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NicAogáin K, O’Byrne CP. The Role of Stress and Stress Adaptations in Determining the Fate of the Bacterial Pathogen Listeria monocytogenes in the Food Chain. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1865. [PMID: 27933042 PMCID: PMC5120093 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The foodborne pathogen Listeria monocytogenes is a highly adaptable organism that can persist in a wide range of environmental and food-related niches. The consumption of contaminated ready-to-eat foods can cause infections, termed listeriosis, in vulnerable humans, particularly those with weakened immune systems. Although these infections are comparatively rare they are associated with high mortality rates and therefore this pathogen has a significant impact on food safety. L. monocytogenes can adapt to and survive a wide range of stress conditions including low pH, low water activity, and low temperature, which makes it problematic for food producers who rely on these stresses for preservation. Stress tolerance in L. monocytogenes can be explained partially by the presence of the general stress response (GSR), a transcriptional response under the control of the alternative sigma factor sigma B (σB) that reconfigures gene transcription to provide homeostatic and protective functions to cope with the stress. Within the host σB also plays a key role in surviving the harsh conditions found in the gastrointestinal tract. As the infection progresses beyond the GI tract L. monocytogenes uses an intracellular infectious cycle to propagate, spread and remain protected from the host's humoral immunity. Many of the virulence genes that facilitate this infectious cycle are under the control of a master transcriptional regulator called PrfA. In this review we consider the environmental reservoirs that enable L. monocytogenes to gain access to the food chain and discuss the stresses that the pathogen must overcome to survive and grow in these environments. The overlap that exists between stress tolerance and virulence is described. We review the principal measures that are used to control the pathogen and point to exciting new approaches that might provide improved means of control in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Conor P. O’Byrne
- Bacterial Stress Response Group, Microbiology, School of Natural Sciences, College of Science, National University of IrelandGalway, Ireland
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Isaguirre AC, Acosta G, Cerutti S, Fernandez LP. New flow injection method for quality control of dietary supplements containing l-carnitine using extraction mediated by sodium taurodeoxycholate coacervate coupled to molecular fluorescence. Microchem J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2016.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Vermassen A, Dordet-Frisoni E, de La Foye A, Micheau P, Laroute V, Leroy S, Talon R. Adaptation of Staphylococcus xylosus to Nutrients and Osmotic Stress in a Salted Meat Model. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:87. [PMID: 26903967 PMCID: PMC4742526 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus xylosus is commonly used as starter culture for meat fermentation. Its technological properties are mainly characterized in vitro, but the molecular mechanisms for its adaptation to meat remain unknown. A global transcriptomic approach was used to determine these mechanisms. S. xylosus modulated the expression of about 40-50% of the total genes during its growth and survival in the meat model. The expression of many genes involved in DNA machinery and cell division, but also in cell lysis, was up-regulated. Considering that the S. xylosus population remained almost stable between 24 and 72 h of incubation, our results suggest a balance between cell division and cell lysis in the meat model. The expression of many genes encoding enzymes involved in glucose and lactate catabolism was up-regulated and revealed that glucose and lactate were used simultaneously. S. xylosus seemed to adapt to anaerobic conditions as revealed by the overexpression of two regulatory systems and several genes encoding cofactors required for respiration. In parallel, genes encoding transport of peptides and peptidases that could furnish amino acids were up-regulated and thus concomitantly a lot of genes involved in amino acid synthesis were down-regulated. Several genes involved in glutamate homeostasis were up-regulated. Finally, S. xylosus responded to the osmotic stress generated by salt added to the meat model by overexpressing genes involved in transport and synthesis of osmoprotectants, and Na(+) and H(+) extrusion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anne de La Foye
- INRA, Plateforme d'Exploration du MétabolismeSaint-Genès Champanelle, France
| | - Pierre Micheau
- INRA, UR454 MicrobiologieSaint-Genès Champanelle, France
| | - Valérie Laroute
- Université de Toulouse, INSA, UPS, INP, LISBPToulouse, France
| | - Sabine Leroy
- INRA, UR454 MicrobiologieSaint-Genès Champanelle, France
| | - Régine Talon
- INRA, UR454 MicrobiologieSaint-Genès Champanelle, France
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Boutagy NE, Neilson AP, Osterberg KL, Smithson AT, Englund TR, Davy BM, Hulver MW, Davy KP. Probiotic supplementation and trimethylamine-N-oxide production following a high-fat diet. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2015; 23:2357-63. [PMID: 26465927 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Revised: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that the multi-strain probiotic VSL#3 would attenuate the increase in fasting plasma concentrations of trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) following a high-fat diet. METHODS Nineteen healthy, non-obese males (18-30 years) participated in the present study. Following a 2-week eucaloric control diet, subjects were randomized to either VSL#3 (900 billion live bacteria) or placebo (cornstarch) during the consumption of a hypercaloric (+1,000 kcal day(-1) ), high-fat diet (55% fat) for 4 weeks. Plasma TMAO, L-carnitine, choline, and betaine (UPLC-MS/MS) were measured at baseline and following a high-fat diet. RESULTS Plasma TMAO significantly increased 89% ± 66% vs. 115% ± 61% in both the VSL#3 and placebo groups, respectively; however, the magnitude of change in plasma TMAO was not different (P > 0.05) between them. Plasma L-carnitine, choline, and betaine concentrations did not increase following the high-fat diet in either group. CONCLUSIONS A high-fat diet increases plasma TMAO in healthy, normal-weight, young males. However, VSL#3 treatment does not appear to influence plasma TMAO concentrations following a high-fat diet. Future studies are needed to determine whether other therapeutic strategies can attenuate the production of TMAO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabil E Boutagy
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
- Fralin Translational Obesity Research Center, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
- Metabolic Phenotyping Core, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Andrew P Neilson
- Fralin Translational Obesity Research Center, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Kristin L Osterberg
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
- Fralin Translational Obesity Research Center, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Andrew T Smithson
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Tessa R Englund
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Brenda M Davy
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
- Fralin Translational Obesity Research Center, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Matthew W Hulver
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
- Fralin Translational Obesity Research Center, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
- Metabolic Phenotyping Core, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Kevin P Davy
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
- Fralin Translational Obesity Research Center, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
- Metabolic Phenotyping Core, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
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55
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Capillary electrophoresis determination of non-protein amino acids as quality markers in foods. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1428:97-114. [PMID: 26233255 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.07.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Revised: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Non-protein amino acids mainly exist in food as products formed during food processing, as metabolic intermediates or as additives to increase nutritional and functional properties of food. This fact makes their analysis and determination an attractive field in food science since they can give interesting information on the quality and safety of foods. This article presents a comprehensive review devoted to describe the latest advances in the development of (achiral and chiral) analytical methodologies by capillary electrophoresis and microchip capillary electrophoresis for the analysis of non-protein amino acids in a variety of food samples. Most relevant information related to sample treatment, experimental separation and detection conditions, preconcentration strategies and limits of detection will be provided.
