanisms that support milk synthesis is needed to develop strategies to efficiently and sustainably meet the growing global demand for dairy products. With the postulate that coding gene transcript abundance reflects relative importance in supporting milk synthesis, we analyzed the global transcriptome of early lactation cows across magnitudes of normalized RNA-Seq read counts. Total RNA was isolated from milk samples collected from early-lactation cows (n = 6) following two treatment periods of postruminal lysine infusion of 0 or 63 g/day. Twelve libraries were prepared and sequenced on an Illumina NovaSeq6000 platform using paired end reads. Normalized read counts were averaged across both treatments, because EBseq analysis found no significant effect of lysine infusion. Approximately 10% of the total reads corresponded to 12,730 protein coding transcripts with a normalized read count mean ≥5. For functional annotation analysis, the protein coding transcripts were divided into nine categories by magnitude of reads. The 13 most abundant transcripts (≥50K reads) accounted for 67% of the 23M coding reads and included casein and whey proteins, regulators of fat synthesis and secretion, a ubiquitinating protein, and a tRNA transporter. Mammalian target of rapamycin, JAK/STAT, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha, and ubiquitin proteasome pathways were enriched with normalized reads ≥100 counts. Genes with ≤100 reads regulated tissue homeostasis and immune response. Enrichment in ontologies that reflect maintenance of translation, protein turnover, and amino acid recycling indicated that proteostatic mechanisms are central to supporting mammary function and primary milk component synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Beckett
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - S Xie
- Bioinformatics Core, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - J Thimmapuram
- Bioinformatics Core, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - H A Tucker
- Novus International Incorporated, St. Charles, Missouri
| | - S S Donkin
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - T Casey
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
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Martínez JL, Arias CF. Role of the Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor GBF1 in the Replication of RNA Viruses. Viruses 2020; 12:E682. [PMID: 32599855 PMCID: PMC7354614 DOI: 10.3390/v12060682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The guanine nucleotide exchange factor GBF1 is a well-known factor that can activate different ADP-ribosylation factor (Arf) proteins during the regulation of different cellular vesicular transport processes. In the last decade, it has become increasingly evident that GBF1 can also regulate different steps of the replication cycle of RNA viruses belonging to different virus families. GBF1 has been shown not only to facilitate the intracellular traffic of different viral and cellular elements during infection, but also to modulate the replication of viral RNA, the formation and maturation of viral replication complexes, and the processing of viral proteins through mechanisms that do not depend on its canonical role in intracellular transport. Here, we review the various roles that GBF1 plays during the replication of different RNA viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carlos F. Arias
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca 4510, Morelos, Mexico;
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Yarwood R, Hellicar J, Woodman PG, Lowe M. Membrane trafficking in health and disease. Dis Model Mech 2020; 13:13/4/dmm043448. [PMID: 32433026 PMCID: PMC7197876 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.043448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane trafficking pathways are essential for the viability and growth of cells, and play a major role in the interaction of cells with their environment. In this At a Glance article and accompanying poster, we outline the major cellular trafficking pathways and discuss how defects in the function of the molecular machinery that mediates this transport lead to various diseases in humans. We also briefly discuss possible therapeutic approaches that may be used in the future treatment of trafficking-based disorders. Summary: This At a Glance article and poster summarise the major intracellular membrane trafficking pathways and associated molecular machineries, and describe how defects in these give rise to disease in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Yarwood
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - John Hellicar
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Philip G Woodman
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Martin Lowe
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
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Small Molecule Targets TMED9 and Promotes Lysosomal Degradation to Reverse Proteinopathy. Cell 2020; 178:521-535.e23. [PMID: 31348885 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular accumulation of misfolded proteins causes toxic proteinopathies, diseases without targeted therapies. Mucin 1 kidney disease (MKD) results from a frameshift mutation in the MUC1 gene (MUC1-fs). Here, we show that MKD is a toxic proteinopathy. Intracellular MUC1-fs accumulation activated the ATF6 unfolded protein response (UPR) branch. We identified BRD4780, a small molecule that clears MUC1-fs from patient cells, from kidneys of knockin mice and from patient kidney organoids. MUC1-fs is trapped in TMED9 cargo receptor-containing vesicles of the early secretory pathway. BRD4780 binds TMED9, releases MUC1-fs, and re-routes it for lysosomal degradation, an effect phenocopied by TMED9 deletion. Our findings reveal BRD4780 as a promising lead for the treatment of MKD and other toxic proteinopathies. Generally, we elucidate a novel mechanism for the entrapment of misfolded proteins by cargo receptors and a strategy for their release and anterograde trafficking to the lysosome.
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60
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Detection of the in vitro modulation of Plasmodium falciparum Arf1 by Sec7 and ArfGAP domains using a colorimetric plate-based assay. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4193. [PMID: 32144363 PMCID: PMC7061341 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61101-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulation of human Arf1 GTPase activity by ArfGEFs that stimulate GDP/GTP exchange and ArfGAPs that mediate GTP hydrolysis has attracted attention for the discovery of Arf1 inhibitors as potential anti-cancer agents. The malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum encodes a Sec7 domain-containing protein - presumably an ArfGEF - and two putative ArfGAPs, as well as an Arf1 homologue (PfArf1) that is essential for blood-stage parasite viability. However, ArfGEF and ArfGAP-mediated activation/deactivation of PfArf1 has not been demonstrated. In this study, we established an in vitro colorimetric microtiter plate-based assay to detect the activation status of truncated human and P. falciparum Arf1 and used it to demonstrate the activation of both proteins by the Sec7 domain of ARNO, their deactivation by the GAP domain of human ArfGAP1 and the inhibition of the respective reactions by the compounds SecinH3 and QS11. In addition, we found that the GAP domains of both P. falciparum ArfGAPs have activities equivalent to that of human ArfGAP1, but are insensitive to QS11. Library screening identified a novel inhibitor which selectively inhibits one of the P. falciparum GAP domains (IC50 4.7 µM), suggesting that the assay format is suitable for screening compound collections for inhibitors of Arf1 regulatory proteins.
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61
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Di Marco T, Bianchi F, Sfondrini L, Todoerti K, Bongarzone I, Maffioli EM, Tedeschi G, Mazzoni M, Pagliardini S, Pellegrini S, Neri A, Anania MC, Greco A. COPZ1 depletion in thyroid tumor cells triggers type I IFN response and immunogenic cell death. Cancer Lett 2020; 476:106-119. [PMID: 32061953 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The coatomer protein complex zeta 1 (COPZ1) represents a non-oncogene addiction for thyroid cancer (TC); its depletion impairs the viability of thyroid tumor cells, leads to abortive autophagy, ER stress, UPR and apoptosis, and reduces tumor growth of TC xenograft models. In this study we investigated the molecular pathways activated by COPZ1 depletion and the paracrine effects on cellular microenvironment and immune response. By comprehensive and target approaches we demonstrated that COPZ1 depletion in TPC-1 and 8505C thyroid tumor cell lines activates type I IFN pathway and viral mimicry responses. The secretome from COPZ1-depleted cells was enriched for several inflammatory molecules and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Moreover, we found that dendritic cells, exposed to these secretomes, expressed high levels of differentiation and maturation markers, and stimulated the proliferation of naïve T cells. Interestingly, T cells stimulated with COPZ1-depleted cells showed increased cytotoxic activity against parental tumor cells. Collectively, our findings support the notion that targeting COPZ1 may represent a promising therapeutic approach for TC, considering its specificity for cancer cells, the lack of effect on normal cells, and the capacity to prompt an anti-tumor immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Di Marco
- Molecular Mechanisms Unit, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Dei Tumori, Via G.A. Amadeo, 42, 20133, Milan, Italy.
| | - Francesca Bianchi
- Molecular Targeting Unit, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Dei Tumori, Via G.A. Amadeo, 42, 20133, Milan, Italy.
| | - Lucia Sfondrini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per La Salute, University of Milan, Via Mangiagalli, 31, 20133, Milan, Italy.
| | - Katia Todoerti
- Hematology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Francesco Sforza, 35, 20122, Milan, Italy.
| | - Italia Bongarzone
- Molecular Mechanisms Unit, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Dei Tumori, Via G.A. Amadeo, 42, 20133, Milan, Italy.
| | | | - Gabriella Tedeschi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Via Celoria, 10, 20133, Milan, Italy; Fondazione Filarete, Via Celoria, 10, 20133, Milan, Italy.
| | - Mara Mazzoni
- Molecular Mechanisms Unit, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Dei Tumori, Via G.A. Amadeo, 42, 20133, Milan, Italy.
| | - Sonia Pagliardini
- Molecular Mechanisms Unit, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Dei Tumori, Via G.A. Amadeo, 42, 20133, Milan, Italy.
| | - Sandra Pellegrini
- Institut Pasteur, Unit of Cytokine Signaling, Inserm U1221, 75724, Paris, France.
| | - Antonino Neri
- Hematology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Francesco Sforza, 35, 20122, Milan, Italy; Department of Oncology and Hemato-oncology, University of Milan, Italy Via Francesco Sforza, 35, 20122, Milan, Italy.
| | - Maria Chiara Anania
- Molecular Mechanisms Unit, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Dei Tumori, Via G.A. Amadeo, 42, 20133, Milan, Italy.
| | - Angela Greco
- Molecular Mechanisms Unit, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Dei Tumori, Via G.A. Amadeo, 42, 20133, Milan, Italy.