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Panchal SK, Poudyal H, Ward LC, Waanders J, Brown L. Modulation of tissue fatty acids by L-carnitine attenuates metabolic syndrome in diet-induced obese rats. Food Funct 2015; 6:2496-506. [PMID: 26190559 DOI: 10.1039/c5fo00480b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Obesity and dyslipidaemia are metabolic defects resulting from impaired lipid metabolism. These impairments are associated with the development of cardiovascular disease and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Correcting the defects in lipid metabolism may attenuate obesity and dyslipidaemia, and reduce cardiovascular risk and liver damage. L-Carnitine supplementation was used in this study to enhance fatty acid oxidation so as to ameliorate diet-induced disturbances in lipid metabolism. Male Wistar rats (8-9 weeks old) were fed with either corn starch or high-carbohydrate, high-fat diets for 16 weeks. Separate groups were supplemented with L-carnitine (1.2% in food) on either diet for the last 8 weeks of the protocol. High-carbohydrate, high-fat diet-fed rats showed central obesity, dyslipidaemia, hypertension, impaired glucose tolerance, hyperinsulinaemia, cardiovascular remodelling and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. L-Carnitine supplementation attenuated these high-carbohydrate, high-fat diet-induced changes, together with modifications in lipid metabolism including the inhibition of stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 activity, reduced storage of short-chain monounsaturated fatty acids in the tissues with decreased linoleic acid content and trans fatty acids stored in retroperitoneal fat. Thus, L-carnitine supplementation attenuated the signs of metabolic syndrome through inhibition of stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 activity, preferential β-oxidation of some fatty acids and increased storage of saturated fatty acids and relatively inert oleic acid in the tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil K Panchal
- Institute for Agriculture and the Environment, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD 4350, Australia.
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Ufnal M, Zadlo A, Ostaszewski R. TMAO: A small molecule of great expectations. Nutrition 2015; 31:1317-23. [PMID: 26283574 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2015.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Revised: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) is a small organic compound whose concentration in blood increases after ingesting dietary l-carnitine and phosphatidylcholine. Recent clinical studies show a positive correlation between elevated plasma levels of TMAO and an increased risk for major adverse cardiovascular events defined as death, myocardial infarction, or stroke. Several experimental studies suggest a possible contribution of TMAO to the etiology of cardiovascular diseases by affecting lipid and hormonal homeostasis. On the other hand, TMAO-rich seafood, which is an important source of protein and vitamins in the Mediterranean diet, has been considered beneficial for the circulatory system. Although in humans TMAO is known mainly as a waste product of choline metabolism, a number of studies suggest an involvement of TMAO in important biological functions in numerous organisms, ranging from bacteria to mammals. For example, cells use TMAO to maintain cell volume under conditions of osmotic and hydrostatic pressure stresses. In this article, we reviewed well-established chemical and biological properties of TMAO and dietary sources of TMAO, as well as looked at the studies suggesting possible involvement of TMAO in the etiology of cardiovascular and other diseases, such as kidney failure, diabetes, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Ufnal
- Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Anna Zadlo
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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58
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Su CC, Chang CS, Chou CH, Wu YHS, Yang KT, Tseng JK, Chang YY, Chen YC. L-carnitine ameliorates dyslipidemic and hepatic disorders induced by a high-fat diet via regulating lipid metabolism, self-antioxidant capacity, and inflammatory response. J Funct Foods 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2015.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Nadaoka I, Hatakeyama E, Tanada C, Sakamoto T, Fukaya S, Akiba T, Inoue K, Yamano Y, Toyo'oka T. Quantitative determination of total L-carnitine in infant formula, follow-up formula, and raw materials by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. ANAL SCI 2015; 30:839-44. [PMID: 25109647 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.30.839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We developed a rapid and useful routine screening assay for total L-carnitine content in various infant formulas and materials by liquid chromatography coupled with a tandem mass spectrometric method (LC-MS/MS) and alkaline hydrolysis. For separation of L-carnitine, a multi-mode octadecylsilane (ODS) column was used that contained ODS ligands, anion ligands, and cation ligands to avoid using ion-pairing agents. The stable isotope L-carnitine-d3 (m/z 165 → 103/85) was used in electrospray MS/MS in the multiple reaction monitoring mode with the ion transitions of m/z 162 → 103/85 for detection and quantitation of L-carnitine. Alkaline hydrolysis of short/medium chain (C2 - C15) acyl-L-carnitines in infant formula was analyzed by LC with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (QTOF-MS). The majority of short/medium chain acyl-L-carnitines were hydrolyzed to free L-carnitine. The overall standard deviations for L-carnitine in infant formula, follow-up formula and raw materials ranged from 2.1 to 4.0. The overall mean recoveries ranged from 90.2 to 94.2%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isao Nadaoka
- Department of Infant Milk and Analytical Technology, Research and Development Center, Wakodo Co., Ltd
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Tham YK, Bernardo BC, Ooi JYY, Weeks KL, McMullen JR. Pathophysiology of cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure: signaling pathways and novel therapeutic targets. Arch Toxicol 2015; 89:1401-38. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1477-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 371] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Egshatyan LV, Tkacheva ON, Boytsov SA. GUT ENTEROBIOTA — A NEW PLAYER IN ATHEROSCLEROSIS PATHOGENESIS. КАРДИОВАСКУЛЯРНАЯ ТЕРАПИЯ И ПРОФИЛАКТИКА 2014. [DOI: 10.15829/1728-8800-2014-6-56-61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The article provides a review of contemporary literature, which generalizes experimental and clinical data on the role of gut microbiota in atherosclerosis development. Gut microflora can be named a marker of the macroorganism condition, reacting on age-related, physiological, dietic, climatogeoraphic factors with its changes of qualitative and quantitative compounds. It was shown that L-carnitine and choline being received with food, are utilized by microflora to synthetize trimethylamine, which then rapidly oxydized by flavinmonooxygenase of liver to trimethylamin-N-oxide, that causes atherosclerosis development and increases risk of cardiovscular diseases.
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62
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Gokhisar OK, El SN. Impacts of different cooking and storage methods on the retention and in vitro bioaccessibility of l-carnitine in veal muscle (M. longissimus dorsi). Eur Food Res Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-014-2330-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Li RR, Yu QL, Han L, Cao H. Nutritional Characteristics and Active Components in Liver from Wagyu×Qinchuan Cattle. Korean J Food Sci Anim Resour 2014; 34:214-20. [PMID: 26760941 PMCID: PMC4597842 DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2014.34.2.214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2014] [Revised: 03/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated nutritional characteristics and active components in the liver of Wagyu×Qinchuan cattle and Qinchuan cattle produced in Shaanxi (China). We observed significant differences (p<0.05) in the proximate composition of protein, fat, carbohydrate, total energy, and glycogen. Wagyu×Qinchuan cattle liver showed higher (p<0.05) sodium, iron, zinc, and selenium concentrations than Qinchuan cattle liver. The amino acid composition of Wagyu×Qinchuan cattle liver was richer (p<0.05) in 13 types of amino acids, with the exception of Asp (10.06%), Val (5.86%), and Met (1.72%). Total essential amino acids accounted for almost half the composition (39.69%) in Wagyu×Qinchuan cattle liver. Wagyu×Qinchuan cattle liver had lower (p<0.05) levels of monounsaturated fatty acids (18.2%), but higher (p<0.05) levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids (35.11%), compared with Qinchuan cattle liver (23.29% and 28.11%, respectively). The thrombogenic index was higher in Qinchuan cattle liver (0.86) than in Wagyu×Qinchuan cattle liver (0.70), and the glutathione (38.0 mg/100g) and L-carnitine (2.12 μM/g) content was higher (p<0.05) in Wagyu×Qinchuan cattle liver than in Qinchuan cattle liver (29.8 mg/100g and 1.41 μM/g, respectively). According to the results obtained, the liver of Wagyu×Qinchuan cattle, which is insufficiently used, should be increasingly utilized to improve its commercial value.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Qun-Li Yu
- Corresponding author: Qun-Li Yu, Department of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China, Tel: 86-13893615810, Fax: 86-0931-7631201, E-mail:
| | | | - Hui Cao
- Shaanxi Kingbull Company Limited, Baoji 722300, China
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW New insight in mitochondrial physiology has highlighted the importance of mitochondrial dysfunction in the metabolic and neuroendocrine changes observed in patients presenting with chronic critical illness. This review highlights specifically the importance of carnitine status in this particular patient population and its impact on beta-oxidation and mitochondrial function. RECENT FINDINGS The main function of carnitine is long chain fatty acid esterification and transport through the mitochondrial membrane. Carnitine depletion should be suspected in critically ill patients with risk factors such as prolonged continuous renal replacement therapy or chronic parenteral nutrition, and evidence of beta-oxidation impairments such as inappropriate hypertriglyceridemia or hyperlactatemia. When fatty acid oxidation is impaired, acyl-CoAs accumulate and deplete the CoA intramitochondrial pool, hence causing a generalized mitochondrial dysfunction and multiorgan failure, with clinical consequences such as muscle weakness, rhabdomyolysis, cardiomyopathy, arrhythmia or sudden death. In such situations, carnitine plasma levels should be measured along with a complete assessment of plasma amino acid, plasma acylcarnitines and urinary organic acid analysis. Supplementation should be initiated if below normal levels (20 μmol/l) of carnitine are observed. In the absence of current guidelines, we recommend an initial supplementation of 0.5-1 g/day. SUMMARY Metabolic modifications associated with chronic critical illness are just being explored. Carnitine deficiency in critically ill patients is one aspect of these profound and complex changes associated with prolonged stay in ICU. It is readily measurable in the plasma and can easily be substituted if needed, although guidelines are currently missing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Bonafé
- aCenter for Molecular Diseases, Lausanne University Hospital bAdult Intensive Care & Burns, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland cDivision of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Bone Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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65
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Analytical approaches to determination of carnitine in biological materials, foods and dietary supplements. Food Chem 2014; 142:220-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.06.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Revised: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Hatamkhani S, Khalili H, Karimzadeh I, Abdollahi A, Jafari S, Khazaeipour Z. Carnitine deficiency and its possible risk factors in TB patients: first report. Immunotherapy 2013; 5:945-53. [PMID: 23998730 DOI: 10.2217/imt.13.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To assess carnitine serum levels and possible risk factors of its deficiency in patients with TB. PATIENTS & METHODS All newly diagnosed TB patients admitted to an infectious diseases ward were recruited. Demographic, clinical and paraclinical characteristics of the patients were collected. Total carnitine serum concentrations were measured. To investigate factors that can predict carnitine deficiency, logistic regression analysis with odds ratio and 95% CI was performed. RESULTS The mean ± standard deviation of carnitine serum levels of patients was 43.77 ± 32.92 µmol/l. Carnitine deficiency was detected in 47.7% of the study population. According to the final model of multivariate logistic regression analysis, increased serum triglyceride levels and hypoalbuminemia were identified as predictive factors of carnitine deficiency in TB patients aged over 35 years old. CONCLUSION Nearly half of Iranian patients with TB were carnitine-deficient. Increased serum triglyceride levels and hypoalbuminemia were identified as independent risk factors of carnitine deficiency in patients aged over 35 years. Considering malnutrition as a major risk factor of TB and the safety of carnitine supplementation, use of carnitine as an adjunctive modality instead of other standard interventions may show beneficial effects in patients with TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shima Hatamkhani