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Marie KL, Sassano A, Yang HH, Michalowski AM, Michael HT, Guo T, Tsai YC, Weissman AM, Lee MP, Jenkins LM, Zaidi MR, Pérez-Guijarro E, Day CP, Ylaya K, Hewitt SM, Patel NL, Arnheiter H, Davis S, Meltzer PS, Merlino G, Mishra PJ. Melanoblast transcriptome analysis reveals pathways promoting melanoma metastasis. Nat Commun 2020; 11:333. [PMID: 31949145 PMCID: PMC6965108 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-14085-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous malignant melanoma is an aggressive cancer of melanocytes with a strong propensity to metastasize. We posit that melanoma cells acquire metastatic capability by adopting an embryonic-like phenotype, and that a lineage approach would uncover metastatic melanoma biology. Using a genetically engineered mouse model to generate a rich melanoblast transcriptome dataset, we identify melanoblast-specific genes whose expression contribute to metastatic competence and derive a 43-gene signature that predicts patient survival. We identify a melanoblast gene, KDELR3, whose loss impairs experimental metastasis. In contrast, KDELR1 deficiency enhances metastasis, providing the first example of different disease etiologies within the KDELR-family of retrograde transporters. We show that KDELR3 regulates the metastasis suppressor, KAI1, and report an interaction with the E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase gp78, a regulator of KAI1 degradation. Our work demonstrates that the melanoblast transcriptome can be mined to uncover targetable pathways for melanoma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerrie L Marie
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Antonella Sassano
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Howard H Yang
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Aleksandra M Michalowski
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Helen T Michael
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Theresa Guo
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Yien Che Tsai
- Laboratory of Protein Dynamics and Signaling, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Allan M Weissman
- Laboratory of Protein Dynamics and Signaling, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Maxwell P Lee
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Lisa M Jenkins
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - M Raza Zaidi
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Eva Pérez-Guijarro
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Chi-Ping Day
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Kris Ylaya
- Experimental Pathology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Stephen M Hewitt
- Experimental Pathology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Nimit L Patel
- Small Animal Imaging Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Heinz Arnheiter
- Mammalian Development Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Sean Davis
- Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Paul S Meltzer
- Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Glenn Merlino
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Pravin J Mishra
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
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SAG expression associates with COPB2-related signaling and a poorer prognosis in breast cancer. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:902-911. [PMID: 31926110 PMCID: PMC6977702 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
SAG is an essential RING component of the Cullin-RING ligase (CRL) E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, which regulates diverse signaling pathways and biological processes, including cell apoptosis, embryonic development, angiogenesis, and tumorigenesis. In the present study, we revealed that SAG gene expression is upregulated in breast cancer cells and that SAG overexpression is associated with significant poorer survival in breast cancer, especially the luminal A subtype. We also detected highly correlated co-overexpression of SAG and COPB2 in breast cancers. Subsequent in vitro experiments demonstrated that SAG and COPB2 act cooperatively to stimulate breast cancer cell proliferation, migration and invasion. Our findings suggest that levels of SAG and COPB2 expression may be useful prognostic indicators in breast cancers and that SAG may be involved in COPB2-related signaling during breast cancer development.
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64
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Anania MC, Di Marco T, Mazzoni M, Greco A. Targeting Non-Oncogene Addiction: Focus on Thyroid Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12010129. [PMID: 31947935 PMCID: PMC7017043 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12010129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid carcinoma (TC) is the most common malignancy of endocrine organs with an increasing incidence in industrialized countries. The majority of TC are characterized by a good prognosis, even though cases with aggressive forms not cured by standard therapies are also present. Moreover, target therapies have led to low rates of partial response and prompted the emergence of resistance, indicating that new therapies are needed. In this review, we summarize current literature about the non-oncogene addiction (NOA) concept, which indicates that cancer cells, at variance with normal cells, rely on the activity of genes, usually not mutated or aberrantly expressed, essential for coping with the transformed phenotype. We highlight the potential of non-oncogenes as a point of intervention for cancer therapy in general, and present evidence for new putative non-oncogenes that are essential for TC survival and that may constitute attractive new therapeutic targets.
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The Puzzling Conservation and Diversification of Lipid Droplets from Bacteria to Eukaryotes. Results Probl Cell Differ 2020; 69:281-334. [PMID: 33263877 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-51849-3_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Membrane compartments are amongst the most fascinating markers of cell evolution from prokaryotes to eukaryotes, some being conserved and the others having emerged via a series of primary and secondary endosymbiosis events. Membrane compartments comprise the system limiting cells (one or two membranes in bacteria, a unique plasma membrane in eukaryotes) and a variety of internal vesicular, subspherical, tubular, or reticulated organelles. In eukaryotes, the internal membranes comprise on the one hand the general endomembrane system, a dynamic network including organelles like the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, the nuclear envelope, etc. and also the plasma membrane, which are linked via direct lateral connectivity (e.g. between the endoplasmic reticulum and the nuclear outer envelope membrane) or indirectly via vesicular trafficking. On the other hand, semi-autonomous organelles, i.e. mitochondria and chloroplasts, are disconnected from the endomembrane system and request vertical transmission following cell division. Membranes are organized as lipid bilayers in which proteins are embedded. The budding of some of these membranes, leading to the formation of the so-called lipid droplets (LDs) loaded with hydrophobic molecules, most notably triacylglycerol, is conserved in all clades. The evolution of eukaryotes is marked by the acquisition of mitochondria and simple plastids from Gram-positive bacteria by primary endosymbiosis events and the emergence of extremely complex plastids, collectively called secondary plastids, bounded by three to four membranes, following multiple and independent secondary endosymbiosis events. There is currently no consensus view of the evolution of LDs in the Tree of Life. Some features are conserved; others show a striking level of diversification. Here, we summarize the current knowledge on the architecture, dynamics, and multitude of functions of the lipid droplets in prokaryotes and in eukaryotes deriving from primary and secondary endosymbiosis events.
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66
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Nolte W, Weikard R, Brunner RM, Albrecht E, Hammon HM, Reverter A, Kühn C. Biological Network Approach for the Identification of Regulatory Long Non-Coding RNAs Associated With Metabolic Efficiency in Cattle. Front Genet 2019; 10:1130. [PMID: 31824560 PMCID: PMC6883949 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.01130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Genomic regions associated with divergent livestock feed efficiency have been found predominantly outside protein coding sequences. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNA) can modulate chromatin accessibility, gene expression and act as important metabolic regulators in mammals. By integrating phenotypic, transcriptomic, and metabolomic data with quantitative trait locus data in prioritizing co-expression network analyses, we aimed to identify and functionally characterize lncRNAs with a potential key regulatory role in metabolic efficiency in cattle. Materials and Methods: Crossbred animals (n = 48) of a Charolais x Holstein F2-population were allocated to groups of high or low metabolic efficiency based on residual feed intake in bulls, energy corrected milk in cows and intramuscular fat content in both genders. Tissue samples from jejunum, liver, skeletal muscle and rumen were subjected to global transcriptomic analysis via stranded total RNA sequencing (RNAseq) and blood plasma samples were used for profiling of 640 metabolites. To identify lncRNAs within the indicated tissues, a project-specific transcriptome annotation was established. Subsequently, novel transcripts were categorized for potential lncRNA status, yielding a total of 7,646 predicted lncRNA transcripts belonging to 3,287 loci. A regulatory impact factor approach highlighted 92, 55, 35, and 73 lncRNAs in jejunum, liver, muscle, and rumen, respectively. Their ensuing high regulatory impact factor scores indicated a potential regulatory key function in a gene set comprising loci displaying differential expression, tissue specificity and loci overlapping with quantitative trait locus regions for residual feed intake or milk production. These were subjected to a partial correlation and information theory analysis with the prioritized gene set. Results and Conclusions: Independent, significant and group-specific correlations (|r| > 0.8) were used to build a network for the high and the low metabolic efficiency group resulting in 1,522 and 1,732 nodes, respectively. Eight lncRNAs displayed a particularly high connectivity (>100 nodes). Metabolites and genes from the partial correlation and information theory networks, which each correlated significantly with the respective lncRNA, were included in an enrichment analysis indicating distinct affected pathways for the eight lncRNAs. LncRNAs associated with metabolic efficiency were classified to be functionally involved in hepatic amino acid metabolism and protein synthesis and in calcium signaling and neuronal nitric oxide synthase signaling in skeletal muscle cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wietje Nolte
- Institute of Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Rosemarie Weikard
- Institute of Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Ronald M Brunner
- Institute of Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Elke Albrecht
- Institute of Muscle Biology and Growth, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Harald M Hammon
- Institute of Nutritional Physiology "Oskar Kellner," Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Antonio Reverter
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Agriculture and Food, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Christa Kühn
- Institute of Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany.,Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University Rostock, Rostock, Germany
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67
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Sicari D, Igbaria A, Chevet E. Control of Protein Homeostasis in the Early Secretory Pathway: Current Status and Challenges. Cells 2019; 8:E1347. [PMID: 31671908 PMCID: PMC6912474 DOI: 10.3390/cells8111347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
: Discrimination between properly folded proteins and those that do not reach this state is necessary for cells to achieve functionality. Eukaryotic cells have evolved several mechanisms to ensure secretory protein quality control, which allows efficiency and fidelity in protein production. Among the actors involved in such process, both endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the Golgi complex play prominent roles in protein synthesis, biogenesis and secretion. ER and Golgi functions ensure that only properly folded proteins are allowed to flow through the secretory pathway while improperly folded proteins have to be eliminated to not impinge on cellular functions. Thus, complex quality control and degradation machineries are crucial to prevent the toxic accumulation of improperly folded proteins. However, in some instances, improperly folded proteins can escape the quality control systems thereby contributing to several human diseases. Herein, we summarize how the early secretory pathways copes with the accumulation of improperly folded proteins, and how insufficient handling can cause the development of several human diseases. Finally, we detail the genetic and pharmacologic approaches that could be used as potential therapeutic tools to treat these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Sicari
- Proteostasis & Cancer Team INSERM U1242 « Chemistry, Oncogenesis Stress Signaling », Université de Rennes, CEDEX, 35042 Rennes, France.