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Enghelab Avenue, 1417614411, PO Box 14155/6451, Tehran, Iran
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Zhang ZH, Zhao YY, Cheng XL, Dai Z, Zhou C, Bai X, Lin RC. General toxicity of Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Berit. in rat: a metabonomic method for profiling of serum metabolic changes. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 149:303-310. [PMID: 23831079 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Revised: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/23/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE BX is a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) from the plant Pinellia ternata(Thunb.) Berit. It has been traditionally used to treat cough, vomiting, infection and inflammation. Despite of its potentially clinical utility, it also has many side effects and toxicity. AIM OF THE STUDY We propose here an ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-fight mass spectrometry (UPLC Q-TOF/MS) metabonomics approach to elucidate the toxicity in rats induced by orally administered BX in multiple organs including the kidney, liver, and heart. MATERIALS AND METHODS Serum samples were collected from Sprague-Dawley male rats exposed to BX (6g/kg/day, n=10) and healthy controls (n=10) at the 48 h, 144 h, 240 h, and 336 h postdose for LC/MS analyses. Through principal component analysis and orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis of the integrated serum MS data, we distinguished the BX group from the healthy control group and identified the differential metabolites and pertinent altered biological pathways in response to the herbal toxin. The liver, kidney, heart were assessed using conventional histopathological examinations at the end point of the experiment. The serum samples at the 336 h postdose were assessed using biochemistry test. RESULTS Significant differences in the serum levels of phospholipids, amino acids, L-carnitine and L-acetylcarnitine were observed in BX-induced rats, indicating the perturbations of phospholipid metabolism, amino acid metabolism and carnitine metabolism in BX-induced rats. CONCLUSIONS In the paper, we used metabonomics approach to study the toxicity of BX for the first time. With blood biochemistry, histopathological examinations and metabonomics methods, we validated that oral administration of crude BX caused no obvious liver and kidney toxicity in SD rats. BX may possess certain cardio toxicity in SD rats. The metabolism changes suggested that metabonomic approach was a promising tool to study and diagnose TCM-induced toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Hao Zhang
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
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68
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Koeth RA, Wang Z, Levison BS, Buffa JA, Org E, Sheehy BT, Britt EB, Fu X, Wu Y, Li L, Smith JD, DiDonato JA, Chen J, Li H, Wu GD, Lewis JD, Warrier M, Brown JM, Krauss RM, Tang WHW, Bushman FD, Lusis AJ, Hazen SL. Intestinal microbiota metabolism of L-carnitine, a nutrient in red meat, promotes atherosclerosis. Nat Med 2013; 19:576-85. [PMID: 23563705 PMCID: PMC3650111 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2887] [Impact Index Per Article: 262.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal microbiota metabolism of choline and phosphatidylcholine produces trimethylamine (TMA), which is further metabolized to a proatherogenic species, trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO). We demonstrate here that metabolism by intestinal microbiota of dietary L-carnitine, a trimethylamine abundant in red meat, also produces TMAO and accelerates atherosclerosis in mice. Omnivorous human subjects produced more TMAO than did vegans or vegetarians following ingestion of L-carnitine through a microbiota-dependent mechanism. The presence of specific bacterial taxa in human feces was associated with both plasma TMAO concentration and dietary status. Plasma L-carnitine levels in subjects undergoing cardiac evaluation (n = 2,595) predicted increased risks for both prevalent cardiovascular disease (CVD) and incident major adverse cardiac events (myocardial infarction, stroke or death), but only among subjects with concurrently high TMAO levels. Chronic dietary L-carnitine supplementation in mice altered cecal microbial composition, markedly enhanced synthesis of TMA and TMAO, and increased atherosclerosis, but this did not occur if intestinal microbiota was concurrently suppressed. In mice with an intact intestinal microbiota, dietary supplementation with TMAO or either carnitine or choline reduced in vivo reverse cholesterol transport. Intestinal microbiota may thus contribute to the well-established link between high levels of red meat consumption and CVD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A. Koeth
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
- Center for Cardiovascular Diagnostics and Prevention, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Zeneng Wang
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
- Center for Cardiovascular Diagnostics and Prevention, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Bruce S. Levison
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
- Center for Cardiovascular Diagnostics and Prevention, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Jennifer A. Buffa
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
- Center for Cardiovascular Diagnostics and Prevention, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Elin Org
- Department of Medicine/Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles 90095, USA
| | - Brendan T. Sheehy
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Earl B. Britt
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
- Center for Cardiovascular Diagnostics and Prevention, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Xiaoming Fu
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
- Center for Cardiovascular Diagnostics and Prevention, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Yuping Wu
- Department of Mathematics, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio 44115, USA
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
- Center for Cardiovascular Diagnostics and Prevention, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Jonathan D. Smith
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
- Center for Cardiovascular Diagnostics and Prevention, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Joseph A. DiDonato
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