- Centre de Lutte contre le Cancer Eugène Marquis, CEDEX, 35042 Rennes, France.
| | - Aeid Igbaria
- Proteostasis & Cancer Team INSERM U1242 « Chemistry, Oncogenesis Stress Signaling », Université de Rennes, CEDEX, 35042 Rennes, France.
- Centre de Lutte contre le Cancer Eugène Marquis, CEDEX, 35042 Rennes, France.
| | - Eric Chevet
- Proteostasis & Cancer Team INSERM U1242 « Chemistry, Oncogenesis Stress Signaling », Université de Rennes, CEDEX, 35042 Rennes, France.
- Centre de Lutte contre le Cancer Eugène Marquis, CEDEX, 35042 Rennes, France.
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68
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Chen HL, Li JJ, Jiang F, Shi WJ, Chang GY. MicroRNA-4461 derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell exosomes inhibits tumorigenesis by downregulating COPB2 expression in colorectal cancer. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2019; 84:338-346. [PMID: 31631786 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2019.1677452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the main cause of cancer-related deaths. It's reported that bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) affects tumor development through secreting exosomes. This study aims to investigate the function of BMSCs-derived exosome miR-4461 in CRC. The results of qRT-PCR showed that miR-4461 expression in DLD1, HCT116 and SW480 CRC cells and CRC tissues was lower than that in FHC cells and normal tissues, respectively. And COPB2 mRNA expression was negatively correlated with miR-4461. Western blot was used to detect COPB2 protein expression. Dual-luciferase reporter assay results revealed that miR-4461 targeted COPB2. Transwell assay and CCK-8 assay demonstrated that COPB2 knockdown inhibited HCT116 and SW480 cells proliferation, migration and invasion abilities. Furthermore, BMSCs-derived exosome miR-4461 downregulated COPB2 expression and inhibited HCT116 and SW480 cells migration and invasion. The findings demonstrated that miR-4461 could be a potential target for the diagnosis and treatment of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Li Chen
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Aviation General Hospital of China Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Jiu-Jiang Li
- Department of general surgery, Aviation General Hospital of China Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Fei Jiang
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Aviation General Hospital of China Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Jing Shi
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Aviation General Hospital of China Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Ge-Yun Chang
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Aviation General Hospital of China Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China
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69
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Bösl K, Ianevski A, Than TT, Andersen PI, Kuivanen S, Teppor M, Zusinaite E, Dumpis U, Vitkauskiene A, Cox RJ, Kallio-Kokko H, Bergqvist A, Tenson T, Merits A, Oksenych V, Bjørås M, Anthonsen MW, Shum D, Kaarbø M, Vapalahti O, Windisch MP, Superti-Furga G, Snijder B, Kainov D, Kandasamy RK. Common Nodes of Virus-Host Interaction Revealed Through an Integrated Network Analysis. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2186. [PMID: 31636628 PMCID: PMC6787150 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses are one of the major causes of acute and chronic infectious diseases and thus a major contributor to the global burden of disease. Several studies have shown how viruses have evolved to hijack basic cellular pathways and evade innate immune response by modulating key host factors and signaling pathways. A collective view of these multiple studies could advance our understanding of virus-host interactions and provide new therapeutic perspectives for the treatment of viral diseases. Here, we performed an integrative meta-analysis to elucidate the 17 different host-virus interactomes. Network and bioinformatics analyses showed how viruses with small genomes efficiently achieve the maximal effect by targeting multifunctional and highly connected host proteins with a high occurrence of disordered regions. We also identified the core cellular process subnetworks that are targeted by all the viruses. Integration with functional RNA interference (RNAi) datasets showed that a large proportion of the targets are required for viral replication. Furthermore, we performed an interactome-informed drug re-purposing screen and identified novel activities for broad-spectrum antiviral agents against hepatitis C virus and human metapneumovirus. Altogether, these orthogonal datasets could serve as a platform for hypothesis generation and follow-up studies to broaden our understanding of the viral evasion landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Korbinian Bösl
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Aleksandr Ianevski
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Thoa T Than
- Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Petter I Andersen
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Suvi Kuivanen
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mona Teppor
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Eva Zusinaite
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Uga Dumpis
- Pauls Stradins Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia
| | - Astra Vitkauskiene
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lithuanian University of Health Science, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Rebecca J Cox
- Department of Clinical Science, Influenza Centre, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Hannimari Kallio-Kokko
- Department of Virology and Immunology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anders Bergqvist
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tanel Tenson
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Andres Merits
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Valentyn Oksenych
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Magnar Bjørås
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Marit W Anthonsen
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - David Shum
- Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Mari Kaarbø
- Department of Microbiology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Olli Vapalahti
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Giulio Superti-Furga
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria.,Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Berend Snijder
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Denis Kainov
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Richard K Kandasamy
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway (NCMM), Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Program in Innate Immunity, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
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70
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The Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor GBF1 Participates in Rotavirus Replication. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.01062-19. [PMID: 31270230 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01062-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular and viral factors participate in the replication cycle of rotavirus. We report that the guanine nucleotide exchange factor GBF1, which activates the small GTPase Arf1 to induce COPI transport processes, is required for rotavirus replication since knocking down GBF1 expression by RNA interference or inhibiting its activity by treatment with brefeldin A (BFA) or Golgicide A (GCA) significantly reduces the yield of infectious viral progeny. This reduction in virus yield was related to a block in virus assembly, since in the presence of either BFA or GCA, the assembly of infectious mature triple-layered virions was significantly prevented and only double-layered particles were detected. We report that the catalytic activity of GBF1, but not the activation of Arf1, is essential for the assembly of the outer capsid of rotavirus. We show that both BFA and GCA, as well as interfering with the synthesis of GBF1, alter the electrophoretic mobility of glycoproteins VP7 and NSP4 and block the trimerization of the virus surface protein VP7, a step required for its incorporation into virus particles. Although a posttranslational modification of VP7 (other than glycosylation) could be related to the lack of trimerization, we found that NSP4 might also be involved in this process, since knocking down its expression reduces VP7 trimerization. In support, recombinant VP7 protein overexpressed in transfected cells formed trimers only when cotransfected with NSP4.IMPORTANCE Rotavirus, a member of the family Reoviridae, is the major cause of severe diarrhea in children and young animals worldwide. Despite significant advances in the characterization of the biology of this virus, the mechanisms involved in morphogenesis of the virus particle are still poorly understood. In this work, we show that the guanine nucleotide exchange factor GBF1, relevant for COPI/Arf1-mediated cellular vesicular transport, participates in the replication cycle of the virus, influencing the correct processing of viral glycoproteins VP7 and NSP4 and the assembly of the virus surface proteins VP7 and VP4.
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71
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Blackburn JB, D'Souza Z, Lupashin VV. Maintaining order: COG complex controls Golgi trafficking, processing, and sorting. FEBS Lett 2019; 593:2466-2487. [PMID: 31381138 PMCID: PMC6771879 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The conserved oligomeric Golgi (COG) complex, a multisubunit tethering complex of the CATCHR (complexes associated with tethering containing helical rods) family, controls membrane trafficking and ensures Golgi homeostasis by orchestrating retrograde vesicle targeting within the Golgi. In humans, COG defects lead to severe multisystemic diseases known as COG-congenital disorders of glycosylation (COG-CDG). The COG complex both physically and functionally interacts with all classes of molecules maintaining intra-Golgi trafficking, namely SNAREs, SNARE-interacting proteins, Rabs, coiled-coil tethers, and vesicular coats. Here, we review our current knowledge of COG-related trafficking and glycosylation defects in humans and model organisms, and analyze possible scenarios for the molecular mechanism of the COG orchestrated vesicle targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica B. Blackburn
- Department of Physiology and BiophysicsUniversity of Arkansas for Medical SciencesLittle RockARUSA
- Present address:
Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineDepartment of MedicineVanderbilt University Medical CenterNashvilleTNUSA
| | - Zinia D'Souza
- Department of Physiology and BiophysicsUniversity of Arkansas for Medical SciencesLittle RockARUSA
| | - Vladimir V. Lupashin
- Department of Physiology and BiophysicsUniversity of Arkansas for Medical SciencesLittle RockARUSA
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72
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Arakel EC, Huranova M, Estrada AF, Rau EM, Spang A, Schwappach B. Dissection of GTPase-activating proteins reveals functional asymmetry in the COPI coat of budding yeast. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:jcs.232124. [PMID: 31331965 PMCID: PMC6737914 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.232124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The Arf GTPase controls formation of the COPI vesicle coat. Recent structural models of COPI revealed the positioning of two Arf1 molecules in contrasting molecular environments. Each of these pockets for Arf1 is expected to also accommodate an Arf GTPase-activating protein (ArfGAP). Structural evidence and protein interactions observed between isolated domains indirectly suggest that each niche preferentially recruits one of the two ArfGAPs known to affect COPI, i.e. Gcs1/ArfGAP1 and Glo3/ArfGAP2/3, although only partial structures are available. The functional role of the unique non-catalytic domain of either ArfGAP has not been integrated into the current COPI structural model. Here, we delineate key differences in the consequences of triggering GTP hydrolysis through the activity of one versus the other ArfGAP. We demonstrate that Glo3/ArfGAP2/3 specifically triggers Arf1 GTP hydrolysis impinging on the stability of the COPI coat. We show that the Snf1 kinase complex, the yeast homologue of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), phosphorylates the region of Glo3 that is crucial for this effect and, thereby, regulates its function in the COPI-vesicle cycle. Our results revise the model of ArfGAP function in the molecular context of COPI. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper. Highlighted Article: The regulatory domain of the COPI-associated ArfGAP Glo3 can stabilize the COPI coat. GTP hydrolysis is necessary to resolve the stabilised state. This mechanism is regulated by phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric C Arakel
- Department of Molecular Biology, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Humboldtallee 23, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Martina Huranova
- Growth and Development, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.,Laboratory of Adaptive Immunity, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Alejandro F Estrada
- Growth and Development, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - E-Ming Rau
- Growth and Development, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anne Spang
- Growth and Development, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Blanche Schwappach
- Department of Molecular Biology, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Humboldtallee 23, 37073 Göttingen, Germany .,Max-Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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73
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Reunert J, Rust S, Grüneberg M, Seelhöfer A, Kurz D, Ocker V, Weber D, Fingerhut R, Marquardt T. Transient N-glycosylation abnormalities likely due to a de novo loss-of-function mutation in the delta subunit of coat protein I. Am J Med Genet A 2019; 179:1371-1375. [PMID: 31075182 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.61190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Accurate glycosylation of proteins is essential for their function and their intracellular transport. Numerous diseases have been described, where either glycosylation or intracellular transport of proteins is impaired. Coat protein I (COPI) is involved in anterograde and retrograde transport of proteins between endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi, where glycosylation takes place, but no association of defective COPI proteins and glycosylation defects has been described so far. We identified a patient whose phenotype at a first glance was reminiscent of PGM1 deficiency, a disease that also affects N-glycosylation of proteins. More detailed analyses revealed a different disease with a glycosylation deficiency that was only detectable during episodes of acute illness of the patient. Trio-exome analysis revealed a de novo loss-of-function mutation in ARCN1, coding for the delta-COP subunit of COPI. We hypothesize that the capacity of flow through Golgi is reduced by this defect and at high protein synthesis rates, this bottleneck also manifests as transient glycosylation deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Reunert
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Stephan Rust
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Marianne Grüneberg
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Anja Seelhöfer
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Daniel Kurz
- Department of Paediatrics, Olgahospital, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Volker Ocker
- Department of Paediatrics, Olgahospital, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Dorothea Weber
- Gemeinschaftspraxis für Kinderheilkunde, Bensheim, Germany
| | - Ralph Fingerhut
- Swiss Newborn Screening Laboratory and Division of Metabolism, Children's Research Centre, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thorsten Marquardt
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
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74
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Custer SK, Astroski JW, Li HX, Androphy EJ. Interaction between alpha-COP and SMN ameliorates disease phenotype in a mouse model of spinal muscular atrophy. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 514:530-537. [PMID: 31060774 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.04.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We report that expression of the α-COP protein rescues disease phenotype in a severe mouse model of Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA). Lentiviral particles expressing α-COP were injected directly into the testes of genetically pure mouse strain of interest resulting in infection of the spermatagonial stem cells. α-COP was stably expressed in brain, skeletal muscle, and spinal cord without altering SMN protein levels. SMA mice transgenic for α-COP live significantly longer than their non-transgenic littermates, and showed increased body mass and normal muscle morphology at postnatal day 15. We previously reported that binding between SMN and α-COP is required for restoration of neurite outgrowth in cells lacking SMN, and we report similar finding here. Lentiviral-mediated transgenic expression of SMN where the dilysine domain in exon 2b was mutated was not able to rescue the SMA phenotype despite robust expression of the mutant SMN protein in brain, muscle and spinal cord. These results demonstrate that α-COP is a validated modifier of SMA disease phenotype in a mammalian, vertebrate model and is a potential target for development of future SMN-independent therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara K Custer
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Dermatology, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
| | - Jacob W Astroski
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Dermatology, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Hong Xia Li
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Dermatology, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Elliot J Androphy
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Dermatology, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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75
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Ivanov S, Harrison MJ. Accumulation of phosphoinositides in distinct regions of the periarbuscular membrane. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 221:2213-2227. [PMID: 30347433 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Phosphoinositides and phosphatidic acid are small anionic lipids that comprise a minor proportion of total membrane lipids in eukaryotic cells but influence a broad range of cellular processes including endomembrane trafficking, signaling, exocytosis and endocytosis. To investigate the spatial distribution of phosphoinositides during arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis, we generated fluorescent reporters of PI(4,5)P2 and PI4P, as well as phosphatidic acid and diacylglycerol and used them to monitor lipid distribution on the cytoplasmic side of membrane bilayers in colonized cortical cells. The PI4P reporter accumulated strongly on the periarbuscular membrane (PAM) and transiently labeled Golgi bodies, while the PA reporter showed differential labeling of endomembranes and the PAM. Surprisingly, the PI(4,5)P2 reporter accumulated in small, discrete regions of the PAM on the arbuscule trunks, frequently in two regions on opposing sides of the hypha. A mutant reporter with reduced PI(4,5)P2 binding capacity did not show these accumulations. The PI(4,5)P2 -rich regions were detected at all phases of arbuscule development following branching, co-localized with membrane marker proteins potentially indicating high membrane bilayer content, and were associated with an alteration in morphology of the hypha. A possible analogy to the biotrophic interfacial membrane complex formed in rice infected with Magnaporthe orzyae is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Ivanov
- Boyce Thompson Institute, 533 Tower Road, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Maria J Harrison
- Boyce Thompson Institute, 533 Tower Road, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
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77
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Abstract
The organs require oxygen and other types of nutrients (amino acids, sugars, and lipids) to function, the heart consuming large amounts of fatty acids for oxidation and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) generation.