- Center for Cardiovascular Diagnostics and Prevention, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Hongzhe Li
- Department of Microbiology, Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Gary D. Wu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - James D. Lewis
- Department of Microbiology, Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Manya Warrier
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - J. Mark Brown
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Ronald M. Krauss
- Children’s Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA 94609, USA
| | - W. H. Wilson Tang
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
- Center for Cardiovascular Diagnostics and Prevention, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Frederic D. Bushman
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Aldons J. Lusis
- Department of Medicine/Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles 90095, USA
| | - Stanley L. Hazen
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
- Center for Cardiovascular Diagnostics and Prevention, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
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Rigault C, Le Borgne F, Tazir B, Benani A, Demarquoy J. A high-fat diet increases L-carnitine synthesis through a differential maturation of the Bbox1 mRNAs. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2013; 1831:370-7. [PMID: 23127966 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2012.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Revised: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
l-carnitine is a key molecule in both mitochondrial and peroxisomal lipid metabolisms. l-carnitine is biosynthesized from gamma-butyrobetaine by a reaction catalyzed by the gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase (Bbox1). The aim of this work was to identify molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of l-carnitine biosynthesis and availability. Using 3' RACE, we identified four alternatively polyadenylated Bbox1 mRNAs in rat liver. We utilized a combination of in vitro experiments using hybrid constructs containing the Bbox1 3' UTR and in vivo experiments on rat liver mRNAs to reveal specificities in the different Bbox1 mRNA isoforms, especially in terms of polyadenylation efficiency, mRNA stability and translation efficiency. This complex maturation process of the Bbox1 mRNAs in the liver was studied on rats fed a high-fat diet. High-fat diet selectively increased the level of three Bbox1 mRNA isoforms in rat liver and the alternative use of polyadenylation sites contributed to the global increase in Bbox1 enzymatic activity and l-carnitine levels. Our results show that the maturation of Bbox1 mRNAs is nutritionally regulated in the liver through a selective polyadenylation process to adjust l-carnitine biosynthesis to the energy supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Rigault
- Université de Bourgogne, BioperoxIL, EA 7270, Faculté Gabriel, 6 blvd Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France
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Mateescu RG, Garmyn AJ, O'Neil MA, Tait RG, Abuzaid A, Mayes MS, Garrick DJ, Van Eenennaam AL, VanOverbeke DL, Hilton GG, Beitz DC, Reecy JM. Genetic parameters for carnitine, creatine, creatinine, carnosine, and anserine concentration in longissimus muscle and their association with palatability traits in Angus cattle1. J Anim Sci 2012; 90:4248-55. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2011-5077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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71
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Reyes-Esparza J, Mendoza-Rivera B, De la Cruz-Cordero R, Rosado JL, Duarte-Vázquez MÁ, Solis MG, Vite-Vallejo O, Rodríguez-Fragoso L. Pharmacological evaluation of a β-hydroxyphosphonate analogue of l-carnitine in obese Zucker fa/fa rats. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2012; 112:222-8. [PMID: 23039375 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we evaluated the effect of an analogue of l-carnitine on parameters involved with Metabolic Syndrome in obese Zucker rats. Twenty-four rats were treated for 5 weeks with l-carnitine (300 mg/kg) and its analogue at two concentrations (100 and 250 mg/kg) to assess their impact on glucose, triglycerides and cholesterol in liver and blood samples, as well as the amount of liver glycogen. Liver slices were also analysed. The analogue reduced the levels of glucose, triglycerides and cholesterol in liver and the level of triglycerides in serum. At 100 mg/kg, the analogue proved more effective than l-carnitine in improving the biochemical alterations present in liver. The amount of liver glycogen content was higher in obese animals treated with both l-carnitine and the analogue. No changes on insulin and leptin were observed in animals treated. l-carnitine and its analogue reduced the microvesicular fatty infiltration in liver. This study demonstrated that the analogue tested is more potent and efficient than l-carnitine and improves the pharmacological profile of l-carnitine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Reyes-Esparza
- Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
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72
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Le Borgne F, Guyot S, Logerot M, Beney L, Gervais P, Demarquoy J. Exploration of lipid metabolism in relation with plasma membrane properties of Duchenne muscular dystrophy cells: influence of L-carnitine. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49346. [PMID: 23209572 PMCID: PMC3507830 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) arises as a consequence of mutations in the dystrophin gene. Dystrophin is a membrane-spanning protein that connects the cytoskeleton and the basal lamina. The most distinctive features of DMD are a progressive muscular dystrophy, a myofiber degeneration with fibrosis and metabolic alterations such as fatty infiltration, however, little is known on lipid metabolism changes arising in Duchenne patient cells. Our goal was to identify metabolic changes occurring in Duchenne patient cells especially in terms of L-carnitine homeostasis, fatty acid metabolism both at the mitochondrial and peroxisomal level and the consequences on the membrane structure and function. In this paper, we compared the structural and functional characteristics of DMD patient and control cells. Using radiolabeled L-carnitine, we found, in patient muscle cells, a marked decrease in the uptake and the intracellular level of L-carnitine. Associated with this change, a