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78
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An C, Li H, Zhang X, Wang J, Qiang Y, Ye X, Li Q, Guan Q, Zhou Y. Silencing of COPB2 inhibits the proliferation of gastric cancer cells and induces apoptosis via suppression of the RTK signaling pathway. Int J Oncol 2019; 54:1195-1208. [PMID: 30968146 PMCID: PMC6411345 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2019.4717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging studies have reported that coatomer protein complex subunit β2 (COPB2) is overexpressed in several types of malignant tumor; however, to the best of our knowledge, no studies regarding COPB2 in gastric cancer have been published thus far. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine the significance and function of COPB2 in gastric cancer. COPB2 expression in gastric cancer cell lines was measured using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) analysis. In addition, lentivirus-short hairpin RNA (shRNA) COPB2 (Lv-shCOPB2) was generated and used to infect BGC-823 cells to analyze the effects of COPB2 on the cancerous phenotype. The effects of shRNA-mediated COPB2 knockdown on cell proliferation were detected using MTT, 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine and colony formation assays. In addition, the effects of COPB2 knockdown on apoptosis were analyzed by flow cytometry. Nude mice and fluorescence imaging were used to characterize the regulation of tumor growth in vivo, and qPCR and immunohistochemistry were subsequently conducted to analyze COPB2 expression in xenograft tumor tissues. Furthermore, a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signaling pathway antibody array was used to explore the relevant molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of COPB2 knockdown. The results revealed that COPB2 mRNA was abundantly overexpressed in gastric cancer cell lines, whereas knockdown of COPB2 significantly inhibited cell growth and colony formation ability, and led to increased cell apoptosis in vitro. The tumorigenicity assay revealed that knockdown of COPB2 reduced tumor growth in nude mice, and fluorescence imaging indicated that the total radiant efficiency of mice in the Lv-shCOPB2-infected group was markedly reduced compared with the mice in the Lv-shRNA control-infected group in vivo. The antibody array assay revealed that the levels of phosphorylation in 23 target RTKs were significantly reduced: In conclusion, COPB2 was highly expressed in gastric cancer cell lines, and knockdown suppressed colony formation and promoted cell apoptosis via inhibiting the RTK signaling and its downstream signaling cascade molecules. Therefore, COPB2 may present a valuable target for gene silencing strategy in gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caixia An
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Hailong Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis, School of Clinical Medicine, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Xueyan Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis, School of Clinical Medicine, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis, School of Clinical Medicine, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Yi Qiang
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Gansu Provincial Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730050, P.R. China
| | - Xinhua Ye
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Li
- Division of Neurosurgery, Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Quanlin Guan
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Yongning Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
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79
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Yan H, Ma L, Wang H, Wu S, Huang H, Gu Z, Jiang J, Li Y. Luteolin decreases the yield of influenza A virus in vitro by interfering with the coat protein I complex expression. J Nat Med 2019; 73:487-496. [PMID: 30758716 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-019-01287-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Influenza is an acute transmissible respiratory infectious disease in humans and animals with high morbidity and mortality. It was reported that luteolin, extracted from Chinese herbs, could potently inhibit influenza virus replication in vitro. To assess the effect and explore the fundamental mechanism of luteolin, we infected several cell lines with two subtypes of influenza A virus (IAV), including A/Jiangxi/312/2006 (H3N2) and A/Fort Monmouth/1/1947 (H1N1) and demonstrated that luteolin suppressed the replication of IAV by cytopathic effect reduction method, qRT-PCR, immunofluorescence and Western blot assays. A time-of-addition assay indicated that this compound interfered with viral replication at the early stage of infection. In addition, we found that luteolin suppressed coat protein I complex expression, which was related to influenza virus entry and endocytic pathway. Overall, our findings demonstrated the antiviral effect of luteolin against IAV and its novel antiviral mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Yan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Linlin Ma
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging of Shanghai Education Commission, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Huiqiang Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Shuo Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Hua Huang
- Xinjiang Institute of Materia Medica, Ürümqi, China
| | - Zhengyi Gu
- Xinjiang Institute of Materia Medica, Ürümqi, China
| | - Jiandong Jiang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Yuhuan Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.
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80
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Witkos TM, Chan WL, Joensuu M, Rhiel M, Pallister E, Thomas-Oates J, Mould AP, Mironov AA, Biot C, Guerardel Y, Morelle W, Ungar D, Wieland FT, Jokitalo E, Tassabehji M, Kornak U, Lowe M. GORAB scaffolds COPI at the trans-Golgi for efficient enzyme recycling and correct protein glycosylation. Nat Commun 2019; 10:127. [PMID: 30631079 PMCID: PMC6328613 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-08044-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
COPI is a key mediator of protein trafficking within the secretory pathway. COPI is recruited to the membrane primarily through binding to Arf GTPases, upon which it undergoes assembly to form coated transport intermediates responsible for trafficking numerous proteins, including Golgi-resident enzymes. Here, we identify GORAB, the protein mutated in the skin and bone disorder gerodermia osteodysplastica, as a component of the COPI machinery. GORAB forms stable domains at the trans-Golgi that, via interactions with the COPI-binding protein Scyl1, promote COPI recruitment to these domains. Pathogenic GORAB mutations perturb Scyl1 binding or GORAB assembly into domains, indicating the importance of these interactions. Loss of GORAB causes impairment of COPI-mediated retrieval of trans-Golgi enzymes, resulting in a deficit in glycosylation of secretory cargo proteins. Our results therefore identify GORAB as a COPI scaffolding factor, and support the view that defective protein glycosylation is a major disease mechanism in gerodermia osteodysplastica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz M Witkos
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, The Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Wing Lee Chan
- Berlin-Brandenburg Centre for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Institut fuer Medizinische Genetik und Humangenetik, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, 13353, Germany
- FG Development & Disease, Max Planck Institut fuer Molekulare Genetik, Berlin, 14195, Germany
| | - Merja Joensuu
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
- Clem Jones Centre of Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, 00290, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Manuel Rhiel
- Heidelberg University Biochemistry Center, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| | - Ed Pallister
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, YO10 5DG, UK
| | | | - A Paul Mould
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, The Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Alex A Mironov
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, The Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Christophe Biot
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576 - UGSF - Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Yann Guerardel
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576 - UGSF - Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Willy Morelle
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576 - UGSF - Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Daniel Ungar
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Felix T Wieland
- Heidelberg University Biochemistry Center, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| | - Eija Jokitalo
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | - May Tassabehji
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, The Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St. Mary's Hospital, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre (MAHSC), Manchester, M13 9WL, UK
| | - Uwe Kornak
- Berlin-Brandenburg Centre for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Institut fuer Medizinische Genetik und Humangenetik, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, 13353, Germany
- FG Development & Disease, Max Planck Institut fuer Molekulare Genetik, Berlin, 14195, Germany
| | - Martin Lowe
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, The Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.
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81
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Van Alstyne M, Lotti F, Dal Mas A, Area-Gomez E, Pellizzoni L. Stasimon/Tmem41b localizes to mitochondria-associated ER membranes and is essential for mouse embryonic development. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 506:463-470. [PMID: 30352685 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.10.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Stasimon (also known as Tmem41b) is an evolutionarily conserved transmembrane protein first identified for its contribution to motor system dysfunction in animal models of the childhood neurodegenerative disease spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). Stasimon was shown to be required for normal neurotransmission in the motor circuit of Drosophila larvae and proper development of motor axons in zebrafish embryos as well as to suppress analogous neuronal phenotypes in SMA models of these organisms. However, the subcellular localization and molecular functions of Stasimon are poorly understood. Here, we combined immunoprecipitation with mass spectrometry to characterize the Stasimon interactome in mammalian cells, which reveals association with components of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), mitochondria, and the COPI vesicle trafficking machinery. Expanding on the interaction results, we used subcellular fractionation studies and super-resolution microscopy to identify Stasimon as an ER-resident protein that localizes at mitochondria-associated ER membranes (MAM), functionally specialized contact sites between ER and mitochondria membranes. Lastly, through characterization of novel knockout mice, we show that Stasimon is an essential gene for mouse embryonic development. Together, these findings identify Stasimon as a novel transmembrane protein component of the MAM with an essential requirement for mammalian development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meaghan Van Alstyne
- Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Francesco Lotti
- Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Andrea Dal Mas
- Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Estela Area-Gomez
- Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA; Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Livio Pellizzoni
- Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
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82
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Chang L, Dykes EJ, Li J, Moreno SNJ, Hortua Triana MA. Characterization of Two EF-hand Domain-containing Proteins from Toxoplasma gondii. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2018; 66:343-353. [PMID: 30063275 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The universal role of calcium (Ca2+ ) as a second messenger in cells depends on a large number of Ca2+ -binding proteins (CBP), which are able to bind Ca2+ through specific domains. Many CBPs share a type of Ca2+ -binding domain known as the EF-hand. The EF-hand motif has been well studied and consists of a helix-loop-helix structural domain with specific amino acids in the loop region that interact with Ca2+ . In Toxoplasma gondii a large number of genes (approximately 68) are predicted to have at least one EF-hand motif. The majority of these genes have not been characterized. We report the characterization of two EF-hand motif-containing proteins, TgGT1_216620 and TgGT1_280480, which localize to the plasma membrane and to the rhoptry bulb, respectively. Genetic disruption of these genes by CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)/Cas9 (CRISPR-associated protein 9) resulted in mutant parasite clones (Δtg216620 and Δtg280480) that grew at a slower rate than control cells. Ca2+ measurements showed that Δtg216620 cells did not respond to extracellular Ca2+ as the parental controls while Δtg280480 cells appeared to respond as the parental cells. Our hypothesis is that TgGT1_216620 is important for Ca2+ influx while TgGT1_280480 may be playing a different role in the rhoptries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Chang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China.,Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602
| | - Eric J Dykes
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602
| | - Jianhua Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Silvia N J Moreno
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602.,Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602
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83
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Pu X, Wang J, Li W, Fan W, Wang L, Mao Y, Yang S, Liu S, Xu J, Lv Z, Xu L, Shu Y. COPB2 promotes cell proliferation and tumorigenesis through up-regulating YAP1 expression in lung adenocarcinoma cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 103:373-380. [PMID: 29674272 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Revised: 04/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung adenocarcinoma is the most common subtype of non-small cell lung cancer and responsible for more than 500,000 deaths per year worldwide. In this study, we aimed to explore the effects of COPB2 in the progression of lung adenocarcinoma and its underlying mechanism. The mRNA and protein levels of COPB2 in tumor tissues and cell lines were determined by qRT-PCR and western blotting analysis. siRNAs and over-expressed vector targeting COPB2 were used to down-regulate and up-regulate COPB2 expression in lung adenocarcinoma cell lines H1975. Cell apoptosis rate, proliferation and tumorigenesis of H1975 cells were determined by flow cytometry analysis, MTT assay and in vivo xenotransplantation assay, respectively. Western blotting and immunofluorescence assays were performed to evaluate the effects of COPB on the expression and subcellular location of YAP. Results showed COPB2 was significantly up-regulated in lung adenocarcinoma tissues and cell lines, which showed a close correlation with advanced clinical symptoms, such as tumor differentiation, TNM stage and the occurrence of lymph node metastasis and distance metastasis. Besides, the overall survival time of patients with high expression of COPB2 was shorter than that of patients with low COPB2 expression. After knockdown of COPB2, cell apoptosis rate was increased, whereas cell proliferation was decreased. Compared with that in the normal lung cell line H1688 cells, YAP1 expression was obviously increased in H1975, and over-expression of COPB2 translocated YAP1 from cytoplasm to nuclear, whereas knockdown of COPB2 showed the opposite effect. Overexpression of COPB2 enhanced cell proliferation, tumorigenesis and inhibited cell apoptosis. However, these effects were abolished when down-regulated YAP1 expression on the base of COPB2 over-expression. In conclusion, the increased expression of COPB2 was significantly correlated with the progression of lung adenocarcinoma. Up-regulation of COPB2 inhibited cell apoptosis and promoted cell growth and tumorigenesis through up-regulating YAP1 expression in lung adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Pu
- Oncology, Jiangsu Province Geriatric Institute, Nanjing, People's Republic of China; Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Wang
- Oncology, Jiangsu Province Geriatric Institute, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Weifei Fan
- Oncology, Jiangsu Province Geriatric Institute, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Wang
- Oncology, Jiangsu Province Geriatric Institute, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Mao
- Oncology, Jiangsu Province Geriatric Institute, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu Yang
- Oncology, Jiangsu Province Geriatric Institute, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Suyao Liu
- Oncology, Jiangsu Province Geriatric Institute, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Juqing Xu
- Oncology, Jiangsu Province Geriatric Institute, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhigang Lv
- Central laboratory, Jiangsu Province Geriatric Institute, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Xu
- Department of thoracic surgery, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongqian Shu
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.