decrease in the mitochondrial metabolism can be seen from the analysis of mRNA encoding for mitochondrial proteins. Probably, associated with these changes in fatty acid metabolism, alterations in the lipid composition of the cells were identified: with an increase in poly unsaturated fatty acids and a decrease in medium chain fatty acids, mono unsaturated fatty acids and in cholesterol contents. Functionally, the membrane of cells lacking dystrophin appeared to be less fluid, as determined at 37°C by fluorescence anisotropy. These changes may, at least in part, be responsible for changes in the phospholipids and cholesterol profile in cell membranes and ultimately may reduce the fluidity of the membrane. A supplementation with L-carnitine partly restored the fatty acid profile by increasing saturated fatty acid content and decreasing the amounts of MUFA, PUFA, VLCFA. L-carnitine supplementation also restored muscle membrane fluidity. This suggests that regulating lipid metabolism in DMD cells may improve the function of cells lacking dystrophin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Françoise Le Borgne
- Laboratoire Bio-PeroxIL, Biochimie du Peroxysome, Inflammation et Métabolisme Lipidique, Université de Bourgogne - Faculté des Sciences Gabriel, Dijon, France
| | - Stéphane Guyot
- UMR A 02.102 Procédés Alimentaires et Microbiologiques, Equipe Procédés Microbiologiques et Biotechnologiques, AgroSup Dijon/Université de Bourgogne, bât Erasme, Dijon, France
| | - Morgan Logerot
- Laboratoire Bio-PeroxIL, Biochimie du Peroxysome, Inflammation et Métabolisme Lipidique, Université de Bourgogne - Faculté des Sciences Gabriel, Dijon, France
| | - Laurent Beney
- UMR A 02.102 Procédés Alimentaires et Microbiologiques, Equipe Procédés Microbiologiques et Biotechnologiques, AgroSup Dijon/Université de Bourgogne, bât Erasme, Dijon, France
| | - Patrick Gervais
- UMR A 02.102 Procédés Alimentaires et Microbiologiques, Equipe Procédés Microbiologiques et Biotechnologiques, AgroSup Dijon/Université de Bourgogne, bât Erasme, Dijon, France
| | - Jean Demarquoy
- Laboratoire Bio-PeroxIL, Biochimie du Peroxysome, Inflammation et Métabolisme Lipidique, Université de Bourgogne - Faculté des Sciences Gabriel, Dijon, France
- * E-mail:
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Marušić N, Aristoy MC, Toldrá F. Nutritional pork meat compounds as affected by ham dry-curing. Meat Sci 2012; 93:53-60. [PMID: 22910804 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2012.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Revised: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This work is focused on the determination of compounds of nutritional interest that are naturally present in pork meat and how they are affected during the processing of dry-cured ham. Such compounds are creatine, creatinine, coenzyme Q(10), glutathione, carnosine, anserine, carnitine, taurine, cystine, cysteine and the essential amino acids. Their antioxidant and antyhipertensive functions were evaluated. Of all the assayed substances, only glutathione decreased totally during processing. Carnosine, creatinine, anserine and glutathione showed antioxidant, while cysteine, glutathione and carnosine showed antyhipertensive activity. So, dry-cured ham constitutes an excellent source of essential amino acids (all essential amino acids exhibited a large increase during processing) and other nutritionally interesting compounds such as cystine, cysteine, carnosine, anserine, taurine, carnitine and coenzyme Q(10).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nives Marušić
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (CSIC), Av. Agustín Escardino 7, 46980 Paterna (Valencia), Spain
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75
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Özogul Y, Kuley Boga E, Özogul F, Ayas D. L-Carnitine Contents in Seafoods Commonly Eaten in Middle Eastern Countries. J Food Biochem 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4514.2012.00668.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yesim Özogul
- Department of Seafood Processing Technology; Faculty of Fisheries, University of Cukurova; Adana Turkey
| | - Esmeray Kuley Boga
- Department of Seafood Processing Technology; Faculty of Fisheries, University of Cukurova; Adana Turkey
| | - Fatih Özogul
- Department of Seafood Processing Technology; Faculty of Fisheries, University of Cukurova; Adana Turkey
| | - Deniz Ayas
- Department of Seafood Processing Technology; Faculty of Fisheries, University of Mersin; Mersin 33169 Turkey
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Liepinsh E, Skapare E, Vavers E, Konrade I, Strele I, Grinberga S, Pugovics O, Dambrova M. High L-carnitine concentrations do not prevent late diabetic complications in type 1 and 2 diabetic patients. Nutr Res 2012; 32:320-7. [PMID: 22652370 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2012.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Revised: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Increased intake of L-carnitine, a cofactor in cellular energy metabolism, is recommended for diabetic patients with late complications. However, its clinical benefits remain controversial. We hypothesized that patients with low L-carnitine levels would have an increased rate of diabetic complications. To test this hypothesis, we evaluated the relationship of L-carnitine concentrations in blood with the prevalence and severity of late diabetic complications in type 1 and 2 diabetic patients. Human blood samples were collected from 93 and 87 patients diagnosed as having type 1 or type 2 diabetes, respectively, and 122 nondiabetic individuals. The determination of free L-carnitine concentrations in whole blood lysates was performed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. In diabetic patients, diabetic complications such as neuropathy, retinopathy, nephropathy, or hypertension were recorded. The average L-carnitine concentration in the blood of control subjects was 33 ± 8 nmol/mL, which was not significantly different from subgroups of patients with type 1 (32 ± 10 nmol/mL) or type 2 diabetes (36 ± 11 nmol/mL). Patients with low (<20 nmol/mL) l-carnitine levels did not have increased occurrences of late diabetic complications. In addition, patient subgroups with higher L-carnitine concentrations did not have decreased prevalence of late diabetic complications. Our results provide evidence that higher L-carnitine concentrations do not prevent late diabetic complications in type 1 and 2 diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgars Liepinsh
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles Str 21, Riga, Latvia.
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77
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Isolation and identification of low molecular weight antioxidant compounds from fermented “chorizo” sausages. Meat Sci 2012; 90:494-501. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2011.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2010] [Revised: 08/02/2011] [Accepted: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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78
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Le Borgne F, Ben Mohamed A, Logerot M, Garnier E, Demarquoy J. Changes in carnitine octanoyltransferase activity induce alteration in fatty acid metabolism. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 409:699-704. [PMID: 21619872 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.05.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2011] [Accepted: 05/11/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The peroxisomal beta oxidation of very long chain fatty acids (VLCFA) leads to the formation of medium chain acyl-CoAs such as octanoyl-CoA. Today, it seems clear that the exit of shortened fatty acids produced by the peroxisomal beta oxidation requires their conversion into acyl-carnitine and the presence of the carnitine octanoyltransferase (CROT). Here, we describe the consequences of an overexpression and a knock down of the CROT gene in terms of mitochondrial and peroxisomal fatty acids metabolism in a model of hepatic cells. Our experiments showed that an increase in CROT activity induced a decrease in MCFA and VLCFA levels in the cell. These changes are accompanied by an increase in the level of mRNA encoding enzymes of the peroxisomal beta oxidation. In the same time, we did not observe any change in mitochondrial function. Conversely, a decrease in CROT activity had the opposite effect. These results suggest that CROT activity, by controlling the peroxisomal amount of medium chain acyls, may control the peroxisomal oxidative pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Françoise Le Borgne
- Inserm U866, Université de Bourgogne, Laboratoire de Biochimie Métabolique et Nutritionnelle, 6 blvd Gabriel, F-21000 Dijon, France
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79
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Sánchez-Hernández L, Castro-Puyana M, Luisa Marina M, Crego AL. Determination of betaines in vegetable oils by capillary electrophoresis tandem mass spectrometry - application to the detection of olive oil adulteration with seed oils. Electrophoresis 2011; 32:1394-401. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2011] [Revised: 01/28/2011] [Accepted: 01/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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80
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Pormsila W, Krähenbühl S, Hauser PC. Determination of carnitine in food and food supplements by capillary electrophoresis with contactless conductivity detection. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:2186-91. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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81
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Kinsella K, Prendergast D, McCann M, Blair I, McDowell D, Sheridan J. The survival ofSalmonella entericaserovar Typhimurium DT104 and total viable counts on beef surfaces at different relative humidities and temperatures. J Appl Microbiol 2009; 106:171-80. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2008.03989.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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82
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Castro-Puyana M, García-Ruiz C, Crego AL, Marina ML. Development of a CE-MS2method for the enantiomeric separation of L/D-carnitine: Application to the analysis of infant formulas. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:337-48. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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83
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Bernard A, Rigault C, Mazue F, Le Borgne F, Demarquoy J. L-carnitine supplementation and physical exercise restore age-associated decline in some mitochondrial functions in the rat. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2008; 63:1027-33. [PMID: 18948552 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/63.10.1027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In mammals, during the aging process, an atrophy of the muscle fibers, an increase in body fat mass, and a decrease in skeletal muscle oxidative capacities occur. Compounds and activities that interact with lipid oxidative metabolism may be useful in limiting damages that occur in aging muscle. In this study, we evaluated the effect of L-carnitine and physical exercise on several parameters related to muscle physiology. We described that supplementing old rats with L-carnitine at 30 mg/kg body weight for 12 weeks (a) allowed the restoration of L-carnitine level in muscle cells, (b) restored muscle oxidative activity in the soleus, and (c) induced positive changes in body composition: a decrease in abdominal fat mass and an increase in muscle capabilities without any change in food intake. Moderate physical exercise was also effective in (a) limiting fat mass gain and (b) inducing an increase in the capacities of the soleus to oxidize fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Bernard
- INSERM, U866, Université de Bourgogne, 6 boulevard Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France
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84
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Le Borgne F, Rigault C, Georges B, Demarquoy J. Hormonal and nutritional control of L-carnitine uptake in myoblastic C2C12 cells. Muscle Nerve 2008; 38:912-5. [PMID: 18508344 DOI: 10.1002/mus.21008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
L-Carnitine plays an important role in skeletal muscle bioenergetics, and its bioavailability and thus its import may be crucial for muscle function. We studied the effect of thyroid hormone, insulin, and iron overload, hormones and nutrients known to alter muscle metabolism, on L-carnitine import into C2C12 cells. We report here L-carnitine uptake is increased by thyroid hormones and decreased by iron. Insulin was found to be ineffective in altering the L-carnitine uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Françoise Le Borgne
- INSERM U866, Laboratoire de Biochimie Métabolique et Nutritionnelle, Université de Bourgogne, Faculté Gabriel, 6 Boulevard Gabriel, Dijon, France
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85
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Hounsome N, Hounsome B, Tomos D, Edwards-Jones G. Plant Metabolites and Nutritional Quality of Vegetables. J Food Sci 2008; 73:R48-65. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2008.00716.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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86