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84
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Raza S, Alvisi G, Shahin F, Husain U, Rabbani M, Yaqub T, Anjum AA, Sheikh AA, Nawaz M, Ali MA. Role of Rab GTPases in HSV-1 infection: Molecular understanding of viral maturation and egress. Microb Pathog 2018; 118:146-153. [PMID: 29551438 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Most enveloped viruses exploit complex cellular pathways for assembly and egress from the host cell, and the large DNA virus Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) makes no exception, hijacking several cellular transport pathways for its glycoprotein trafficking and maturation, as well as for viral morphogenesis and egress according to the envelopment, de-envelopment and re-envelopment model. Importantly Rab GTPases, widely distributed master regulators of intracellular membrane trafficking pathways, have recently being tightly implicated in such process. Indeed, siRNA-mediated genetic ablation of specific Rab proteins differently affected HSV-1 production, suggesting a complex role of different Rab proteins in HSV-1 life cycle. In this review, we discuss how different Rabs can regulate HSV-1 assembly/egress and the potential therapeutic applications of such findings for the management of HSV-1 infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohail Raza
- Department of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore 54000, Pakistan.
| | - Gualtiero Alvisi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, 35121, Italy
| | - Farzana Shahin
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Urooj Husain
- Postgraduate Medical Institute Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Masood Rabbani
- Department of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Tahir Yaqub
- Department of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Aftab Ahmad Anjum
- Department of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Ali Ahmad Sheikh
- Department of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Nawaz
- Department of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Asad Ali
- Department of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore 54000, Pakistan
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85
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Abstract
All eukaryotic cells secrete a range of proteins in a constitutive or regulated manner through the conventional or canonical exocytic/secretory pathway characterized by vesicular traffic from the endoplasmic reticulum, through the Golgi apparatus, and towards the plasma membrane. However, a number of proteins are secreted in an unconventional manner, which are insensitive to inhibitors of conventional exocytosis and use a route that bypasses the Golgi apparatus. These include cytosolic proteins such as fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and membrane proteins that are known to also traverse to the plasma membrane by a conventional process of exocytosis, such as α integrin and the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductor (CFTR). Mechanisms underlying unconventional protein secretion (UPS) are actively being analyzed and deciphered, and these range from an unusual form of plasma membrane translocation to vesicular processes involving the generation of exosomes and other extracellular microvesicles. In this chapter, we provide an overview on what is currently known about UPS in animal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Ng
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 8 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117597, Singapore
| | - Bor Luen Tang
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 8 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117597, Singapore.
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117456, Singapore.
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86
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Jin X, Cao X, Wang X, Jiang J, Wan J, Laliberté JF, Zhang Y. Three-Dimensional Architecture and Biogenesis of Membrane Structures Associated with Plant Virus Replication. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:57. [PMID: 29441085 PMCID: PMC5797596 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Positive-sense (+) RNA viruses represent the most abundant group of viruses and are dependent on the host cell machinery to replicate. One remarkable feature that occurs after (+) RNA virus entry into cells is the remodeling of host endomembranes, leading to the formation of viral replication factories. Recently, rapid progress in three-dimensional (3D) imaging technologies, such as electron tomography (ET) and focused ion beam-scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM), has enabled researchers to visualize the novel membrane structures induced by viruses at high resolution. These 3D imaging technologies provide new mechanistic insights into the viral infection cycle. In this review, we summarize the latest reports on the cellular remodeling that occurs during plant virus infection; in particular, we focus on studies that provide 3D architectural information on viral replication factories. We also outline the mechanisms underlying the formation of these membranous structures and discuss possible future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejiao Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuling Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xueting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Jiang
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique—Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, QC, Canada
| | - Juan Wan
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique—Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, QC, Canada
| | - Jean-François Laliberté
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique—Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, QC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Jean-François Laliberté
| | - Yongliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Yongliang Zhang
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87
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Abstract
Advances in imaging techniques have shed new light on the structure of vesicles formed by COPI protein complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric C Arakel
- Department of Molecular Biology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Blanche Schwappach
- Department of Molecular Biology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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88
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Wang Y, Chai Z, Wang M, Jin Y, Yang A, Li M. COPB2 suppresses cell proliferation and induces cell cycle arrest in human colon cancer by regulating cell cycle-related proteins. Exp Ther Med 2017; 15:777-784. [PMID: 29399086 PMCID: PMC5772868 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.5506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Coat proteins (COPs), including the major types clathrin, COPI and COPII, play a considerable role in intracellular transport by initiating the formation of transport vesicles. Coatomer protein complex subunit β2 (COPB2) is one of the seven subunits that make up a COPI complex. In the present study, we found that COPB2 was highly expressed in human colon cancer specimens. However, to date, there have been no reports describing the functions of COPB2 in human colon cancer cells. In this study, we analyzed the functions of COPB2 in the proliferation and cell cycle arrest of human RKO and HCT116 colon cancer cells by using lentivirus-mediated RNAi infection. Our results demonstrated that the silencing of COPB2 in vitro could inhibit the proliferation and colony formation abilities of RKO and HCT116 cells. Furthermore, measurement of cell cycle distribution indicated that the downregulation of COPB2 could induce G0/G1 or S phase cell cycle arrest by regulating cell cycle-related proteins. In conclusion, our results suggest that COPB2 plays a key role in the proliferation and cell cycle progression of human RKO and HCT116 colon cancer cells, thus indicating that COPB2 might be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of human colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China.,Institute of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China.,Department of Telemedicine Consultation Centre, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Zhi Chai
- Department of Telemedicine Consultation Centre, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Min Wang
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China.,Institute of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Yanling Jin
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China.,Institute of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Aijun Yang
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China.,Institute of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Min Li
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China.,Institute of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
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89
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Kaczmarek B, Verbavatz JM, Jackson CL. GBF1 and Arf1 function in vesicular trafficking, lipid homoeostasis and organelle dynamics. Biol Cell 2017; 109:391-399. [PMID: 28985001 DOI: 10.1111/boc.201700042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The ADP-ribosylation factor (Arf) small G proteins act as molecular switches to coordinate multiple downstream pathways that regulate membrane dynamics. Their activation is spatially and temporally controlled by the guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs). Members of the evolutionarily conserved GBF/Gea family of Arf GEFs are well known for their roles in formation of coat protein complex I (COPI) vesicles, essential for maintaining the structure and function of the Golgi apparatus. However, studies over the past 10 years have found new functions for these GEFs, along with their substrate Arf1, in lipid droplet metabolism, clathrin-independent endocytosis, signalling at the plasma membrane, mitochondrial dynamics and transport along microtubules. Here, we describe these different functions, focussing in particular on the emerging theme of GFB1 and Arf1 regulation of organelle movement on microtubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Kaczmarek
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS, UMR 7592, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, F-75013, France
| | - Jean-Marc Verbavatz
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS, UMR 7592, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, F-75013, France
| | - Catherine L Jackson
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS, UMR 7592, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, F-75013, France
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90
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Anania MC, Cetti E, Lecis D, Todoerti K, Gulino A, Mauro G, Di Marco T, Cleris L, Pagliardini S, Manenti G, Belmonte B, Tripodo C, Neri A, Greco A. Targeting COPZ1 non-oncogene addiction counteracts the viability of thyroid tumor cells. Cancer Lett 2017; 410:201-211. [PMID: 28951131 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid carcinoma is generally associated with good prognosis, but no effective treatments are currently available for aggressive forms not cured by standard therapy. To find novel therapeutic targets for this tumor type, we had previously performed a siRNA-based functional screening to identify genes essential for sustaining the oncogenic phenotype of thyroid tumor cells, but not required to the same extent for the viability of normal cells (non-oncogene addiction paradigm). Among those, we found the coatomer protein complex ζ1 (COPZ1) gene, which is involved in intracellular traffic, autophagy and lipid homeostasis. In this paper, we investigated the mechanisms through which COPZ1 depletion leads to thyroid tumor cell death. We showed that siRNA-mediated COPZ1 depletion causes abortive autophagy, endoplasmic reticulum stress, unfolded protein response and apoptosis. Interestingly, we observed that mouse tumor xenografts, locally treated with siRNA targeting COPZ1, showed a significant reduction of tumor growth. On the whole, we demonstrated for the first time the crucial role of COPZ1 in the viability of thyroid tumor cells, suggesting that it may be considered an attractive target for novel therapeutic approaches for thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Chiara Anania
- Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Cetti
- Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniele Lecis
- Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Katia Todoerti
- Laboratory of Pre-Clinical and Translational Research, IRCCS-CROB, Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata, Rionero in Vulture, Italy
| | - Alessandro Gulino
- Department of Health Science, Human Pathology Section, University of Palermo School of Medicine, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Mauro
- Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Tiziana Di Marco
- Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Loredana Cleris
- Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Sonia Pagliardini
- Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Giacomo Manenti
- Department of Predictive and Preventive Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Beatrice Belmonte
- Department of Health Science, Human Pathology Section, University of Palermo School of Medicine, Palermo, Italy
| | - Claudio Tripodo
- Department of Health Science, Human Pathology Section, University of Palermo School of Medicine, Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonino Neri
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Hematology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Angela Greco
- Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Dei Tumori, Milan, Italy.
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91
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Land-locked mammalian Golgi reveals cargo transport between stable cisternae. Nat Commun 2017; 8:432. [PMID: 28874656 PMCID: PMC5585379 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00570-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Golgi is composed of a stack of cis, medial, trans cisternae that are biochemically distinct. The stable compartments model postulates that permanent cisternae communicate through bi-directional vesicles, while the cisternal maturation model postulates that transient cisternae biochemically mature to ensure anterograde transport. Testing either model has been constrained by the diffraction limit of light microscopy, as the cisternae are only 10-20 nm thick and closely stacked in mammalian cells. We previously described the unstacking of Golgi by the ectopic adhesion of Golgi cisternae to mitochondria. Here, we show that cargo processing and transport continue-even when individual Golgi cisternae are separated and "land-locked" between mitochondria. With the increased spatial separation of cisternae, we show using three-dimensional live imaging that cis-Golgi and trans-Golgi remain stable in their composition and size. Hence, we provide new evidence in support of the stable compartments model in mammalian cells.The different composition of Golgi cisternae gave rise to two different models for intra-Golgi traffic: one where stable cisternae communicate via vesicles and another one where cisternae biochemically mature to ensure anterograde transport. Here, the authors provide evidence in support of the stable compartments model.
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92
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Oleaga A, Obolo-Mvoulouga P, Manzano-Román R, Pérez-Sánchez R. A proteomic insight into the midgut proteome of Ornithodoros moubata females reveals novel information on blood digestion in argasid ticks. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:366. [PMID: 28764815 PMCID: PMC5540513 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2300-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The argasid tick Ornithodoros moubata is the main African vector of the human relapsing fever agent Borrelia duttoni and the African swine fever virus. Together with saliva, the tick midgut forms part of the host-tick-pathogen interface, and numerous midgut proteins play key functions in the blood digestion-related process and the infection and transmission of pathogens. This work explores the composition of the midgut proteome of unfed and fed O. moubata females with the aim to complete the biological information already obtained from the midgut transcriptome and provide a more robust and comprehensive perspective of this biological system. Methods Midgut tissues taken from females before feeding and 48 h after feeding were subjected to LC/MS-MS analysis. After functional characterization and classification of the proteins identified, the differences in the proteome between unfed and fed females were analysed and discussed. Additionally, a detailed analysis of particular groups of proteins that are involved in the processes of nutrient digestion and responses to the oxidative stress was carried out. Results 1491 non-redundant tick proteins were identified: 1132 of them in the midgut of unfed ticks, 1138 in the midgut of fed ticks, and up to 779 shared by both physiological conditions. Overall, the comparative analysis of the midgut proteomes of O. moubata females before and after feeding did not reveal great differences in the number or class of proteins expressed, enzymatic composition or functional classification. Conclusions The hemoglobinolytic system in ixodids and argasids is very similar in spite of the fact that they display very different feeding and reproductive strategies. Although the main source of nutrients in ticks are proteins, lipids and carbohydrates also constitute significant nutritional sources and play an important part in the process of blood digestion. The genes and proteins involved in intracellular transport mechanisms, defensive responses, detoxifying responses and stress responses seem to be closely regulated, highlighting the complexity and importance of these processes in tick biology, which in turn assigns them a great interest as targets for therapeutic and immunological interventions. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-017-2300-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Oleaga
- Parasitology Laboratory, Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology (IRNASA, CSIC), Cordel de Merinas, 40-52, 37008, Salamanca, Spain.
| | - Prosper Obolo-Mvoulouga
- Parasitology Laboratory, Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology (IRNASA, CSIC), Cordel de Merinas, 40-52, 37008, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Raúl Manzano-Román
- Parasitology Laboratory, Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology (IRNASA, CSIC), Cordel de Merinas, 40-52, 37008, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Ricardo Pérez-Sánchez
- Parasitology Laboratory, Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology (IRNASA, CSIC), Cordel de Merinas, 40-52, 37008, Salamanca, Spain
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93
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Rout MP, Field MC. The Evolution of Organellar Coat Complexes and Organization of the Eukaryotic Cell. Annu Rev Biochem 2017; 86:637-657. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-biochem-061516-044643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark C. Field
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
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94
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Essential role for GABARAP autophagy proteins in interferon-inducible GTPase-mediated host defense. Nat Immunol 2017; 18:899-910. [PMID: 28604719 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian autophagy-related 8 (Atg8) homologs consist of LC3 proteins and GABARAPs, all of which are known to be involved in canonical autophagy. In contrast, the roles of Atg8 homologs in noncanonical autophagic processes are not fully understood. Here we show a unique role of GABARAPs, in particular gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-A-receptor-associated protein-like 2 (Gabarapl2; also known as Gate-16), in interferon-γ (IFN-γ)-mediated antimicrobial responses. Cells that lacked GABARAPs but not LC3 proteins and mice that lacked Gate-16 alone were defective in the IFN-γ-induced clearance of vacuolar pathogens such as Toxoplasma. Gate-16 but not LC3b specifically associated with the small GTPase ADP-ribosylation factor 1 (Arf1) to mediate uniform distribution of interferon-inducible GTPases. The lack of GABARAPs reduced Arf1 activation, which led to formation of interferon-inducible GTPase-containing aggregates and hampered recruitment of interferon-inducible GTPases to vacuolar pathogens. Thus, GABARAPs are uniquely required for antimicrobial host defense through cytosolic distribution of interferon-inducible GTPases.
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95
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Mi Y, Yu M, Zhang L, Sun C, Wei B, Ding W, Zhu Y, Tang J, Xia G, Zhu L. COPB2 Is Upregulated in Prostate Cancer and Regulates PC-3 Cell Proliferation, Cell Cycle, and Apoptosis. Arch Med Res 2017; 47:411-418. [PMID: 27986120 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Transport of membranes and proteins in eukaryotic cells is mediated by vesicular carriers. Coatomer complex I (COPI)-coated vesicles are involved in the transport between endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi complex. Several studies indicated that some subunits of COPI were correlated with the cell proliferation of malignant tumors. The present study focused on the function of coatomer protein complex subunit β 2 (COPB2), one of seven proteins in COPI, in prostate cancer (PCa). METHODS COPB2 gene expression was first analyzed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in 15 paired PCa and carcinoma adjacent normal tissue from patients. To investigate the role of COPB2 in PCa, we used lentivirus-mediated small interfering RNA (siRNA) to knockdown COPB2 expression in human PCa cell line PC-3 and assessed it by RT-qPCR. Cellomics ArrayScan VTI imaging and colony formation were conducted to evaluate cell proliferation. Cell cycle phase arrest and apoptosis were assayed by flow cytometry. RESULTS COPB2 gene was upregulated in the PCa tissue. Cell proliferation was significantly inhibited in COPB2-silenced PC-3 cells using both Cellomics ArrayScan VTI imaging and colony formation assays. S-phase cell counts were significantly decreased; G1- and G2-phase cell counts were significantly increased in COPB2-siRNA group than the control group. Apoptosis was significantly increased in COPB2-siRNA cells. CONCLUSIONS COPB2 significantly promoted PC-3 cell proliferation and colony formation through the cell cycle and apoptosis pathway. Moreover, COPB2 showed a clinical correlation and may serve as a biomarker for the detection for PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Mi
- Department of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China; Department of Urology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Menglei Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Emergency Department, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Lifeng Zhang
- Department of Urology, Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, PR China
| | - Chuanyu Sun
- Department of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Bingbing Wei
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Weihong Ding
- Department of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yingfeng Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Huashan North Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Jianmin Tang
- Department of Pathology, Huashan North Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Guowei Xia
- Department of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China.
| | - Lijie Zhu
- Department of Urology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, PR China.