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Rigault C, Bernard A, Georges B, Kandel A, Pfützner E, Le Borgne F, Demarquoy J. Extracellular ATP increases L-carnitine transport and content in C2C12 cells. Pharmacology 2008; 81:246-50. [PMID: 18230920 DOI: 10.1159/000114449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2007] [Accepted: 10/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular ATP regulates cell proliferation, muscle contraction and myoblast differentiation. ATP present in the muscle interstitium can be released from contracting skeletal muscle cells. L-Carnitine is a key element in muscle cell metabolism, as it serves as a carrier for fatty acid through mitochondrial membranes, controlling oxidation and energy production. Treatment of C2C12 cells with 1 mmol/l of ATP induced a marked increase in L-carnitine uptake that was associated with an increase in L-carnitine content in these cells. These effects were found to be dependent on the density of the cultured cells and on the dose of ATP. The use of specific inhibitors of P2X and P2Y receptors abolished the effect of ATP on L-carnitine metabolism. As ATP can be released from stressed or exercising cells, it can be hypothesized that ATP acts as a messenger in the muscle. ATP will be released to recruit the next cells and increase their metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Rigault
- INSERM U866, Laboratoire de Biochimie Métabolique et Nutritionnelle, Faculté Gabriel, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
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87
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Rigault C, Dias JV, Demarquoy J, Le Borgne F. Characteristics of L-carnitine import into heart cells. Biochimie 2007; 90:542-6. [PMID: 17967426 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2007.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2007] [Accepted: 10/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
L-carnitine is an essential cofactor for the transport of fatty acids across the mitochondrial membranes. L-carnitine can be provided by food products or biosynthesized in the liver. After intestinal absorption or hepatic biosynthesis, L-carnitine is transferred to organs whose metabolism is dependent upon fatty acid oxidation, such as the skeletal muscle and the heart. The intracellular transport of L-carnitine into the cell requires specific transporters and today, several of these have been characterized. Most of them belong to the solute carrier family. Heart is one of the major target for carnitine transport and use, however basic properties of carnitine uptake by heart cells have never been studied. In this paper, the transport of L-carnitine by rat heart explants has been examined and the kinetic properties of this transport determined and compared to data obtained in skeletal muscle explants. As in muscle, L-carnitine uptake by heart cells was shown to be dependent on sodium and was inhibited by L-carnitine analogues. Molecules known to interact with the skeletal muscle L-carnitine transport were studied in the heart. While trimethyl hydrazinium propionate (THP) was shown to fully inhibit the L-carnitine uptake by muscle cells, it remained inefficient in inhibiting the L-carnitine uptake by heart cells. On the other hand, compounds such as verapamil and AZT were both able to inhibit both the skeletal muscle and the cardiac uptake of L-carnitine. These data suggested that the muscle and heart systems for L-carnitine uptake exhibited different systems of regulation and these results have to be taken in consideration while administrating those compounds that can alter l-carnitine uptake in the muscle and the heart and can lead to damage to these tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Rigault
- Inserm U 866, LBMN, Dijon, Université de Bourgogne, Faculté Gabriel, Dijon, France
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88
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Szymeczko R, Burlikowska K, Iben C, Piotrowska A, Bogusławska-Tryk M. Ileal absorption of L-carnitine from diets used in reproductive polar fox (Alopex lagopusL.) nutrition. ACTA AGR SCAND A-AN 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/09064700801948851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Rigault C, Mazué F, Bernard A, Demarquoy J, Le Borgne F. Changes in l-carnitine content of fish and meat during domestic cooking. Meat Sci 2007; 78:331-5. [PMID: 22062286 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2007.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2006] [Revised: 06/01/2007] [Accepted: 06/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Human adults store around 20g of l-carnitine. In the human body, l-carnitine is not metabolized but excreted through the kidney. Lost l-carnitine has to be replenished either by a biosynthetic mechanism or by the consumption of foods containing l-carnitine. Today, there is no "official" recommended daily allowance for l-carnitine but the daily need for l-carnitine intake has been estimated in the wide range of 2-12μmol/day/kg body weight for an adult human. In this study we evaluated the effect of freezing and of different cooking methods on the l-carnitine content of red meat and fish. l-carnitine was abundantly present in all beef products analyzed. The amounts in the various cuts were similar and our data showed that freezing or cooking did not modify l-carnitine content. Salmon contained about 12 times less l-carnitine than beef but except in smoked salmon, cooking or freezing did not alter l-carnitine content. This study confirms the important role that meet products play for providing adequate amount of l-carnitine to the human body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Rigault
- Inserm U866, Dijon F-21079, France; University of Dijon, Laboratoire de Biochimie Métabolique et Nutritionnelle, 6 blvd Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France
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90
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Rigault C, Le Borgne F, Georges B, Demarquoy J. Ghrelin reduces hepatic mitochondrial fatty acid beta oxidation. J Endocrinol Invest 2007; 30:RC4-8. [PMID: 17556859 DOI: 10.1007/bf03346290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Ghrelin is a 28-amino-acid peptide secreted during starvation by gastric cells. Ghrelin physiologically induces food intake and seems to alter lipid and glucid metabolism in several tissues such as adipose tissue and liver. Liver has a key position in lipid metabolism as it allows the metabolic orientation of fatty acids between oxidation and esterification. We investigated the effects of peripheral ghrelin administration on 2 crucial parameters of fatty acid oxidation: the levocarnitine (L-carnitine)-dependent entry of the fatty acids in the mitochondria and the mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation. Ghrelin was either given to rats prior to the hepatocyte preparation and culture or used to treat hepatocytes prepared from control animals. Direct incubation of ghrelin to raw hepatocytes did not induce any change in the studied parameters. In hepatocytes prepared from 3 nmol ghrelin-treated rats, a 44% reduction of the mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation while no alteration of the L-carnitine-related parameters were observed. These results suggested (a) that ghrelin has no direct effect on liver, and (b) that when administrated to a whole organism, ghrelin may alter the lipid metabolism and the energy balance through a marked decrease in liver fatty acid oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Rigault
- INSERM, Faculty of Sciences Gabriel, Metabolic and Nutritional Biochemics (LBMN), University of Burgundy, Dijon, France
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91
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BROAD E, BOLGER C, GALLOWAY S. Dietary carnitine intake and carnitine status in endurance-trained males. Nutr Diet 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0080.2006.00068.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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