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96
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Duclos C, Lavoie C, Denault JB. Caspases rule the intracellular trafficking cartel. FEBS J 2017; 284:1394-1420. [PMID: 28371378 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
During apoptosis, caspases feast on several hundreds of cellular proteins to orchestrate rapid cellular demise. Indeed, caspases are known to get a taste of every cellular process in one way or another, activating some, but most often shutting them down. Thus, it is not surprising that caspases proteolyze proteins involved in intracellular trafficking with particularly devastating consequences for this important process. This review article focuses on how caspases target the machinery responsible for smuggling goods within and outside the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Duclos
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Christine Lavoie
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Jean-Bernard Denault
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
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97
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Stolle AS, Norkowski S, Körner B, Schmitz J, Lüken L, Frankenberg M, Rüter C, Schmidt MA. T3SS-Independent Uptake of the Short-Trip Toxin-Related Recombinant NleC Effector of Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli Leads to NF-κB p65 Cleavage. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:119. [PMID: 28451521 PMCID: PMC5390045 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Effector proteins secreted by the type 3 secretion system (T3SS) of pathogenic bacteria have been shown to precisely modulate important signaling cascades of the host for the benefit of the pathogens. Among others, the non-LEE encoded T3SS effector protein NleC of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) is a Zn-dependent metalloprotease and suppresses innate immune responses by directly targeting the NF-κB signaling pathway. Many pathogenic bacteria release potent bacterial toxins of the A-B type, which-in contrast to the direct cytoplasmic injection of T3SS effector proteins-are released first into the environment. In this study, we found that NleC displays characteristics of bacterial A-B toxins, when applied to eukaryotic cells as a recombinant protein. Although lacking a B subunit, that typically mediates the uptake of toxins, recombinant NleC (rNleC) induces endocytosis via lipid rafts and follows the endosomal-lysosomal pathway. The conformation of rNleC is altered by low pH to facilitate its escape from acidified endosomes. This is reminiscent of the homologous A-B toxin AIP56 of the fish pathogen Photobacterium damselae piscicida (Phdp). The recombinant protease NleC is functional inside eukaryotic cells and cleaves p65 of the NF-κB pathway. Here, we describe the endocytic uptake mechanism of rNleC, characterize its intracellular trafficking and demonstrate that its specific activity of cleaving p65 requires activation of host cells e.g., by IL1β. Further, we propose an evolutionary link between some T3SS effector proteins and bacterial toxins from apparently unrelated bacteria. In summary, these properties might suggest rNleC as an interesting candidate for future applications as a potential therapeutic against immune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Sophie Stolle
- Institute of Infectiology, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, University of MünsterMünster, Germany
| | - Stefanie Norkowski
- Institute of Infectiology, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, University of MünsterMünster, Germany
| | - Britta Körner
- Institute of Infectiology, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, University of MünsterMünster, Germany
| | - Jürgen Schmitz
- Institute of Experimental Pathology, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, University of MünsterMünster, Germany
| | - Lena Lüken
- Institute of Infectiology, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, University of MünsterMünster, Germany
| | - Maj Frankenberg
- Institute of Infectiology, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, University of MünsterMünster, Germany
| | - Christian Rüter
- Institute of Infectiology, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, University of MünsterMünster, Germany
| | - M Alexander Schmidt
- Institute of Infectiology, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, University of MünsterMünster, Germany
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98
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Genome-Wide Screen Reveals sec21 Mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Are Methotrexate-Resistant. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2017; 7:1251-1257. [PMID: 28235825 PMCID: PMC5386873 DOI: 10.1534/g3.116.038117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Drug resistance is a consequence of how most modern medicines work. Drugs exert pressure on cells that causes death or the evolution of resistance. Indeed, highly specific drugs are rendered ineffective by a single DNA mutation. In this study, we apply the drug methotrexate, which is widely used in cancer and rheumatoid arthritis, and perform evolution experiments on Baker's yeast to ask the different ways in which cells become drug resistant. Because of the conserved nature of biological pathways between yeast and man, our results can inform how the same mechanism may operate to render human cells resistant to treatment. Exposure of cells to small molecules and drug therapies imposes a strong selective pressure. As a result, cells rapidly acquire mutations in order to survive. These include resistant variants of the drug target as well as those that modulate drug transport and detoxification. To systematically explore how cells acquire drug resistance in an unbiased manner, rapid cost-effective approaches are required. Methotrexate, as one of the first rationally designed anticancer drugs, has served as a prototypic example of such acquired resistance. Known methotrexate resistance mechanisms include mutations that increase expression of the dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) target as well as those that maintain function yet reduce the drug's binding affinity. Recent evidence suggests that target-independent, epistatic mutations can also result in resistance to methotrexate. Currently, however, the relative contribution of such unlinked resistance mutations is not well understood. To address this issue, we took advantage of Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model eukaryotic system that combined with whole-genome sequencing and a rapid screening methodology, allowed the identification of causative mutations that modulate resistance to methotrexate. We found a recurrent missense mutation in SEC21 (orthologous to human COPG1), which we confirmed in 10 de novo methotrexate-resistant strains. This sec21 allele (S96L) behaves as a recessive, gain-of-function allele, conferring methotrexate resistance that is abrogated by the presence of a wild-type copy of SEC21 These observations indicate that the Sec21p/COPI transport complex has previously uncharacterized roles in modulating methotrexate stress.
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99
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Singh RN, Howell MD, Ottesen EW, Singh NN. Diverse role of survival motor neuron protein. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2017; 1860:299-315. [PMID: 28095296 PMCID: PMC5325804 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2016.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The multifunctional Survival Motor Neuron (SMN) protein is required for the survival of all organisms of the animal kingdom. SMN impacts various aspects of RNA metabolism through the formation and/or interaction with ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes. SMN regulates biogenesis of small nuclear RNPs, small nucleolar RNPs, small Cajal body-associated RNPs, signal recognition particles and telomerase. SMN also plays an important role in DNA repair, transcription, pre-mRNA splicing, histone mRNA processing, translation, selenoprotein synthesis, macromolecular trafficking, stress granule formation, cell signaling and cytoskeleton maintenance. The tissue-specific requirement of SMN is dictated by the variety and the abundance of its interacting partners. Reduced expression of SMN causes spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), a leading genetic cause of infant mortality. SMA displays a broad spectrum ranging from embryonic lethality to an adult onset. Aberrant expression and/or localization of SMN has also been associated with male infertility, inclusion body myositis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and osteoarthritis. This review provides a summary of various SMN functions with implications to a better understanding of SMA and other pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravindra N Singh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States.
| | - Matthew D Howell
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States
| | - Eric W Ottesen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States
| | - Natalia N Singh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States
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100
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Klink VP, Sharma K, Pant SR, McNeece B, Niraula P, Lawrence GW. Components of the SNARE-containing regulon are co-regulated in root cells undergoing defense. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2017; 12:e1274481. [PMID: 28010187 PMCID: PMC5351740 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2016.1274481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The term regulon has been coined in the genetic model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, denoting a structural and physiological defense apparatus defined genetically through the identification of the penetration (pen) mutants. The regulon is composed partially by the soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive fusion protein attachment protein receptor (SNARE) syntaxin PEN1. PEN1 has homology to a Saccharomyces cerevisae gene that regulates a Secretion (Sec) protein, Suppressor of Sec 1 (Sso1p). The regulon is also composed of the β-glucosidase (PEN2) and an ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporter (PEN3). While important in inhibiting pathogen infection, limited observations have been made regarding the transcriptional regulation of regulon genes until now. Experiments made using the model agricultural Glycine max (soybean) have identified co-regulated gene expression of regulon components. The results explain the observation of hundreds of genes expressed specifically in the root cells undergoing the natural process of defense. Data regarding additional G. max genes functioning within the context of the regulon are presented here, including Sec 14, Sec 4 and Sec 23. Other examined G. max homologs of membrane fusion genes include an endosomal bromo domain-containing protein1 (Bro1), syntaxin6 (SYP6), SYP131, SYP71, SYP8, Bet1, coatomer epsilon (ϵ-COP), a coatomer zeta (ζ-COP) paralog and an ER to Golgi component (ERGIC) protein. Furthermore, the effectiveness of biochemical pathways that would function within the context of the regulon ave been examined, including xyloglucan xylosyltransferase (XXT), reticuline oxidase (RO) and galactinol synthase (GS). The experiments have unveiled the importance of the regulon during defense in the root and show how the deposition of callose relates to the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent P. Klink
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - Keshav Sharma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - Shankar R. Pant
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - Brant McNeece
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - Prakash Niraula
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - Gary W. Lawrence
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
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